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1
Cui, Xiangbin, Jamin S. Greenbaum, Lucas H. Beem, Jingxue Guo, Gregory Ng, Lin Li, Don Blankenship, and Bo Sun. "The First Fixed-wing Aircraft for Chinese Antarctic Expeditions: Airframe, modifications, Scientific Instrumentation and Applications." Journal of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics 23, no. 1 (March 2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/jeeg23.1.1.
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The Antarctic Ice Sheet plays a critical role in global climate and sea level change resulting in it being the focus of international scientific exploration. Airborne platforms have been applied to study large geographical regions of Antarctica that are logistically difficult to reach by other means. For 30 years Chinese Antarctic expeditions, have widely applied ground based platforms in Antarctica. During the 32nd Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition (years 2015/16), the first fixed-wing aircraft (Snow Eagle 601) was deployed by Polar Research Institute of China with special modifications for polar operation and airborne geophysical investigation of ice sheets. Here, the airframe of the aircraft and modifications for science operation in Polar Regions, as well as scientific instrumentation, system integration and its first application in Antarctica are introduced in detail. [Figure: see text]
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Millar, Pat. "The tension between emotive/aesthetic and analytic/scientific motifs in the work of amateur visual documenters of Antarctica's Heroic Era." Polar Record 53, no. 3 (March 9, 2017): 245–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003224741700002x.
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ABSTRACTVisual documenters made a major contribution to the recording of the Heroic Era of Antarctic exploration. By far the best known were the professional photographers, Herbert Ponting and Frank Hurley, hired to photograph British and Australasian expeditions. But a great number of images – photographs and artworks – were also produced by amateurs on lesser known European expeditions and a Japanese one. These amateurs were sometimes designated official illustrators, often scientists recording their research. This paper offers a discursive examination of illustrations from the Belgian Antarctic Expedition (1897–1899), German Deep Sea Expedition (1898–1899), German South Polar Expedition (1901–1903), Swedish South Polar Expedition (1901–1903), French Antarctic Expedition (1903–1905) and Japanese Antarctic Expedition (1910–1912), assessing their representations of exploration in Antarctica in terms of the tension between emotive/aesthetic and systematic analytic/scientific motifs. Their depictions were influenced by their illustrative skills and their ‘ways of seeing’, produced from their backgrounds and the sponsorship needs of the expedition.
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Bernstein, Ralph E. "The Scottish National Antarctic Expedition 1902–04." Polar Record 22, no. 139 (January 1985): 379–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400005623.
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On 21 July 1904, just over 80 years ago, the barque-rigged, Norwegian-built auxiliary steamship Scotia sailed home up the Clyde with members of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition (SNAE), concluding one of the most successful expeditions of the heroic period of Antarctic exploration. Contemporaneous with the more spectacular British Antarctic Expedition (1901–03) commanded by Robert Falcon Scott, the Scotia party under William Spiers Bruce had overwintered on Laurie Island (60° 44ʹ S, 44° 50ʹ W) in the South Orkney Islands, explored for the first time the oceanography of the Weddell Sea, assembled an important collection of scientific material, and discovered Coats Land, an icebound stretch of the East Antarctica coast.While Scott's Discovery expedition had emphasized geographical exploration inland from the Ross Sea sector of Antarctica, Bruce in the Scotia had concentrated more on scientific discovery in the Weddell Sea sector. On 12 November 1904 in Edinburgh, members of the Scotia and Discovery expeditions were guests at the 20th anniversary dinner of the Royal Scottish Geographical Society, Bruce and Scott together responding to a presidential toast that honoured the success of both.
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Wheeler, Barbara, and Linda Young. "Antarctica in museums: the Mawson collections in Australia." Polar Record 36, no. 198 (July 2000): 193–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400016454.
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AbstractThe relics of polar exploration are treasured in the museums of a multitude of nations. In Australia, the focus of most such collections is Sir Douglas Mawson and his expeditions to Antarctica in 1911–14 and 1929–31. The nature of these collections divides into the two large categories of scientific specimens and expedition relics. The latter are spread among Australian and other museums in a distribution that speaks of fascination with the exotic and heroic aspects of the Australasian Antarctic Expedition and the geopolitical ramifications of the British, Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition. The specimens, by contrast, have not been treated well, and although thoroughly documented, may be close to losing their integrity as scientific resources. Both types of material merit the renewed attention of their museum-keepers as resources on the history of Antarctica.
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Budd, Grahame M. "Australian exploration of Heard Island, 1947–1971." Polar Record 43, no. 2 (March 28, 2007): 97–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247407006080.
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In 1947 knowledge of Heard Island was confined to a rough mapping compiled by nineteenth-century sealers, and the results of four scientific expeditions that had briefly investigated the Atlas Cove area. Exploration continued in two distinct periods between 1947 and 1971. In the first period the Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions (ANARE) built a scientific station at Atlas Cove in 1947, and occupied it continuously until 1955 as an ‘A Class’ meteorological station, a seismic and magnetic observatory, and a base for other scientific studies and for exploration of the island. In the second period four summer expeditions and one wintering expedition worked on the island between 1963 and 1971. The summer expeditions were an ANARE expedition in 1963, an Australian private expedition (The South Indian Ocean Expedition to Heard Island) in 1965, and ANARE expeditions in 1969 and 1971 associated with United States and French expeditions. A United States expedition wintered in 1969. There were no further expeditions until 1980. The years 1947–1971 saw many achievements. Expedition members recorded seven years of synoptic meteorological observations and four years of seismic and magnetic observations. They developed empirical techniques of work, travel, and survival that shaped the collective character of ANARE and were later applied in Antarctica. Despite difficult terrain and consistently bad weather, and the accidental deaths of two men in 1952, unsupported field parties of two or three men travelling on foot explored and mapped in detail the heavily glaciated island, and documented its topography, geology, glaciology and biology. They made three overland circuits of the island, the first ascent of Big Ben (2745 m), and the first recorded landing on the nearby McDonald Islands. Expedition members bred and trained dog teams for later use in Antarctica. They reported the commencement and subsequent progress of massive glacier retreat caused by regional warming, and of the island's colonisation by king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus) and antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella). They also reported measurements of glacier flow and thickness, the palaeomagnetism of Heard Island rocks, behavioural and population studies of southern giant petrels (Macronectes giganteus) and other birds, studies of southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) and leopard seals (Hydrurga leptonyx), and the cold stress and acclimatisation experienced by humans working in the island's wet-cold climate. In addition, Heard Island served as a testing ground for men, equipment, scientific programmes, huskies, general administration, and logistics, without which Mawson station could not have been established as successfully as it was in 1954. The American wintering expedition and the French summer expedition contributed to major international geodetic and geophysical investigations. In sum, the expeditions between 1947 and 1971 added much to our knowledge of Heard Island, and they laid down a solid foundation for the work of later expeditions.
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Strecke, Volker. "60 years of the Antarctic Treaty – history and celebration in radio waves." Polarforschung 90, no. 2 (July 29, 2022): 13–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/polf-90-13-2022.
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Abstract. The Antarctic Treaty, successfully negotiated and signed in 1959, entered into force after ratification by the 12 original signatory countries in 1961. Under the Antarctic Treaty, research activities are now carried out in Antarctica by 54 countries. These are 29 consultative and 25 non-consultative parties. Radio communications have always been an important part of all scientific activities in research stations, ships and aircraft in Antarctica. Historic expeditions in the 19th century and early 20th century had to use wired telegraph stations after returning from expeditions. Between 1911 and 1913, Wilhelm Filchner and Douglas Mawson were the first Antarctic expedition leaders to explore the possibilities of wireless telegraphy. Mawson succeeded in establishing radio communications from Antarctica to Australia for the first time in 1912. Today, the use of communication technologies is almost taken for granted. Direct amateur radio communications via shortwave are a flexible backup and an effective addition to communications about the Antarctic. On the occasion of the 60th anniversary of the Antarctic Treaty, a major international radio activity was launched in the second half of 2021 with which an important contribution to communication to the public was made. Amateur radio is now an important part of research activities in Antarctica.
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Bernat, Paolo. "Sfida all’ultimo parallelo: la conquista del Polo Sud cento anni dopo." ACME - Annali della Facoltà di Lettere e Filosofia dell’Università degli Studi di Milano, no. 03 (December 2012): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.7358/acme-2012-003-bern.
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100 years ago, Antarctica was still mostly unknown and unexplored. The first landings on the Antarctic coast took place in the early decades of the nineteenth century and were made by whalers and sealers. In the following years the first scientific expeditions began and European and US expeditions started the geographical discovery and the mapping of the Antarctic coasts. But it was only in the years 1911-1912 that two expeditions, very different but equally well prepared, arrived almost simultaneously at the South Pole. The events that happened in the Antarctic together with the different nature of the two leaders Roald Amundsen and Robert Scott determined the outcome of these expeditions and the fate of their teams. The centenary of the conquest of the South Pole (December 14, 1911) is an opportunity to remember the passion for science, the spirit of adventure and the fierce perseverance that characterized those extraordinary men and that even now form the basis of scientific research and of human progress, not only in Antarctica but in all areas of knowledge and life.
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Evans, John, and Philip M. Smith. "Mt. Vinson and the evolution of US policy on Antarctic mountaineering, 1960–1966." Polar Record 50, no. 3 (April 12, 2013): 277–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247413000211.
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ABSTRACTThe full extent of the height and scale of the Sentinel Range, Antarctica, was not known until reconnaissance flights and scientific traverses in the International Geophysical Year (IGY), 1957–1958. These explorations revealed the range to be twenty miles in length, with a large number of high peaks culminating in Mt. Vinson, the highest on the Antarctic continent at nearly 4900 meters. The discoveries captured the interest of the U.S. and world mountaineering communities setting off a competition to achieve the first climb of Vinson. The challenge was tempered only by the range's remoteness from the coast of Antarctica and the formidable logistics of mounting a mountaineering expedition. The US which had the most advanced ski-equipped cargo aircraft, had an established post-IGY policy that prohibited adventure expeditions that could divert logistic resources from the scientific programme. This paper discusses Mt. Vinson competition within the US and international climbing communities, mounting national pressures to achieve the first climb, and a reversal in policy by the US Antarctic Policy Group that resulted in the 1966–1967 American Antarctic Mountaineering Expedition's first ascents of Vinson and five other high peaks. Today, between 100 and 200 persons climb Mt. Vinson each austral summer.
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Wang, Yaxin. "Development of Antarctic Scientific Research and International Scientific Cooperation of China." Administrative Consulting, no. 10 (December 7, 2022): 171–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/1726-1139-2022-10-171-182.
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The purpose of this article is to summarise the current attitude of the Chinese government to Antarctic scientifc research and to characterise Antarctic scientifc research carried out by China as a non-Antarctic country by reviewing the performance of Antarctic scientifc expeditions and scientifc research in China over the last forty years.The author approaches the study from the perspective of three aspects. Firstly, there is a reviewof Chinese government documents of recent years on China’s activities in Antarctica. Particular attention is paid to scientifc research and the Chinese government’s attitude to China’s research activities in Antarctica. Secondly, the history of the development of Chinese scientifc research in the Antarctic is considered. The path traveled by China is described, from sending the frst expeditionary group to Antarctica to the creation of research institutes, higher educational institutions and participation in international cooperation and scientifc programs. Finally, the characterization of the frst two aspects allows the author to analyze the achievements, shortcomings and peculiarities of China’s research activities and international cooperation in Antarctica. The author suggests the relevance of scientifc cooperation and development of research activities in this region from the point of view of China’s strategic interests.The review of ofcial documents made public by the Chinese government in recent years allows the author to use the method of historical analysis to systematically summarize the country’s research activities in Antarctica and study the history of scientifc research. The paper also applies such methods of scientifc research as comparative analysis and statistical analysis.
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Melnikov, I. A. "To the history of Antarctica: from discovery to research." Journal of Oceanological Research 48, no. 1 (April 30, 2020): 142–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.29006/1564-2291.jor-2020.48(1).11.
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Systematic study of Antarctica began only a century and a half after its discovery by the Russian expedition of F. Bellingshausen and M. Lazarev on the sloops “Vostok” and “Mirny” on January 16 (20), 1820. Since the International Geophysical Year (IGY) in 1956, regular studies of ice cover, subglacial topography, geomorphology of the surrounding seas and bottom sediments, as well as marine and continental biological communities have begun on the continent and coastal waters. Scientists from the Institute of Oceanology took part in the first Russian Antarctic expeditions. Their work gave new knowledge about the nature of Antarctica and largely determined the scientific direction of its future research.
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Gan, Irina. "The reluctant hosts: Soviet Antarctic expedition ships visit Australia and New Zealand in 1956." Polar Record 45, no. 1 (January 2009): 37–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247408007675.
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ABSTRACTRussian and Australian primary sources were examined in an attempt to reconstruct the voyage of the first composite Soviet Antarctic expedition to Antarctica and from thence to Leningrad [St Petersburg]. This expedition had the aim of constructing a base for the Soviet International Geophysical Year (IGY) commitment. In a time of cold war tension and unresolved Antarctic claims, the Australian and New Zealand governments were wary of Soviet intentions and barely tolerated visits by Soviet expeditions. However, in their interactions with Australians and New Zealanders, the Soviets were careful to underline the friendly nature of their visits and avoided any sensitive political questions. The two governments’ apparent lack of enthusiasm for Ob and Lena entering their ports after fulfilling their task in Antarctica is contrasted with the generally more enthusiastic attitude of the Australian and New Zealand scientists and expedition members, with whom the Soviet personnel came into contact, some of whom developed lasting scientific relationships with the visitors.
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Savitt, Ronald. "Antarctic sledging preparations and tacit knowledge." Polar Record 40, no. 2 (April 2004): 153–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247403003346.
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The article discusses how organisational structure and culture affected the preparations for sledging in three Antarctic expeditions between 1901 and 1904. The central focus is how expedition leaders sought tacit knowledge, ‘the knowledge of how we do things.’ Two organisational types were derived from a study of 36 major polar expeditions. These – the industrial organisation and the innovative organisation – were used to analyse how sledging practices evolved in the British National Antarctic Expedition, German South Polar Expedition, and Scottish National Antarctic Expedition. Robert Falcon Scott, in great part as a result of his naval heritage, did not fully understand the need for and the methods required to gain the operational knowledge required for sledging in Antarctica. He applied the traditional command-and-control system based on naval tradition. Erich von Drygalski and William Speirs Bruce applied Fridtjof Nansen's scientific approach, in which the scientific staffs were integrated into sledging operations. In this approach, every variable that could possibly affect the outcome of the research was incorporated into preparations, much as is the case in classical experimental design. While no attempt is made to judge sledging success in the study, the results clearly indicate the importance of knowing how to use the tacit dimension in sledging. The implications go far beyond sledging and suggest the need for managers to have an intimate understanding of how things work.
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Chaturvedi, Sanjay. "India and the Antarctic Treaty System: Realities and Prospects." India Quarterly: A Journal of International Affairs 42, no. 4 (October 1986): 351–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097492848604200401.
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India feels proud of its scientific as well as diplomatic achievements in regard to the Antarctica — the most forbidding terrain on ourterra firma, a significant ‘natural laboratory’ as well as an object of innovative political experiment in international control and cooperation. With as many as five successful expeditions to this multi-faceted and multi-dimensional continent, a permanently manned scientific stationDakshin Gangotri and a coveted and enviable “consultative status” in the Antarctic Treaty System, India's presence on Antarctica is well established. The Indian entry into the elitist Antarctica Treaty System (hereafter cited as ATS) and its innermost circle has added a new dimension to the geopolitics of Antarctica. It has also highlighted and reiterated, in a significant way, India's resolve to have a meaningful and effective say in the management of Antarctica and its so far untapped resources. Demonstrating its scientific maturity and political farsightedness, India has started investing in Antarctica with an eye to future returns. However, the entire issue of India-Antarctica interaction is not as it is often projected and portrayed by the press and elsewhere. Antarctica no doubt has just dawned in the realm of Indian consciousness and not many in the country possess much politico-geographic awareness about this frozen bottom of the earth where a subtle interaction between geography and politics has lately assumed significant dimensions and far reaching implications. And what we fail to grasp is the complexity of the geopolitical realities of the Antarctica and the political implications of India's presence as a consultative member within the ATS. We tend to isolate Indian interests and objectives from the general backdrop of the Antarctica political scenario and try to study them in isolation. The present essay is born out of the necessity to critically examine the Indian goals in Antarctica, irrespective of whether they are scientific, economic or political in the light of the following assumptions. Firstly, India joined the Antarctic Treaty System at a ‘critical’ juncture and at a particular ‘point’ of the evolution of the Antarctic political field and hence cannot remain insensitive to or unaffected by its problems and complexities. Secondly, while examining the Indian interests and objectives in the Antarctic we should focus our attention on the ‘role’ that India decides to play on the ‘geopolitical chessboard’ within the ATS and moreover as a consultative member with rights and duties. And finally, the annual despatch of the scientific expeditions to Antarctica and the acquisition of the “consultative status” in the ATS should not be viewed as ends in themselves but to the contrary, as indispensable means to realise some crucial objectives or goals in the Antarctica. What lies before India in regard to the Antarctica issue is a difficult and changing path and a foreign policy dilemma. It is in the light of these assumptions and against the backdrop of the Antarctica's geopolitical scenario, that the present essay purports to examine Indian interests, objectives and moves in regard to the Antarctica and the Antarctic Treaty System.
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Baker, F. W. G. "Some reflections on the Antarctic Treaty." Polar Record 46, no. 1 (October 19, 2009): 2–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247409990209.
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2009 brings not only the 50th anniversary of the Antarctic Treaty but also the end of the International Geophysical Year (IGY) and of its extension into the period of International Geophysical Cooperation (IGC 1959). It is also the 133rd anniversary of K. Weyprecht's suggestion that initiated the impetus. As he noted, ‘if Polar Expeditions are looked upon merely as a sort of international steeple-chase . . . and their main object is to exceed by a few miles the latitude reached by a predecessor these mysteries (of Meteorology and Geomagnetism) will remain unsolved’ (Weyprecht 1875). Although he stressed the importance of observations in both the Arctic and Antarctic during the first International Polar Year (IPY) in 1882–1883 only two stations in the sub-Antarctic region, at Cap Horn and South Georgia, made such scientific recordings. In spite of the fact that several expeditions to the Antarctic had been made in the period between the first and the second IPY 1932–1933, no stations were created in Antarctica during that IPY. The major increase in scientific studies in Antarctica came with the third IPY, which became the IGY of 1957–1958.
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Stone, Philip. "Robert McCormick's geological collections from Antarctica and the Southern Ocean, 1839–1843." Archives of Natural History 47, no. 1 (April 2020): 147–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.2020.0628.
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Robert McCormick (1800–1890) took part in three mid-nineteenth-century British Polar expeditions, two to the Arctic and one to the Antarctic. The latter, from 1839 to 1843 and led by James Clark Ross, is the best known. McCormick served as senior surgeon on HMS Erebus and was responsible for the collection of zoological and geological specimens. Despite the novelty and potential scientific importance of these early geological collections from Antarctica and remote islands in the Southern Ocean, they received surprisingly little attention at the time. Ross deposited an official collection with the British Museum in 1844, soon after the expedition's return, and this was supplemented by McCormick's personal collection, bequeathed in 1890. McCormick had contributed brief and idiosyncratic geological notes to the expedition report published by Ross in 1847, but it was not until 1899 that an informed description of the Antarctic rocks was published, and only in 1921 were McCormick's palaeobotanical specimens from Kerguelen examined. His material from other Southern Ocean islands received even less attention; had it been utilized at the time it would have supplemented the better-known collections made by the likes of Charles Darwin. In later life, McCormick became increasingly embittered over the lack of recognition afforded to him for his work in the Polar regions. Despite that contemporary neglect, his collections from the Ross Antarctic expedition provide unique insight into the geological work of nineteenth-century British naval surgeons.
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Birkenmajer, Krzysztof Ludwik. "Polskie badania polarne (zarys)." Studia Historiae Scientiarum 16 (December 18, 2017): 123–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/2543702xshs.17.007.7708.
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The article describes Polish research and discoveries in the Arctic and the Antarctic since the 19th century. The author is a geologist and since 1956 has been engaged in scientific field research on Spitsbergen, Greenland and Antarctica (23 expeditions). For many years chairman of the Committee on Polar Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, he is now its Honorary Chairman.
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Walton, D. W. H. "Antarctica and the global jigsaw – a centennial perspective." Archives of Natural History 32, no. 2 (October 2005): 394–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.2005.32.2.394.
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Historical perspectives have shown how several scientific disciplines have developed their Antarctic component over the last century. Antarctic science has changed from a secondary activity of privately organised expeditions by a few countries to a major international activity supported by over 30 countries and making a major contribution to Earth System Science and the improvement of global climate models. What was once a backwater of science is now in the main stream and the seminal contributions of the Discovery expedition and others from the “Heroic Age” of exploration are now becoming clear.
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Kriwoken, Lorne K., and John W. Williamson. "Hobart, Tasmania: Antarctic and Southern Ocean connections." Polar Record 29, no. 169 (April 1993): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400023548.
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abstractThis paper describes the historical and contemporary associations between Hobart (Tasmania, Australia) and Antarctica and the Southern Ocean. This association is traced from the sealing and whaling industry, through early exploration and scientific expeditions, to contemporary issues of institutional and educational development and tourism. I is argued that this polar link has placed Hobart at the centre of some important Antarctic and Southern Ocean developments.
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Cui, Xiangbin, Jamin S. Greenbaum, Shinan Lang, Xi Zhao, Lin Li, Jingxue Guo, and Bo Sun. "The Scientific Operations of Snow Eagle 601 in Antarctica in the Past Five Austral Seasons." Remote Sensing 12, no. 18 (September 15, 2020): 2994. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12182994.
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The Antarctic ice sheet and the continent both play critical roles in global sea level rise and climate change but they remain poorly understood because data collection is greatly limited by the remote location and hostile conditions there. Airborne platforms have been extensively used in Antarctica due to their capabilities and flexibility and have contributed a great deal of knowledge to both the ice sheet and the continent. The Snow Eagle 601 fixed-wing airborne platform has been deployed by China for Antarctic expeditions since 2015. Scientific instruments on the airplane include an ice-penetrating radar, a gravimeter, a magnetometer, a laser altimeter, a camera and a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). In the past five austral seasons, the airborne platform has been used to survey Princess Elizabeth Land, the largest data gap in Antarctica, as well as other critical areas. This paper reviews the scientific operations of Snow Eagle 601 including airborne and ground-based scientific instrumentation, aviation logistics, field data acquisition and processing and data quality control. We summarize the progress of airborne surveys to date, focusing on scientific motivations, data coverage and national and international collaborations. Finally, we discuss potential regions for applications of the airborne platform in Antarctica and developments of the airborne scientific system for future work.
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Fogg, G. E. "A century of Antarctic science; planning and serendipity." Archives of Natural History 32, no. 2 (October 2005): 129–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.2005.32.2.129.
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The British National Antarctic Expedition planned with discreditable bickering, sailed for the Antarctic in 1901 on the Discovery. The venture was well equipped and commanded by R. F. Scott who, without scientific training himself, was nevertheless remarkably in empathy with his scientists. The expedition was foremost among those dispatched around the same time in establishing basic knowledge of the continent. Followed by the second Scott expedition and those of Shackleton and Mawson, a cadre of able and enthusiastic scientists was established. The second involvement of the Discovery in Antarctic exploration was planned without quarrels and with unusual understanding of science by a government department, resulting in a massive accumulation of knowledge about the Southern Ocean. United States expeditions began in 1928, introducing modern technology, thereby extending greatly the scope of Antarctic research. The Norwegian-British-Swedish expedition of 1949–1952 put planned science before geographical exploration. The International Geophysical Year of 1957–1958, supported by governments and planned by international committees, achieved great success. Science has flourished in Antarctica with unplanned and serendipitous findings emerging, for example, the structure of the magnetosphere, collection of meteorites by ice movements, the microbial life of the apparently sterile Dry Valleys and the discovery of the ozone “hole”.
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Dodds, Klaus J. "Antarctica and the modern geographical imagination (1918–1960)." Polar Record 33, no. 184 (January 1997): 47–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400014169.
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AbstractThis paper examines how different technologies of exploration and mapping transformed human understanding of the Antarctic in the period 1918–1960. In the aftermath of the ‘heroic’ expeditions, European and American governments began to invest considerable monies in support of national expeditions for the purpose of claiming and mapping the polar continent. The collection of practical geographical information during the inter-war period was overtaken by the advent of polar aviation and aerial mapping in the 1930s. The aeroplane and the aerial camera played key parts in expanding stores of knowledge about the continent and altering perceptions of place. Finally, the paper considers the 1955–1958 Trans-Antarctic Expedition (TAE). This venture was significant because it was widely understood to be the final chapter in the geographical and scientific assualt on the Antarctic. The TAE was the high point of polar achievement, as a range of technologies were brought to bear on the surface of the Antarctic icesheet. Thereafter, the cultural and political significance of the polar continent changed in the face of new challenges for human exploration in the realms of outer space and the Moon.
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Caricchia, A. M., S. Chiavarini, C. Cremisini, M. Fantini, R. Morabito, A. Perini, and M. Pezza. "Pahs in Atmospheric Particulate in the Area of Italian Scientific Base in Antarctica." Water Science and Technology 27, no. 7-8 (April 1, 1993): 235–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0556.
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Data on PAH levels in atmospheric paniculate were determined in the frame of the environment protection activities during the VI Italian Expedition in Antarctica. Samples were collected at the four cardinal points at about 200 metres from the central point of the Italian scientific base. Results are related to basic meteorological parameters, operating parameters and fuel consumption of the waste incinerator, power generators and other engines. Data show low levels of the individual PAH (95% in the range 1-50 pg/m3) confirming the absence, up to now, of relevant contamination from Italian base. On the basis of these preliminary results, monitor program will continue in the future expeditions in order to keep undercontrol the potential PAHs sources.
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Lüdecke, Cornelia. "Scientific collaboration in Antarctica (1901–04): a challenge in times of political rivalry." Polar Record 39, no. 1 (January 2003): 35–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247402002735.
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When geographers recommended the exploration of the Antarctic regions at the close of the nineteenth century, Germany and Britain were eager to do their best. The promoters of Antarctic research, such as Georg von Neumayer (1826–1909) in Hamburg and Clements Markham (1830–1916) in London, could finally raise enough money to build national flagships for science. Despite unfavourable political circumstances, due to political rivalry between Germany and Great Britain, the leaders of the expeditions — Erich von Drygalski (1865–1949) and Robert Falcon Scott (1868–1912) — agreed to a scientific collaboration with regard to meteorological and magnetic measurements in Antarctica during 1901–1903, which later was extended until 1904. This paper reveals that favourable circumstances such as the International Geographical Congresses in London (1895) and Berlin (1899) played a major role in increasing scientific interest in and public support of Antarctic research, ultimately leading to international collaboration.
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Cui, X., J. Guo, L. Li, X. Tang, and B. Sun. "FIELD OPERATIONS AND PROGRESS OF CHINESE AIRBORNE SURVEY IN EAST ANTARCTICA THROUGH THE “SNOW EAGLE 601”." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B3-2020 (August 21, 2020): 869–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b3-2020-869-2020.
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Abstract. The Antarctic plays a vital role in the Earth system. However, our poor knowledge of the Antarctic limits predicting and projecting future climate changes and sea level rising due to rapid changing of the Antarctic. Airborne platforms can access most places of this hostile and remote continent and measure subice properties with high resolution and accuracy. China deployed the first fixed-wing airplane of “Snow Eagle 601” for Antarctic expeditions in 2015. Airborne scientific instruments, including radio-echo sounder, gravimeter, magnetometer, laser altimeter etc., were configured and integrated on the airplane. In the past four years, the airborne platform has been applied to survey the Princess Elizabeth Land, the largest data gap in Antarctica, Amery Ice Shelf and other critical areas in East Antarctica, and overall ∼150,000 km flight lines have been completed. Here, we introduced the “Snow Eagle 601” airborne platform and base stations, as well as field operations of airborne survey, including aviation supports, daily cycle of the scientific flight, data processing and quality control, and finally summarized progress of airborne survey in the past four years.
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Lazzara, Matthew A., George A. Weidner, Linda M. Keller, Jonathan E. Thom, and John J. Cassano. "Antarctic Automatic Weather Station Program: 30 Years of Polar Observation." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 93, no. 10 (October 1, 2012): 1519–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-11-00015.1.
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Antarctica boasts one of the world's harshest environments. Since the earliest expeditions, a major challenge has been to characterize the surface meteorology around the continent. In 1980, the University of Wisconsin—Madison (UW-Madison) took over the U.S. Antarctic Program (USAP) Automatic Weather Station (AWS) program. Since then, the UW-Madison AWS network has aided in the understanding of unique Antarctic weather and climate. This paper summarizes the development of the UW-Madison AWS network, issues related to instrumentation and data quality, and some of the ways these observations have and continue to benefit scientific investigations and operational meteorology.
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Bhattacharya, Bimalendu B. "Electromagnetic and electrical studies in and around Schirmacher oasis, Antarctica by Indian Antarctic scientific expeditions." Polar Science 18 (December 2018): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polar.2018.08.003.
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Davis, Georgina A. "A history of McMurdo Station through its architecture." Polar Record 53, no. 2 (January 30, 2017): 167–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247416000747.
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ABSTRACTMcMurdo Station, Antarctica, is a US Federal research facility operated year-round by the National Science Foundation (NSF). Its primary mission is to support scientific research, but it also provides logistical air and ground support for South Pole Station, seasonal field sites and nearby stations operated by other countries. It is the largest station in Antarctica, supporting up to 1,200 people. While McMurdo Station has a long scientific legacy, the facility also has an interesting architectural and engineering history that spans 60 years and has its antecedents in the ‘heroic age’ of exploration (1898–1916) and the Little America expeditions (1929–1958). Here, I describe the history of the built environment of McMurdo Station to clarify how it evolved from a temporary air station in the late 1950s to its current role as the flagship research facility of the US Antarctic Research Program (USAP). This historical review may provide insights that are useful as the station continues to transform and evolve, allowing it to continue its scientific mission into the 21st century.
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Hemmings, Alan D., Sanjay Chaturvedi, Elizabeth Leane, Daniela Liggett, and Juan Francisco Salazar. "Nationalism in Today’s Antarctic." Yearbook of Polar Law Online 7, no. 1 (December 5, 2015): 531–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2211-6427_020.
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Whilst nationalism is a recognised force globally, its framing is predicated on experience in conventionally occupied parts of the world. The familiar image of angry young men waving Kalashnikovs means that the idea that nationalism might be at play in Antarctica has to overcome much instinctive resistance, as well as the tactical opposition of the keepers of the present Antarctic political arrangements. The limited consideration of nationalism in Antarctica has generally been confined to the past, particularly “Heroic-Era” and 1930s–1940s expeditions. This article addresses the formations of nationalism in the Antarctic present. Antarctic nationalism need not present in the same shape as nationalisms elsewhere to justify being called nationalism. Here it occurs in a virtual or mediated form, remote from the conventional metropolitan territories of the states and interests concerned. The key aspect of Antarctic nationalism is its contemporary form and intensity. We argue that given the historic difficulties of Antarctic activities, and the geopolitical constraints of the Cold War, it has only been since the end of that Cold War that a more muscular nationalism has been able to flourish in Antarctica. Our assessment is that there at least 11 bases upon which Antarctic nationalism might arise: (i) formally declared claims to territorial sovereignty in Antarctica; (ii) relative proximity of Antarctica to one’s metropolitan territory; (iii) historic and institutional associations with Antarctica; (iv) social and cultural associations; (v) regional or global hegemonic inclinations; (vi) alleged need in relation to resources; (vii) contested uses or practices in Antarctica; (viii) carry-over from intense antipathies outside Antarctica; (ix) national pride in, and mobilisation through, national Antarctic programmes; (x) infrastructure and logistics arrangements; or (xi) denial or constraint of access by one’s strategic competitors or opponents. In practice of course, these are likely to be manifested in combination. The risks inherent in Antarctic nationalism are the risks inherent in unrestrained nationalism anywhere, compounded by its already weak juridical situation. In Antarctica, the intersection of nationalism with resources poses a particular challenge to the regional order and its commitments to shareable public goods such as scientific research and environmental protection.
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Borrero, Giomar, and Daniela Yepes. "Annotated and illustrated list of echinoderms collected during the Colombian scientific expeditions to the Antarctica (2016-2019)." Boletín de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras 50, SuplEsp (May 26, 2021): 85–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.25268/bimc.invemar.2021.50.suplesp.959.
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I n order to contribute to the base line of knowledge that is being built of the Gerlache Strait and the adjacent areas, the echinoderms collected during the Scientific Expeditions from Colombia to Antarctica carried out between 2016 and 2019 as part of the project “Biodiversity and oceanographic conditions of the Gerlache Strait, Biogerlache-Antártica” are presented. Eleven stations between 54 and 523 m deep were sampled, using sediment dredgers that captured incidentally some individuals from the mega and macro-epifauna, which were separated, reviewed and identified. Twentynine (29) individuals were obtained in five of the sampled stations, belonging to 13 morphotypes. Ophiuroidea was the richest class (five morphotypes), followed by Holothuroidea (four), Asteroidea (two) and Crinoidea (two). Morphological and distribution comments are presented, as well as general and detailed images of each morphotype. Among the contributions to the inventory of echinoderms in the area, it is highlighted the sea cucumber genus Taeniogyrus Semper, 1867 that is registered for the first time for the Antarctic peninsula and the crinoid species Anthometrina adriani (Bell, 1908) that extends its geographical distribution, confined to the high-Antarctic shelf, up to the Gerlache Strait ( 64° 39 ‘S).
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Malaurie, Jean. "J.-B. Charcot; father of French polar research." Polar Record 25, no. 154 (July 1989): 191–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400010780.
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AbstractBorn in 1867 and trained as a doctor, Jean-Baptiste Charcot gave up a fashionable medical practice to become, in his mid-thirties, France's leading polar explorer. His two major expeditions to the peninsular sector of Antarctica and the Bellingshausen Sea (1903–05, 1908–10) resulted in many new discoveries of land and established his reputation as a leader in the fields of scientific oceanography, research and survey. After service in World War I he continued polar work with a series of ten summer expeditions to the Arctic (1926–36), in which many young explorers were trained. Lost with his ship Pourquoi Pas? in a storm off Iceland in 1936, Charcot is remembered for qualities of leadership and scientific integrity which inspire the current generation of French polar scientists.
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Bhatia, Abhijeet, Pradip Malhotra, and AshokKumar Agarwal. "Reasons for medical consultation among members of the Indian Scientific Expeditions to Antarctica." International Journal of Circumpolar Health 72, no. 1 (January 31, 2013): 20175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/ijch.v72i0.20175.
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Shatalov, N. N. "PAVLO STEFANOVICH VORONOV — OUTSTANDING POLAR GEOLOGIST (to the 100th anniversary of birth)." Geology and Mineral Resources of World Ocean 16, no. 4 (2020): 49–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/gpimo2020.04.049.
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The article is dedicated to the outstanding geologist-polar explorer of the USSR, an outstanding naturalist, doctor of geological and mineralogical sciences, Professor Pavel Voronov in the light of 100th anniversary of his birth celebration. The main stages of the scientist’s life, his achievements in studying the geology of a lot of regions of the Arctic Ocean are considered. The contribution of the scientist to the research of geology, tectonics, geography, geomorphology and glaciology of the southern hemisphere of our planet was especially noted. In the 40th-50th years of the last century P.S. Voronov participated in the work of the first and second Russian expeditions in Antarctica. The scientist carried out reconnaissance geological and geomorphological studies of the observatory area, the Bunger oasis, based on hydrographic measurements from the board of the expeditionary vessel «Ob» and analysis of the configuration of the Antarctic coast, for the first time in the world, he established the existence of coastal faults located around East Antarctica. Numerous flights on IL-12 aircraft allowed P.S. Voronov to explore the mountain ranges of Antarctica along the Antarctic Circle. He clarified the position of the Denman glacier and carried out comprehensive geological, geomorphological and tectonic studies in Antarctica. On various issues of geology, geomorphology, glaciology and tectonics of Antarctica, he published more than 60 scientific papers, many of which are pioneering and have retained their relevance to the present day. Professor P.S. Voronov is widely known in the former USSR and abroad for his research in the field of space and geodynamics, tectonics and planetary geomorphology of the Earth’s continents and sea areas. Scientist has written more than 250 scientific works, including 12 monographs. His main works reveal questions about the patterns of morphometry of the Earth’s global relief, the role of the Earth’s rotational forces, the principles and role of shear tectonics in the structure of the Earth’s lithospheres and terrestrial planets. In 2004, the Cambridge International Biographical Center introduced the name of P.S. Voronov to the collection «Living Legends».
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Nirwan, Mohit. "Human psychophysiology in Antarctica." Sri Ramachandra Journal of Health Sciences 2 (July 15, 2022): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/srjhs_4_2022.
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Antarctica is a natural laboratory for scientists and an adventure destination for tourists. It has challenging yet beautiful landscape. Due to extreme environment and isolation, wintering over in Antarctica is still challenging, even with advancement in accommodations. Polar scientists have focused on the aspects of Antarctica according to their specialty. For example, psychologists have highlighted polar psychology; likewise, physiologists and other allied human biologists have pointed-out to biochemistry, immunology, and stress biology. A researcher new to Antarctica gets confused to encounter diverse literature of different domains. These reasons require a review on the scientific aspects of wintering-over in Antarctica to enlighten first time readers. Journal articles from PubMed and Google Scholar (up to 2021) were searched with the search terms “Antarctica,” in combination with the words “human physiology” and “human psychology”. Vivid direct quotes of early explorers of the heroic age of polar expeditions are described and 53 articles were finally selected. The human psychophysiology points of discussion in this narrative review are geomagnetism, circadian rhythm, immunity, hypoxia, bone metabolic changes, acute mountain sickness, and stress biology concerning extended stay in Antarctica.
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Olshtynska, Olexandra P., and Stanislav P. Olshtynsky. "PETRO FEODOSIIOVYCH GOZHYK: OCEANIC, MARINE AND ANTARCTIC RESEARCH." Collection of Scientific Works of the Institute of Geological Sciences of the NAS of Ukraine 14, no. 1 (May 20, 2021): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.30836/igs.2522-9753.2021.228225.
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The article provides a brief overview of the publications, as well as our own memories about the doctor of geological and mineral sciences, Academician Petro Feodosiiovych Gozhyk — scientist, researcher that had state- and strategic level thinking, about his contribution to the development of marine geological works in the Institute of Geological Sciences of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, his role in the creation of the Ukrainian Antarctic Center (nowadays the National Antarctic Research Center of The National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine) and the importance of his personality for the formation of Ukraine as «Antarctic State». P.F. Gozhyk was not only one of the initiators of the Center for Antarctic Research of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, but also its first director, the developer of long-term polar research programs at the station «Academician Vernadsky». His scientific interests were focused on a wide range of subjects, and marine geology was among his scientific priorities. Academician P. F. Gozhyk was an organizer and participant of many round-the-world sea and ocean expeditions to the Indian, Atlantic and Southern oceans, the Red and Black Seas. The main publications of P. F. Gozhyk on «geology of the seas and oceans» and «geological studies of Antarctica» are listed in the article.
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Rincón, Natalia, Erasmo Macaya, and Sara Guzmán. "Contributions to the knowledge of macroalgae of the Gerlache Strait - Antarctica." Boletín de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras 50, SuplEsp (May 26, 2021): 213–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.25268/bimc.invemar.2021.50.suplesp.958.
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This research is a contribution to the knowledge of some marine macroalgae species collected during the “Admiral Padilla” (2016-2017) and “Admiral Campos” (2018-2019) scientific expeditions, in which the Marine and Coastal Research Institute-Invemar participated with the project “Biodiversity and Oceanographic Conditions of the Gerlache Strait-Biogerlache-Antartica”. Samples were taken using a Shipek dredge; and underwater video recordings were made with a ROV (Remote Operated Vehicle). Six (6) species were identified: four (4) Rhodophyta and two (2) Ochrophyta-Phaeophyceae. Depth and zonation information where the macroalgae were found is included, and their relationship with previous records for the study area.
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Cormaci, M. "The macrophytobenthos of Terra Nova Bay (Ross Sea, Antarctica): results of three Italian scientific expeditions." Giornale botanico italiano 129, no. 5-6 (January 1995): 1233–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11263509509436474.
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Brat, Kristian, Zdeněk Merta, and Pavel Ševčík. "Effects of moderate- to high-level physical performance on blood levels of cardiac biomarkers in extreme conditions of Antarctica." Czech Polar Reports 4, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cpr2014-1-2.
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The aim of this study was to examine the effect of extreme climatic conditions (particularly cold) on levels of cardiac biomarkers after moderate- to high-level physical performance in members of the 6th and 7th Czech Antarctic Scientific Expeditions during their field work in Antarctica. A study evaluating performance-related changes in levels of cardiac biomarkers in extreme conditions of Antarctica. A total of 35 venous blood samples were collected and analyzed from 17 subjects. The first series of blood samples were collected prior to physical performance, the second 8 to 12 hours post-exercise. The third series of samples were collected only in those subjects where pathological values were detected previously. In 1 subject (12.5%), an increase in NT-proBNP level lasting 24 hours was present after physical performance. Interestingly, none of the individuals had a rise in TnT and DD blood levels following physical exertion. We didn’t find changes in TnT and DD blood levels comparable with changes reported in athletes after a marathon. In only one subject, transitional elevation od NT-proBNP was present. This finding might be due to protective effects of cold on cardiac cells. The effects of physical performance and of work in polar regions should be better investigated in future studies.
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Andrei, Constantin-Octavian, Sonja Lahtinen, Maaria Nordman, Jyri Näränen, Hannu Koivula, Markku Poutanen, and Juha Hyyppä. "GPS Time Series Analysis from Aboa the Finnish Antarctic Research Station." Remote Sensing 10, no. 12 (December 1, 2018): 1937. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs10121937.
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Continuous Global Positioning System (GPS) observations have been logged at the Finnish Antarctic research station (Aboa) since February 2003. The station is located in Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica. Almost 5000 daily observation files have been archived based on yearly scientific expeditions. These files have not been fully analysed until now. This study reports for the first time on the consistent and homogeneous data processing and analysis of the 15-year long time series. Daily coordinates are obtained using Precise Point Positioning (PPP) processing based on two approaches. The first approach is based on the Kalman filter and uses the RTKLIB open source library to produce daily solutions by unconventionally running the filter in the forward and backward direction. The second approach uses APPS web service and is based on GIPSY scientific processing engine. The two approaches show an excellent agreement with less than 3 mm rms error horizontally and 6 mm rms error vertically. The derived position time series is analysed in terms of trend, periodicity and noise characteristics. The noise of the time series was found to be power-law noise model with spectral index closer to flicker noise. In addition, several periodic signals were found at 5, 14, 183 and 362 days. Furthermore, most of the horizontal movement was found to be in the North direction at a rate of 11.23 ± 0.09 mm/y, whereas the rate in the East direction was estimated to be 1.46 ± 0.05 mm/y. Lastly, the 15-year long time series revealed a movement upwards at a rate of 0.79 ± 0.35 mm/y. Despite being an unattended station, Aboa provides one of the most continuous and longest GPS time series in Antarctica. Therefore, we believe that this research increases the awareness of local geophysical phenomena in a less reported area of the Antarctic continent.
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Cui, X., S. Lang, L. Li, and B. Sun. "ON-SITE DATA-PROCESSING ALGORITHM AND OPTIMIZATION FOR AIRBORNE ICE SOUNDING RADAR CONFIGURED ON THE “SNOW EAGLE 601”." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B3-2021 (June 28, 2021): 449–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b3-2021-449-2021.
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Abstract. Airborne observation is an important approach to collect data in the remote, hostile Antarctica and study the relationship between the Antarctica and global climate. During airborne observations, it is necessary to conduct data processing and quality control on site, which can help to timely evaluate the status of airborne instruments, provide scientific clues, and develop ideal schemes for following airborne observations. As one critical component of airborne instruments, airborne ice sounding radar can delineate sub-ice bedrock topography and internal layers, which cannot be realized by other instruments. In this study, we present an on-site data processing algorithm for high-resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) ice sounding radar data acquired by the “Snow Eagle 601”, the first fixed-wing airplane deployed by China for the Antarctic expeditions. In addition, the algorithm is further optimized in terms of static pre-allocated memory and parallel and block processing of data to enhance processing speed and meet the requirements for quality control and analysis of on-site data. Finally, we test the optimized algorithm with different volume of ice sounding radar data through implementing on different computer configurations, including i7, i5 CPU and 8G, 16G memory with the same disk. The results show that the average processing speed of the optimized algorithm is 5.143 times faster than the non-optimized algorithm on different computer configurations.
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Blanchette, Robert A., Benjamin W. Held, Joel A. Jurgens, Jackie Aislabie, Shona Duncan, and Roberta L. Farrell. "Environmental pollutants from the Scott and Shackleton expeditions during the ‘Heroic Age’ of Antarctic exploration." Polar Record 40, no. 2 (April 2004): 143–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247403003334.
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Early explorers to Antarctica built wooden huts and brought huge quantities of supplies and equipment to support their geographical and scientific studies for several years. When the expeditions ended and relief ships arrived, a rapid exodus frequently allowed only essential items to be taken north. The huts and thousands of items were left behind. Fuel depots with unused containers of petroleum products, asbestos materials, and diverse chemicals were also left at the huts. This investigation found high concentrations of polyaromatic hydrocarbons in soils under and around the historic fuel depots, including anthracene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, chrysene, fluorene, and pyrene, as well as benzo[a]anthracene, benzo[a]pyrene, and fluoranthene, which are recognized carcinogens. Asbestos materials within the huts have been identified and extensive amounts of fragmented asbestos were found littering the ground around the Cape Evans hut. These materials are continually abraded and fragmented as tourists walk over them and the coarse scoria breaks and grinds down the materials. A chemical spill, within the Cape Evans hut, apparently from caustic substances from one of the scientific experiments, has caused an unusual deterioration and defibration on affected woods. Although these areas are important historic sites protected by international treaties, the hazardous waste materials left by the early explorers should be removed and remedial action taken to restore the site to as pristine a condition as possible. Recommendations are discussed for international efforts to study and clean up these areas, where the earliest environmental pollution in Antarctica was produced.
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Luis, Alvarinho J. "Oceanographic features of the Indian Ocean sector of Coastal Antarctica (Short Communication)." Czech Polar Reports 10, no. 1 (August 7, 2020): 110–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cpr2020-1-10.
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A review is presented on physical oceanographic features based on expendable CTD data collected in the Indian Ocean sector of the Southern Ocean. The thermohaline structure is dominated by Circumpolar Deep Water. The temperature and salinity are affected by cyclonic circulation in the Weddell Sea and Prydz Bay. High chlorophyll-a blooms (2-4 mg m-3) evolve during austral summer due to stratification which is caused by freshwater generated from the sea ice melt and the glacial outflow which traps phytoplankton in a shallow mixed layer, where they are exposed to higher irradiances of photosynthetically active radiation. Attempts have been made to relate the physical characteristics to biomass inferred from data published from previous Indian Scientific expeditions. More in-situ observations related to biophysical and chemical are recommended in the near future projects.
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Verfaillie, D., M. Fily, E. Le Meur, O. Magand, B. Jourdain, L. Arnaud, and V. Favier. "Snow accumulation variability derived from radar and firn core data along a 600 km transect in Adelie Land, East Antarctic plateau." Cryosphere 6, no. 6 (November 16, 2012): 1345–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-6-1345-2012.
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Abstract. The mass balance of ice sheets is an intensively studied topic in the context of global change and sea-level rise. However – particularly in Antarctica – obtaining mass balance estimates remains difficult due to various logistical problems. In the framework of the TASTE-IDEA (Trans-Antarctic Scientific Traverses Expeditions – Ice Divide of East Antarctica) program, an International Polar Year project, continuous ground penetrating radar (GPR) measurements were carried out during a traverse in Adelie Land (East Antarctica) during the 2008–2009 austral summer between the Italian–French Dome C (DC) polar plateau site and French Dumont D'Urville (DdU) coastal station. The aim of this study was to process and interpret GPR data in terms of snow accumulation, to analyse its spatial and temporal variability and compare it with historical data and modelling. The focus was on the last 300 yr, from the pre-industrial period to recent times. Beta-radioactivity counting and gamma spectrometry were applied to cores at the LGGE laboratory, providing a depth–age calibration for radar measurements. Over the 600 km of usable GPR data, depth and snow accumulation were determined with the help of three distinct layers visible on the radargrams (≈ 1730, 1799 and 1941 AD). Preliminary results reveal a gradual increase in accumulation towards the coast (from ≈ 3 cm w.e. a−1 at Dome C to ≈ 17 cm w.e. a−1 at the end of the transect) and previously undocumented undulating structures between 300 and 600 km from DC. Results agree fairly well with data from previous studies and modelling. Drawing final conclusions on temporal variations is difficult because of the margin of error introduced by density estimation. This study should have various applications, including model validation.
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Leane, Elizabeth. "The Adelie Blizzard: the Australasian Antarctic Expedition's neglected newspaper." Polar Record 41, no. 1 (January 2005): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247404003973.
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To prevent boredom and restlessness during early Arctic and Antarctic over-wintering expeditions, leaders often encouraged ‘cultural’ activities, one of the most successful of which was the production of newspapers. Expedition members contributed poetry, short fiction, and literary criticism as well as scientific articles and accounts of their daily activities. These newspapers provide an important insight into the experiences and attitudes of the men who took part in the expeditions. In some cases, the newspaper would be published on the expedition's return, as a means of publicity, fund-raising, and memorialisation. The most famous example is the South Polar Times, the newspaper produced by Robert Falcon Scott's two expeditions. Other polar newspapers remain unpublished and unexamined. This article focuses on the Adelie Blizzard, the newspaper of the Australasian Antarctic Expedition of 1911–14, led by Douglas Mawson. Despite Mawson's efforts, the Adelie Blizzard was never published, and is rarely discussed in any detail in accounts of the expedition. The aim of this article is to address this neglect, by examining the genesis, production and attempted publication of the Adelie Blizzard.
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FERNANDEZ, JULIO C. C., DIEGO BRAVO-GÓMEZ, CÉSAR A. CÁRDENAS, and EDUARDO HAJDU. "Sponges from Doumer Island, Antarctic Peninsula, with description of new species of Clathria (Axosuberites) Topsent, 1893 and Hymeniacidon Bowerbank, 1858, and a re-description of H. torquata Topsent, 1916." Zootaxa 4728, no. 1 (January 21, 2020): 77–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4728.1.4.
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Antarctic sponges were mainly studied from trawling or dredging (shallow and deep water) during pioneering oceanographic expeditions carried out since the late 19th century. More recently, sponge collections by SCUBA diving have allowed the detection of species in more cryptic habitats such as rocky walls. In this study, we analyzed Antarctic sponges collected by SCUBA (in 2016 to 2018; shallower than 25 m) around Doumer Island (Palmer Archipelago, Western Antarctic Peninsula—WAP), where only five sponge species have been known. We gathered over 215 specimens, most part identified; 18 known species and one new species. Clathria (Axosuberites) retamalesi sp. nov., is set apart from its congeners on account of the combination of its habit, categories and dimensions of spicules. The East Antarctic material named as Hymeniacidon spec. (3397 m depth) from the Gauss scientific collection has been related to the shallow species H. torquata Topsent, 1916. We described H. torquata based in several specimens (n= 51) from Doumer Island (WAP), only ca. 41 km from Petermann Island (the type locality). Spicules of H. torquata are smaller than the ones present in the Hymeniacidon spec. material, which is here named Hymeniacidon hentscheli sp. nov., since it does not fit into any known cold water species of Hymeniacidon from Antarctica or the Southern Hemisphere, due to a combination of habit, oscula shape, and spicule dimensions. Only five sponge species were previously known from Doumer Island, also collected by SCUBA. Our findings suggest that the ongoing study of collections of sponges assembled at Doumer Island will still yield new taxonomic findings.
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Miroshnychenko, Olena A. "THE ROLE OF AGE DIFFERENCES OF INDIVIDUAL-TYPOLOGICAL FEATURES OF UKRAINIAN WINTERERS IN THE PROCESS OF ADAPTATION TO EXTREME CONDITIONS." Scientific Notes of Ostroh Academy National University: Psychology Series 1, no. 13 (June 24, 2021): 63–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2415-7384-2021-13-63-67.
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The article considers the individually-typology features of Ukrainian winterers and its role in the process of adaptation to extreme living conditions. The relevance of the article is based on the fact that Ukraine for 26 years has the opportunity to explore the White Continent at the Ukrainian Antarctic Station “AcademicianVernadsky”. Wintering of the Ukrainian polar explorers is related to the protracted stay on a limit territory that requires adaptation to the social isolationsensory and psychological deprivation in wintering. The aim of the article is to present psychological studies the individually-typology features in wintering people in Antarctica as a prerequisite for psychological adaptation of personality. The scientific developments of domestic and foreign researchers dealing with the problem of adaptation to life in extreme conditions are analyzed. The concept of psychological adaptation to life in extreme conditions is specified; the individually-typology features of winterers are determined; some main methodological tools of psychological research are presented. The main accentuations that are characteristic of winterers are highlighted, and the peculiarities of personality behavior with different types of accentuations are described. Age groups of Ukrainian winterers are defined. The role of age differences in individual-psychological characteristics of winterers are shown in the example of ten Ukrainian Antarctic expeditions. It is proved that the most adapted is the average age group – a person at the age of 35-45. Such results allowed to determine new criteria of psychophysiological and psychological forecasting, and also confirmed necessity of application of psychological researches of Antarctic winterers.
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Thomson, M. R. A., and Alan P. M. Vaughan. "The role of Antarctica in the development of plate tectonic theories: from Scott to the present." Archives of Natural History 32, no. 2 (October 2005): 362–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.2005.32.2.362.
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One hundred years of geological research in and around Antarctica since Scott's Discovery expedition of 1901–1904 have seen the continent move from a great unknown at the margins of human knowledge to centre stage in the development of plate tectonics, continental break-up and global climate evolution. Research in Antarctica has helped make the Gondwana supercontinent a scientific fact. Discoveries offshore have provided some of the key evidence for plate tectonics and extended the evidence of global glaciation back over 30 million years. Studies of Antarctica's tectonic evolution have helped elucidate the details of continental break-up, and the continent continues to provide the best testing ground for competing scientific models. Antarctica's deep past has provided support for the “Snowball Earth” hypothesis, and for the pre-Gondwana, Rodinia supercontinent. Current research is focusing on Antarctica's subglacial lakes and basins, the possible causes of Antarctic glaciation, the evolution of its surrounding oceanic and mantle gateways, and its sub-ice geological composition and structure. None of this would have been possible without maps, and these have provided the foundation stone for Antarctic research. New mapping and scientific techniques, and new research platforms hold great promise for further major contributions from Antarctica to Earth system science in the twenty-first century.
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Strange, Carolyn. "Griffith Taylor's Antarctica: science, sentiment, and politics." Polar Record 46, no. 1 (September 2, 2009): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247409008420.
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ABSTRACTGriffith Taylor (1880–1963) was a scientific member of the Terra Nova expedition. Although he published initially on his geomorphological, glaciological and meteorological research, conducted between 1910 and 1912, he was also a teacher, lecturer, publicist and later political commentator on Antarctica. Initially a loyal ‘Britisher’ he developed an internationalist perspective on Antarctica without compromising his self-promotional ambitions. Through his professional career in Australia, the US and Canada over the early to mid twentieth century Antarctica's shifting scientific, cultural and political history can be mapped. Just as self-interest permeated the Antarctic Treaty of 1959, so Taylor's ambitions persisted as he fashioned himself into a scientific prophet for peace. Taylor's Antarctica, an amalgam of sentiment and science, rivalry and cooperation, imperialism and internationalism, popular culture and global politics, was the twentieth century's Antarctica.
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Benassai, Silvia, Silvia Becagli, Roberto Gragnani, Olivier Magand, Marco Proposito, Ilaria Fattori, Rita Traversi, and Roberto Udisti. "Sea-spray deposition in Antarctic coastal and plateau areas from ITASE traverses." Annals of Glaciology 41 (2005): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756405781813285.
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AbstractSea-salt markers (Na+, Mg2+ and Cl–) were analyzed in recent snow collected at more than 600 sites located in coastal and central areas of East Antarctica (northern Victoria Land–Dome C–Wilkes Land), in order to understand the effect of site remoteness, transport efficiency and depositional and post-depositional processes on the spatial distribution of the primary marine aerosol. Firn-core, snow-pit and 1m integrated superficial snow samples were collected in the framework of the International Trans-Antarctic Scientific Expeditions (ITASE) project during recent Italian Antarctic Campaigns (1992–2002). The sampling sites were mainly distributed along coast–inland traverses (northern Victoria Land– Dome C) and an east–west transect following the 2100m contour line (Wilkes Land). At each site, the snow ionic composition was determined. Here, we discuss the distribution of sea-spray components (Na+, Mg2+ and Cl–) as a function of distance from the sea, altitude and accumulation rate, in order to discover the pulling-down rate, possible fractionating phenomena and alternative sources moving inland from coastal areas. Sea-spray depositional fluxes decrease as a function of distance from the sea and altitude. A two-order-of-magnitude decrease occurs in the first 200km from the sea, corresponding to about 2000ma.s.l. Correlations of Mg2+ and Cl– with Na+ and trends of Mg2+/Na+ and Cl–/Na+ ratios showed that chloride has other sources than sea spray (HCl) and is affected by post-depositional processes. Accumulation rate higher than 80 kgm–2 a–1 preserves the chloride record in the snow. Sea-spray atmospheric scavenging is dominated by wet deposition in coastal and inland sites.
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Ainley, David G. "A history of the exploitation of the Ross Sea, Antarctica." Polar Record 46, no. 3 (September 2, 2009): 233–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003224740999009x.
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ABSTRACTRecent analyses of anthropogenic impacts on marine systems have shown that the Ross Sea is the least affected stretch of ocean on Earth, although historical effects were not included in those studies. Herein the literature is reviewed in order to quantify the extent of extraction of biological resources from the Ross Sea continental shelf and slope from the start of the 20th century. There was none before that time. An intense extraction of Weddell seals Leptonychotes weddellii by the expeditions of the ‘heroic’ period and then by New Zealand to feed sled dogs in the 1950–1980s caused the McMurdo Sound population to decrease permanently. Otherwise no other sealing occurred. Blue whales Balaenoptera musculus intermedia were extirpated from waters of the shelf break front during the 1920s, and have not reappeared. Minke whales B. bonaerensis probably expanded into the blue whale vacated habitat, but were then hunted during the 1970–1980s; their population has since recovered. Some minke whales are now taken in ‘scientific whaling’, twice more from the slope compared to the shelf. Other hunted cetaceans never occurred over the shelf and very few ever occurred in slope waters, and therefore their demise from whaling does not apply to the Ross Sea. No industrial fishing occurred in the Ross Sea until the 1996–1997 summer, when a fishery for Antarctic toothfish Dissostichus mawsoni was initiated, especially along the slope. This fishery has grown since then with effects on the ecosystem recently becoming evident. There is probably no other ocean area where the details of biological exploitation can be so elucidated. It appears that the Ross Sea continental shelf remains the least affected of any on the globe. However the same cannot be said of the slope.
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Cooper, A. P. R., J. L. Smellie, and J. Maylin. "Evidence for shallowing and uplift from bathymetric records of Deception Island, Antarctica." Antarctic Science 10, no. 4 (December 1998): 455–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102098000558.
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Deception Island is a large volcanic centre in Bransfield Strait, a very young marginal basin between the South Shetland Islands and Antarctic Peninsula. It has a historical record of volcanic activity, with the most recent eruption occurring in 1970. The island is a stratovolcano with a large flooded caldera forming a natural harbour known as Port Foster. It has been a focus of human activity since early last century, as a base for whaling and sealing expeditions and the locus of several scientific stations. During that period, many bathymetric surveys were carried out, the earliest in 1829 and the most recent in 1993. This study concentrates on surveys from 1948 onwards. Because Port Foster can be classified as a restless caldera, the bathymetric records were analysed for evidence of volcano-tectonic deformation, particularly caldera resurgence (uplift) which could have significant consequences for hazard and risk assessments of the volcano. The results show that a distinctive pattern of shallowing and uplift is present, correlating well with known and inferred volcanic and volcanotectonic processes on the island. In particular, bathymetric records between 1949 and 1993 show uplift rates as high as 0.3–0.5 m a−1, far exceeding normal sedimentation rates in a caldera this size. Rapid uplift in an arcuate offshore area not affected by the sedimentation of recent eruptions suggests that volcano tectonic resurgence or tectono-magmatic effects of an upward migrating magma chamber present a significant risk to the considerable human activity taking place in the region.