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1
Gontijo, Campos Andre. "Quantum Control over Vast Time Scales and Length Scales". Thesis, Princeton University, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10619678.
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Quantum control theory (QCT) is concerned with the active manipulation of phys- ical and chemical processes on the atomic and molecular scale. For a specified con- trol objective, and with restrictions imposed by many possible constraints, the time- dependent field required to manipulate the system in a desired way can be designed using quantum control theory. This dissertation proposes several novel applications of QCT to actively manipulate the dynamics of both quantum and classical systems with and without interactions with an external environment, in both relativistic and non-relativistic regimes. In Chapter 2, the paradigm of spectral dynamic mimicry (SDM) in which laser fields are shaped to make any atomic and molecular systems look identical spectrally is put forward. SDM successfully avoids optimization rou- tines, and provides a powerful tool to find a laser pulse that induces a desired optical response from an arbitrary dynamical system. As illustrations, driving fields are com- puted to induce the same optical response from a variety of distinct systems (open and closed, quantum and classical). The formulation may also be applied to design materials with specified optical characteristics. These findings reveal unexplored flex- ibilities of nonlinear optics. Little is known about the control of relativistic quantum systems. Therefore, an extension of QCT to the Dirac equation is proposed. The main contributions are: (i) Chapters 3 and 4 reach an unprecedented level of control while providing exciting new insights on the complex quantum dynamics of relativis- tic electrons. The method developed provides a very powerful tool to generate new analytical solutions to the Dirac equation, (ii) Chapters 5 and 6 present an open system interaction formalism for the Dirac equation. The presented framework en- ables efficient numerical simulations of relativistic dynamics within the von Neumann density matrix and Wigner phase space descriptions, an essential requirement for the application of QCT, (iii) Chapter 7 proposes a Lindblad model of quantum elec- trodynamics (QED). The presented formalism enables a very efficient and practical numerical method to simulate QED effects, such as the Lamb shift and the anomalous magnetic moment of the electron, for a broad variety of systems.
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Telenczuk, Bartosz. "Crossing the scales". Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät I, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16404.
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Während seiner normalen Funktion generiert das Gehirn starke elektrische Signale, die technisch gemessen werden können. Das schon seit über einem Jahrhundert bekannte Phänomen ermöglicht es die Signalverarbeitung im Gehirn räumlich und zeitlich zu beobachten. Heute versteht man die zellulären Prozesse die zur Generierung der elektrischen Signale in einzelnen Neuronen führen. Jedoch rekrutieren die meisten neuronalen Ereignisse große Populationen von Zellen, dessen Aktivität zeitlich und räumlich koordiniert ist. Diese Koordinierung führt dazu, dass ihre elektrische Aktivität auch weit von den Quellen gemessen werden kann, sodass die Beobachtung des Gehirns auch nicht invasiv auf der Schädeloberfläche mittels dem sogenannten Elektroenzephalogramm (EEG) möglich ist. Der zeitliche Verlauf des Signals hängt nicht nur von den Eigenschaften einzelner Zellen ab sondern auch von ihrer Wechselwirkung mit anderen Neuronen, die oft komplex oder gar nicht bekannt ist. Diese Komplexität verhindert die Auswertung der gemessen Signale im Bezug auf die Anzahl von aktiven Neuronen, die Art der Antwort (Inhibition, Exzitation), die Synchronisationsstärke und den Einfluss anderer aktiver Prozesse (wie zum Beispiel: Lernen, Aufmerksamkeit usw.). In dieser Arbeit werden die Zusammenhänge zwischen diesen mikroskopischen Parametern (einzelne Neurone) und ihrer makroskopischen Wirkung (EEG) experimentell, datenanalytisch und theoretisch untersucht.During its normal function the brain generates strong and measurable electric signals. This phenomenon, which has been known for more than a century, makes it possible to investigate the signal processing in the brain. Nowadays the cellular processes taking part in the generation of the electric signals are well understood. However, most of the neuronal events recruit large populations of cells, whose activities are coordinated spatially and temporally. This coordination allows for summation of activities generated by many neurons leading to extracellular electric signals that can be recorded non-invasively from the scalp by means of electroencephalography (EEG). The temporal structure of the EEG signal does not depend only on the properties of single neurons, but also on their interactions that may be very complex. The complexity hinders the evaluation of the recoded signal with respect to the number of active neurons, the type of response, the degree of synchronisation and the contribution of other processes (such as, learning and attention). In the thesis, the relations between the microscopic (single-neuron) and their macroscopic (EEG) properties will be investigated by means of experimental, data-analytic and theoretical approaches.
3
Grant, James A. "Judging without scales". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:76adb04e-57e1-407a-879b-1a74485bc99a.
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This thesis is about the nature of value incommensurability and its significance for judicial reasoning. It argues that there can be incommensurable values and that this incommensurability can have significant implications for judicial reasoning. I argue that incommensurability gives rise to a range of reasonableness, within which it is reasonable but in a sense also arbitrary to decide either way, and that this range is wider than is suggested by the notion that some options are roughly equal, because even a large improvement to one option may not make it the uniquely correct option. The thesis goes on to consider the effect that the authority of law can have on choices between incommensurable options. Although I argue that the authority of law can sometimes provide a conclusive reason to choose one of two incommensurable options, I also argue that it has limits and may not do so in every case of incommensurability. Moreover, the introduction of an authoritative directive may even give rise to incommensurable options where none previously existed. The thesis then draws out the implications of these claims, first, for human-rights adjudication—where my claim is that ‘balancing’ is appropriate both in the specification of rights and in assessing the justification for their infringement, provided we acknowledge the limits of balancing in cases of incommensurability—and, secondly, for adjudication involving common law reasoning and statutory interpretation. Finally, I suggest that we can distinguish between different ideals of the rule of law, and that the arbitrariness of judicial decisions involving incommensurable options has different implications for those different ideals. The arbitrariness involved in choosing between undefeated reasons may be necessary contrary to one ideal of the rule of law, understood as the rule of authority, but not contrary to an ideal of the rule of law understood as the rule of reason.
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Ahern, Stacey. "Applying ergonomics to dental scalers". Thesis, Kansas State University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/6848.
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Master of ScienceDepartment of Industrial & Manufacturing Systems Engineering
Malgorzata J. Rys
The current state of the dental industry shows an increasing number of dentists and dental hygienists who are reducing hours and retiring early due to the injuries sustained while working. These injuries, or cumulative trauma disorders, can be reduced by applying ergonomics in dental tool design. The goal of ergonomics is to reduce current injuries but also prevent future ones. In addition, population demographics have shown an increasing trend in female dentists. With a shift from the male dominated field, design for different anthropometric measurements needs to be investigated. In order to pinpoint sources of pain, a survey was designed and distributed to dentists in Kansas, Missouri, and Texas. Even with a small sample size (n=24), results confirmed past studies in the dental industry of pain originating in the neck, shoulder, lower back, and wrist/hand region. The reasons stemmed from the repetitive motions and forces applied during dental procedures. Responses also found that ergonomic principles need to be applied to the handle and grip portion of dental scaler design. Dental scaling is the procedure to remove deposits on teeth, such as plaque and calculus, most commonly performed by dental hygienists. First, the history of dental tools, angulation, tool weight, and materials currently utilized were researched before looking into specific design factors for modification. Currently, the handle grip area on all dental tools range in size, but a 10 mm grip has been proven to be optimal. The optimal tool weight has yet to be determined as 15 grams is the lowest weight to be tested. Most tools are made of stainless steel and resins, which are not compressible. An experiment was designed to test a new dental scaler (A) made of a titanium rod with added compressibility in the precision grip area. The aim was to help reduce pressure on the fingers and hand muscles and increase comfort during scaling. The experiment utilized a Hu-Friedy sickle scaler (B) and a Practicon Montana Jack scaler (C) as controls to show two design spectrums, weight and material. The subjects (n=23) were taught the basics of scaling and required to scale using a typodont. The change in grip strength (Δ GS), pinch strength (Δ PS), and steadiness of the subjects hand were tested. An absolute and relative rating technique was utilized pinpointing that the new dental scaler was preferred with the eigenvector (A=0.8615, B=0.1279, C=0.0106). Statistical analysis confirmed this tool preference while also finding the interaction of gender and tool and Δ GS Tool A versus Tool B for males to be significant.
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Langer, Michelle M. Thissen David. "Linking in developmental scales". Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2006. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,483.
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Thesis (M.A.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2006.Title from electronic title page (viewed Oct. 10, 2007). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Psychology." Discipline: Psychology; Department/School: Psychology.
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Joshi, Gaurav Ravindra. "Elucidating sweet corrosion scales". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/elucidating-sweet-corrosion-scales(12a5be22-14fc-4add-b48b-a372652f3471).html.
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The objective of this thesis is to improve understanding of the development of corrosion products (scales) that form on the inner walls of carbon steel pipelines in CO2-rich (sweet) oilfield environments. If well adherent to the carbon steel surface, such scales can significantly reduce the metal’s rate of corrosion. Typically, the open literature labels sweet corrosion scale as ferrous (II) carbonate (FeCO3) or siderite, although this may not always be the case. For example, Fe2(OH)2CO3 (chukanovite) and Fe3O4 (magnetite) are known to modify the protective character of a sweet corrosion product scale. Practical electrochemical methods for the assessment of substrate corrosion, and electron/photon-based characterisation techniques for investigating scale structure and composition, have revealed interesting aspects of the nature of sweet corrosion scale development on model high purity Fe and real-world pipeline steel surfaces. Concerning scale development on model Fe substrates immersed in CO2-saturated deionised water (buffered to pH = 6.8, T = 80°C, Ptotal = 1 bar), electrochemical data supplemented by grazing incidence x-ray diffraction (GIXRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) show that a semi-protective mixed corrosion scale comprising siderite and chukanovite becomes a highly protective siderite scale with longer exposure time. The introduction of sodium chloride to the CO2-saturated solution (T = 80°C, pH = 6.8, Ptotal = 1 bar) impedes the rate of scale formation. Increasing [NaCl] from the start of experiment is suspected to limit the precipitation kinetics of sweet corrosion scale crystals, since chukanovite is no longer observed, and siderite formation is somewhat slowed as well. SEM imaging, using an electronic workfunction-sensitive detector (in lens), reveals nanoscale deposits on the corroded Fe surface in regions that are devoid of µm-scale crystals. With the Raman spectra from these regions considered, it is interpreted that the nanoscale deposits are likely amorphous iron carbonate, albeit oxidised to a significant extent. Moving to real-world carbon steel immersion in sweet solutions, a scale comprising predominantly chukanovite is observed (using GIXRD and SEM) on the 1% Ni weld zone (WZ) surface of a pipeline weld-joint, but not on adjacent, distinct regions (heat affected zones (HAZ) and base metal (BM)). This selective scaling is suggested to be due to some initial corrosion of the weld-joint, which generates sufficient [Fe2+(aq)], and a macro-galvanic effect across the weld, i.e. WZ is cathodic to HAZ and BM. Further, to gain mechanistic insight into compositional changes during sweet corrosion scale growth, an electrochemical cell for in situ GIXRD (named E-cell) has been developed and commissioned. Diffraction patterns acquired using synchrotron radiation, from a pipeline steel surface, reveal the formation and temporal evolution of a multicomponent corrosion scale. Accompanying electrochemical data suggest that the scale is quite protective.
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Soral, Prashant 1974. "Scaleup of electrochemical-metal-refining process". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/39628.
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Eqbal, Rasha. "ScaleFS : a multicore-scalable file system". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/93781.
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Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2014.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 47-49).
It is difficult to achieve durability and crash consistency in file systems along with multicore scalability. Commutative file system operations, which should scale according to the Scalable Commutativity Property, conflict on shared resources like coarse-grained locks and pages present in the page cache or buffer cache. Furthermore, data structures that are on separate cache lines in memory (e.g., directory entries) are grouped together when the file system writes them to disk for durability. This grouping results in additional conflicts. This thesis introduces a new design approach that decouples the in-memory file system from the on-disk file system, using per core operation logs. This facilitates the use of highly concurrent data structures for the in-memory representation, which is essential for commutative operations to proceed conflict free and hence scale perfectly. The in-memory representation does not propagate updates to the disk representation immediately, instead it simply logs the operation in a per core logical log. A sync or an fsync call processes these operations and applies them to the disk. Techniques based on time stamping linearization points of file system operations ensure crash consistency, and dependency tracking ensures good disk performance. A prototype file system, SCALEFS, implements this new approach and techniques. Experiments using COMMUTER and SCALEFS show that the implementation is conflict free for 99% of test cases involving commutative operations.
by Rasha Eqbal.
S.M.
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Holden, Anastasia. "Matching scales : the impact of ecosystem service scales on a planning and policy environment". Thesis, Cranfield University, 2016. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/13093.
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There is an increase in the consideration of ecosystem services (ES) within the planning, policy, and research sectors. The increase in sectors working with ES is leading to an increase in scale mismatches, where ecosystem services are being mismanaged, leading to problems. Using a combination of methods these scale issues were investigated. A systematic review of both scientific and grey literature was undertaken which analysed 112 documents and led to a survey of 72 subjects who were working with ES across different sectors, and finally 19 in-depth interviews were undertaken, in order to understand fully the scale issues, and potential solutions being used. The systematic review found that a lot of ecosystem service scientific literature was based on, or had connections with, the global issue of climate change, this was in contrast to the survey that found that both researchers and those in policy are working at a regional spatial scale or below. The in-depth interviews attributed this to many factors including the pressure to publish in high-impact journals, and applying for funding. The survey found that the different sectors are working at different scales, and where they do work at the same scale, the definition they place on that scale term is different. The survey and in-depth interviews found that funding can influence the extent of a project and funding timelines lead into the temporal scale of a project. Funding can encourage collaboration with stakeholders and between sectors in order to pool resources and expertise. Alongside clarity of terms used and expectations for the project, collaboration was also put forward as one of the methods which can alleviate scale mismatches.
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Houston, Hailee Echo. "PRELIMINARY STUDY OF MAIN SCALES AND SUB-SCALES OF THE CLEVELAND ADAPTIVE PERSONALITY INVENTORY". Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1462794904.
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Birch, Daniel A. "Plankton modeling at multiple scales". Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2007. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3274810.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2007.Title from first page of PDF file (viewed October 9, 2007). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 132-138).
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Drinkwater, Michael John. "Quasar clustering on large scales". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.330222.
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Chalise, Prabhakar. "Time scales in epidemiological analysis". Tallahassee, Florida : Florida State University, 2009. http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-08182009-133807/.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Florida State University, 2009.Advisors: Daniel L. McGee, Sr., Eric Chicken, Florida State University, College of Arts and Sciences, Dept. of Statistics. Title and description from dissertation home page (viewed on Mar. 25, 2010). Document formatted into pages; contains xii, 141 pages. Includes bibliographical references.
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Deniz, Aslı Ufuktepe Ünal. "Measure Theory On Times Scales/". [s.l.]: [s.n.], 2007. http://library.iyte.edu.tr/tezler/master/matematik/T000568.pdf.
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Dundar, Veli Ufuktepe Ünal. "Dynamical Systems on Time Scales/". [s.l.]: [s.n.], 2007. http://library.iyte.edu.tr/tezler/master/matematik/T000648.pdf.
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Kapçak, Sinan Ufuktepe Ünal. "Analytic Functions on Time Scales/". [s.l.]: [s.n.], 2007. http://library.iyte.edu.tr/tezler/master/matematik/T000643.pdf.
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Lagos, Urbina Macarena Alejandra. "Testing gravity at cosmological scales". Thesis, Imperial College London, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/52405.
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Our understanding of the Universe is based on the ΛCDM model which, although the best cosmological model so far, relies on the presence of major unknown components – dark matter, dark energy, and an inflationary field – which in turn play a crucial role in the evolution of the Universe. These limitations of the model suggest that we may need to introduce modifications at cosmological scales. Indeed, a large variety of modified gravity theories have been proposed (see [1] for a review) and in order to better understand the behaviour of gravity in this regime, we must begin by constructing theoretical and observational tests of the ΛCDM model and the various alternative proposals. This thesis is concerned with testing gravity on cosmological scales, by analysing the viability of alternative gravitational theories, and scrutinising their theoretical consistency. In order to do this, we take two approaches. On the one hand, we explore the viability of a specific modified gravity theory, namely massive bigravity. The evolution of a perfectly homogeneous and isotropic Universe has been previously studied in detail in this model, and has been found to fit observational data. Hence, in this thesis we analyse the evolution of linear cosmological perturbations, where we find a number of interesting instabilities. On the other hand, we take a broader view and develop a method for parametrising linear cosmological perturbations that stays agnostic about the underlying theory of gravity. We apply this method to three classes of models: scalar-tensor, vector-tensor and bimetric theories, and as a result, in this case, we identify the complete forms of the quadratic actions for linear perturbations, and the number of free parameters that need to be defined, to cosmologically characterise these broad classes of gravity theories.
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Lieu, Maggie. "Cosmic giants on cosmic scales". Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2016. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/6767/.
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Galaxy groups and clusters are cosmic giants. They are the largest observable virialised objects that have materialised from the initial perturbations in the early Universe. These systems comprise of not only galaxies, but also hot gas and dark matter. They are ideal astrophysical laboratories to study the matter distribution of the Universe and cluster physics whilst their distribution and evolution can be used constrain cosmological parameters. Clusters are the ultimate test for the structure formation paradigm. However, for this to be achieved requires knowledge of their mass which is a particularly challenging task since there are no ‘cosmic scales’ to directly measure the masses of these objects. Groups and clusters are massive enough to gravitationally influence light emitted from background galaxies, an effect known as gravitational lensing. Its mass can be inferred from the strength of the weak lensing signal and is only dependent on the gravitational potential well depth. However, its limitations arise from systematic uncertainties of shape measurement, photometric redshift and shallow survey depth. This thesis concerns constraining accurate and precise cluster mass estimates of low mass groups and poor clusters, and testing the limits that can be achieved with current noisy, ground-based data.
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Searby, Charles Alexander. "Histological description of generation glands and their functional relationship to the shedding cycle in cordylid lizards". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52878.
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Thesis (MSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2002.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Specialized skin scales (generation glands) and undifferentiated skin scales were compared in three species of cordylid lizard, viz. Cordy/us cordy/us, Pseudocordy/us micro/epidotus and P. capensis. These skin derivatives were histologically examined and compared, using data existing in literature (Maderson, 1966; 1967; 1968a) with similar structures in gekkonids. Histological descriptions of cordylid skin structure were the same as those shown for gekkonids. Three types of generation glands were identified in cordylids (Van Wyk & Mouton, 1992), and these proved to be different to those existing in gekkonid species. These three types of generation glands were further compared regarding their ecdysis histology, which proved to be identical, thus, these glands differ only on gross morphological structure. Skin of all three species was also compared with regard to ecdysis, and while the histology of all three was identical, shedding activity was shown to differ in all three species. P. micro/epidotus displayed dormancy in the germinative layer for much longer periods of the year than either of the other two species, while P. capensis displayed very little dormancy. C. cordy/us displayed an intermediate pattern of ecdysis activity and dormancy. Autoradiography was performed on all species in both ecdysis activity and dormancy periods, to compare mitotic activity patterns in these periods. Generation gland activity appeared to correlate well with known testosterone peaks in the testicular cycle in all three species. Asynchrony between generation glands and skin scales was shown in all three species.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: GENERASIEKLIERE EN VERVELLINGSIKLUSSE IN GORDELAKKEDISSE (SAURIA: CORDYLIDAE) Drie spesies gordelakkedisse, Gordy/us cordy/us, Pseudocordy/us micro/epidofus en P. capensis, se gespesialiseerde velskubbe (generasiekliere) en gewone velskubbe word vergelyk. Hierdie velskubbe word deur histologiese metodes geëksamineer en vergelyk, met gebruik van data wat reeds in die literatuur bestaan (Maderson, 1966; 1967; 1968a), met soortgelyke strukture in Gekkonidae. Histologiese beskrywing van Cordylidae veistruktuur was identies met dié van Gekkonidae. Drie tipes generasiekliere was geïdentifiseer in gordelakkedisse (van Wyk & Mouton, 1992), en hulle verskil gedeeltlik van naverwante strukture in Gekkonidae. Hierdie drie tipes generasiekliere was verder vergelyk met betrekking tot hulle vervellingsiklus histologie, wat identies was. Dus verskil hulle net met betrekking tot hulle vorm. Vel is ook vergelyk met dieselfde metodes. Alhoewel daar geen verskille was met betrekking tot hulle histology nie, was die tye van aktiwiteit van kiem-sellae beduidend verskillend in alle spesies. In P. micro/epidofus het die kiem-sellaag russtadium baie langer geduur as in die ander twee spesies, terwyl P. cepensis amper geen russtadium getoon het nie. G. cordy/us het 'n intermediêre gedragspatroon vertoon tussen aktiewe en rustende fase met betrekking tot sy vervellingsiklus. Outoradiografie is gebruik op elke spesie, in beide aktiewe en rustende vervellingsfases, om verskille in mitotiese aktiwiteit te wys. Generasieklier aktiwiteit blyk te korreleer met pieke van testosteroonvlakke van die testikulêre siklus in al drie spesies. Asinkronie is aangetoon tussen generasiekliere en velskubbe in al drie spesies.
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Vidas, Luciana. "The insulator-metal phase transition in VO2 measured at nanometer length scales and femtosecond time scales". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/666959.
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The physics of transition-metal oxides presents a challenge to our current understanding of condensed matter physics. The main difficulty arises from a competition between electron-electron and electron-phonon interactions to dictate the properties of these complex materials. This issue is particularly apparent in vanadium dioxide, which undergoes an electronic and structural phase transition close to room temperature. Despite more than 50 years of research, the origin of the transformation is still actively debated, with contradictory interpretations often reported. The main goal of this thesis is to re-evaluate the phase transition in VO2 with a combination of new experimental techniques, ranging from the midinfrared to hard x-rays, that can probe the transformation at nanometer length scales and femtosecond time-scales. This allows to disentangle the roles of phase separation, laser-induced heat, and electron and phonon dynamics to the insulator-metal transition. The results from these experiments provide a unified and new picture of the nature of this process, both in and out of equilibrium, in which the electron-phonon interactions are the main driving mechanism. Furthermore, the new techniques and analysis presented here for VO2 can be applied to the study of other controversial complex materials that exhibit remarkable properties, and answer thereby some of the key outstanding questions in condensed matter physics.La física de los óxidos de metales de transición constituye un gran desafío a nuestra comprensión actual de la materia condensada. El mayor obstáculo surge de la competición entre las interacciones electrón-electrón y electrónfonón para dictar las propiedades de tales materiales complejos. Este problema es particularmente evidente en el dióxido de vanadio, el cual experimenta una transición de fase tanto electrónica como estructural a una temperatura ligeramente superior a la ambiente. A pesar de más de 50 años de investigaciones, el origen de la transformación sigue siendo motivo de debate, con multitud de interpretaciones a menudo contradictorias. El objetivo principal de esta tesis es reevaluar la transición aislante-metal de VO2 empleando una combinación de técnicas experimentales nuevas, desde la región del infrarrojo medio a los rayos X duros, que permiten el estudio de la transición de fase a escalas nanométricas y en tiempos de femtosegundos. Esto facilita el esclarecimiento de los roles que desempeñan aspectos como la separación de fases, el calor inducido por láser y las dinámicas de electrones y fonones en la transición de fase de VO2. Los resultados de estos experimentos ofrecen una visión unificada sobre la naturaleza de este fenómeno, tanto en equilibrio como fuera de él, en la que la interacción de los electrones con fonones son el principal mecanismo responsable de impulsar la transición. Asimismo, los análisis y técnicas nuevos presentados en esta tesis para el estudio de VO2 pueden ser empleados para la investigación de otros materiales complejos que también exhiben propiedades extraordinarias y cuyo entendimiento presenta serias controversias. De esta manera, se daría respuesta a algunas de las preguntas clave pendientes de la física de la materia condensada.
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Regel, Rudi Herbert. "Phytoplankton and turbulence at selected scales". Title page, contents and summary only, 2003. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phr333.pdf.
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Bibliography: leaves 309-329. This thesis attempts to contribute to the understanding of how turbulence affects phytoplankton in freshwater systems, focussing on the temporal and spatial scales in phytoplankton dynamics ranging from photochemistry in the surface mixed layer to a small-scale shear and growth to intra-seasonal changes in community composition in a lake subject to high disturbances.
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Duchesne, Thierry. "Multiple time scales in survival analysis". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0002/NQ44759.pdf.
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Holmqvist, Johan. "Modelling chemical weathering in different scales /". Lund, 2001. http://www-mat21.slu.se/publikation/pdf/referat_Johan.pdf.
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Hosford, A. "Temperature scales and the "lithium problem"". Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2299/4401.
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The discovery of the Spite plateau in the abundances of 7Li for metal-poor stars led to the determination of an observationally deduced primordial lithium abundance. However, with the determination of the baryon density, Omega_B_h^2, from the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) data, a discrepancy arose between observationally determined and theoretically determined abundances of 7Li. This is what has become known as the “lithium problem”. Of all the uncertain factors in determining a stellar Li abundance, the effective temperature is the most important. This thesis is concerned with determining an accurate effective temperature scale for metal-poor halo dwarfs, paying specific attention to eliminating any possible systematic errors. This is done by utilising the exponential term, Chi/T, of the Boltzmann equation. Two assumptions are adopted; firstly the simplifying assumptions of local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE), and secondly the more sophisticated techniques of non-local thermodynamic equilibrium (NLTE). The temperature scales are compared to others derived using different techniques; a photometric scale, where I find comparable Teff in LTE and hotter temperatures by an average of ~ 150 K in NLTE; a scale derived using Balmer lines, for which I have comparable values in LTE and hotter Teff values, by typically 110 K – 160 K, in NLTE; and finally a scale derived using an infrared flux method (IRFM). Here I find their Teff values are hotter by ~ 250 K for LTE and ~ 190 K in NLTE. Lithium abundances are then calculated for the program stars and a mean Li abundance is derived. I find values ranging from A(Li) = 2.10 dex – 2.16 dex with the LTE scales and A(Li) = 2.19 dex – 2.21 dex for the NLTE scales. These mean Li abundances are compared to other observationally deduced abundances, for which I find comparable results in LTE and higher values in NLTE, and to the WMAP + big bang nucleosynthesis calculated Li abundance. I find that my new values are still considerably lower than the WMAP value and are therefore unable to reconcile the lithium problem. Second to this primary investigation, I use Ti as an independent test of the derived Teff values and log g’s. I find that Ti is not a useful constraint on the temperatures or, therefore, on the lithium problem. I also assess the impact of the new Teff scales on the different models of Galactic chemical evolution (GCE), comparing newly calculated abundances with GCE determined abundances. It was found that trends exist in several of the elements; however, these were not statistically relevant. Also a larger degree of scatter was found in the abundances compared to the Arnone et al. (2005). This scatter was not to the degree found in the Argast et al. (2000). Reasons for the differences have been discussed.
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Grysakowski, Bartosz, Andrzej Lewenstam y Marek Danielewski. "Electro-diffusion at different length scales". Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-192881.
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The modelling of electro-diffusion in the multicomponent system in open space and time domains has been only recently addressed and made numerous applications in biology, fuel cells, electrochemical sensors and reference electrodes possible. In this work we show the numerical simulations of electrical potential over time and resulting electrochemical impedance spectra of ion-selective membrane electrodes (ISE’s). The numerical results are obtained by use of the coupled Nernst-Planck, Poisson and continuity equations (forming the NPP model). The equations are solved by means of the finite difference method, the Rosenbrock solver with the use of Matlab (by MathWorks) platform. The potential-time response of the ISEs in open- and closed-circuit conditions as a function of varying heterogeneous rate constants, ionic concentrations and membrane thickness are computed. The potential-time
response to small-current perturbation is applied for simulations of the impedance spectra. The results obtained show that the membrane with Nernstian response presents only one capacitive arc in the impedance spectra, related to conductivity and dielectric properties of the membrane material. Non-Nernstian behaviour is related to slow ionic transport through the membrane|solution interfaces and is manifested by the appearance of an additional (capacitive) arc between the highfrequency bulk and the low-frequency (Warburg) arcs. The presented approach directly relates the diffusivities in the membrane and the interface properties (heterogeneous rate constants determining the transport across interfaces) to the characteristic properties of the impedance spectra (characteristic radial frequencies). It is concluded that the Matlab platform allows solving the NPP problem and simulating the non-linear effects in electrodiffusion in a convenient way.
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Waddell, Chris. "Fractional calculus and scales of spaces". Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.288637.
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Morian, Christina. "Partial differential equations on time scales /". free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9974665.
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Wintz, Nicholas J. "The Kalman filter on time scales". Diss., Rolla, Mo. : Missouri University of Science and Technology, 2009. http://scholarsmine.mst.edu/thesis/pdf/Wintz_09007dcc806c8092.pdf.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Missouri University of Science and Technology, 2009.Vita. The entire thesis text is included in file. Title from title screen of thesis/dissertation PDF file (viewed August 31, 2009) Includes bibliographical references (p. 146-149).
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Gavini, Vikram Ortiz Michael. "Electronic structure calculations at macroscopic scales /". Diss., Pasadena, Calif. : California Institute of Technology, 2007. http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechETD:etd-05152007-121823.
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Heath, Andrew Michael. "Colour coding scales and computer graphics". Thesis, Imperial College London, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/38031.
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Grysakowski, Bartosz, Andrzej Lewenstam y Marek Danielewski. "Electro-diffusion at different length scales". Diffusion fundamentals 8 (2008) 4, S. 1-7, 2008. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A14150.
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The modelling of electro-diffusion in the multicomponent system in open space and time domains has been only recently addressed and made numerous applications in biology, fuel cells, electrochemical sensors and reference electrodes possible. In this work we show the numerical simulations of electrical potential over time and resulting electrochemical impedance spectra of ion-selective membrane electrodes (ISE’s). The numerical results are obtained by use of the coupled Nernst-Planck, Poisson and continuity equations (forming the NPP model). The equations are solved by means of the finite difference method, the Rosenbrock solver with the use of Matlab (by MathWorks) platform. The potential-time response of the ISEs in open- and closed-circuit conditions as a function of varying heterogeneous rate constants, ionic concentrations and membrane thickness are computed. The potential-time
response to small-current perturbation is applied for simulations of the impedance spectra. The results obtained show that the membrane with Nernstian response presents only one capacitive arc in the impedance spectra, related to conductivity and dielectric properties of the membrane material. Non-Nernstian behaviour is related to slow ionic transport through the membrane|solution interfaces and is manifested by the appearance of an additional (capacitive) arc between the highfrequency bulk and the low-frequency (Warburg) arcs. The presented approach directly relates the diffusivities in the membrane and the interface properties (heterogeneous rate constants determining the transport across interfaces) to the characteristic properties of the impedance spectra (characteristic radial frequencies). It is concluded that the Matlab platform allows solving the NPP problem and simulating the non-linear effects in electrodiffusion in a convenient way.
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Stich, Christine. "Development of scales for Aesthetic research". Toulouse 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOU20088.
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L'intérêt de cette recherche etait d'évaluer les perceptions individuelles de beauté face à des objets dans l'environnement immédiat. Le Chapitre 1 suggère que des réponses esthétiques consistent de deux dimensions orthogonales qui représentent des réponses affectives aux objets respectivement beaux et laids. La recherche décrite dans le Chapitre 2 montre comment le "Multidimensional Unfolding" peut aider à identifier des dimensions qui sont utilisées comme critères de jugement. Le but de Chapitre 3 était de décrire le développement d'une échelle qui mesure la sensitivité esthétique. La fiabilité et la validité de l'échelle doit être réévaluée dans des recherches futures. Dans la recherche décrite dans le Chapitre 4, des critères qui ont été dérivés dans des enquêtes d'experts, et confirmés par des études de "Multidimensional Unfolding" ont été utilisés pour la création de stimuli quotidiens variés systématiquement. Un nouveau standard externe est proposéThe aim of the research was to evaluate individual differences in the perception of beautiful objects that belong to people's everyday environment. The findings described in Chapter 1 suggest that affective aesthetic responses do not range on one dimension from beautiful to ugly but rather consist of two orthogonal dimensions representing affective responses to beautiful objects and ugly objects, respectively. The research described in Chapter 2 shows how common criteria of aesthetic judgments can be identified using Multidimensional Unfolding. The aim of Chapter 3 was to describe the development and psychometric properties of a scale for measuring visual aesthetic sensitivity towards everyday objects. The reliability and validity of the scale has to be reevaluated in future research. In the research described in Chapter 4 criteria that were derived from expert interviews and confirmed by Multidimensional Unfolding were used to construct systematically varied stimuli. A new external standard is proposed
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Chan, Kelvin Ka Wing 1974. "Coupled length scales in eroding landscapes". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/57667.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, 1999.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 75-76).
We propose a method to study natural topography by means of local transform. A nonlinear local transform Alc[h(x)] of the elevation field h(x) is used to determine a director field of anisotropy a(x). The director field is directly related to local small-scale channel-like features. From study of the correlations of these with large-scale structure of drainage basins, characteristic coupling length scales are found which indicate an important breaking of scale invariance. We also show that these length scales are related to the average sizes of the individual drainage basins. Our study demonstrates one way in which landscape patterns of unknown origin may be quantitatively analyzed to determine the kind of mechanisms that have eroded them.
by Kelvin Ka Wing Chan.
S.M.
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Cox, Ellen. "Characteristics of Behavior Rating Scales: Revisited". TopSCHOLAR®, 2019. https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/3103.
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This study was a replication of a study by Hosp et al. (2003), which looked at items on behavior rating scales to determine if they can be used to plan and monitor positive behavior interventions. For this study, ten forms of commonly used behavior rating scales were selected, and the so what and dead man tests were applied on each scale. Each item on the scale was placed into one of four categories: positive action, negative action, lack of positive action, and lack of negative action. Then, these categories were used to rate each scale to determine which subscales survived, or were deemed useful for measuring increases in positive behavior. Eight of the ten scales were found to contain a majority of negative action items and some lack of action items, neither of which are useful in measuring positive behaviors. Only two scales, the parent and teacher versions of the BERS-2, were found to contain all positive action items, and therefore were the only scales to fully survive the dead man test. The results of this study show that the majority of commonly used behavior rating scales today still do not contain primarily positive action items, and therefore have not majorly improved in the last fifteen years, although all of the behavior rating scales contained subscales that could have potential to plan and monitor positive behavior interventions.
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Linnea, Rudholm. "ÅTERSKAPA : Re-Use on Different Scales". Thesis, Umeå universitet, Arkitekthögskolan vid Umeå universitet, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-171721.
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Weigum, Natalie. "Scales of variability of atmospheric aerosols". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:c00920eb-6a47-400e-a077-d7213f808b63.
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Aerosols have a significant effect on the global radiation budget through their interactions with radiation and clouds. However, estimates of their effect are the dominant source of uncertainty in current estimates of total anthropogenic effect on climate. A major cause of this uncertainty is the high degree of variability of aerosol properties and processes that affect their lifetime. Prediction of the aerosol effect on climate depends on the ability of three-dimensional numerical models to accurately estimate aerosol properties. However, a limitation of traditional grid-based models is their inability to resolve variability on scales smaller than a grid box. Past research has shown that significant aerosol variability exists on scales smaller than these grid-boxes, which can lead to discrepancies between observations and aerosol models. This thesis uses a synthesis of aerosol observations, global climate model (GCM) data, and a new aerosol modelling technique implemented within a regional-scale model to quantify the important scales of aerosol variability and the extent to which different sub-grid scale processes contribute to discrepancies in aerosol modelling. Analysis of black carbon (BC) plumes from aircraft observations shows that BC plumes represent a large portion of total BC mass and typically exist on scales of 65{ 100 km. Comparison of observed plume scales to those simulated by GCMs at multiple resolutions show that GCMs overestimate the scales of along- ight-track variability by 64% at the highest resolution. Variability is shown to be greater near sources than in remote regions, indicating that models may benefit from higher resolutions in regions of high emissions. Additionally, GCMs at all resolutions show higher variability in the latitudinal direction than the longitudinal direction, suggesting that capturing latitudinal variability may result in greater improvements in aerosol modelling. This work additionally presents a novel technique to allow one to isolate the effect of aerosol variability from other sources of variability within the model. Processes most affected by neglecting aerosol sub-grid variability are gas-phase chemistry and aerosol uptake of water through the aerosol/gas equilibrium reactions. The inherent non-linearities in these processes result in large changes in aerosol parameters when aerosol and gaseous species are artificially mixed over large spatial scales. These changes in aerosol and gas concentrations are exaggerated by convective transport, which transports these altered concentrations to altitudes where their effect is more pronounced. Future aerosol model development should focus on accounting for the effect of sub-grid variability on these processes at global scales in order to improve model predictions of the aerosol effect on climate.
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Barwell, Louise Joanne. "Extrapolating insect biodiversity across spatial scales". Thesis, University of Leeds, 2015. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/13450/.
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Extrapolating biodiversity patterns across spatial scales can address shortfalls in our knowledge of species distributions, inform conservation and further our understanding of spatial patterns in biodiversity. I compared fine grain predictions of occupancy for British Odonata species among ten downscaling models. I observed a sigmoidal occupancy-area relationship for the best performing model and found that predictive success for Odonata species varied systematically with species traits. Species with high dispersal abilities had greater predictive error. Poorer predictions for species with a climatic range limit in Britain suggest that environmental information is required to fully capture spatial patterns in biodiversity. I modelled the distribution of the Brindled Green moth at two spatial grains using a hierarchical Bayesian model to quantify associations with climate, landcover and elevation, whilst accounting for residual spatial autocorrelation and spatial patterns in recording effort. Model predictions improved at the finer spatial grain and identified unsurveyed grid cells with high suitability for future recording. The overlap between individual species distributions underpins spatial patterns in multi-species assemblages. I used simulated species assemblages to evaluate 29 abundance-based metrics of β-diversity against a set of desirable and ‘personality’ properties. Metrics accounting for unseen shared and unshared species were lacking. I identified a trade-off between robustness in the face of undersampling and sensitivity to turnover in rare species. The findings were borne out when a selection of metrics were applied to assemblages of British macro-moths: variation in β-diversity was best explained by climate, landcover and distance when using standardised data and abundance-based metrics, as opposed to opportunistic data and presence-absence metrics. This thesis has demonstrated the value of using biological records to explore biodiversity patterns at multiple spatial scales and has highlighted some of the methodological challenges that remain.
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Khan, Muhammad Haris. "Visual tracking over multiple temporal scales". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2015. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/33056/.
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Visual tracking is the task of repeatedly inferring the state (position, motion, etc.) of the desired target in an image sequence. It is an important scientific problem as humans can visually track targets in a broad range of settings. However, visual tracking algorithms struggle to robustly follow a target in unconstrained scenarios. Among the many challenges faced by visual trackers, two important ones are occlusions and abrupt motion variations. Occlusions take place when (an)other object(s) obscures the camera's view of the tracked target. A target may exhibit abrupt variations in apparent motion due to its own unexpected movement, camera movement, and low frame rate image acquisition. Each of these issues can cause a tracker to lose its target. This thesis introduces the idea of learning and propagation of tracking information over multiple temporal scales to overcome occlusions and abrupt motion variations. A temporal scale is a specific sequence of moments in time Models (describing appearance and/or motion of the target) can be learned from the target tracking history over multiple temporal scales and applied over multiple temporal scales in the future. With the rise of multiple motion model tracking frameworks, there is a need for a broad range of search methods and ways of selecting between the available motion models. The potential benefits of learning over multiple temporal scales are first assessed by studying both motion and appearance variations in the ground-truth data associated with several image sequences. A visual tracker operating over multiple temporal scales is then proposed that is capable of handling occlusions and abrupt motion variations. Experiments are performed to compare the performance of the tracker with competing methods, and to analyze the impact on performance of various elements of the proposed approach. Results reveal a simple, yet general framework for dealing with occlusions and abrupt motion variations. In refining the proposed framework, a search method is generalized for multiple competing hypotheses in visual tracking, and a new motion model selection criterion is proposed.
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Webster, Blake K. "Linking the higher order scales of the MMPI-2-RF to second order scales of the MCMI-III axis I scales: a study of concurrent and construct validity". Diss., Wichita State University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10057/7027.
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The study utilized testing data from 440 psychiatric inpatients from a small Midwestern city. Testing was conducted utilizing the MMPI-2 and MCMI-III over the course of approximately 10 years. MMPI-2 data was converted to updated scales of the instrument, and specifically examined were the higher order scales of the MMPI-2 Restructured Format(RF). The Higher Order scales were correlated with Axis I scales of the MCMI-III. MCMI-III scales were placed in a three factor model representing Emotionality, Thought Disorder, and Behavioral/Acting out. These factors were correlated with RF scales. Factor analysis and canonical correlation describes the relationship between the two sets of scales and convergent validity of the RF HO scales is discussed. Overall, the HO scales show expected correlations with dimensions of the MCMI-III Axis I scales and the presence of the dimensions are also suggested by the factoring of the MCMI-III scales.Thesis (Ph.D.)--Wichita State University, Fairmount College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Dept. of Psychology
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Bain, Stella Anne. "Measuring interrogative suggestibility : questions of reliability and validity". Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2002. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21187.
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Gudjonsson developed two scales to measure interrogative suggestibility: Gudjonsson Suggestibility Scales I and 2 (GSS I and GSS 2; Gudjonsson, 1984a; 1987c). The aims of the present thesis were to examine issues related to the reliability and validity of these scales. Three studies are presented. Study I assessed the effects of two interviewer styles on measures obtained on the GSS 1. The hypothesis was that a generally abrupt demeanour adopted by the interviewer would lead to higher scores than a friendly demeanour. Results showed that participants tested in the Abrupt condition gained higher scores on two of the post-feedback GSS measures than those tested in the Friendly condition. It was concluded that post-feedback scores may be more sensitive to social aspects of suggestibility than responses to leading questions. Study 2 assessed the effect of the same interviewer demeanours on a sample of adolescents, a more vulnerable population (e. g. Richardson, Gudjonsson, & Kelly, 1995). It was hypothesised that the abrupt demeanour would produce higher GSS I scores, than a friendly demeanour and that this difference would be more marked than that found for normal adults. Results did not support the hypothesis. Scores were lower in the Abrupt condition; this difference was significant for post-feedback responses to leading questions. It was concluded that results provided further evidence that GSS scores are not readily predictable. Study 3 aimed to investigate indicators of "faking bad" on the GSS. It was hypothesised that participants instructed to fake suggestibility would demonstrate a unique scoring pattern. Results supported the hypothesis. It was concluded that an elevated pre-feedback score in the absence of any other raised scores may indicate malingering on the GSS. Issues related to the reliability and validity of the scales are discussed.
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Armstrong, Jennifer Ann. "The investigation of scale formation in the Bayer process". Thesis, Loughborough University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.251012.
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Streidl, Nicolas. "Development of Comprehensive Nucleofugality and Electrofugality Scales". Diss., lmu, 2010. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-121732.
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Stothart, Cary R. "Effects of repeated administration on intensity scales". Thesis, The Florida State University, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1539274.
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This study assessed the extent to which multiple administrations of an intensity scale; in this case, the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire (SSQ), influences participant responding on subsequent administrations of the same scale. The first experiment sought to determine this by using a laboratory task in which one group of participants were asked to watch a number of identical videos depicting a simulated drive from the driver's point of view, and fill out an SSQ and Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) between viewings of the videos. Another group of participants were asked to view the videos, but were only asked to fill out the SSQ and CES-D once before the first video and once after the last video. Overall, it was found that multiple administrations of the SSQ and CES-D do not substantially influence subsequent responding on both scales. The second experiment sought to replicate the findings from the first experiment online by using Amazon's Mechanical Turk service. Here, the same pattern of responding to the SSQ was found. Together, these findings suggest that additional administrations of an intensity scale; in this case, the SSQ, do not substantially influence participant responding on subsequent administrations.
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Frickenstein, Scott G. "Age replacement policies in multiple time scales". Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2000. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA380658.
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Dissertation (Ph.D. in Operations Research)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2000.Dissertation supervisor: Whitaker, Lyn R. "June 2000." Includes bibliographical references (p. 105-108). Also available online.
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Isaac, Peter Robert y peter isaac@flinders edu au. "Estimating Surface-Atmosphere Exchange at Regional Scales". Flinders University. School of Chemistry, Physics and Earth Sciences, 2006. http://catalogue.flinders.edu.au./local/adt/public/adt-SFU20060412.170700.
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This thesis examines a method for estimating the daytime fluxes of heat, water vapour and carbon dioxide at regional scales by using simple models to combine spatially resolved surface properties with bulk meteorological quantities measured at a central location. The central themes of this thesis are that the spatial and temporal variability of regional scale fluxes are contained in the surface properties and meteorology respectively and that the surface properties can be interpolated across a heterogeneous landscape using remotely sensed data. The regional scale fluxes estimated using this technique are compared to the values from three other methods and this allows some conclusions to be made regarding the relative strengths and weaknesses of each method. The surface property approach yields robust estimates of the fluxes that will be useful in researching exchange processes at regional scales, providing input parameters for, and validation of, the biosphere components of General Circulation Models and testing inventory estimates of CO2 budgets.
The surface properties are derived using data from 33 aircraft flights and eight ground-based sites along a 96 km transect established during the 1995 Observations At Several Interacting Scales experiment held near Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia. Surface properties examined are the evaporative fraction (ratio of evapotranspiration to available energy), the Bowen ratio (ratio of sensible heat flux to evapotranspiration), the maximum stomatal conductance (maximum stomatal opening under optimal conditions) and the water-use efficiency (ratio of CO2 flux to evapotranspiration). Maximum stomatal conductance is calculated using a simple model of the stomatal response to light and water vapour deficit assuming soil evaporation occurs at the equilibrium rate. The diurnal trend and day-to-day variability in the surface properties is found to be significantly less than the spatial variability. All of the surface properties examined show some sensitivity to the synoptic conditions.
The relationships between the surface properties and the Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) are examined using a 130 km by 50 km sub-scene from a Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) image obtained five days before the start of the experiment period. The ground-based and aircraft observations are used to calculate the source-area influencing each measurement and this is combined with the Landsat 5 TM data to produce an average, source-area weighted NDVI for each ground-based site and each aircraft location. The source-area model is important because it provides the link between the observations and the remotely sensed data by identifying the surface patch that influences the measurements. Linear relationships are found between the source-area weighted NDVI and the surface properties. The observed relationships are used to interpolate the surface properties over the region covered by the satellite image and spatial variations in water loss and CO2 uptake by the surface vegetation are identified that are not resolved by the ground-based network.
Analysis of the ground-based data showed that the spatial variability of the bulk meteorological quantities used in the surface property approach was much less than the diurnal trend in these data. With the small temporal variation in the surface properties noted before, this confirms the utility of assigning the spatial and temporal variability of the fluxes to the surface properties and the meteorology respectively.
The combination of surface properties derived from the aircraft data and meteorology measured at a single location at the centre of the transect shows good skill in predicting the observed fluxes. Furthermore, the discrepancies between the predictions and the observations are explained by the different source-areas of the aircraft and ground-based data and much of the bias is removed when the surface properties are scaled from the NDVI of the aircraft source-area to the NDVI of the ground-based sites. Regional scale fluxes of heat and water vapour calculated using the surface property approach agree with averages of the ground-based data and this indicates that the ground-based network was representative of the OASIS region. Estimates of regional scale CO2 fluxes are not available from the ground-based network due to the lack of measurements at the driest ground-based site but the surface property approach yields plausible values. The results demonstrate the utility of extrapolating surface properties across heterogeneous landscapes using remotely sensed data.
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Zubier, Khalid M. "Numerical Wave Simulations on Different Oceanic Scales". Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2002. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/ZubierKM2002.pdf.
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Schröder, Carsten. "Variable income equivalence scales : an empirical approach /". Heidelberg : Physica-Verl, 2004. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0813/2004102143-d.html.
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Angus, Garry W. "Modified Newtonian dynamics at all astrophysical scales". Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/530.
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In this thesis I test the modified Newtonian dynamics as an alternative to the cold dark matter hypothesis. In the Milky Way, I show that the dynamics of the dwarf galaxies are well described by the paradigm and I confirm its distant low surface brightness globular clusters provide a strong test, for which I make predictions. Through analysis of a sample of 26 X-ray bright galaxy groups and clusters I demonstrate that the three active neutrinos and their anti-particles are insufficient to reconcile modified Newtonian dynamics with the observed temperatures of the X-ray emitting gas, nor with weak-lensing measurements, in particular for the bullet cluster. To this end, I propose an 11eV sterile neutrino to serendipitously resolve the residual mass problem in X-ray bright groups and clusters, as well as matching the angular power spectrum of the Cosmic Microwave Background. With this in mind, I show that the large collision velocity of the bullet cluster and the high number of colliding clusters is more naturally reproduced in MOND than in standard dynamics.
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Hodgson, David Zhuang. "Residual stress measurement across different length scales". Thesis, University of Bristol, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.544354.
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Folkerts, Sarah. "Non-perturbative gravity at different length scales". Diss., Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 2013. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-169360.
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