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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Sea urchin spines"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 25 de mayo de 2024

Última modificación: 31 de julio de 2025

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1

NASSAB, R., S. RAYATT, and F. PEART. "The Management of Hand Injuries Caused by Sea Urchin Spines." Journal of Hand Surgery 30, no. 4 (2005): 432–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhsb.2005.04.001.

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Injuries to the hand by sea urchin spines are not commonly seen in the United Kingdom. There are many varieties of sea urchins (Echinoidea) throughout the world. They have a spherical calcium carbonate exoskeleton covered with spines. Certain varieties may be venomous, in particular the flower urchin ( Toxopneustes pileolus) found in the Indo-Pacific oceans. Injury may also be caused by the urchin spines or pedicellaria (delicate seizing organs equipped with jaws) ( Auerbach, 1991 ; Smith, 2002 ). A small number of hand injuries associated with sea urchin spines have been reported in the liter

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2

Rossetto, André Luiz, Jamesson de Macedo Mora, and Vidal Haddad Junior. "Sea urchin granuloma." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 48, no. 5 (2006): 303–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46652006000500013.

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Injuries caused by venomous and poisonous aquatic animals may provoke important morbidity in humans. The phylum Echinoderma include more than 6000 species of starfish, sea urchins, sand dollars, and sea cucumbers some of which have been found responsible for injuries to humans. Initial injuries by sea urchins are associated with trauma and envenomation, but later effects can be observed. Sea urchin granuloma is a chronic granulomatous skin disease caused by frequent and successive penetration of sea urchin spines which have not been removed from wounds. The authors report a typical case of sea

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3

Goetz, Andreas, Erika Griesshaber, and Wolfgang W. Schmahl. "An Easy Approach to Increase the Precision of EBSD Analysis – Examples from a Sea Urchin Calcite Study." Solid State Phenomena 160 (February 2010): 229–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.160.229.

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Sea urchins mineralize Mg-calcite skeletons, both, within their exoskeletons as well as in their spines. In this study we have investigated sea urchin spines of the species Amblypneustes pachistus. The spines are round and consist of several wedges that extend from the base to the tip of the spine. The wedges are connected to each other by porous calcite. Rocking curves of the spines show a distribution of 0.5° of the 110 reflection, with the domains being misoriented by 0.1° to each other. In our EBSD system the average mean angular (MAD) deviation is 0.3°. This is higher than the signal that

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4

Tsafnat, Naomi, John D. Fitz Gerald, Hai N. Le, and Zbigniew H. Stachurski. "Micromechanics of Sea Urchin Spines." PLoS ONE 7, no. 9 (2012): e44140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0044140.

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5

Stiefel, Klaus, and Glyn Barrett. "Sea Urchins as an Inspiration for Robotic Designs." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 6, no. 4 (2018): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse6040112.

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Neuromorphic engineering is the approach to intelligent machine design inspired by nature. Here, we outline possible robotic design principles derived from the neural and motor systems of sea urchins (Echinoida). Firstly, we review the neurobiology and locomotor systems of sea urchins, with a comparative emphasis on differences to animals with a more centralized nervous system. We discuss the functioning and enervation of the tube feet, pedicellariae, and spines, including the limited autonomy of these structures. We outline the design principles behind the sea urchin nervous system. We discus

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6

Yu, Yushi, Jiangnan Sun, Yaqing Chang, and Chong Zhao. "High fitness areas drive the aggregation of the sea urchin Mesocentrotus nudus." PeerJ 10 (January 19, 2022): e12820. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12820.

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Sea urchin aggregation is a common phenomenon in coastlines. However, it remains controversial whether sea urchins form resource aggregations or behavioral aggregations in a non-spawning season. To clarify, we studied the aggregative responses to food and predators in the sea urchin Mesocentrotus nudus when high fitness areas (HFAs) were scarce versus sufficient. By taking the occupied area of each sea urchin (test diameter + spines = 4.5 cm) as a square (4.5 cm × 4.5 cm), we set scarce HFAs for the sea urchins in Experiment 1 (the squares of HFAs: the area occupied by experimental sea urchins

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7

Ehlert-Flaskämper, Sina, Cherie A. Motti, and Richard J. Harris. "Prickly Defenders: A Review of Venomous Sea Urchins (Echinoidea)." Marine Drugs 23, no. 6 (2025): 253. https://doi.org/10.3390/md23060253.

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Sea urchins, Echinoidea, are widely known for their defensive spines and pedicellariae, with some species having co-evolved venom in conjunction with those appendages. Despite this, their venomous arsenal remains poorly understood. Research has predominately focused on pedicellariae venom, while the spines have been largely neglected within studies. This review consolidates current knowledge of the venom systems (spines and pedicellariae) of sea urchins, focusing on the morphology, known venom components, and their functional effects. While early studies have established the bioactivity of cru

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8

Haddad Junior, Vidal. "Observation of initial clinical manifestations and repercussions from the treatment of 314 human injuries caused by black sea urchins (Echinometra lucunter) on the southeastern Brazilian coast." Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 45, no. 3 (2012): 390–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0037-86822012000300021.

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INTRODUCTION: Injuries caused by sea urchins are the most common caused by marine animals in humans in Brazil, with the black sea urchin (Echinometra lucunter) causing the most injuries to bathers. METHODS: This study observed 314 human wounds with emphasis on the early observation of clinical signs and symptoms and their implications on the recommended treatment. RESULTS: All the injuries were caused by black sea urchins and were observed in bathers. The lesions and the pain were associated with penetration of the spines; there was no early inflammation or pain without pressure on the wounded

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9

Rodríguez-Barreras, Ruber, Anelisse Dominicci-Maura, Eduardo L. Tosado-Rodríguez, and Filipa Godoy-Vitorino. "The Epibiotic Microbiota of Wild Caribbean Sea Urchin Spines Is Species Specific." Microorganisms 11, no. 2 (2023): 391. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11020391.

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Caribbean sea urchins are marine invertebrates that have experienced a decline over the years. Studies on sea urchins have focused primarily on the microbiome of the coelomic fluid or the gut microbiota. In this study, the epibiota community associated with four wild Caribbean sea urchin species, Lytechinus variegatus, Echinometra lucunter, Tripneustes ventricosus, and Diadema antillarum, was characterized for the first time. Using 57 sea urchin animal samples, we evaluated the influence of animal species, trophic niches, and geographical location on the composition of the epibiotic microbiota

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10

Denny, M., and B. Gaylord. "Why the urchin lost its spines: hydrodynamic forces and survivorship in three echinoids." Journal of Experimental Biology 199, no. 3 (1996): 717–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.199.3.717.

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Two species of sea urchins (Colobocentrotus atratus and Echinometra mathaei) commonly co-occur on wave-swept intertidal shores in the Indo West Pacific. E. mathaei is a typical spiny urchin and is confined to cavities in the rock. In contrast, C. atratus has an unusual morphology, in which the spines are much reduced, and is found on substrata fully exposed to wave-induced velocities and accelerations. Previous researchers have suggested that spine reduction may therefore be a morphological adaptation to hydrodynamic forces. However, measurement of the drag, lift and accelerational forces on s

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11

Solari, Paolo, Giorgia Sollai, Viviana Pasquini, Angelica Giglioli, Roberto Crnjar, and Piero Addis. "Blue-Green Algae as Stimulating and Attractive Feeding Substrates for a Mediterranean Commercial Sea Urchin Species, Paracentrotus lividus." Life 13, no. 7 (2023): 1510. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life13071510.

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Sea urchins rely on chemical senses to localize suitable food resources, therefore representing model species for chemosensory studies. In the present study, we investigated the chemical sensitivity of the Mediterranean sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus to the blue-green alga Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, namely “Klamath”, and to a few amino acids chosen from the biochemical composition of the same algae. To this end, we used the “urchinogram” method, which estimates the movement rate of the sea urchins in response to chemicals. Our results showed that Klamath represents a strong chemical stimulus

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12

Brasseur, Lola, Guillaume Caulier, Patrick Flammang, Pascal Gerbaux, and Igor Eeckhaut. "Mapping of Spinochromes in the Body of Three Tropical Shallow Water Sea Urchins." Natural Product Communications 13, no. 12 (2018): 1934578X1801301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1801301222.

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Sea urchin pigments, also known as spinochromes or polyhydroxynaphthoquinones (PHNQ) have been well studied for their bioactive properties like anti-bacterial, fungicidal, antioxidant and pro-inflammatory effects. Moreover, many studies have analyzed and identified these pigments in sea urchin tests and spines but, and to the best of our knowledge, never in their body compartments or in a quantitative manner. The aim of this work was to investigate the diversity and concentration of pigments in three sea urchins localized in the same coral reef in Madagascar ( Diadema savignyi, Tripneustes gra

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13

Ayyagari, Archana, and Ramesh Babu Kondamudi. "Ecological Significance of the Association betweenStomopneustes variolaris(Echinoidea) andLumbrineris latreilli(Polychaeta) from Visakhapatnam Coast, India." Journal of Marine Biology 2014 (2014): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/640785.

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The present study reports a new association between the sea urchinStomopneustes variolaris(Lamarck, 1816) and the polychaeteLumbrineris latreilli(Audouin & Milne Edwards, 1834) based on the specimens collected intertidally at Bay of Bengal (Visakhapatnam, east coast of India). Out of 60 sea urchins collected, 10 (16.67%) were associated with the polychaete. The prevalence increased with the increasing sea urchin test diameter. All polychaetes were exclusively found between the spines, in the aboral region of the host. This association protects the polychaete from the predators during displ

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14

Barrett, Glyn, Dominic Revell, Lucy Harding, Ian Mills, Axelle Jorcin, and Klaus Stiefel. "Tool Use by Four Species of Indo-Pacific Sea Urchins." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 7, no. 3 (2019): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse7030069.

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We compared the covering behavior of four sea urchin species, Tripneustes gratilla, Pseudoboletia maculata, Toxopneustes pileolus, and Salmacis sphaeroides found in the waters of Malapascua Island, Cebu Province and Bolinao, Panagsinan Province, Philippines. Specifically, we measured the amount and type of covering material on each sea urchin, and in several cases, the recovery of debris material after stripping the animal of its cover. We found that Tripneustes gratilla and Salmacis sphaeroides have a higher affinity for plant material, especially seagrass, compared to Pseudoboletia maculata

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15

Ouréns, Rosana, Juan Freire, Jose A. Vilar, and Luis Fernández. "Influence of habitat and population density on recruitment and spatial dynamics of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus: implications for harvest refugia." ICES Journal of Marine Science 71, no. 5 (2014): 1064–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fst201.

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Abstract We studied the spatial variation in recruitment and the population dynamics of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus, analysing the effect of depth and presence of sea urchin aggregations on population structure. Over 90% of the observed recruits (individuals under 1 year of age) were concentrated in aggregations found in shallow waters. In these areas, a positive linear relationship was found between adult and recruit density, possibly due to higher survival rates of juveniles taking refuge among the spines of adults. The scarcity of recruits and the presence of adult sea urchins at d

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16

Sciani, Juliana Mozer, Marta Maria Antoniazzi, Carlos Jared, José Roberto Machado Cunha da Silva, and Daniel Carvalho Pimenta. "Morphological Insights into Echinometra lucunter Spines Reveal Cellular Sources of Bioactive Molecules." Oceans 6, no. 2 (2025): 33. https://doi.org/10.3390/oceans6020033.

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Echinometra lucunter, the most abundant sea urchin in Brazil, causes numerous accidents by puncture wounds, primarily on hands and feet. Beyond mechanical trauma, recent research has identified bioactive molecules in spine extracts and coelomic fluid contributing to these inflammatory reactions. This study investigated spine morphology to better understand the envenomation and defense processes for the animal. Using various microscopy techniques, the spines were revealed to be mineral structures with longitudinal canals and a sponge-like central mesh rich in granular cells. These cells extend

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17

Mulyana, Jeane Siswitasari, Nur Astri Melinia, and Gres Maretta. "Biodiversity of Sea Urchin in the Area of Sari Ringgung Beach, Pesawaran Regency, Lampung." JURNAL PEMBELAJARAN DAN BIOLOGI NUKLEUS 9, no. 1 (2023): 10–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.36987/jpbn.v9i1.3853.

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Echinoderms have specific characteristic in the form of spines or protrusions on its body surface. The class of Echinoidea or commonly known as sea urchin is one of the extant members of Echinoderms with ecologically and economic pivotal roles. Habitat of sea urchin is a hard bottom with a mixture of coral reef ecosystems, seagrass beds, and sand and coral debris. In the area of Sari Ringgung Beach, coral reefs and seagrass ecosystems are quite extensive. The purpose of this study was to investigate sea urchin species and analyze its population, relative abundance, diversity index, and dominan

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18

Emerson, Chloe E., Helena C. Reinardy, Nicholas R. Bates, and Andrea G. Bodnar. "Ocean acidification impacts spine integrity but not regenerative capacity of spines and tube feet in adult sea urchins." Royal Society Open Science 4, no. 5 (2017): 170140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.170140.

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Increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) has resulted in a change in seawater chemistry and lowering of pH, referred to as ocean acidification. Understanding how different organisms and processes respond to ocean acidification is vital to predict how marine ecosystems will be altered under future scenarios of continued environmental change. Regenerative processes involving biomineralization in marine calcifiers such as sea urchins are predicted to be especially vulnerable. In this study, the effect of ocean acidification on regeneration of external appendages (spines and tube feet) was in

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19

Domenici, P., D. González-Calderón, and R. S. Ferrari. "Locomotor performance in the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 83, no. 2 (2003): 285–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315403007094h.

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The locomotor performance of the Mediterranean sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus was investigated under laboratory conditions. Individuals were placed singly in the centre of a glass surface positioned either horizontally or vertically in tanks with seawater, and their locomotor activity was recorded. For locomotion on a horizontal surface, speed increased with both sea urchin diameter and their straightness of path. Speeds on a vertical surface were size-independent and not related to the straightness of path, although they were affected by vertical path orientation, with the highest speeds oc

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20

Moreno-García, Dulce María, Monica Salas-Rojas, Eduardo Fernández-Martínez, et al. "Sea urchins: an update on their pharmacological properties." PeerJ 10 (July 4, 2022): e13606. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13606.

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Sea urchins are a group of benthic invertebrates characterized by having rigid globose bodies, covered in spines, and have an innate immune system that has allowed them to survive in the environment and defend against many pathogens that affect them. They are consumed for their unique flavor, but also for possessing a rich source of bioactive compounds which make them a source for a wide array of medicinal properties. Thus, these may be used to discover and develop new drugs such as anti-bacterials, anti-carcinogenics and anti-virals. Precisely for those reasons, this revision is centered on t

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21

Nakamura, Masaru, Tsuyoshi Uehara, and Masatoshi Mita. "Ultrastructural study of endogenous energy substrates in spermatozoa of the four species of the sea urchin, Echinometra mataei." Zygote 8, S1 (1999): S56—S57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0967199400130278.

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The sea urchin Echinometra mathaei (Blainville) which belongs to the order Echinoida, occurs in abundance on shallow reefs throughout the tropical to warm Indo-Pacific region. Though Okinawan E. mathaei had been considered as a single species showing extensive morphological variation in test shape and spine colour, it was recently shown that the genus Echinomtra consists of four independent species (Uehara & Shingaki, 1984, 1985; Arakaki et al., 1998). However, the scientific names of these four complex species found in Okinawa are still unclear. These Echinometra are tentatively described

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22

Newmeyer, William L. "Management of sea urchin spines in the hand." Journal of Hand Surgery 13, no. 3 (1988): 455–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0363-5023(88)80031-5.

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23

AGUIRRE, L. KAREM, YURI HOOKER, PHILIPPE WILLENZ, and EDUARDO HAJDU. "A new Clathria (Demospongiae, Microcionidae) from Peru occurring on rocky substrates as well as epibiontic on Eucidaris thouarsii sea urchins." Zootaxa 3085, no. 1 (2011): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3085.1.3.

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Southeastern Pacific sponges (Phylum Porifera) range among the world’s least known faunas, with only 13 species reported to date from the entire Peruvian coast. This state of affairs motivated the onset of two large, cooperative, exploratory initiatives, with the aim of mapping sponge richness and distribution in the area: Proyectos ESPER and EsponjAS. Over 800 specimens have been collected in Peru since 2007, with identifications still in progress. Among these, a sponge species originally thought to be an exclusive epibiont on Eucidaris thouarsii sea urchins, relatively conspicuous on Peru’s

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24

Elkin, David J., and Kay Odashima. "Sea urchin spines detected using point-of-care ultrasonography." Visual Journal of Emergency Medicine 17 (October 2019): 100651. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.visj.2019.100651.

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25

Burnett, Joseph W. "Bolus ejection: A method for removing sea urchin spines." Annals of Emergency Medicine 39, no. 1 (2002): 94–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/mem.2002.120747.

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26

Falkenberg, Per. "Sea urchin spines as foreign bodies—an alternative treatment." Injury 16, no. 6 (1985): 419–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-1383(85)90062-2.

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27

Yu, Yaqin, Jingjing Du, and Chuanyong Jing. "Remarkable surface-enhanced Raman scattering on self-assembled {201} anatase." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 7, no. 45 (2019): 14239–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9tc05062k.

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The self-assembled sea urchin-like {201} TiO<sub>2</sub> exhibits Raman enhancement factors at 1.6 × 10<sup>6</sup>, ascribed to shape-dependent electromagnetic enhancement with high-density hotspots in the vicinity of sharp tips and at narrow gaps between spines.

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Brasseur, Lola, Marie Demeyer, Corentin Decroo, et al. "Identification and quantification of spinochromes in body compartments of Echinometra mathaei ’s coloured types." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 8 (2018): 171213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.171213.

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Sea urchin pigmentation is mainly due to polyhydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinones called spinochromes. If their molecular structures are well known in test and spines of many species, their abundance and distribution in other body compartments remain unstudied. The aim of this study is to analyse the pigment composition in four body compartments (test/spines, digestive system, gonads and coelomic fluid) of four coloured types of the sea urchin Echinometra mathaei . Qualitative and quantitative measurements by mass spectrometry highlight the existence of 13 different pigments; among which are five isome

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Hernandez, Z. M., M. Morales, D. S. Smith, and J. del Castillo. "Barium spikes are generated in the spines of the sea urchin Diadema antillarum." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology 86, no. 2 (1987): 355–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0300-9629(87)90342-2.

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30

Fitriyani, Fitriyani, Didik Santoso, and Karnan Karnan. "Abundance and Distribution Patterns of Sea Urchins (Echinoidea) at Lakey Beach, Hu'u District, Dompu Regency." Jurnal Biologi Tropis 22, no. 1 (2022): 277–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jbt.v22i1.3119.

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Sea urchins are marine biota that have many benefits for life, so there is a need for information about the existence of sea urchins. The existence of sea urchins in marine ecosystems has a significant influence on the ecological balance, one of which is for coral reefs, because sea urchins are one of the control of macroalgae populations. The purpose of this study was to determine the species abundance, diversity index, dominance index and distribution pattern of sea urchins (Echinoidea) at Lakey Beach, Hu'u District, Dompu Regency. This type of research is descriptive exploratory using purpo

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31

LaVigne, M., T. M. Hill, E. Sanford, et al. "Effects of increased <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub> and geographic origin on purple sea urchin (<i>Strongylocentrotus purpuratus</i>) calcite elemental composition." Biogeosciences Discussions 9, no. 12 (2012): 17939–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-9-17939-2012.

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Abstract. Ocean acidification will likely have negative impacts on invertebrates producing skeletons composed of calcium carbonate. Skeletal solubility is partly controlled by the incorporation of "foreign" ions (such as Mg and Sr) into the crystal lattice of these skeletal structures, a process that is sensitive to a variety of biological and environmental factors. Here we explore the effects of life stage, oceanographic region of origin, and changes in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in seawater (pCO2) on trace elemental composition in the purple sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpura

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Merino, Monica, Erika Vicente, Karen N. Gonzales, and Fernando G. Torres. "Ageing and degradation determines failure mode on sea urchin spines." Materials Science and Engineering: C 78 (September 2017): 1086–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2017.04.155.

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Kinjo, Sonoko, Tsuyoshi Uehara, Ikuko Yazaki, Yoshihisa Shirayama, and Hiroshi Wada. "Morphological diversity of larval skeletons in the sea urchin family Echinometridae (Echinoidea: Echinodermata)." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 86, no. 4 (2006): 799–816. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315406013725.

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To clarify the morphological variety of larval skeletons, a detailed morphological comparison among the species of the family Echinometridae was performed. Through conspecific comparison of larval skeletons among different ages, we found five skeletal characters of the body skeleton that are stable in the four-armed pluteus and thus useful in homologous comparison among the species. The morphological variation was summarized as the difference in the number of spines and posteroventral transverse rods, and differences in the shape of the body skeleton. Significant correlations were found betwee

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Federico, Serena, Francesca Glaviano, Roberta Esposito, et al. "The “Bald Disease” of the Sea Urchin Paracentrotus lividus: Pathogenicity, Molecular Identification of the Causative Agent and Therapeutic Approach." Microorganisms 11, no. 3 (2023): 763. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11030763.

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In recent decades, various species of Mediterranean sea urchins, including Paracentrotus lividus, have been subject to widespread seasonal episodes of mass mortality whose causative agents are still unclear. In particular, P. lividus is subject to late winter events of mortality, due to a disease manifested by a massive loss of spines and the presence of greenish amorphous material on the tests (i.e., the sea urchin skeleton consisting of spongeous calcite). Documented mortality events show a seasonal epidemic diffusion and might produce economic losses also in aquaculture facilities, besides

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35

LaVigne, M., T. M. Hill, E. Sanford, et al. "The elemental composition of purple sea urchin (<i>Strongylocentrotus purpuratus</i>) calcite and potential effects of <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub> during early life stages." Biogeosciences 10, no. 6 (2013): 3465–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-3465-2013.

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Abstract. Ocean acidification will likely have negative impacts on invertebrates producing skeletons composed of calcium carbonate. Skeletal solubility is partly controlled by the incorporation of "foreign" ions (e.g. magnesium) into the crystal lattice of these skeletal structures, a process that is sensitive to a variety of biological and environmental factors. Here we explore effects of life stage, oceanographic region of origin, and changes in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in seawater (pCO2) on trace elemental composition in the purple sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus). W

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36

Salvatore, Ciaravolo, Cirino, et al. "Fatty Acids from Paracentrotus lividus Sea Urchin Shells Obtained via Rapid Solid Liquid Dynamic Extraction (RSLDE)." Separations 6, no. 4 (2019): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations6040050.

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Sea urchins (Echinodermata, Echinoidea) are good a source of bioactive compounds belonging to different classes of natural substances. The edible Mediterranean sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus is a renowned animal model for study in different fields of biology, but it is intensively harvested for high commercial value due to the delicacy of its gonads. Most studies have focused on the composition and the nutritional value of P. lividus gonads (the edible part), but little interest has been taken in the other body parts, such as the shells and spines, which are generally considered waste materi

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37

Zhang, Yuzhe, Shiqiang Chai, Yurong Ma, and Limin Qi. "Investigations on the microstructures of sea urchin spines via selective dissolution." CrystEngComm 18, no. 48 (2016): 9374–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ce02074g.

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38

Toader, Nicu, Werner Sobek, and Klaus G. Nickel. "Energy absorption in functionally graded concrete bioinspired by sea urchin spines." Journal of Bionic Engineering 14, no. 2 (2017): 369–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1672-6529(16)60405-5.

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39

Boer, A., F. R. Ochsendorf, C. Beier, and R. Kaufmann. "Effective removal of sea-urchin spines by erbium: YAG laser ablation." British Journal of Dermatology 145, no. 1 (2001): 169–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2133.2001.04306.x.

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40

Peters, Brian H. "The innervation of spines in the sea-urchin Echinus esculentus L." Cell and Tissue Research 239, no. 1 (1985): 219–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00214922.

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41

Presser, V., S. Schultheiß, C. Berthold, and K. G. Nickel. "Sea urchin spines as a model-system for permeable, light-weight ceramics with graceful failure behavior. Part I. Mechanical behavior of sea urchin spines under compression." Journal of Bionic Engineering 6, no. 3 (2009): 203–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1672-6529(08)60125-0.

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42

JACINTO, DAVID, and TERESA CRUZ. "Paracentrotus lividus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) attachment force and burrowing behavior in rocky shores of SW Portugal*." Zoosymposia 7, no. 1 (2012): 231–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zoosymposia.7.1.21.

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The rock burrowing sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus is a common wave-swept organism that inhabits intertidal rock pools and shallow subtidal temperate shores. Here we present field data on P. lividus attachment force, burrow shape and test diameter measured in different rocky habitats (intertidal pools, low shore intertidal channels and shallow subtidal shores) and in two study sites with different wave-exposure conditions. These data were then analyzed to look for a possible relationship between the size of sea urchins and their attachment force and burrow shape as well as the influence of w

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43

Klang, Katharina, and Klaus G. Nickel. "The Plant-Like Structure of Lance Sea Urchin Spines as Biomimetic Concept Generator for Freeze-Casted Structural Graded Ceramics." Biomimetics 6, no. 2 (2021): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics6020036.

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The spine of the lance sea urchin (Phyllacanthus imperialis) is an unusual plant-akin hierarchical lightweight construction with several gradation features: a basic core–shell structure is modified in terms of porosities, pore orientation and pore size, forming superstructures. Differing local strength and energy consumption features create a biomimetic potential for the construction of porous ceramics with predetermined breaking points and adaptable behavior in compression overload. We present a new detailed structural and failure analysis of those spines and demonstrate that it is possible t

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44

Emlet, Richard B. "What is a juvenile sea urchin? A comparative and phylogenetic survey of post-metamorphic juveniles." Zygote 8, S1 (1999): S44—S45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0967199400130217.

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Echinoid development progresses through embryonic and larval stages to metamorphosis and the adult form. Despite vast differences in embryos and larval forms, including bilaterally symmetric echinopluteus larvae, ovoid non-feeding larvae and brooded embryos, all metamorphose into juvenile sea urchins with pentaradial symmetry. The adult sea urchin body plan is initiated as the juvenile rudiment. The rudiment has been called the phylotypic stage for the class Echinoidea, a designation that implies little variation at this midpoint in development (e.g. Raff et al., 1991; Richardson, 1995; Raff,

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45

Loi, Barbara, Ivan Guala, Rodrigo Pires da Silva, Gianni Brundu, Maura Baroli, and Simone Farina. "Hard time to be parents? Sea urchin fishery shifts potential reproductive contribution of population onto the shoulders of the young adults." PeerJ 5 (March 8, 2017): e3067. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3067.

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BackgroundIn Sardinia, as in other regions of the Mediterranean Sea, sustainable fisheries of the sea urchinParacentrotus lividushave become a necessity. At harvesting sites, the systematic removal of large individuals (diameter ≥ 50 mm) seriously compromises the biological and ecological functions of sea urchin populations. Specifically, in this study, we compared the reproductive potential of the populations from Mediterranean coastal areas which have different levels of sea urchin fishing pressure. The areas were located at Su Pallosu Bay, where pressure is high and Tavolara-Punta Coda Cava

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46

Wittmann, Karl J. "Description of Idiomysis diadema sp. nov. (Mysida, Mysidae, Anisomysini), associated with Diadema urchins in the Red Sea; with nomenclatorial notes on its genus." Crustaceana 89, no. 5 (2016): 611–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685403-00003542.

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The mysid Idiomysis diadema sp. nov. is described from small swarms hovering between the spines of the sea urchin Diadema setosum (Leske, 1778) at the reef flat of Dahab, Red Sea. The most striking characters within its genus are the subdivided antennal scale, endopod of uropods longer than exopod, and a pair of minute spines on the terminal margin of the telson. With this first description, a total of six Idiomysis species are now known, two of which are associated with cnidarians and only the new one with echinoids. An updated definition is given for the genus Idiomysis W. M. Tattersall, 192

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47

Sjøberg, Thomas, and Louis De Weerd. "The usefulness of a skin biopsy punch to remove sea urchin spines." ANZ Journal of Surgery 80, no. 5 (2010): 383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1445-2197.2010.05296.x.

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48

Gungor, Sule, Nagehan Tarikçi, and Gonca Gokdemir. "Removal of Sea Urchin Spines Using Erbıum-Doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet Ablatıon." Dermatologic Surgery 38, no. 3 (2012): 508–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-4725.2011.02259.x.

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49

Hamil, Somia, Mounia Baha, Azzedine Abdi, et al. "Use of sea urchin spines with chitosan gel for biodegradable film production." International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 152 (June 2020): 102–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.263.

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50

Veis, Arthur. "Organic Matrix-related mineralization of sea urchin spicules, spines, test and teeth." Frontiers in Bioscience 16, no. 1 (2011): 2540. http://dx.doi.org/10.2741/3871.

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