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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Single Photon Detectors"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 4 de junio de 2021

Última modificación: 11 de marzo de 2023

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1

Pfenning, Andreas, Sebastian Krüger, Fauzia Jabeen, Lukas Worschech, Fabian Hartmann y Sven Höfling. "Single-Photon Counting with Semiconductor Resonant Tunneling Devices". Nanomaterials 12, n.º 14 (9 de julio de 2022): 2358. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12142358.

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Optical quantum information science and technologies require the capability to generate, control, and detect single or multiple quanta of light. The need to detect individual photons has motivated the development of a variety of novel and refined single-photon detectors (SPDs) with enhanced detector performance. Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) and single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) are the top-performer in this field, but alternative promising and innovative devices are emerging. In this review article, we discuss the current state-of-the-art of one such alternative device capable of single-photon counting: the resonant tunneling diode (RTD) single-photon detector. Due to their peculiar photodetection mechanism and current-voltage characteristic with a region of negative differential conductance, RTD single-photon detectors provide, theoretically, several advantages over conventional SPDs, such as an inherently deadtime-free photon-number resolution at elevated temperatures, while offering low dark counts, a low timing jitter, and multiple photon detection modes. This review article brings together our previous studies and current experimental results. We focus on the current limitations of RTD-SPDs and provide detailed design and parameter variations to be potentially employed in next-generation RTD-SPD to improve the figure of merits of these alternative single-photon counting devices. The single-photon detection capability of RTDs without quantum dots is shown.

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2

Thorburn, Fiona, Xin Yi, Zoë M. Greener, Jaroslaw Kirdoda, Ross W. Millar, Laura L. Huddleston, Douglas J. Paul y Gerald S. Buller. "Ge-on-Si single-photon avalanche diode detectors for short-wave infrared wavelengths". Journal of Physics: Photonics 4, n.º 1 (30 de noviembre de 2021): 012001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2515-7647/ac3839.

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Abstract Germanium-on-silicon (Ge-on-Si) based single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) have recently emerged as a promising detector candidate for ultra-sensitive and picosecond resolution timing measurement of short-wave infrared (SWIR) photons. Many applications benefit from operating in the SWIR spectral range, such as long distance light detection and ranging, however, there are few single-photon detectors exhibiting the high-performance levels obtained by all-silicon SPADs commonly used for single-photon detection at wavelengths <1 µm. This paper first details the advantages of operating at SWIR wavelengths, the current technologies, and associated issues, and describes the potential of Ge-on-Si SPADs as a single-photon detector technology for this wavelength region. The working principles, fabrication and characterisation processes of such devices are subsequently detailed. We review the research in these single-photon detectors and detail the state-of-the-art performance. Finally, the challenges and future opportunities offered by Ge-on-Si SPAD detectors are discussed.

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3

Horiuchi, Noriaki. "Single-photon detectors". Nature Photonics 7, n.º 9 (29 de agosto de 2013): 672–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2013.222.

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4

Reutov, Aleksei y Denis Sych. "Photon counting statistics with imperfect detectors". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2086, n.º 1 (1 de diciembre de 2021): 012096. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2086/1/012096.

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Abstract Measurement of photon statistics is an important tool for the verification of quantum properties of light. Due to the various imperfections of real single photon detectors, the observed statistics of photon counts deviates from the underlying statistics of photons. Here we analyze statistical properties of coherent states, and investigate a connection between Poissonian distribution of photons and sub-Poissonian distribution of photon counts due to the detector dead-time corrections. We derive a functional dependence between the mean number of photons and the mean number of photon counts, as well as connection between higher-order statistical moments, for the pulsed or continuous wave coherent light sources, and confirm the results by numerical simulations.

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5

Buckley, Sonia Mary, M. Stephens y J. H. Lehman. "(Invited) Single Photon Detectors and Metrology". ECS Transactions 109, n.º 3 (30 de septiembre de 2022): 149–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10903.0149ecst.

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For quantum applications, it is important to generate quantum states of light and detect them with extremely high efficiency. For future applications, it also important to do this at scale. This presents many engineering and metrology challenges. This paper discusses some of the open challenges and opportunities in single photon detector efficiency measurements, including the challenges ofmetrology for waveguide-integrated detectors on photonic circuits.

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6

SHI, LiLi, JingBo WU, XueCou TU, BiaoBing JIN, Jian CHEN y PeiHeng WU. "Terahertz single photon detectors". SCIENTIA SINICA Physica, Mechanica & Astronomica 51, n.º 5 (23 de marzo de 2021): 054203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1360/sspma-2020-0274.

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7

Cova, Sergio D. y Massimo Ghioni. "Single-Photon Counting Detectors". IEEE Photonics Journal 3, n.º 2 (abril de 2011): 274–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jphot.2011.2130518.

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8

Bergamaschi, A., M. Andrä, R. Barten, F. Baruffaldi, M. Brückner, M. Carulla, S. Chiriotti et al. "First demonstration of on-chip interpolation using a single photon counting microstrip detector". Journal of Instrumentation 17, n.º 11 (1 de noviembre de 2022): C11012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/11/c11012.

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Abstract Despite being used in many X-ray applications, hybrid single photon counting detectors are limited in spatial resolution due to the diffusion of the charge produced by single photons between neighboring electronic channels, also called charge sharing. In this work, we demonstrate that on-chip interpolation can be used to improve the effective spatial resolution in a single photon counting detector without increasing the number and density of interconnects between the sensor and the readout electronics. We describe a digital communication scheme between neighboring channels exploiting charge sharing to obtain a spatial resolution better than the channel pitch, which has been implemented for the first time in the MYTHEN III microstrip detector. The interpolation is achieved directly on-chip at the time the photons are absorbed, limiting the data throughput and the computational effort and allowing a higher photon flux compared to interpolation using analog detectors. Here we show the first results obtained with this interpolation mechanism, characterizing the spatial resolution in terms of modulation transfer function. The spatial resolution of the 50 μm pitch MYTHEN III microstrip detector can be improved from the 20 lp/mm given by the physical strip pitch to an average resolution of approximately 30 lp/mm using the interpolation method.

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9

Hall, David, Yu-Hsin Liu y Yu-Hwa Lo. "Single photon avalanche detectors: prospects of new quenching and gain mechanisms". Nanophotonics 4, n.º 4 (6 de noviembre de 2015): 397–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2015-0021.

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AbstractWhile silicon single-photon avalanche diodes (SPAD) have reached very high detection efficiency and timing resolution, their use in fibre-optic communications, optical free space communications, and infrared sensing and imaging remains limited. III-V compounds including InGaAs and InP are the prevalent materials for 1550 nm light detection. However, even the most sensitive 1550 nm photoreceivers in optical communication have a sensitivity limit of a few hundred photons. Today, the only viable approach to achieve single-photon sensitivity at 1550 nm wavelength from semiconductor devices is to operate the avalanche detectors in Geiger mode, essentially trading dynamic range and speed for sensitivity. As material properties limit the performance of Ge and III-V detectors, new conceptual insight with regard to novel quenching and gain mechanisms could potentially address the performance limitations of III-V SPADs. Novel designs that utilise internal self-quenching and negative feedback can be used to harness the sensitivity of single-photon detectors,while drastically reducing the device complexity and increasing the level of integration. Incorporation of multiple gain mechanisms, together with self-quenching and built-in negative feedback, into a single device also hold promise for a new type of detector with single-photon sensitivity and large dynamic range.

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10

Tremsin, Anton S., John V. Vallerga, Oswald H. W. Siegmund, Justin Woods, Lance E. De Long, Jeffrey T. Hastings, Roland J. Koch, Sophie A. Morley, Yi-De Chuang y Sujoy Roy. "Photon-counting MCP/Timepix detectors for soft X-ray imaging and spectroscopic applications". Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 28, n.º 4 (28 de mayo de 2021): 1069–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577521003908.

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Detectors with microchannel plates (MCPs) provide unique capabilities to detect single photons with high spatial (<10 µm) and timing (<25 ps) resolution. Although this detection technology was originally developed for applications with low event rates, recent progress in readout electronics has enabled their operation at substantially higher rates by simultaneous detection of multiple particles. In this study, the potential use of MCP detectors with Timepix readout for soft X-ray imaging and spectroscopic applications where the position and time of each photon needs to be recorded is investigated. The proof-of-principle experiments conducted at the Advanced Light Source demonstrate the capabilities of MCP/Timepix detectors to operate at relatively high input counting rates, paving the way for the application of these detectors in resonance inelastic X-ray scattering and X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS) applications. Local count rate saturation was investigated for the MCP/Timepix detector, which requires optimization of acquisition parameters for a specific scattering pattern. A single photon cluster analysis algorithm was developed to eliminate the charge spreading effects in the detector and increase the spatial resolution to subpixel values. Results of these experiments will guide the ongoing development of future MCP devices optimized for soft X-ray photon-counting applications, which should enable XPCS dynamics measurements down to sub-microsecond timescales.

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11

Onen, Murat, Marco Turchetti, Brenden A. Butters, Mina R. Bionta, Phillip D. Keathley y Karl K. Berggren. "Single-Photon Single-Flux Coupled Detectors". Nano Letters 20, n.º 1 (18 de diciembre de 2019): 664–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b04440.

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12

You, Lixing. "Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors for quantum information". Nanophotonics 9, n.º 9 (22 de junio de 2020): 2673–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2020-0186.

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AbstractThe superconducting nanowire single-photon detector (SNSPD) is a quantum-limit superconducting optical detector based on the Cooper-pair breaking effect by a single photon, which exhibits a higher detection efficiency, lower dark count rate, higher counting rate, and lower timing jitter when compared with those exhibited by its counterparts. SNSPDs have been extensively applied in quantum information processing, including quantum key distribution and optical quantum computation. In this review, we present the requirements of single-photon detectors from quantum information, as well as the principle, key metrics, latest performance issues, and other issues associated with SNSPD. The representative applications of SNSPDs with respect to quantum information will also be covered.

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13

Schmitt, Bernd, Anna Bergamaschi, Sebastian Cartier, Roberto Dinapoli, Dominic Greiffenberg, Ian Johnson, Aldo Mozzanica, Xintian Shi, Julia Smith y Gemma Tinti. "Current and future detector developments at the Swiss Light Source". Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (5 de agosto de 2014): C680. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s205327331409319x.

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The detector group of the Swiss Light Source (SLS) at the Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI) has a long history of x-ray detector developments for synchrotrons. Initially these detectors were all single photon counting systems. In the last years the focus at PSI was moving towards charge integrating systems mainly driven by the detector needs for the upcoming XFELs. Charge integrating systems however also solve some of the problems of single photon counting systems. Charge integrating systems have an almost infinite linear count rate capability, allow systems with smallest pixel sizes and for low photon energies. In this presentation we give an overview of the detector developments at PSI and focus on Jungfrau, Mönch and Eiger. Eiger is a single photon counting system specifically developed for high frame rates. It has a 75 micron pixel size and can run at frame rates up to 24 kHz. A 9M Eiger detector will be installed in a few months at the cSAXS beamline of the SLS. Jungfrau uses the same sensor as Eiger (about 4cm x 8 cm with a pixel size of 75 microns). It has a charge integrating architecture with dynamic gain switching to achieve a dynamic range of 10^4 photons (at 12 keV). With a frame rate of up to 2 kHz Jungfrau is currently being developed for applications at both XFELs and synchrotrons. 16M Jungfrau detectors are foreseen at the SwissFEL. Mönch is currently a research project. A first prototype with 160x160 pixels and a pixel size of 25 microns was designed and is currently characterised. It offers the smallest pixel size of current hybrid pixel detectors and also has a very low noise allowing hybrid pixel detectors to be used down to about 400eV. We present measurement results for Jungfrau, Mönch and Eiger and give an outlook on future possible systems.

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14

LOLLI, L., G. BRIDA, I. P. DEGIOVANNI, M. GRAMEGNA, E. MONTICONE, F. PIACENTINI, C. PORTESI et al. "Ti/Au TES AS SUPERCONDUCTING DETECTOR FOR QUANTUM TECHNOLOGIES". International Journal of Quantum Information 09, supp01 (enero de 2011): 405–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219749911007022.

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Single photon detectors are fundamental tools for quantum metrology, e.g. to calibrate both detectors and sources, as for quantum information. One of the most promising detectors able to resolve single photons is the transition-edge sensor (TES). We report our last results obtained with Ti/Au TES deposited on SiN substrate. Photon counting measurements, obtained by using pulsed sources, in the NIR-visible wavelength range, show the ability to resolve up to fourteen photons with an energy resolution of 0.44 eV at 690 nm (1.80 eV) and 0.38 eV at 1310 nm (0.95 eV), with a good linearity. A preliminary measurement obtained by using a parametric down conversion (PDC) heralded single photon source, at 812 nm (1.53 eV), is also reported.

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15

Häußler, Matthias, Robin Terhaar, Martin A. Wolff, Helge Gehring, Fabian Beutel, Wladick Hartmann, Nicolai Walter et al. "Scaling waveguide-integrated superconducting nanowire single-photon detector solutions to large numbers of independent optical channels". Review of Scientific Instruments 94, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2023): 013103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0114903.

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Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors are an enabling technology for modern quantum information science and are gaining attractiveness for the most demanding photon counting tasks in other fields. Embedding such detectors in photonic integrated circuits enables additional counting capabilities through nanophotonic functionalization. Here, we show how a scalable number of waveguide-integrated superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors can be interfaced with independent fiber optic channels on the same chip. Our plug-and-play detector package is hosted inside a compact and portable closed-cycle cryostat providing cryogenic signal amplification for up to 64 channels. We demonstrate state-of-the-art multi-channel photon counting performance with average system detection efficiency of (40.5 ± 9.4)% and dark count rate of (123 ± 34) Hz for 32 individually addressable detectors at minimal noise-equivalent power of (5.1 ± 1.2) · 10−18 W/[Formula: see text]. Our detectors achieve timing jitter as low as 26 ps, which increases to (114 ± 17) ps for high-speed multi-channel operation using dedicated time-correlated single photon counting electronics. Our multi-channel single photon receiver offers exciting measurement capabilities for future quantum communication, remote sensing, and imaging applications.

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16

Mirin, R. P., S. W. Nam y M. A. Itzler. "Single-Photon and Photon-Number-Resolving Detectors". IEEE Photonics Journal 4, n.º 2 (abril de 2012): 629–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jphot.2012.2190394.

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17

Li Xue, Li Xue, Ming Li Ming Li, Labao Zhang Labao Zhang, Dongsheng Zhai Dongsheng Zhai, Zhulian Li Zhulian Li, Lin Kang Lin Kang, Yuqiang Li Yuqiang Li et al. "Long-range laser ranging using superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors". Chinese Optics Letters 14, n.º 7 (2016): 071201–71205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col201614.071201.

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18

Williams, M., P. Busca, M. Collonge, P. Fajardo, P. Fischer, T. Martin, M. Ritzert, M. Ruat y D. Schimansky. "XIDER: a novel X-ray detector for the next generation of high-energy synchrotron radiation sources". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2380, n.º 1 (1 de diciembre de 2022): 012091. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2380/1/012091.

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Abstract Next-generation sources of synchrotron radiation pose significant challenges for 2D pixelated X-ray detectors, such as at the ESRF Extremely Brilliant Source (EBS), the first fourth-generation high-energy synchrotron facility. In particular, scattering and diffraction experiments require fast detectors with a high dynamic range, from single photon sensitivity to pile-up conditions under very high photon fluxes. Furthermore, in the case of high-energy applications, the high-Z sensor materials needed for efficient photon detection introduce other difficulties. Leakage current, bias- and flux-induced polarisation, and afterglow all must be carefully managed for the detector system to reach the required specifications. The XIDER project aims to fulfil the needs of the above-mentioned applications by implementing a novel incremental digital integration readout scheme. XIDER detectors seek to operate efficiently under the high-flux EBS beam of up to 100 keV photons, with a time resolution that can cope with near-continuous and pulsed beams. Simultaneously, non-constant leakage current contributions can be removed for noise-free single photon detection, resulting in a very high dynamic range. This contribution presents the recent developments of the XIDER project, including the first characterisation measurements with cadmium telluride sensors.

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19

Krzyzanowska, A. "Measurements of charge sharing in a hybrid pixel photon counting CdTe detector". Journal of Instrumentation 16, n.º 12 (1 de diciembre de 2021): C12027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/16/12/c12027.

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Abstract Hybrid pixel radiation detectors working in a single-photon counting mode have gained increasing attention due to their noiseless imaging and high dynamic range. Due to the fact that sensors of different materials can be attached to the readout circuit, they allow operation with a wide range of photon energies. The performance of the single photon counting detectors is limited by pile-up. To allow a detector to work under high flux conditions, the pixel size is reduced, which minimizes detector dead time. However, with smaller pixel sizes the charge sharing effect, a phenomenon that deteriorates both detection efficiency and spatial resolution is more profound. The influence of charge sharing on the detector performance can be quantified using parameterization of the s-curve obtained in the spectral response measurements. The article presents the measurements of the response function of a hybrid pixelated photon counting detector for certain primary energy, which corresponds to the probability of detecting a photon as a function of its energy deposition. The measurements were carried out using an X-ray tube by performing a threshold scan during illumination with X-ray photons of a 1.5 mm and 0.75 mm thick CdTe detector with 100 µm pixel pitch. The charge size cloud depends on the sensor material, the bias voltage, and the sensor thickness. Therefore, the experimental data from a sensor biased with different bias voltages are compared to the theoretical results based on a cascaded model of a single-photon counting segmented silicon detector. The study of the charge sharing influence on the spatial resolution of the CdTe detector will serve for a further study of the possible implementations of the algorithms achieving subpixel resolution, in which the charge sharing becomes the desired effect since the charge division in the pixels is used to interpolate the photon interaction position.

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20

Kwiat, P. G., A. M. Steinberg, R. Y. Chiao, P. H. Eberhard y M. D. Petroff. "High-efficiency single-photon detectors". Physical Review A 48, n.º 2 (1 de agosto de 1993): R867—R870. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreva.48.r867.

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21

Zappa, Franco. "Solid‐state single‐photon detectors". Optical Engineering 35, n.º 4 (1 de abril de 1996): 938. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.600702.

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22

Campbell, Joe C. y Chong Hu. "Infrared single photon avalanche detectors". physica status solidi (c) 7, n.º 10 (15 de junio de 2010): 2536–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssc.200983891.

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23

Polakovic, Tomas, Whitney Armstrong, Goran Karapetrov, Zein-Eddine Meziani y Valentine Novosad. "Unconventional Applications of Superconducting Nanowire Single Photon Detectors". Nanomaterials 10, n.º 6 (19 de junio de 2020): 1198. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10061198.

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Superconducting nanowire single photon detectors are becoming a dominant technology in quantum optics and quantum communication, primarily because of their low timing jitter and capability to detect individual low-energy photons with high quantum efficiencies. However, other desirable characteristics, such as high detection rates, operation in cryogenic and high magnetic field environments, or high-efficiency detection of charged particles, are underrepresented in literature, potentially leading to a lack of interest in other fields that might benefit from this technology. We review the progress in use of superconducting nanowire technology in photon and particle detection outside of the usual areas of physics, with emphasis on the potential use in ongoing and future experiments in nuclear and high energy physics.

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24

Taylor, Gregor G., Ewan N. MacKenzie, Boris Korzh, Dmitry V. Morozov, Bruce Bumble, Andrew D. Beyer, Jason P. Allmaras, Matthew D. Shaw y Robert H. Hadfield. "Mid-infrared timing jitter of superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors". Applied Physics Letters 121, n.º 21 (21 de noviembre de 2022): 214001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0128129.

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Detector timing jitter is a key parameter in advanced photon counting applications. Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors offer the fastest timing jitter in the visible to telecom wavelength range and have demonstrated single-photon sensitivity in the mid-infrared spectral region. Here, we report on timing jitter in a NbTiN nanowire device from 1.56 to 3.5 μm wavelength, achieving a FWHM jitter from 13.2 to 30.3 ps. This study has implications for emerging time-correlated single-photon counting applications in the mid-infrared spectral region.

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25

BONDANI, MARIA, ALESSIA ALLEVI y ALESSANDRA ANDREONI. "CHOOSING A PHOTOEMISSIVE DETECTOR SUITABLE FOR PHOTON-NUMBER STATISTICS OF PULSED FIELDS". International Journal of Quantum Information 09, supp01 (enero de 2011): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219749911007113.

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We investigate the possibility of using linear detectors that exhibit a response to dark just resolved from that corresponding to a single detected photon to reconstruct the photon-number statistics of pulsed fields containing sizeable numbers of photons per pulse. We demonstrate that by applying a self-consistent procedure to analyze the output pulses of such detectors, we can properly measure statistical distributions of the number of detected photons and photon number correlations. The lack of fulfillment of such minimal requirements impairs the possibility of reliable shot-by-shot determinations of photon numbers.

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26

Zhou, Nan, Miao Qing Zhuang y Hao Liang. "Design of High Speed and High Efficiency Single-Photon Detectors Using Silicon Avalanche Photodiodes". Key Engineering Materials 705 (agosto de 2016): 168–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.705.168.

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Avalanche photodiodes are crucial materials for single-photon detection. Single-photon detectors are indispensable components for optical experiments and applications such as quantum information processing and quantum communications, both of which demand high single-photon detection efficiency. The authors have first developed a silicon single-photon avalanche detector in near infrared spectrum with 1 MHz square wave gating and tested its performance. Then we have also designed a high-speed and high-efficiency silicon single-photon detection system with 152 MHz sine wave gating and improved its single-photon detection efficiency to 77.48%.

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27

Hu, Huiqin, Xinyi Ren, Zhaoyang Wen, Xingtong Li, Yan Liang, Ming Yan y E. Wu. "Single-Pixel Photon-Counting Imaging Based on Dual-Comb Interferometry". Nanomaterials 11, n.º 6 (24 de mayo de 2021): 1379. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11061379.

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We propose and experimentally demonstrate single-pixel photon counting imaging based on dual-comb interferometry at 1550 nm. Different from traditional dual-comb imaging, this approach enables imaging at the photon-counting regime by using single-photon detectors combined with a time-correlated single-photon counter to record the returning photons. The illumination power is as low as 14 pW, corresponding to 2.2 × 10−3 photons/pulse. The lateral resolution is about 50 μm. This technique paves the way for applying dual-comb in remote sensing and imaging.

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28

Mushatet, Adil F. y Shelan K. Tawfeeq. "An efficient performance evaluation modeling tool for SNSPD used in QKD systems". International Journal of Quantum Information 17, n.º 07 (octubre de 2019): 1950059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021974991950059x.

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Single-photon detection concept is the most crucial and often difficult factor to determine the performance of quantum key distribution (QKD) systems. One solution to facilitate understanding this concept is to create a virtual environment for modeling, analyzing, and investigating the performance of single photon detectors. In this paper, a simulator for superconducting single photon detectors with time domain visualizer and configurable parameters is presented. The widely used ID281SNSPD in the QKD area was theoretically modeled in terms of pulse analysis, the impact of biasing current and the temperature on the dark counts rate and single photon-detection efficiency and influence of the number of photons per pulse on the single photon-detection efficiency. The simulated results were in good agreement with the theoretical results and the simulator demonstrated its adaptability.

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29

Biassoni, Matteo. "SINGLE: single photon sensitive cryogenic light detectors". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 888 (septiembre de 2017): 012081. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/888/1/012081.

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30

TARALLI, E., M. RAJTERI, E. MONTICONE y C. PORTESI. "DEVELOPMENT OF SUPERCONDUCTING SINGLE-PHOTON DETECTORS AT I.N.Ri.M." International Journal of Quantum Information 05, n.º 01n02 (febrero de 2007): 293–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219749907002761.

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We are developing single-photon detectors employing superconducting-transition-edge sensors (TESs). TESs are fabricated both with Ti and proximity bilayers of Ti / Au and the characterisitcs of the two films are compared. In the visible-near infrared spectral region, the photon absorption occurs directly in the film and the quantum efficiency of the detector is limited by the reflection losses at the film surface, which are around 60%. For many applications, like quantum cryptography, these losses are too high. In a previous paper [Nucl. Instr. Meth. A559(2) (2006) 757–759], we presented a way to reduce the detector reflectance for two projects based on the deposition of a few layers of amorphous silicon-nitrogen alloys. In this paper, we report some experimental data at low temperature relative to those projects. We will also show how to minimize the detector reflectance simultaneously for three telecommunication wavelengths and for a new continuum band.

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31

Buckley, Sonia Mary, M. Stephens y J. H. Lehman. "(Invited) Single Photon Detectors and Metrology". ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, n.º 30 (9 de octubre de 2022): 1107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02301107mtgabs.

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For quantum applications, it is important to generate quantum states of light and detect them with extremely high efficiency. For many future applications, it also important to do this at scale. This presents many engineering and metrology challenges. Further, as the technology matures, these single photon detectors and sources may also have new exotic applications in fields other than quantum optics. In the first half of this talk, I will discuss our efforts to develop a scalable silicon-compatible light sources and waveguide-integrated superconducting detectors. In the second half of the talk, I will discuss some of the open challenges and opportunities in metrology of single photon detectors, and our work on developing accurate absolute power calibrations at the single photon level.

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32

Milburn, G. J., T. Ralph, A. White, E. Knill y R. Laflamme. "Efficient linear optics quantum computation". Quantum Information and Computation 1, Special (diciembre de 2001): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.26421/qic1.s-4.

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Two qubit gates for photons are generally thought to require exotic materials with huge optical nonlinearities. We show here that, if we accept two qubit gates that only work conditionally, single photon sources, passive linear optics and particle detectors are sufficient for implementing reliable quantum algorithms. The conditional nature of the gates requires feed-forward from the detectors to the optical elements. Without feed forward, non-deterministic quantum computation is possible. We discuss one proposed single photon source based on the surface acoustic wave guiding of single electrons.

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33

Schulze-Briese, Clemens. "Hybrid photon-counting detectors accelerating synchrotron and laboratory science". Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (5 de agosto de 2014): C692. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273314093073.

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Since their introduction in 2007, single-photon-counting PILATUS hybrid pixel detectors and MYTHEN micro-strip detectors have transformed synchrotron research by enabling new data acquisition modes and even novel experiments. At the same time data quality has improved due to the noise-free operation and the direct conversion of the X-rays, while millisecond readout time and high-frame rates allow for hitherto unknown data acquisition speed and efficiency. Instant retrigger technology, introduced in 2012 with the PILATUS3 further improves the count-rate capabilities to 107 photons/sec/pixel, allowing single photon counting at brightest synchrotron beamlines. On the other hand, the unique properties of these detectors have also been explored to improve and accelerate diffraction and scattering experiments in the laboratory. The noise-free operation is a key advantage in combination with the low-flux laboratory sources, allowing for high-throughput and optimal data quality. The modular architecture of the detectors and the vacuum-compatibility of the PILATUS detector modules are ideal prerequisites to design specific detector solutions. In-vacuum operation is ideally suited to eliminate all background arising from windows and air, resulting in optimal signal-to-noise ratio. Furthermore, the lowest accessible X-ray energy is no longer limited by windows and air absorption but rather by the beamline spectrum and the detector. The minimal X-ray energy compatible with noise-free counting for the PILATUS is below 2 keV. With EIGER, hybrid pixel detectors will enter into a new realm of spatial and temporal resolution. Continuous read-out with frame rates up to 3000 Hz and a pixel size of 75 µm are ideally suited for all scanning type of imaging experiments, time-resolved and high-throughput experiments as well as for outrunning radiation damage. A short overview of the novel aspects of the detector technology will be given. The main emphasize of the presentation will be on the science enabled by the combination of advanced source, optics and detector instrumentation.

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34

Stevens, Martin J., Robert H. Hadfield, Robert E. Schwall, Sae Woo Nam y Richard P. Mirin. "Quantum Dot Single Photon Sources Studied with Superconducting Single Photon Detectors". IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics 12, n.º 6 (noviembre de 2006): 1255–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jstqe.2006.885088.

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35

Annunziata, A. J., D. F. Santavicca, J. D. Chudow, L. Frunzio, M. J. Rooks, A. Frydman y D. E. Prober. "Niobium Superconducting Nanowire Single-Photon Detectors". IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity 19, n.º 3 (junio de 2009): 327–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tasc.2009.2018740.

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36

Goltsman, G., A. Korneev, V. Izbenko, K. Smirnov, P. Kouminov, B. Voronov, N. Kaurova et al. "Nano-structured superconducting single-photon detectors". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 520, n.º 1-3 (marzo de 2004): 527–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2003.11.305.

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37

Agarwala, J., M. Alexeev, C. D. R. Azevedo, F. Bradamante, A. Bressan, M. Büchele, C. Chatterjee et al. "The COMPASS RICH-1 MPGD based photon detector performance". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2374, n.º 1 (1 de noviembre de 2022): 012126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2374/1/012126.

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In 2016 we have upgraded the COMPASS RICH by novel gaseous photon detectors based on MPGD technology. Four new photon detectors, covering a total active area of 1.5 m 2, have been installed in order to cope with the challenging efficiency and stability requirements of the COMPASS physics programme. The new detector architecture consists in a hybrid MPGD combination: two layers of THGEMs, the first of which also acts as a reflective photocathode thanks to CsI coating, are coupled to a bulk Micromegas on a pad-segmented anode. These detectors are the first application in an experiment of MPGD-based single photon detectors. Presently, we are further developing the MPGD-based PDs to make them adequate for a setup at the future EIC collider. All aspects of the COMPASS RICH-1 Photon Detectors upgrade are presented: R&D, engineering, mass production, QA and performance; the on-going development for collider application is also presented.

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38

Zhou, Hou-Rong, Kun-Jie Cheng, Jie Ren, Li-Xing You, Li-Liang Ying, Xiao-Yan Yang, Hao Li y Zhen Wang. "Photon number resolvability of multi-pixel superconducting nanowire single photon detectors using a single flux quantum circuit". Chinese Physics B 31, n.º 5 (1 de abril de 2022): 057401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1674-1056/ac398a.

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Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) are typical switching devices capable of detecting single photons with almost 100% detection efficiency. However, they cannot determine the exact number of incident photons during a detection event. Multi-pixel SNSPDs employing multiple read-out channels can provide photon number resolvability (PNR), but they require increased cooling power and costly multi-channel electronic systems. In this work, a single-flux quantum (SFQ) circuit is employed, and PNR based on multi-pixel SNSPDs is successfully demonstrated. A multi-input magnetically coupled DC/SFQ converter (MMD2Q) circuit with a mutual inductance M is used to combine and record signals from a multi-pixel SNSPD device. The designed circuit is capable of discriminating the amplitude of the combined signals in accuracy of Φ 0/M with Φ 0 being a single magnetic flux quantum. By employing the MMD2Q circuit, the discrimination of up to 40 photons can be simulated. A 4-parallel-input MMD2Q circuit is fabricated, and a PNR of 3 is successfully demonstrated for an SNSPD array with one channel reserved for the functional verification. The results confirm that an MMD2Q circuit is an effective tool for implementing PNR with multi-pixel SNSPDs.

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39

Vert, Alexey V., Stanislav I. Soloviev y Peter M. Sandvik. "Advances in Silicon Carbide Single Photon Detectors". Materials Science Forum 679-680 (marzo de 2011): 543–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.679-680.543.

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We present overview of achieved results on 4H-SiC avalanche photodiodes (APDs) and arrays. Cost-effective solar-blind optical filter allows achieving high solar photon rejection ratio of more than 106 in combination with more than 40% single photon detection efficiency at 266nm. Three iterations of devices were fabricated and evaluated to compare their optical and electrical properties. Dark count rates and single photon detection efficiencies are the main characteristics compared for these three iterations of device designs.

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40

Križan, Peter. "Overview of photon detectors for fast single photon detection". Journal of Instrumentation 9, n.º 10 (6 de octubre de 2014): C10010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/9/10/c10010.

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41

Witthaut, D., M. D. Lukin y A. S. Sørensen. "Photon sorters and QND detectors using single photon emitters". EPL (Europhysics Letters) 97, n.º 5 (1 de marzo de 2012): 50007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1209/0295-5075/97/50007.

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42

Korneev, Alexander, Yuliya Korneeva, Irina Florya, Alexander Semenov y Gregory Goltsman. "Photon Switching Statistics in Multistrip Superconducting Single-Photon Detectors". IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity 28, n.º 7 (octubre de 2018): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tasc.2018.2841933.

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43

Ehrlich, Y., I. Levy y M. Fraenkel. "Calibration of image plate and back illuminated charge coupled device detectors at the thermal emission band of high Z target laser produced plasmas (80–800 eV)". Review of Scientific Instruments 93, n.º 8 (1 de agosto de 2022): 083510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0098781.

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We present a systematic method to absolutely calibrate detector efficiency vs photon energy using a laser produced plasma broadband x-ray source, a gold standard calibrated detector, and transmission gratings (TGs) as dispersive elements. Calibration uses one calibrated TG and a calibrated gold standard detector on one channel and a second calibrated TG and a detector to be calibrated on the other channel. Both channels simultaneously view the laser-produced plasma x-ray source from the same angle with respect to the laser beam and the planar target normal. Image plate detectors are calibrated for the first time at photon energies below 700 eV. Single shot simultaneous calibration of several detectors is possible, making this method an efficient and practical way to periodically calibrate detectors, using in-house capabilities of laser laboratories.

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44

Dello Russo, Stefano, Arianna Elefante, Daniele Dequal, Deborah Katia Pallotti, Luigi Santamaria Amato, Fabrizio Sgobba y Mario Siciliani de Cumis. "Advances in Mid-Infrared Single-Photon Detection". Photonics 9, n.º 7 (6 de julio de 2022): 470. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics9070470.

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The current state of the art of single-photon detectors operating in the mid-infrared wavelength range is reported in this review. These devices are essential for a wide range of applications, such as mid-infrared quantum communications, sensing, and metrology, which require detectors with high detection efficiency, low dark count rates, and low dead times. The technological challenge of moving from the well-performing and commercially available near-infrared single-photon detectors to mid-infrared detection is discussed. Different approaches are explored, spanning from the stoichiometric or geometric engineering of a large variety of materials for infrared applications to the exploitation of alternative novel materials and the implementation of proper detection schemes. The three most promising solutions are described in detail: superconductive nanowires, avalanche photodiodes, and photovoltaic detectors.

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45

Ejrnaes, M., C. Cirillo, D. Salvoni, F. Chianese, C. Bruscino, P. Ercolano, A. Cassinese, C. Attanasio, G. P. Pepe y L. Parlato. "Single photon detection in NbRe superconducting microstrips". Applied Physics Letters 121, n.º 26 (26 de diciembre de 2022): 262601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0131336.

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Detection of single infrared photons in superconducting microstrips of 4 nm thick disordered Nb0.15Re0.85 has been investigated. Microstrips with a critical temperature of 5.15 K and widths from 1.0 to 2.5 μm have been fabricated by optical lithography. We demonstrate single photon detection sensitivity at 1.5 μm wavelength at a temperature of 1.79 K. By investigating the detection process at this temperature, we find that the current bias threshold is at 21% of the depairing current. This threshold is similar to what should be observed in typical amorphous superconductors, which confirms that ultrathin disordered Nb0.15Re0.85 is an interesting material for superconducting microstrip single photon detectors that operate above 1 K.

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46

Shangguan, Mingjia, Haiyun Xia, Xiankang Dou, Jiawei Qiu y Chao Yu. "Development of Multifunction Micro-Pulse Lidar at 1.5 Micrometer". EPJ Web of Conferences 237 (2020): 07010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202023707010.

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Taking advantage of the 1.5 μm lidar, a series of 1.5 μm micro-pulse lidars have been developed at the University of Science and Technology of China, in Hefei, China. According to the different characteristics of three kinds of single-photon detectors at 1.5 μm, namely superconducting nanowire single-photon detector, up-conversion SPDs and InGaAs/InP single-photon avalanche diodes, different kinds of lidar systems have been constructed to realize the detection of atmospheric visibility, cloud, depolarization, wind field at the atmospheric boundary layer.

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47

Ferrari, Simone, Carsten Schuck y Wolfram Pernice. "Waveguide-integrated superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors". Nanophotonics 7, n.º 11 (20 de septiembre de 2018): 1725–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2018-0059.

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AbstractIntegration of superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors with nanophotonic waveguides is a key technological step that enables a broad range of classical and quantum technologies on chip-scale platforms. The excellent detection efficiency, timing and noise performance of these detectors have sparked growing interest over the last decade and have found use in diverse applications. Almost 10 years after the first waveguide-coupled superconducting detectors were proposed, here, we review the performance metrics of these devices, compare both superconducting and dielectric waveguide material systems and present prominent emerging applications.

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48

Hadfield, Robert H., Martin J. Stevens, Richard P. Mirin y Sae Woo Nam. "Single-photon source characterization with twin infrared-sensitive superconducting single-photon detectors". Journal of Applied Physics 101, n.º 10 (15 de mayo de 2007): 103104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2717582.

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49

Sheng, Y. B., F. G. Deng y H. Y. Zhou. "Single-photon entanglement concentration for long-distance quantum communication". Quantum Information and Computation 10, n.º 3&4 (marzo de 2010): 272–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.26421/qic10.3-4-7.

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We present a single-photon entanglement concentration protocol for long-distance quantum communication with quantum nondemolition detector. It is the first concentration protocol for single-photon entangled states and it dose not require the two parties of quantum communication to know the accurate information about the coefficient $\alpha$ and $\beta$ of the less entangled states. Also, it does not resort to sophisticated single-photon detectors, which makes this protocol more feasible in current experiments. Moreover, it can be iterated to get a higher efficiency and yield. All these advantages maybe make this protocol have more practical applications in long-distance quantum communication and quantum internet.

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50

Chen, Shi, Qing-Yuan Zhao, Kai Zheng, Xu Tao, Jia-Wei Guo, Zhen Liu, Hui Wang et al. "Stacking two superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors via membrane microchip transfer". Applied Physics Letters 121, n.º 11 (12 de septiembre de 2022): 112601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0118213.

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Multilayer superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) have exhibited several advantages, such as increased detection efficiency, reduced polarization sensitivity, and scaling up to large arrays. However, monolithic fabrication of such multilayer devices is challenging. In this work, a hybrid integration method has been introduced by etching SNSPDs into the membrane microchips, followed by the pick and place transferring process. This method has been verified by stacking two SNSPDs orthogonally. Both detectors show near saturated detection efficiencies and low timing jitters. Furthermore, thermal coupling effects have been observed between the two SNSPDs. The photon detection pulses from either detector can trigger the other one almost deterministically with a latency of several nanoseconds. This method offers a flexible way to fabricate multilayer SNSPDs or integrate them with other heterogeneous devices.

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