Literatura académica sobre el tema "Samuel Fritz"

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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Samuel Fritz"

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de Almeida, André Ferrand. "Samuel Fritz and the Mapping of the Amazon." Imago Mundi: The International Journal for the History of Cartography 55, no. 1 (2003): 113–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0308569032000097549.

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Ben-Zvi, Linda. "SAMUEL BECKETT, FRITZ MAUTHNER, E OS LIMITES DA LINGUAGEM." Revista Criação & Crítica, no. 13 (December 12, 2014): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.1984-1124.v0i13p172-198.

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Dias, Camila Loureiro. "Jesuit Maps and Political Discourse: The Amazon River of Father Samuel Fritz." Americas 69, no. 01 (2012): 95–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003161500001814.

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Long associated with the context of territorial disputes on the definition of the Amazon frontiers of the Iberian empires in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, the map of the Amazon River designed by Jesuit Samuel Fritz is as famous as it is misunderstood. The map is, in fact, quite poorly understood, in both the field of cartographic history, where it would certainly occupy a place of importance, and the nascent field of Amazon social history, where it often serves as a supporting illustration. In fact, even the context in which this map was produced raises disputes that req
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Dias, Camila Loureiro. "Jesuit Maps and Political Discourse: The Amazon River of Father Samuel Fritz." Americas 69, no. 1 (2012): 95–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tam.2012.0052.

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Long associated with the context of territorial disputes on the definition of the Amazon frontiers of the Iberian empires in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, the map of the Amazon River designed by Jesuit Samuel Fritz is as famous as it is misunderstood. The map is, in fact, quite poorly understood, in both the field of cartographic history, where it would certainly occupy a place of importance, and the nascent field of Amazon social history, where it often serves as a supporting illustration. In fact, even the context in which this map was produced raises disputes that req
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Martins, Maria Cristina Bohn. "Missionários, Indígenas e a Negociação da Autoridade Maynas no diário do Pe. Samuel Fritz." Revista Territórios e Fronteiras 2, no. 2 (2011): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.22228/rt-f.v2i2.44.

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A “missão por redução” foi uma estratégia de catequese empregada pelos jesuítas em diferentes espaços americanos, devendo se constituir em instrumento de pacificação do território e de sujeição dos índios aos poderes civis e espirituais. Na região de Maynas, no alto Amazonas, as primeiras missões surgiram por volta de 1638. Este texto analisa, a partir do Diário do Padre Samuel Fritz, as complexas relações que se estabelecem aí, a partir de então, entre diferentes agentes da sociedade colonial (índios, padres, colonos portugueses e espanhóis).
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Holanda, Yomarley Lopes. "Um “Quase Santo” entre infiéis: Samuel Fritz e um surto messiânico na Amazônia Colonial." Somanlu - Revista de Estudos Amazônicos 10, no. 2 (2010): 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.29327/233099.10.2-1.

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Garforth, Julian A. "Samuel Beckett, Fritz Mauthner, and the Whoroscope Notebook: Beckett’s Beiträge zu einer Kritik der Sprache." Journal of Beckett Studies 13, no. 2 (2004): 49–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/jobs.2004.13.2.6.

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André, Willian. "Considerações sobre a literatura de Hilda Hilst e Samuel Beckett com base na crítica filosófica da linguagem de Fritz Mauthner." O Eixo e a Roda: Revista de Literatura Brasileira 26, no. 3 (2017): 75–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.17851/2358-9787.26.3.75-100.

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Este artigo tem por objetivo propor um diálogo entre alguns aspectos da produção literária dos escritores Hilda Hilst e Samuel Beckett, tomando como principal fundamentação teórica a crítica filosófica da linguagem traçada por Fritz Mauthner em seu Beiträge zu einer Kritik der Sprache, publicado originalmente entre 1901 e 1902. Ainda que outros textos dos dois escritores sejam eventualmente mencionados, serão esboçadas análises mais específicas de duas narrativas curtas: “Vicioso Kadek” (1977), de Hilst, e “Imagination Morte Imaginez” (1965), de Beckett. Apesar de visivelmente distintos em sua
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Turley, Elliott. "The Tragicomic Philosophy of Waiting for Godot." Modern Language Quarterly 81, no. 3 (2020): 349–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00267929-8351546.

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Abstract Samuel Beckett’s interest in tragicomedy has been clear since he attached the subtitle A Tragicomedy in Two Acts to the English translation of Waiting for Godot. This article articulates what exactly Beckettian tragicomedy does. Godot, Beckett’s foremost tragicomedy, stages the interplay of his wide-ranging literary and philosophical influences. Drawing on figures such as Arthur Schopenhauer, Jean Racine, Henri Bergson, Arnold Geulincx, and Fritz Mauthner, the play bends toward tragedy but undercuts any sense of finality with its slow unrolling. More than a metaphysical statement, thi
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Regan, Jaime. "Milenarismo Tupí-Guaraní en la Amazonía." Amazonía Peruana, no. 32 (June 14, 2019): 39–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.52980/revistaamazonaperuana.vi32.30.

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}El artículo examina el mito amazónico de la Tierra Sin Mal y su vinculación a dos eventos extáticos entre la población tupí-guaraní (los urubúes del Brasil y los kokama y omagua del Perú). En el mito, un enviado de Dios anuncia un diluvio que debe destruir un mundo corrompido y crear un mundo nuevo, entregando a los sobrevivientes los elementos básicos de su cultura, para luego retirarse a su chacra. En un contexto de inundaciones especialmente destructivas, la visita del jesuita Samuel Fritz a los urubú en 1689 despertó un clima de movilización y confusa algarabía y, en un contexto similar,
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Tesis sobre el tema "Samuel Fritz"

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Junquera, Rubio Carlos. "Geography, Cartography and Ethnology in Upper Amazonas. Contrasts between XVIIth and XXIst centuries." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Centro de Investigación en Geografía Aplicada, 2014. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/119853.

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The discovery of the Amazon River occurred in 1542. Francisco de Orellana was glory of the event and Gaspar de Carvajal wrote the Memory of the facts. The Amazon basin is understood as a place to exploit and this detail has not changed up to now. The tropical forest and societies living there for thousands of years have suffered, from the beginning, the negative impacts of civilized man. The Jesuit Samuel Fritz made the first reliable map of the Amazon basin and placed there the most important rivers and the ethnic groups that were residing in that vast territory. He also located the diverse a
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Silva, ?rsula Andr?a de Ara?jo. "Corpo e fronteira: o di?rio de Samuel Fritz e a conquista do espa?o amaz?nico." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2007. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/16996.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:25:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 UrsulaAAS.pdf: 977232 bytes, checksum: 2994e7eab3ccd3cff30d51848f15ddbe (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-08-15<br>Considering that the Jesuitical tradition which Father Samuel Fritz belonged, has a clear political and institutional dimension that reveals itself in the missionary initiative placed since the Trento Council, his journal is a experience story as missionary at Mayn?s region during the period from 1686 until 1725. In his narrative, a series of data related to the conquer of Amazonia, conflicts among the Ib
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Lisboa, Isley Raposo. "Apóstolos de Maynas a ação jesuítica no Solimões no diário do Padre Samuel Fritz." Universidade Federal do Amazonas, 2013. http://tede.ufam.edu.br/handle/tede/3725.

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Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-22T22:18:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Isley Raposo Lisboa.pdf: 3659060 bytes, checksum: 51b1f67d4d3b22d9f9e9901d1fbe995d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-01-31<br>The purpose of this paper is to analyze the action in the Jesuit Missions Maynas through the way they were represented in the Diary of Father Samuel Fritz. In this sense, there were several factors that influenced this action, a priori, it is the understanding of the characteristics of Jesuit education and the axes formed articulated their identity, ie his way of proceeding. Then we analy
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Perdigão, Jordan Lima. "Os carmelitas na Amazônia Ocidental as missões Carmelitas na colonização da Amazônia Portuguesa Ocidental (séculos XVII e XVIII)." Universidade Federal do Amazonas, 2013. http://tede.ufam.edu.br/handle/tede/3722.

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Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-22T22:18:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jordan Perdigao.pdf: 1526978 bytes, checksum: 10ccebd0bcd50fb9f9d7e359f1a901f4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-19<br>Este trabajo sobre las misiones Carmleitas en la Amazonia Portuguesa, entre los siglos XVII y XVIII tiene la intención de ser una contribución a las investigaciones aún no comunes sobre dicho tema. A pesar de que han jugado un papel importante en la colonización portuguesa de lo que hoy es la Amazonia brasileña, especialmente en el contexto de lo que hoy es geograficamente el mayor de los estados
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Rojas-Berscia, Luis Miguel. "Fritz, Samuel (?). El vocabulario de la lengua xebera, una doctrina cristiana en xebero y quechua, y la gramática de la lengua xebera (siglo XVIII). Alexander-Bakkerus, Astrid (edición y estudio). Madrid/ Frankfurt am Main: Iberoamericana Vervuert, 2016. 152 pp." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/100385.

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Löfström, Åsa, and Jeanette Åberg. "Kvinnors upplevelser av bildskapandets betydelse i en självhjälpsgrupp med fritt bildskapande och samtal - En kvalitativ studie." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Psykologiska institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-131419.

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Bildterapeutiskt arbete kan vara ett sätt att stärka psykisk hälsa. Lite är dock skrivet om upplevelsen att använda sig av bildskapande i självhjälpsgrupper. Föreliggande studie avsåg att undersöka detta. Respondenter var fem deltagare samt projektansvarig bildterapeut med erfarenheter från självhjälpsgrupper innehållande fritt bildskapande och samtal. Intervjuer genomfördes och analyserades genom tematisk analys. Tre teman framkom (Personlig utveckling, Bildskapandet samt Sammanhang) innehållande tolv kategorier (Agentskap/empowerment, Att utmana sig själv, Ökad livskvalité, Lust, Kravlöshet/
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Åberg, Jeanette, and Åsa Löfström. "Kvinnors upplevelser av bildskapandets betydelse i en självhjälpsgrupp med fritt bildskapande och samtal : - En kvalitativ studie." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Psykologiska institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-132342.

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Bildterapeutiskt arbete kan vara ett sätt att stärka psykisk hälsa. Lite är dock skrivet om upplevelsen att använda sig av bildskapande i självhjälpsgrupper. Föreliggande studie avsåg att undersöka detta. Respondenter var fem deltagare samt projektansvarig bildterapeut med erfarenheter från självhjälpsgrupper innehållande fritt bildskapande och samtal. Intervjuer genomfördes och analyserades genom tematisk analys. Tre teman framkom (Personlig utveckling, Bildskapandet samt Sammanhang) innehållande tolv kategorier (Agentskap/empowerment, Att utmana sig själv, Ökad livskvalité, Lust, Kravlöshet/
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Hulth, Sanja, and Victoria Fröjdman. "Fritt och inga krav : En kavalitativ studie om förskollärarens roll i och syn på utomhusmiljöns påverkan på barns lek och samspel." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för utbildning, kultur och kommunikation, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-39648.

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Syftet är att belysa hur förskollärare beskriver sin roll i den fysiska utomhusmiljön samt utomhusmiljöns möjligheter och begränsningar att främja barns lek och sociala samspel. Åtta semistrukturerade intervjuer gjordes. Resultatet visar att förskollärare beskriver sig anta olika roller i utomhusmiljön. Den fysiska miljöns möjligheter och begränsningar kan anses vara beroende på förskollärarnas förhållningssätt och medvetenhet. En ökad medvetenhet kring olika handlingserbjudanden kan skapa förutsättningar för förskollärare att anta en roll och ett förhållningssätt där barns sociala samspel och
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Ohlfeldt, Florence. "Bild som ett pedagogiskt verktyg i förskolan : En kvalitativ undersökning ur förskollärares perspektiv." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för pedagogiska studier, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-38219.

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The main purpose of the study is to increase the understanding of preschool teacher’s use of the visual art as a teaching method, how visual art can be used a pedagogical tool. What tools are needed to make visual arts a subject of development and exploring. Qualitative interviews have been conducted with three preschool teachers. The result shows that visual art is used as a tool in planned activities like picture by picture talks, with themes where the children are encouraged to process their personal experiences with visual art but also to visualise their experiences independently through t
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Libros sobre el tema "Samuel Fritz"

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Freitas, Pinto Renan, ed. O diário do padre Samuel Fritz. EDUA, 2006.

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Broulová, Kamila Šimková. Samuel Fritz: České stopy na březích Amazonky. Kant, 2002.

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Fritz, Samuel. Journal of Father Samuel Fritz (Hakluyt Society Works Ser .: No 2 Vol 51). Kraus Intl Pubns, 1988.

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Journal of the Travels and Labours of Father Samuel Fritz in the River of the Amazons Between 1686 and 1723. Taylor & Francis Group, 2010.

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Edmundson, The Rev Dr George. Journal of the Travels and Labours of Father Samuel Fritz in the River of the Amazons between 1686 and 1723. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315590677.

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Pollack, Howard. Rhapsody. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190458294.003.0012.

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Latouche’s relationship with publisher Jack Robbins led to a career in the early 1940s as a popular song lyricist. His biggest success in this area during this time was “Day Dream,” with music by Billy Strayhorn and Duke Ellington. During this same period, he wrote some songs with composer Walter Donaldson that have only recently emerged. In 1944, he also wrote the lyrics to the operetta Rhapsody, an adaptation with composer Robert Russell Bennett of Fritz Kreisler’s 1932 operetta Sissy. The piece received poor reviews and proved an expensive flop.
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Bomberger, E. Douglas. The Old Order. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190872311.003.0002.

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At the height of the concert season, Karl Muck and Walter Damrosch toured the East Coast with their orchestras, while Fritz Kreisler, Ernestine Schumann-Heink, and Olga Samaroff performed in recital and as orchestral soloists. The economics of funding symphony orchestras is explored, as the patronage of wealthy guarantors was essential. In order to meet James Reese Europe’s demands for a similar guarantee fund for his regimental band, Col. William Hayward convinced millionaire Daniel Reid to underwrite the costs. At the same time, midwestern audiences heard a new style of jazz music in the vau
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Capítulos de libros sobre el tema "Samuel Fritz"

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"Research in Germany." In Internet Censorship and Regulation Systems in Democracies. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9973-9.ch006.

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This chapter presents data gathered by a Germany-related survey that was conducted by the authors between 29th of November and 18th of December 2011, with the aid of Johannes Fritz (Research Assistant at Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg). The sample was limited but highly educated, consisting mainly of students and teaching staff of the Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg. The authors present statistical graphics in order to visualise the quantitative data. Additionally, statistical analysis is being conducted (using one by one variable analysis) in order to identify trends and associations between different groups in the same country.
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Wölfel, Ute. "The End of Transgression: Fritz Bauer as Traitor on the German Screen." In Mediating War and Identity. Edinburgh University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474446266.003.0005.

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This chapter offers a close reading of two recent German films – Der Staat gegen Fritz Bauer/ The People vs. Fritz Bauer (2015) and Die Akte General/ The General (2016) - depicting the postwar life and work of Fritz Bauer as attorney general in the court of Hesse (1956-68), where he initiated postwar key Nazi-criminal trials. Bauer’s prosecution of Nazi criminals, his attempts to reform postwar jurisdiction and re-instill a moral consciousness were at the time perceived by many Germans as treason; the majority of West Germans saw Bauer’s work as a transgression and betrayal of their heavily guarded victim identity. As the case of Bauer shows, within the complex re-negoiation of West German postwar identity, the concept of treason formed a central point of convergence of the burdens of the past and the hopes for a democratic future. My reading focusses on the films’ framing of Bauer’s role as perceived traitor and explores the ambivalence of cinematic strategies which retrospectively celebrate Bauer’s historical efforts and at the same time still elicit an undercurrent of retribution in the name of the historically questioned German postwar community of ‘victims’.
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Palmer, R. Barton. "Fritz Lang Remakes Jean Renoir for Hollywood: Film Noir in Three National Voices." In Transnational Film Remakes. Edinburgh University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474407236.003.0003.

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Fritz Lang’s 1954 noir romance Human Desire (1954), both an adaptation of Emile Zola’s novel La Bête humaine (1890) and a remake of Jean Renoir’s 1938 screen version of the same title, provides an invaluable site for the examination of the complex intersections among the three principal traditions, literary and cinematic, that are constitutive of the American film noir. These are: the fiction of James M. Cain, with its emphasis on destructive romantic entanglements; the filmic tradition of poetic realism, recognised in the early post-war period as a stylistic and thematic practice that anticipated the American film noir; and, German Expressionism, as represented by one of its most famed practitioners, Fritz Lang, whose concerns with the workings of the modern justice system notably inflect his versioning of Zola’s sordid tale. Like many transnational film remakes, Human Desire displays a complex series of recontextualising gestures, the larger interest of which is that they illustrate the ways in which the traditions constitutive of noir can be invoked in the process of re-assembling for another cinematic tradition a text that was wildly successful in a related, but finally distinct, form of filmmaking.
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"Das Sammeln von Kunst als wirtschaftsbürgerlicher Normalfall: Die Sammlungen August Thyssen und Fritz Thyssen (1900-1926)." In Die Thyssens als Kunstsammler. Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/9783657779819_005.

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Tite, Michael, and Gareth Hatton. "The Production Technology of, and Trade in, Egyptian Blue Pigment in the Roman World." In Communities and Connections. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199230341.003.0013.

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Egyptian blue was first used as a pigment on tomb paintings in Egypt from around 2300 BC, and during the subsequent 3,000 years, its use both as a pigment and in the production of small objects spread throughout the Near East and Eastern Mediterranean and to the limits of the Roman Empire. During the Roman period, Egyptian blue was distributed in the form of balls of pigment up to about 15mm across, and appears to have been the most common blue pigment to be used on wall paintings throughout the Empire. Egyptian blue was both the first synthetic pigment, and one of the first materials from antiquity to be examined by modern scientific methods. A small pot containing the pigment that was found during the excavations at Pompeii in 1814 was examined by Sir Humphrey Davy. Subsequently, x-ray diffraction analysis was used to identify the compound as the calcium-copper tetrasilicate C&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt;C&lt;sub&gt;u&lt;/sub&gt;Si&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt;, and to establish that Egyptian blue and the rare natural mineral cuprorivaite are the same material. Examination of Egyptian blue samples in cross-section in a scanning electron microscope (SEM) revealed that they consist of an intimate mixture of Egyptian blue crystals (i.e. C&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt;C&lt;sub&gt;u&lt;/sub&gt;Si&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt;) and partially reacted quartz particles together with varying amounts of glass phase (Tite, Bimson, and Cowell 1984). At this stage it should be emphasized that, in the literature, the term Egyptian blue tends to be used to describe both crystals of calcium-copper tetrasilicate and the bulk polycrystalline material that is used as the pigment and is sometimes referred to as frit. In this chapter, the suffix ‘crystal’ or ‘mineral’ will be added when the former meaning applies, and the suffix ‘pigment’, ‘sample’, or ‘frit’ will be added when the latter meaning applies. For the current study, a small group of Roman Egyptian blue samples were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with attached analytical facilities. Using the chemical compositions of the samples, together with the description of the manufacture of Egyptian blue given by Vitruvius (Morgan 1960) at the beginning of the first century BC in his Ten Books on Architecture, an attempt is made to identify the raw materials used in the production of Roman Egyptian blue.
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Scerri, Eric R. "The Changing Views of a Philosopher of Chemistry on the Question of Reduction." In Essays in the Philosophy of Chemistry. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190494599.003.0012.

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The question of the reduction of chemistry to quantum mechanics has been inextricably linked with the development of the philosophy of chemistry since the field began to develop in the early 1990s. In the present chapter I would like to describe how my own views on the subject have developed over a period of roughly 30 years. A good place to begin might be the frequently cited reductionist dictum that was penned in 1929 by Paul Dirac, one of the founders of quantum mechanics. . . . The underlying laws necessary for the mathematical theory of a larger part of physics and the whole of chemistry are thus completely known, and the difficulty is only that exact applications of these laws lead to equations, which are too complicated to be soluble. (Dirac 1929) . . . These days most chemists would probably comment that Dirac had things backward. It is clear that nothing like “the whole of chemistry” has been mathematically understood. At the same time most would argue that the approximate solutions that are afforded by modern computers are so good as to overcome the fact that one cannot obtain exact or analytical solutions to the Schrödinger equation for many-electron systems. Be that as it may, Dirac’s famous quotation, coming from one of the creators of quantum mechanics, has convinced many people that chemistry has been more or less completely reduced to quantum mechanics. Another quotation of this sort (and one using more metaphorical language) comes from Walter Heitler who together with Fritz London was the first to give a quantum mechanical description of the chemical bond. . . . Let us assume for the moment that the two atomic systems ↑↑↑↑ . . . and ↓↓↓↓ . . . are always attracted in a homopolar manner. We can, then, eat Chemistry with a spoon. (Heitler 1927) . . . Philosophers of science eventually caught up with this climate of reductionism and chose to illustrate their views with the relationship with chemistry and quantum mechanics.
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Actas de conferencias sobre el tema "Samuel Fritz"

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Stefanovsky, Sergey, Alexander Kobelev, Vladimir Lebedev, Oleg Knyazev, Michael Polkanov, and James Marra. "Cold Crucible Vitrification of SRS SB4 Waste at High Waste Loadings." In ASME 2009 12th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2009-16197.

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The test on determination of maximized waste loading was performed at the Radon bench-scale facility equipped with a 236 mm inner diameter cold crucible. Waste surrogate was vitrified using a commercially available Frit 503-R4 (in wt.%: 8 Li2O, 16 B2O3, 76 SiO2). Waste loading ranged between ∼45 and 70 wt.%. Viscosity of the melt with 50 wt.% waste loading remained lower that 100 Poise (maximum value for glass melting) even at temperatures below 1300 °C. Electric resistivity value for this glass allowed electric melting at temperatures of 1100–1150 °C and higher. Melt viscosity increased with
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Huang, Annie T., Chung-Kuang Chou, and Chih Chen. "Self-Aligned Hermetic Packaging Using Eutectic SnPb Solder and Cr/Ni/Cu Metallization Layer." In ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-61026.

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This paper reports an easy, low cost, and low temperature hermetic packaging technology utilizing eutectic SnPb solder and Cr/Ni/Cu bonding pad. We investigate the bonding results of silicon-silicon as well as silicon-glass and glass-glass bonding. Most hermetic packaging technologies require a bonding temperature higher than 300°C. Because some devices are sensitive to temperature that decreases their functionalities, two localized heating technology have been proposed. One technology generates heat via built-in-microheaters on the silicon substrate. Another localized heating technology utili
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