Tesis: "Social Class and Inequalities"

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Roche, Jose Manuel. "Capabilities and Group Inequalities : Measuring geographical and social class inequalities in housing adequacy in Venezuela". Thesis, University of Sussex, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.505898.

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DiÌaz, MartiÌnez Elisa. "Does social class explain inequalities? : a study of Great Britain and Spain". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.400395.

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Silva, Edna Alves 1963. "Impacto da saúde bucal na qualidade de vida de adultos de diferentes níveis socioeconômicos". [s.n.], 2013. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/288038.

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Orientador: Maria da Luz Rosário de Sousa
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba
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Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o impacto da saúde bucal na qualidade de vida em adultos de diferentes níveis socioeconômicos. Este estudo transversal foi realizado em adultos de 35 a 59 anos, residentes em São Paulo - SP. Sendo, 113 adultos que usam o serviço odontológico público e 97 adultos que utilizam o serviço odontológico privado. O impacto da saúde bucal na qualidade de vida foi avaliado com o instrumento Oral Health Profile Impact (OHIP-14), de 2 formas: O OHIP-14 gravidade (soma total) e OHIP-14 prevalência (uma ou mais classificação "frequentemente" e "sempre") que foram avaliados nas 7 dimensões. Os adultos do serviço público foram classificados como nível socioeconômico baixo (NSE baixo) e os adultos do serviço privado, como nível socioeconômico alto (NSE alto). Foram aplicados questionários para obter os dados sociodemográficos e características do serviço odontológico utilizado. O impacto da saúde bucal nos dois grupos de adultos de diferentes níveis socioeconômicos e foram comparados através do teste do Qui-quadrado e do teste Mann Whitney. Os grupos foram semelhantes quanto aos dados demográficos (idade e sexo). A média do OHIP-14 gravidade dos adultos do NSE baixo foi 11,5 (+11,3), e para os adultos do NSE alto foram 5,9 (+9,1). O grupo dos adultos do nível socioeconômico baixo apresentou maior impacto negativo no OHIP-14 prevalência 76,6% (n=49), quando comparado ao grupo dos adultos do nível socioeconômico alto, que foi de 23,4% (n=15). No OHIP-14 prevalência, o grupo do NSE baixo apresentou maior impacto em 4 dimensões: limitação física, desconforto psicológico, incapacidade psicológica e incapacidade social (p<0,05), e no OHIP-14 gravidade em todas as dimensões com exceção da limitação física (p>0,05). Os adultos dos níveis socioeconômicos baixos e altos relataram impacto negativo da saúde bucal na qualidade de vida. Entretanto, os adultos do nível socioeconômico baixo apresentaram impacto em quase todas as dimensões do instrumento, especialmente nos aspectos funcionais
Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of oral health on quality of life in adults according to different socioeconomic levels. This cross-sectional study was carried out in adults aged 30 t0 59 years, living in São Paulo - SP. Being, 113 adults who use public dental service and 97 adults who use private dental service. The impact of oral health on quality of life was assessed with the instrument Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14), 2 ways: OHIP-14 severity (total score) and OHIP-14 prevalence (one or more rating of often and always) was evaluated in seven dimensions. Adults from public service were classified as low socioeconomic status (low SES) and adults from private service, as high socioeconomic status (high SES). Questionnaires were used to obtain demographic data and characteristics of the service used. The impact of oral health in two groups of adults from different socioeconomic levels were compared using the chi-square and Mann- Whitney test. The groups were similar with regard to demographic data (age and gender). The mean OHIP-14 severity of adults of low was 11.5 (+ 11.3), and for adults of high SES was 5.9 (+ 9.1). The group of adult of low socioeconomic status had more negative impact on OHIP-14 prevalence 76.6% (n = 49) compared to the group of adult high socioeconomic status, which was 23.4% (n = 15). OHIP-14 prevalence in the group of low SES had higher impact on 4 dimensions: physical limitations, psychological discomfort, psychological disability and social disability (p < 0.05), and OHIP-14 severity in all dimensions except for physical limitation (p>0.05). Adults of low and high socioeconomic levels reported negative impact of oral health on quality of life. However, adults of low socioeconomic impact exhibited in almost all dimensions of the instrument, particularly in the functional aspects
Doutorado
Saude Coletiva
Doutora em Odontologia

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Diaz, Martinez Elisa. "Does social class explain health inequalities? : a study of Great Britain and Spain". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2004. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ca53a88e-0459-47d0-b13a-2525745d0d6a.

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The main research questions examined in this thesis concern the extent to which social class influence individuals' health, and how and whether individuals' occupation, education and lifestyles mediate between class and health. The conclusions drawn from the analysis of these empirical questions cast further light on the widening health inequalities seen in developed societies in recent decades. In particular, this research suggests that, employment conditions as well as educational levels are variables that need to be taken into account when planning policies aimed at tackling differences in health outcomes. Lifestyle variables, on the other hand, would appear to be almost irrelevant when explaining why the members of the more privileged social classes not only live longer than those in other classes, but also enjoy significantly better health over the course of their lives. In trying to understand the association between class and health, I define a theoretical framework that specifies the mechanisms through which class is linked to health. Social structure influences health by distributing certain factors such as material resources or some health-related behaviour that ultimately result in individuals having different living conditions. Educational attainment also affects the way these resources are employed and, therefore, lifestyles. A fundamental element of a social class is occupation: individuals' employment and working conditions also affect their health. Furthermore, the nature of a social structure has an effect on health at the aggregate level of analysis since social policies are partly the result of the structure of class interests. Four mechanisms are specified in order to systematically test this theoretical framework. Mechanisms (2) and (3), those that relate class and health through education and lifestyle lie at the heart of the empirical analysis. This analysis employs individual-level data drawn from health surveys carried out during the first half of the 1990s in the two countries selected for the analysis, United Kingdom and Spain. These countries are treated as contexts in which to test the theoretical explanation. The main results of the analysis reveal the importance of social class in determining health outcomes. Indeed, individuals from different classes enjoy distinct degrees of health. Specifically, individuals in the most privileged class categories have persistently better health than those in the other class categories. Differences exist in terms of both objective and subjective or self-perceived health. Moving on from observation to explanation, the analysis suggests that the distribution of certain resources across classes accounts for some of the variance in health outcomes. Hence, education is identified as a significant variable to comprehend part of the health inequalities in developed societies. Lifestyle, on the other hand, does not appear relevant in accounting for health outcomes. The small differences found between the United Kingdom and Spain in the mechanisms that link class and health suggest that the process through which class affects health is essentially similar in developed societies.

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Pons, i. Vigués Mariona. "Breast cancer screening: social inequalities by country of origin and social class and its impact on mortality". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/31903.

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The general objective of this dissertation is to study breast cancer screening and specifically social inequalities by social class and country of origin and its relationship with decreasing mortality. Therefore, four different studies have been done: three with quantitative methodology and one with qualitative. According to the quasi-experimental study, breast cancer mortality decreased in Barcelona before the introduction of the population screening program, but this reduction is more marked after its introduction. According to data from the Spanish National Health Survey in 2006, there are inequalities in the rate of breast cancer screening according to country of origin and social class. According to two studies conducted in Barcelona, immigrant women from low-income countries are less aware, and hence do less, early detection practices, as they have other priorities and perceive more barriers and taboos. Chinese women are the immigrants who present more differences with native women, followed by Maghribian and Philippine women. Place of origin, social class and migration process are key factors in preventive practices. In conclusion, it is necessary to encourage access to preventive screening practices for all women and also to undertake specific actions directed at the most vulnerable groups, taking into account any socio-cultural factors that influence the use of preventive practices.
L’objectiu general d’aquesta tesi és estudiar el cribratge de càncer de mama i en concret les desigualtats socials per classe social i país d’origen, així com la seva relació amb la disminució de la mortalitat. En conseqüència, s’han realitzat quatre estudis diferents: tres de metodologia quantitativa i un de qualitativa. Segons l’estudi quasi-experimental, la mortalitat per càncer de mama a Barcelona disminueix des d’abans de la introducció del programa poblacional de cribatge, però aquesta reducció és més accentuada desprès de la seva introducció. En base a l’Enquesta Nacional de Salut de l’Estat Espanyol de l’any 2006, existeixen desigualtats en la realització de mamografies periòdiques segons país d’origen i classe social. Segons els dos estudis realitzats a Barcelona, les dones immigrades procedents de països de renda baixa coneixen i realitzen menys les pràctiques de detecció precoç, ja que tenen altres prioritats i perceben més barreres i tabús. Les dones xineses són les que presenten més diferències amb les dones autòctones, seguides de les magribines i les filipines. El lloc d’origen, la classe social i el procés migratori són factors claus en les practiques preventives. En conclusió, és necessari afavorir l’accés a les pràctiques preventives a totes les dones i també realitzar accions específiques dirigides als grups més vulnerables sense deixar de tenir en compte els factors socioculturals que influeixen en les pràctiques preventives de les dones.

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Almquist, Ylva. "A class of origin : The school class as a social context and health disparities in a life-course perspective". Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Sociologiska institutionen, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-55628.

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The aim of the present thesis is to examine various aspects of the school-class structure and their links to health in a life-course perspective. The empirical studies are based on two longitudinal data materials of cohorts born in the 1950s, followed up until middle age. In the first study, the overall status distribution in the school class was shown to be associated with both minor psychiatric disorder in childhood and self-rated health in adulthood. Thus, ill-health was more common among individuals who attended school classes less equal in terms of status. The second study demonstrated that it was more common among those who had fewer mutual friendships in the school class to report poorer health as adults. Socioeconomic career emerged as the primary explanation for men while, for women, these findings were largely unaccounted for by any of the included child and adult circumstances. Findings from the third study suggested the child’s status position in the school class, i.e. peer status, to be related to a wide range of health outcomes in adulthood. In particular, lower peer status was linked to an excess risk of mental and behavioural disorders, cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. Childhood social class did not confound these associations to any large extent. The fourth study examined two types of social isolation in the school class: marginalisation (low peer status) and friendlessness. Hospitalisation due to any disease was more common among marginalised children compared to among non-isolates, whereas no corresponding association was found for the friendless. For both types of isolates, the number of hospitalisations was greater than among non-isolated individuals. Of the studied childhood factors, scholastic ability emerged as an important mechanism. In sum, this thesis points to the relevance of the school class for health development across the life course and to the complexity of pathways through which influences of the school class may operate.
At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 1: Submitted. Paper 2: Accepted.

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Malmusi, Davide 1980. "Determinants of social inequalities in selfrated health: analysis at the intersection of gender, class and migration type". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/116733.

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This dissertation aims to describe social inequalities in self-rated health in an integrated framework of gender, social class and immigration, and to identify the main intermediary factors and health problems that contribute to these inequalities. Three cross-sectional studies were performed with data from surveys of the general population residing in Catalonia and Spain in 2006. Migration from poor regions of Spain to Catalonia emerged as a health inequality dimension in addition to and interaction with gender and social class, highlighting the transitory nature of the ‘healthy immigrant effect’ partially observed in foreign immigrants. Material and economic resources made major contributions to all three types of health inequalities: individual income made the greatest contribution to gender inequalities; household material assets and financial difficulties to migration-related inequalities; and both to social class inequalities. Poorer self-rated health of women was showed to be not an issue of perception but a precise reflection of the higher burden of chronic conditions they suffered compared to men, such as musculoskeletal, mental and other pain disorders, which could be targets for a health system responsive to gender inequalities. Intersections between axes of inequality created complex social locations with unique consequences on health.

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Lizama, Loyola Andrea. "The entangled and complex nature of everyday understandings of social mobility, life-course change and social change : the experience of Chilean school teachers". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2018. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-entangled-and-complex-nature-of-everyday-understandings-of-social-mobility-lifecourse-change-and-social-change-the-experience-of-chilean-school-teachers(e2196939-2798-4978-adaf-eeed458f32ed).html.

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This thesis explores how Chilean teachers understand their life trajectories in terms of life-course change, socio-historical change and social mobility, examining whether they make distinctions between these different kinds of understandings of transitions. In a context of 40 years of transformations in Chile, teachers are used as a case-study for examination of the subjective dimension of social mobility, and people's sense of class location and inequality. Methodologically, this research adopted the approach of exploring people's sense of life course and social movement in its broadest sense, examining how teachers talked about their life trajectories in order to consider whether questions of social change, life-course change, social structure and social mobility featured. It is built on data collected through interviews with 41 teachers who live in Santiago, who were asked to outline their personal timelines as a way to reflect on the main changes which they regarded as significant in their life stories. The argument of this thesis draws on and contributes to sociological work on class and social mobility. Most social mobility research has been dominated by quantitative work about occupational patterns of movement, with subjective social mobility neglected because people's subjective understandings of social movement have been seen to be contradictory and inconsistent. It has been suggested that 'lay' understandings fail to distinguish 'social mobility' from socio-historical change and life-course change, so people fail to recognise the true extent of inequality and the limited nature of social mobility. This thesis foregrounds subjective social mobility and critically examines these assumptions. On the basis of my empirical research, I argue that the apparent inconsistences in 'lay' subjective social mobility disappear, or at least make more sense, when we locate people's understandings of social location, social change and social mobility within their broader sense of their life stories. These inconsistencies are partly the result of the complex ways in which people understand their life stories and position themselves within a broader social structure, and are best explained using an analytical focus which emphasises the multidimensional nature of trajectories in social space (Bourdieu, 1984) and a methodological focus which is sensitive to the multifaceted and practical ways in which people speak about their lives. The teachers in my sample resisted a linear summary of their timelines and issues of life-course change and socio-historical change also framed their accounts, adding additional layers of complexity to them, in narratives of trajectories along different dimensions which qualified or disrupted each other. Despite that the teachers framed their trajectories as complex, non-linear constructs, and some rejected 'social mobility' stories, they still all offered overall evaluations of their changing life circumstances. They looked beyond their own trajectories to make different sort of comparisons which helped them to establish a sense of relative social movement, characterising their lives as showing social improvement, stability or decline as different views of their relative social position, and of the social structure and inequalities. I argue that rather than focusing on whether or not ordinary people correctly recognise relative or absolute mobility, it is more pivotal to examine how these different understandings come into play when ordinary people reflect about their location in an unequal society. The thesis argues that subjective social mobility needs to be analysed in term of a multidimensional model of class location and class movement, and this also argues for a greater understanding of the complexities of issues of social location, trajectories and social mobility in which 'class' emerges in different way in people's accounts. Therefore, a more open-ended approach to how people understand their relative situation is needed, in order to explore whether and how issues of class position, social inequalities and social mobility feature in the accounts of 'ordinary' people when they discuss the key transitions of their lives.

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Olofsson, Louise. "Inequalities in Namibia : what happened to the socialist dream?" Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för samhälls- och välfärdsstudier, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-73598.

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Namibia is today the most unequal country in the world. It is 21 years since they gained independence, at that time the party that was and still are in power had the rhetoric of a socialist party. The divisions of the society are enormous, but to do a class analysis of the country is made difficult because of the ethnic divisions, which has its roots partly in the tribes that existed in the region before the colonialisation and partly in the apartheid regime.

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Forestan, Elisa. "The role of social ties in the school decision making processes at the end of compulsory schooling in England". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:d0f91a7b-f348-4195-a479-d3b28a51a68b.

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This thesis considers the role of parents, teachers and peers in the school decision making processes of children at the end of compulsory education in England. This stage represents, in fact, the first and most important school transition when pupils will have to choose whether to enter post-secondary education or not, and in cases where they do, whether to choose an academic course or a vocational one, knowing that this will affect their next transition at the age of 18. This thesis is amongst the ones to most fully analyse the role of significant others in children’s education. All the quantitative analyses in this thesis are done using the Longitudinal Study of Young People in England (LSYPE). Most of the statistical modelling of this data is done using multivariate regression analysis. Some of the results are also based on evidence from qualitative interviews with children in their last year of GCSEs in two comprehensive schools in England and children attending an apprenticeship scheme in the London area. With regards to educational aspirations, minority students are those who show the highest and most stable aspirations during years 9 to 11, while White English working class students, especially boys, have lower and unstable aspirations. Among the explanatory factors for these results, along with social class and ethnicity, parental aspirations, friends’ plans and individual attitude to education have the strongest correlation with the intentions to stay on in school after year 11. Moreover, parental aspirations did not appear to differ with regards to social class, suggesting a different mechanism than the one indicated by Breen and Goldthorpe (B&G) (2000). Also, the fact that minority students have very high aspirations (and are high achievers), do not confirm the principles of the relative risk aversion theory by B&G. Among the types of parental involvement in children’s education, participation in school-related activities and feelings towards school and supervision of children’s school work seemed to have a positive impact on children’s entering A-levels in year 12, although the results did not highlight differences with regards to social class and ethnicity. Evidence from the qualitative interviews showed different results with regards to helping with homework - only educated parents do that – and with regards to supporting and encouraging their children’s aspirations, which is more effective with minority and middle class parents. Considering peer relationships, the evidence from qualitative interviews suggested a very small influence of peers, especially schoolmates, in children’s school decision processes; peers are, in fact, perceived as someone to share plans and common interests with, but not as well-informed and trustworthy sources such as family. Moreover, interviews suggest that school choices are not the results of long-term plans, and children treat school transitions as separate stages. This does not support Morgan’s model of prefigurative and preparatory commitment.

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McCloud, Laura Summer. "Financed Mobility: Parents' Consumer Credit Histories and Young Adult Outcomes". The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1282065440.

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Macdonald, Sarah. "Negotiating identities and interrogating inequalities of class and ethnicity in addressing an equality agenda : a rights based thesis of belonging". Thesis, Swansea University, 2012. https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa42809.

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One of the most significant challenges the globalized world encounters is how to build a society that is more at peace with diversity and cosmopolitanism. Further, in a world where highly unequal power relations and a vast plethora of inequalities persist, interrogating and resisting inequalities is key. From this context, this study focuses on interrogating inequalities in addressing an equality agenda highlighting a thesis of belonging; the human need for belonging and security in that belonging and the human right to have these needs satisfied (UDHR, 1948). A thesis of belonging relates to an innate human need for belonging (Maslow, 1943) and it is argued in this thesis that this innate human need for belonging is very important and very much connected to many fundamental human rights which should be driven much more through equality focused social movements and the laws. Clearly, where human rights are not being upheld then action must be taken to uphold them. The research findings of this thesis show the relevance of a thesis of belonging and the relevance of two core theories which have a connection, a marxist theory of racism and a social identity theory of racism. A marxist understanding of racism clearly delineates the inequalities capitalism produces and in this thesis while it is not argued that a marxist understanding of racism alone completely explains all varieties of racism, through a significant number of participants' discourses this thesis shows how capitalism often appears to be a driving force behind discrimination made on the basis of ethnicity. In addition, a significant number of participants' discourses in this thesis also point towards a social identity theory of racism which indicates the significance of what a social group affords an individual where a sense of belonging derived from affiliation and acceptance in group membership provides a feeling of self esteem and security (Tajfel and Turner, 1979; Breakwell, 1986; West, 1993, Aboud, 2008). Importantly, Tajfel (1981) emphasises how crucial it is to interrogate the social and economic context of discrimination and so here is where social identity theory relates to a marxist theory of racism.

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Scott, Mary Alice. "LA MUJER SE VA PA’BAJO: WOMEN’S HEALTH AT THE INTERSECTIONS OF NATIONALITY, CLASS, AND GENDER". UKnowledge, 2010. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/15.

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This research utilizes an intersectionality framework to examine the complexity of social location and its effects on women's health. By examining connections among the state, processes of globalization, and the production of health inequalities for poor women in a rural community in southern Veracruz, Mexico, the research highlights the nexus of nationality, class, and gender. Four interconnected contexts are explored: (1) women's increasing paid and unpaid labor in the context of a poverty of resources brought on by sustained economic crisis; (2) the maintenance of reproductive labor as the responsibility of women; (3) the development of migrant "illegality" and its consequences for the well being of women who are consistently anxious about the lives of their migrant family members and the stability of remittances that sustain the household, and (4) the increasing neoliberalization of public health care that includes the heightened surveillance of women's hygienic activities and chronic underfunding of public health resources. Using an ethnographic methodology including interviews, case studies, and participant observation, the research explores the daily lives of wives and mothers of transnational migrants as well as those women who, although they do not have migrant family members, live within the context of transnationalism because it pervades the community. In addition, all women in the research confront the inadequacy of public health services because most never have the resources to utilize private health services. The research makes three important contributions to medical anthropology and the social sciences. First, it contributes to ongoing debates concerning the potential uses of the intersectionality framework in anthropology and related social sciences. Second, it contributes to border studies by elaborating an example of productive ways that the border can be theoretically extended to include examinations of the lives of migrant family members living far from the border. Third, it critically examines a public health insurance program that has the potential to fulfill Mexico's constitutional right to health care for all citizens and to be a model for global health care policy. By doing so, it provides a basis for future study and development of progressive health care policy in Mexico and beyond.

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Hobbs, Graham Trevor. "Investigating social class inequalities in educational attainment : the effects of schools and the validity of free school meal status as a proxy for scio-economic status". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2007. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10020538/.

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I examine one explanation of social class differences in educational achievement, school allocation. Class differences in achievement are decomposed. One term of the decomposition is class differences in "Type A" school effectiveness. This is the effect of class differences in school allocation on class differences in achievement. Sufficient conditions to estimate causal "Type A" school effects in non-experimental data are stated. Uniquely rich birth cohort data, the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), matched to the National Pupil Database (NPD), are used. The difference in effectiveness of the 20 percent most and least effective schools is two-thirds to threequarters of a standard deviation during Key Stage 2 (KS2). The majority of class differences in school effectiveness are significant. Over 20 percent of class differences in KS2 progress are explained by class differences in school allocation. Much quantitative educational research in the UK relies on free school meal (FSM) status to proxy measures of socio-economic status. In ALSP AC-NPD data, FSM status is a quite imperfect measure of low income or employment, or one-parenthood. There is a large bias when using FSM status to estimate differences in average KS2 achievement by low-income status. When used as a control variable in a model ofKS2 achievement, FSM status reduces the bias from omitting measures of socio-economic status to a limited extent only.

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15

Campos-Serna, Javier 1974. "Gender inequalities in occupational health: a systematic literature review and the influence of the welfare state regime and the occupational social class throughout the Spanish and the European working conditions surveys". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/129744.

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Esta tesis doctoral está basada en la identificación de las desigualdades de género en salud laboral descritas en la literatura científica, así como en el análisis de las desigualdades de género en la población ocupada en España y Europa, y como estas desigualdades se ven influenciadas por la clase social ocupacional, el sector de actividad de la empresa y el estado del bienestar. En primer lugar, se identificaron las desigualdades de género en la exposición a los riesgos laborales derivados de las condiciones de empleo y trabajo, así como de los problemas de salud derivados del trabajo a partir de una revisión sistemática de la literatura científica en distintas bases de datos. En segundo lugar, se analizaron 25 indicadores de desigualdades de género relacionados con las condiciones de empleo, trabajo, conciliación de la vida laboral y la familiar y con los problemas de salud derivados del trabajo. Para ello, se analizó la sexta edición de la Encuesta Nacional de Condiciones de Trabajo de 2007. Igualmente, se exploró como estos 25 indicadores variaban en función de la clase social ocupacional y el sector de actividad de la empresa. Finalmente, se analizó como la clase social ocupacional y el estado del bienestar podrían influir en las desigualdades de género en la exposición a los riesgos psicosociales derivados del trabajo. Para ello, se analizó la cuarta edición de la Encuesta Europea de Condiciones de Trabajo de 2005.
This thesis is based on the identification of gender inequalities in occupational health described in scientific literature, as well as in the analysis of gender inequalities in employed population in Spain and Europe, and how these gender inequalities are influenced by the occupational social class, sector of activity of the company and welfare state regime. Firstly, we identified gender inequalities in exposure to occupational hazards arising from the employment and working conditions, as well as work-related health problems from a systematic review on the scientific literature in different databases. Secondly, we analyzed 25 indicators of gender inequalities related to employment and working conditions, balancing job and family life and work-related health problems. To achieve this objective, we analyzed the sixth edition of the National Survey on Working Conditions from 2007. In addition, we explored how these 25 indicators of gender inequalities varied according to occupational social class and sector of activity of the company. Finally, we analyzed how the welfare state regime and the occupational social class could influence gender inequalities in the exposure to work-related psychosocial hazards. To achieve this objective, we analyzed the fourth edition of the European Survey on Working Conditions from 2005.

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Lutters, Marie-Claire. "Explaining the Occupational Class Gradient in Health Among Swedish Employees: Physical and Psychosocial Work-Related Stressors". Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för folkhälsovetenskap, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-157309.

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The work environment constitutes a key social determinant of health, yet previous research is relatively limited vis-à-vis the contribution of both physical and psychosocial work-related stressors on occupational class differences in health among Swedish employees. This study used cross-sectional data from the Swedish Level of Living Survey 2010 to assess the mediating effect of physical and psychosocial work-related stressors to occupational class differences in physical and mental ill health in Sweden. Disparities between gender were also considered. A sub-sample of 2,624 full- and part-time employed individuals aged 18-65 was analysed using logistic regression. Employees who belonged to higher occupational classes had a lower risk of physical ill health compared to employees from lower occupational classes when age, gender and part-time work is accounted for – but there was no evidence of an occupational class gradient in mental ill health. Similar results were observed among men and women. In line with previous research, differential exposure to physical work-related stressors explained most of the occupational class gradient in physical ill health, yet certain psychosocial work-related stressors were also influential. Future research should further examine what other work-related factors – or social determinants of health – can help explain the association between occupational class and mental health.

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17

Bonnefond, Céline. "L'analyse des inégalités sociales et spatiales dans le processus d'émergence de la Chine". Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR40039/document.

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L’émergence rapide de la Chine s’est accompagnée d’une hausse considérable des inégalités, qui a entrainé de profondes mutations touchant à la fois la structure de l’économie et celle de la société chinoise. L’objectif de cette thèse est de fournir une meilleure compréhension de la diversité de ces transformations, en combinant les analyses macro et microéconomique, et les approches économique et sociologique. Ce travail mobilise tout d’abord des données provinciales afin de dresser un état des lieux du niveau d’inégalités régionales et de la concentration spatiale de la richesse. La récente baisse des disparités régionales peut, entre autres, s’expliquer par l’existence d’effets de diffusion de la croissance entre les différentes provinces chinoises. Par la suite, l’étude est complétée par l’utilisation de données issues d’enquêtes-ménages. L’analyse de la polarisation des revenus en zones urbaines et rurales permet de faire ressortir des modifications dans leur distribution, notamment en mettant en évidence la constitution de groupes de revenus intermédiaires. Une étude approfondie de la classe moyenne urbaine chinoise est ensuite menée afin d’en identifier les membres sur la base du revenu, et de montrer l’hétérogénéité de cette catégorie en termes d’emploi et d’éducation. Enfin, à partir de l’exemple des comportements de consommation alimentaire et du rapport social au corps, le rôle précurseur de la classe moyenne dans la transition nutritionnelle est mis en avant. Au final, la classe moyenne chinoise apparaît comme une catégorie centrale pour la poursuite du développement du pays
The rapid emergence of China has been accompanied by a significant increase in inequalities, resulting in profound changes affecting both the economic and social structures of China. The purpose of this doctoral thesis is to provide a better understanding of the diversity of these transformations, by combining macro and microeconomic analyses, together with economic and sociological approaches. Firstly, this research mobilizes provincial data in order to give a general overview of the level of regional disparities and of the spatial concentration of wealth. The recent decline in regional disparities can, among other things, be explained by the existence of growth spillover effects between Chinese provinces. Subsequently, the study is supplemented by the use of household survey data. The analysis of income polarization in rural and urban areas allows to highlight some shifts in its distribution, emphasizing in particular the constitution of population clusters in intermediate income ranges. An intensive investigation on the Chinese urban middle class is thereafter conducted so as to identify its members on an income-based definition, and to underline the heterogeneity of this category regarding employment and education. Finally, based on the example of food consumption and social attitude towards body weight, the vanguard role of middle class in the nutrition transition is highlighted. To conclude, the Chinese middle class appears to be a central category to ensure the further development of China

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18

Perronnet, Clémence. "La culture scientifique des enfants en milieux populaires : étude de cas sur la construction sociale du goût, des pratiques et des représentations des sciences". Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSEN076/document.

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Ce travail de thèse étudie la façon dont se construisent les pratiques et les représentations des sciences des enfants en milieux populaires. L’enjeu est de renouveler l’approche des inégalités persistantes dans l’accès aux filières et carrières scientifiques, dans lesquelles les femmes, les classes populaires et les minorités sont largement sous-représentées. Pour interroger à nouveaux frais les rapports de pouvoir qui sous-tendent l’accès aux sciences, cette recherche les considère non seulement comme un ensemble de connaissances et comme un champ professionnel, mais aussi en tant que culture. L’analyse repose sur une enquête empirique longitudinale par entretiens avec une cinquantaine d’enfants suivis du CM1 à la 5e ainsi qu’avec des parents, enseignant·es et médiateur·rices scientifiques. Elle s’appuie aussi sur l’étude détaillée d’un projet éducatif visant à favoriser l’égalité en sciences (quatre années d’observation en classe) qui a impliqué une partie de notre échantillon, et interroge les effets de ce type de dispositif. La thèse établit que la construction de rapports différenciés aux sciences selon le sexe et l’origine sociale procède des pratiques culturelles scientifiques enfantines. D’une part, plusieurs instances de socialisation culturelle(famille, germains, pairs, école) se combinent pour favoriser ou entraver le développement des loisirs scientifiques des enfants. D’autre part, la culture scientifique que consomment et pratiquent les enfants des classes populaires les amène à construire des représentations des sciences comme étrangères et dénuées de possibilités identificatoires, ce qui décourage filles comme garçons de formuler des aspirations scientifiques
This thesis examines the way working class children’s practices and representations of science areconstructed. It aims to renew the approach of persistent inequalities in access to science pathwaysand careers, in which women and people from the working class and/or ethno-racial minoritiesremain largely underrepresented. In order to question power relationships underlying access toscience in a new way, this research considers science not only as a body of knowledge and aprofessional eld, but also as a culture. Evidence for this study comes from longitudinal interviewsconducted with about 50 children (two interviews, in the 4th and 6th grade) and with parents,teachers, and science mediators. The analysis also relies on the detailed ethnographic study (4years of observation in classrooms) of an educational project aimed at promoting equality inscience which involved part of our sample, thus questioning the effects of this type of program.The thesis establishes that the social construct of gendered, classed and racialised patterns ofattitudes to science is the result of science-related cultural practices developed during childhood.On the one hand, several instances of cultural socialization (family, siblings, peers, school)combine to favor or hinder the development of children’s science hobbies. On the other hand, thescientific culture that children from the working class consume and practice leads them to constructrepresentations of science as other, and devoid of identificatory possibilities. This discourages girlsand boys from formulating science aspirations

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19

Lai, Kwok-hung y 黎國雄. "Shoplifting and social inequalities". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1994. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31977686.

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Lai, Kwok-hung. "Shoplifting and social inequalities". [Hong Kong] : University of Hong Kong, 1994. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13857940.

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21

Sullivan, Alice. "Cultural capital, rational choice and educational inequalities". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.322823.

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Santos, Gabriela Renata Rodrigues dos. "Trajetórias profissionais de mulheres negras em empresas multinacionais em São Paulo". reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/18301.

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The purpose of this research is to analyses the professional path of black women in multinational companies in São Paulo. The research looked at the diversity polices that these companies their procedures practices and try to answer how that influence on the career path of black women. We used for theory perspective the studies of durable inequalities stablish in the organizations and in the societies of Charles Tilly (1999) associated with the theory discussion of intersectionality of oppressions that has occurred belonging the racial, gender and social class perspectives from the black feminism, consolidated for Patrícia Hill Collins (2000) and Kimberlé Crehshaw (1993), about the definitions of matrix of domination and intersectionality of oppressions from race, gender and social class perspectives. The research uses qualitative method such as life history and the method of analyses was the thematic analyses. Semi-structured questionnaire was applied with six black women worked in multinationals companies in São Paulo. We began for the analyses of the black women path in the companies and about the process, polices of diversity promotion for identify the socio-organizational aspects that interfere in their professional path; which the individual and collective strategies that women deployed for compete in the labor market and if the diversity polices implemented for the companies contribute (or not) with their professional path. Based on the analyses of the interviews with these black women the research highlights the following: the research also provides insights that most of these women they come from low social class and their path showed a mix of oppressions belongs to the racial, gender and social class characteristics and all of them had to confront in company’s environment. This environment is still homogeneous – White, masculine and upper class – hampered and putted barrier to be win for the black women for the fact that the categorical peer woman/black/poor intervene with as durable inequality, individually and collectively for their women. These durable inequalities stablish the apprehension and control to access to the productive resources in the organizations, build discrimination related and analyzed in the interviews of the black women professional path, in the basic mechanisms of perpetuation of these durable inequalities could be identify and analyses in the existence of black women in companies, in this present thesis. (TILLY, 1999).
A presente pesquisa visa analisar as trajetórias profissionais de mulheres negras em empresas multinacionais em São Paulo, atendo-se às políticas de diversidade que essas multinacionais vêm empreendendo. Trata-se de compreender se as práticas, os processos e os procedimentos de valorização da diversidade interferem na trajetória profissional dessas mulheres. A pesquisa lança mão dos estudos sobre desigualdades duráveis e a discussão que o mesmo estabelece para compreender as organizações em sociedades desiguais, como os estudos de Charles Tilly (1999). Esta perspectiva associa-se à discussão teórica da interseccionalidade de opressões, advindas dos pertencimentos racial/de gênero/de classe social; dos estudos do feminismo negro, consolidados por Patrícia Hill Collins (2000) e Kimberlé Crehshaw (1993), sobre as definições dos conceitos: de matrix de dominação e insterseccionalidade de opressões, relacionados ao pertencimento de raça, gênero e classe social. Foram realizadas entrevistas junto a seis mulheres negras que trabalham em empresas multinacionais em São Paulo. Partiu-se da análise das trajetórias delas nas empresas e dos processos, práticas e procedimentos de promoção de políticas de diversidade para identificar os aspectos sócio-organizacionais que interferem nas trajetórias dessas mulheres; quais as estratégias individuais e coletivas que elas utilizaram para competir no mercado de trabalho e, ainda, se as políticas de diversidade implementadas pelas empresas contribuíram (ou não) para suas trajetórias. A pesquisa utilizou a história de vida como abordagem metodológica qualitativa e, como análise de conteúdo, o método de exame das entrevistas. Alguns dos principais resultados encontrados indicam que a maioria das mulheres negras entrevistadas advém de classes sociais baixas e suas trajetórias apresentam um mix de opressões, resultantes do pertencimento racial, de gênero e classe social; aspectos presentes no âmbito das empresas. Tais espaços ainda são homogêneos – brancos, masculinos e ricos – dificultando e impondo barreiras a serem vencidas pelas mulheres negras, devido ao trio categórico mulher/negra/pobre se interpor como uma desigualdade durável, não só individualmente, mas também de forma grupal para estas mulheres. Essas desigualdades duráveis estabeleceram a detenção e controle ao acesso de recursos produtivos nas organizações, criando distinções narradas e analisadas nas trajetórias profissionais das mulheres negras entrevistadas, nos quais os mecanismos básicos de perpetuação destas desigualdades duráveis puderam ser identificados e analisados no caso da vivência profissional de mulheres negras em empresas. (TILLY, 1999).

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23

Aermark, Lior Alexandra. "Hardy and spectral inequalities for a class of partial differential operators". Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Matematiska institutionen, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-97067.

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This thesis is devoted to the study of Hardy and spectral inequalities for the Heisenberg and the Grushin operators. It consists of five chapters. In chapter 1 we present basic notions and summarize the main results of the thesis. In chapters 2-4 we deal with different types of Hardy inequalities for Laplace and Grushin operators with magnetic and non-magnetic fields. It was shown in an article by Laptev and Weidl that for some magnetic forms in two dimensions, the Hardy inequality holds in its classical form. More precisely, by considering the Aharonov-Bohm magnetic potential, we can improve the constant in the respective Hardy inequality. In chapter 2 we establish an Lp - Hardy inequality related to Laplacians with magnetic fields with Aharonov-Bohm vector potentials. In chapter 3 we introduce a suitable notion of a vector field for the Grushin sub-elliptic operator G and obtain an improvement of the Hardy inequality, which was previously obtained in the paper of N. Garofallo and E. Lanconelli. In chapter 4 we find an Lp version of the Hardy inequality obtained in chapter 2. Finally in chapter 5 we aim to find the CLR and Lieb-Thirringbninequalities for harmonic Grushin-type operators. As the Grushin operator is non-elliptic, these inequalities will not take their classical form.

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24

Usman, Muhammad. "Trace formulae and spectral inequalities for a class of differential operators". Thesis, Imperial College London, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/14689.

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We study the scattering problem for the Schrodinger equation on the half-line with the Robin boundary condition at the origin. We derive an expression for trace of the difference of perturbed and unperturbed resolvent in terms of a Wronskian. This leads to a representation for the perturbation determinant and trace formulas of Buslaev-Faddeev type. We further generalize the method used for obtaining trace formulas to matrix-valued Schrodinger operator. We derive trace formulas for a star graph which satisfies Kirchhoff vertex condition at origin. Finally, we apply the commutation method to matrix-valued Schrodinger operator defined on the half-line with the Robin boundary condition at zero. We also obtain sharp Lieb-Thirring inequalities and show how they can be used for related problems.

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25

Labar, Kelly. "Social Inequalities in China : Which Reality ?" Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2008. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00272994/document.

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Given the social distortions born from the movement of reforms launched at the end ofthe 1970's in China, the present thesis investigates evolution regarding three major topics: labour market, the level of education and the health status. Using the CHNS database, I first consider returns to human capital in China, given the requirements of a more competitive economic environment in terms of productivity. I highlight increasing returns to education and nutrition in China since 1991, underlining the impact of the reforms on the way wages are now fixed. The conclusion appears positive for a rise in productivity and consequently for future growth. However, if individuals do not have equal access to education and to a good health, a higher payment of these factors can lead to deterioration in terms of inequalities. I subsequently focus on the evolution of the level of education and of the health status since the movement of reforms through two channels: potential transmission of the parents' social status to their children, i. E. Social mobility ; and inequalities in wellbeing in three social dimensions which are income, education and health. Using mobility matrices as well as econometric strategies, I demonstrate a comparably high level of mobility in education and wages as in other developed and developing countries. Nevertheless, the increasing impact of parents' wages on the child's schooling attainment can result in future lower mobility. Combined with results found from the analysis of multidimensional inequalities in wellbeing, I conclude that social inequalities in China are expected to increase in the coming years. Policy measures should address them focusing particularly on providing equal access to education and good health
Au regard des distorsions sociales qui ont suivi le mouvement de réformes initié en Chine à la fin des années 1970, cette thèse étudie les évolutions récentes relatives à trois principaux sujets : le marché du travail, le niveau d’éducation et le niveau de santé. En utilisant la base de données CHNS, je considère dans un premier temps les rendements du capital humain en Chine, étant donnés les besoins en gains de productivité liés à une économie plus compétitive. Je souligne l’augmentation des rendements de l’éducation et de la nutrition en Chine depuis 1991, soulignant également l’impact des réformes sur la manière dont les salaires sont fixés aujourd’hui. Cette conclusion apparaît dans un premier temps positive pour l’augmentation de la productivité et de la croissance dans l’avenir. Cependant, si les individus ne bénéficient pas d’un égal accès à l’éducation et à la santé, une plus forte rémunération de ces facteurs peut mener à une détérioration en termes d’inégalités. C’est pourquoi je me focalise dans un deuxième temps sur l’évolution relative au niveau d’éducation et de santé depuis le mouvement de réformes à travers deux canaux : la possible transmission du statut social des parents à leurs enfants, i. E. La mobilité sociale ; puis les inégalités de bien-être dans trois dimensions sociales que sont le revenu, l’éducation et la santé. Grâce à l’utilisation de matrices de mobilité ainsi que de stratégies économétriques, je démontre un niveau de mobilité salariale et en terme d’éducation en Chine dans la moyenne en comparaison à celui d’autres pays développés ou en développement. Cependant, l’impact croissant du salaire des parents sur la scolarisation des enfants peut se traduire par une mobilité plus faible dans le futur, dans la mesure où cela renforce les dynamiques inégalitaires. Mis en parallèle avec les résultats de l’analyse multidimensionnelle des inégalités de bien-être, je conclus que les inégalités sociales en Chine sont amenées à augmenter dans les années à venir, nécessitant des mesures politiques en faveur de l’amélioration de l’accès à l’éducation et à la santé

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26

Hosain, Yasmin A. "Class inequalities in prescription drug use, the case of hormone replacement therapy". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ62756.pdf.

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27

Rueda, Pozo Silvia. "Social Inequalities in health among the elderly". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/31877.

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Aquesta tesi analitza les desigualtats en salut entre les persones grans a través d’un marc d’anàlisi on es combinen la posició socioeconòmica, el gènere, el desenvolupament socioeconòmic regional i el suport social. Està formada per tres articles, cadascun d’ells centrat en les diferents dimensions de les desigualtats socioeconòmiques en salut entre les persones grans. Algunes de les troballes més importants han estat que les desigualtats socioeconòmiques i de gènere persisteixen entre les persones grans; que les dones presenten una pitjor salut que els homes; que l’impacte de les característiques familiars en la salut de les persones grans varia per gènere i segons l’indicador de salut analitzat; que el suport social constitueix un determinant important de l’estat de salut; i que tot i que el grau de desenvolupament regional constitueix un determinant de l’estat de salut, no està relacionat amb les desigualtats de gènere en salut.
This dissertation analyses socio-economic inequalities in health among the elderly through a combined framework of socio-economic position, gender, regional socioeconomic development and social support. It is made up of three papers focusing on the different dimensions of socio-economic inequalities in health among the elderly. The most important findings are that socio-economic and gender inequalities in health persist in old age; that women present a poorer health status than men; that the impact of family characteristics on the health of older people differs by gender and the health indicator analysed; that social support constitutes an important determinant of health status; and that whereas regional socio-economic development constitutes a determinant of health status, it is not related to gender inequalities in health.

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28

Langenberg, Claudia. "Poor growth, social inequalities and coronary risk". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2007. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1444920/.

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Data from 5 epidemiological studies, spanning an age range from childhood to late adult life, are used to investigate associations between components of height, used as markers of growth at different phases, and arterial stiffness, subclinical atherosclerosis and cardiovascular risk. The roles of prenatal growth and life course socioeconomic position are considered. In the 1946 Birth Cohort, shorter leg, but not trunk length, was associated with greater pulse pressure, a measure of arterial stiffness, in adult men and women. Longitudinal analyses suggested that these effects were due to a steeper rise of blood pressure with age, independent of potential confounders and mediators considered. In the Whitehall II Study, shorter leg and trunk length were both associated with adverse levels of several cardiovascular risk factors and also lower distensibility and greater stiffness of the carotid arteries in men. In a cross-sectional examination of Filipino-American women, coronary disease was most strongly associated with leg length, while diabetes prevalence was not associated with measures of growth, but highest in women who were socioeconomically disadvantaged in childhood and adulthood. Higher blood pressure levels were observed in children with shorter leg length, relative to total body height, of a contemporary US birth cohort at age 3 years. The contribution of prenatal growth was considered in all studies where birthweight was available and found to be limited. Finally, results from the first Whitehall Study suggested that associations between stature and cardiovascular mortality may differ by socioeconomic position. These findings lend some support to the hypothesis that factors limiting leg growth are associated with arterial stiffness, subclinical atherosclerosis and cardiovascular risk these associations may originate in childhood and be amplified with age. The specificity of leg length as a marker of early influences on growth that alter cardiovascular risk is questioned.

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29

Raabe, Bianca. "Citizenship? : young people, social relations and inequalities". Thesis, University of East London, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.310612.

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Catalán, Héctor E. Nájera. "Youth poverty and social inequalities in Mexico". Thesis, University of Bristol, 2016. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.687684.

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This thesis aims at providing an estimate of the extent of youth poverty and advances in the understanding of its existence in Mexico. It raises the following four main research questions: (1) What is the extent of youth poverty in Mexico? (2) What are the associations between different material deprivations? (3) What is the relationship between different socio-economic factors and the likelihood of experiencing poverty during youth? (4) What is the spatial association between material deprivation and public provision for youth at the municipal level? The findings suggest that official poverty measure is not reliable and does not offer a valid poverty index. The thesis produces an adjusted measure and according to this index, poverty affects around half of young Mexicans, and only a small minority fully enjoys their social rights. The results indicate that the theoretical structure of the poverty index holds and that different deprivations are positively associated. Multiple deprivation can be tackled by improving public provision, including increases in access to social security and health. Youth poverty in Mexico seems to be rather structured, in that the likelihood of being poor varies considerably across different population groups. Ethnicity, family composition, economic independence and rurality all affect the chances of remaining in poverty. The results suggest that human capital is a good framework for predicting the worst forms of poverty among young people, but it is not a theory that can be applied to less severe types of poverty and deprivation. Further theoretical developments are therefore required, in order to explain fully poverty experienced by youth in Mexico. Finally, area-level material deprivation is highly clustered, and it is spatially associated with poor standards of public provision.

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31

Chappell, Paul James. "Understanding social and geographical inequalities in eating". Thesis, University of York, 2013. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/7932/.

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Through an analysis of the 1970 British Birth Cohort Study, this thesis explores the intersections between food, class, space, and the life course. I show that different class groups consume different foods, and argue that this provides evidence for an ongoing homology between class and cultural consumption. The broad divide I uncover is between indulgent eating patterns on the part of working classes, and ascetic consumption patterns on the part of the middle classes. I show how, over the period from 1986 to 2000, a new post-Fordist pattern of consumption has developed (the ‘Ascetic plus’ eating pattern) amongst the cohort under investigation. I am also able to demonstrate that socialization in childhood, as well as cultural capital, appear to retain important roles in structuring eating patterns, but that the importance of socialization seems to vary depending on the trajectory of individuals’ life courses. Upwardly socially and geographically mobile people are the individuals who are most likely to adhere to the new post-Fordist eating pattern and because of this, I argue that these groups may the most able to break away from the structural moorings of class based consumption. I propose that this finding could be explained with reference to unequal distribution of reserves of reflexivity – these particular ‘mobile’ segments of the middle class may have greater access to individualized forms of identity.

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32

Roy, Sutanuka. "Economics of social, gender, and income inequalities". Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2018. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3727/.

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The thesis contains three chapters. The first chapter reports on the first large-scale randomized field experiment involving legally-recognized minorities to examine the causal effects of providing performance-based financial incentives based on social or income disadvantage on high stakes university test scores. The results are that the average test scores of the whole cohort goes down by .14 standard deviations when financial incentives were provided by income disadvantage while there is no effect on the test scores when financial incentives were provided by social disadvantage or when financial incentives were provided to all students. The chapter provides evidence of academic non-cooperation when financial incentives are offered by income status and no evidence of such peer effects when prize incentives are given by social disadvantage. The second chapter, which is a joint work with Dr. H.F.Tam, studies the impact of matrimonial laws introduced by the British in British provinces in colonial India during 1800s and early 1900s. Exploiting quasi-random variations of districts that were former British Provinces within each post-independent Indian states, we find that females have 5% lower chances of marrying under the current legal age, and 1.6% higher chance of attending school at 10-16 years old in regions that were formerly British Provinces. Furthermore, using historical Census of India 1901-1931 on marriage status of population between 0-15 years at district level, the chapter estimates the impact of Child Marriage abolition Act (1931) on child marriages in colonial India. The third chapter uses a large-scale novel panel dataset (2005-14) on schools from the Indian state of Assam to test for the impact of violent conflict on female student’s enrolment ratios. We find that a doubling of average killings in a districtyear leads to a 13 per cent drop in girl’s enrolment rate with school fixed effects.

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33

Kadow, Alexander. "Essays in European integration and economic inequalities". Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2012. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/3403/.

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The ongoing process of economic integration in Europe and beyond has already led to profound changes that are likely to manifest themselves further. Within Europe, formerly centrally planned economies have joined the European Union (EU) with the intention to ultimately introduce the common currency. On a more global scale, marginalised farmers in developing countries seek to become integrated in the world trading system to lift themselves out of poverty. However, issues surrounding economic inequalities are no longer exclusively confined to emerging economies. Indeed, awareness of income inequalities and their impact on the domestic economy is increasing among industrialised nations. This dissertation seeks to contribute to these topical debates in the form of three self-contained essays. The first essay is concerned with monetary integration in Europe. More specifically, we consider the EU member countries from Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) that seek to adopt the euro in the foreseeable future. Our analysis is based on a global VAR (GVAR) model to investigate to what extent central banks in CEE follow the European Central Bank’s lead. We look in another core chapter at the economic implications of the Fair Trade (FT) movement. This is a fairly novel topic to the economics profession and we thus aim to provide intuitive insights. One of the key elements of our trade model is that FT generates and hinges upon economic inequalities. We combine these two aspects in the third core chapter. In particular, we analyse how monetary policy operates in an environment which is characterised by wage inequalities using a New Keynesian model that features heterogeneous labour. The third essay is motivated by the case of the United States, where, similar to many European countries, there is strong empirical evidence for rising internal economic divergence. Overall, the thesis not only combines and investigates topical issues, it moreover does so employing various techniques with the intention to also make contributions on the methodological level. We conclude the monograph by highlighting policy implications and by providing directions for future research.

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34

Wheeler, Sharon. "Patterns of parenting, class relations and inequalities in education and leisure : a grounded theory". Thesis, University of Chester, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10034/620350.

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The class structure of Britain has changed considerably since the 1970s. The gap between the rich and poor has grown, and many individuals can no longer be classified into traditional middle- and working-class categories. Despite polarisation and fragmentation, however, social class has continued to shapes individuals’ daily lives and life-chances. There are distinct class inequalities in education and leisure that appear to be resistant to intervention. Governments and other public organisations have invested considerable funds and deployed various policies, but individuals from affluent backgrounds continue to do better in the education system and be more active in their leisure time than individuals from deprived backgrounds. Academics have also turned their attention to class inequalities in education and leisure, especially of late. Research indicates that such inequalities emerge during early childhood and remain through youth and into adulthood. This, along with evidence of the limited effectiveness of interventions delivered through schools, has made one thing clear: to explain the production and reproduction of class inequalities in education and leisure and do something about them through policy, researchers and governments must look to the family. The ways in which parents from different social classes are involved and invest in their children’s education and leisure have been researched quite extensively. However, the findings in many of the studies are un-integrated and de-contextualised. In addition, much of the research is deductive – academics have tended to test theories and the significance particular family variables and processes. This thesis, therefore, set out to produce a grounded theory of class-specific patterns of parenting in relation to children’s education and leisure. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with a case study of parents and children from a small city in the north-west of England. Two main social classes emerged out of the case study, a group tentatively described as an ‘under-class’ and a middle-class divided into fractions. It was found that social class impacted upon several areas of family life, and differences in these areas of family life clustered together to form class-specific patterns of parenting. The under-class pattern of parenting was conceptualised as ‘essential assistance’. It conveys the present-centred and basic involvement of the parents – they did not think a great deal about the future but did what was necessary to keep their children up with their peers on a day-to-day basis. The middle-class pattern of parenting was conceptualised as ‘concerted cultivation’. It conveys the forward-thinking and deliberate nature of the parents’ involvement. Also, the meticulous lengths to which the parents went – every aspect of their children’s development was open to pruning. The middle-class parents were involved in their children’s education and leisure in similar ways, but to different degrees. Thus, concerted cultivation can be regarded as gradational. Class-specific patterns of parenting can be linked to the production of class-related patterns of inequality. Through essential assistance and concerted cultivation, under-class and middle-class parents condition their children to think and act in particular ways. More specifically, they furnish their children with different skills, preferences and mentalities. A detailed discussion of the theoretical and policy implications of these patterns of parenting is provided in the conclusion to the thesis.

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35

Iyer, Aditi. "Gender, caste and class in health : compounding and competing inequalities in rural Karnataka, India". Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2007. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.439602.

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Boliver, Vikki. "Social inequalities and participation in UK higher education". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.491572.

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Farnum, Julie F. "Biological consequences of social inequalities in prehistoric Peru". free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3074399.

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Piotrowska, Patrycja J. "Social inequalities in child and adolescent antisocial behaviour". Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2015. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/8121/.

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A number of studies have demonstrated a social gradient in antisocial behaviour, with children from low-socioeconomic backgrounds exhibiting more behavioural difficulties than those from high-socioeconomic families. However, this relationship has not always been reported and estimates of association vary in magnitude across the studies. Moreover, a range of studies have highlighted the indirect nature of this relationship and examined potential mediating variables. It remains unclear whether socioeconomic status (SES) presents similar associations with a range of heterogeneous forms of antisocial behaviour in terms of their gradient and underlying mechanisms. Three studies were conducted to address the nature of the relationship between family SES and children’s antisocial behaviour. In Study 1 (Chapter 2), an extensive systematic review and meta-analysis reported that SES can be considered a major correlate of broadly conceptualised antisocial behaviour and the strength of this relationship is a function of the type of informant and the construct under investigation; stronger relationships were found when antisocial behaviour was reported by parents or teachers, and when callous-unemotional traits were considered as an outcome. Study 2 (Chapter 3) investigated the level, direction, and homogeneity of the impact of household income upon different types of antisocial behaviour in a series of structural equation models using the B-CAMHS 2004 dataset. This study showed that income gradients are similar across a range of antisocial behaviours (such as irritability, aggressive behaviours, callous-unemotional traits), and that income may lead to greater behavioural differences in the mid-income range, and less variation at low- and high-income extremes. Study 3 (Chapter 4) concerns models delineating potential mechanisms indicating that unhealthy family functioning, neighbourhood disadvantage, stressful life events and children’s reading and spelling abilities mediate the relationship between income and antisocial behaviour. The findings arising from the three studies described and their collective contribution are considered in terms of current literature; further theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

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39

Son, Mia. "Occupational class and health : the differentials in mortality, morbidity and work place injury rates by occupation, education and work conditions in Korea". Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 2001. http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/4646505/.

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A community-based surveillance system was developed and implemented in rural areas in Cambodia. The system aimed to provide timely and representative information on major health problems and life events that would permit rapid and effective control of outbreaks and communicable diseases in general in rural communities. In the system, lay people were trained as Village Health Volunteers to report suspected outbreaks, important infectious diseases, and vital events occurring in their communities to local health staff who analysed the data and gave feedback to the volunteers during their monthly meetings. An evaluation conducted one year after implementation of the community-based surveillance system began found that the system was able to detect outbreaks early, regularly monitor communicable disease trends, and to continuously provide updated information on pregnancies, births and deaths in the rural areas. The sensitivity and specificity of case reporting by Village Health Volunteers were found to be quite high. In addition, the community-based surveillance system triggered effective responses from both health staff and Village Health Volunteers in outbreak and disease control and prevention. The results suggest that a community-based surveillance system can successfully fill the gaps of the current health facility- based disease surveillance system in the rapid detection of outbreaks, in the effective monitoring of communicable diseases, and in the notification of vital events in rural Cambodia. Empowered local people and health staff can accurately report, analyse and act upon significant health problems in their community within a surveillance system they develop, own and operate. The community-based surveillance system could easily be integrated with the current disease surveillance system. Its replication or adaptation for use in other rural areas in Cambodia and in other developing countries would be likely feasible and beneficial, as well as cost-effective.

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40

Facius, Sascha. "Durable Housing Inequalities". Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/19131.

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Wie gehen die städtischen Armen mit Wohnraumverdrängung um? Welche Strategien entwickeln sie? Und welche Elemente bestimmen, welche Strategien die städtischen Armen einsetzen? Um diese Fragen zu beantworten, entpacke ich die Idee von ‚Strategien zur Bewältigung von Bedrohung durch Verdrängung‘, um zu soziologischen Konzeptualisierungen eben dieser Strategien zu gelangen. Dazu nutze ich einige der Konzepte in Bourdieus [1986] Kapitalbegriff sowie die Anwendung von Tillys [1999] Theorie der dauerhaften Ungleichheit als Rahmenkonzept. Empirisch identifiziere und analysiere ich die Anti-Verdrängungs-Strategien der städtischen Armen in den komplexen Wohnsituationen von São Paulo und Istanbul. Der Analyse zufolge wirken sich die ermittelten Strategien zur Vermeidung von Verdrängung oder zur Verbesserung der Wohnsituation langfristig auf die Betroffenen oder den Wohnungsmarkt nicht positiv aus. Im zweiten Schritt der Analyse argumentiere ich, dass die Mehrheit der Strategien mit den Ursachen und Verstärkungsmechanismen der dauerhaften Ungleichheiten übereinstimmt, welche Tilly identifiziert hat. Dadurch entsteht, wie ich in der Arbeit darlege, zwangsläufig der Prozess der andauernden Wohnungsungleichheit, der trotz der Bemühungen der städtischen Armen wenig Aussicht auf Veränderung zeigt. Das heißt nicht, dass die städtischen Armen keine Kämpfe gewonnen haben oder dass sich nicht individuell ihre Situationen verbessert haben, sondern, dass das größere Bild der Ungleichheiten in der Wohnungswirtschaft wenig erfolgsversprechend ist. Selbst wenn einige Menschen beispielsweise Vermögenswerte in Form von ökonomischem Kapital schaffen, scheinen die städtischen Armen dem zukünftigen Verdrängungsdruck nicht zu entkommen. Obwohl die Anti-Verdrängungs-Strategien somit den Verdrängungsdruck teilweise vorübergehend mildern können, untergraben die dauerhaften Ungleichheiten auf dem Wohnungsmarkt eine substanzielle und nachhaltige Veränderung im Interesse der städtischen Armen.
How do the urban poor cope with housing displacement? What kinds of strategies do the urban poor develop? And what elements shape which strategies they deploy? To answer these questions, I unpack the idea of strategies for “coping” with the threat or uncertainty of displacement to arrive at sociological conceptualizations of these strategies – ones anchored in Bourdieu’s [1986] concept of capital as well as the application of Tilly’s [1999] theory of durable inequalities to housing. Empirically, I identify and analyze the anti-displacement strategies of the urban poor within the complex housing contexts of São Paulo and Istanbul by breaking down the housing market into sub-housing markets (housing forms) as they are used by the urban poor in each local context. Combining existing analytic frameworks with my original data, I also speculate about the effects of the identified strategies for the urban poor in terms of durable housing inequalities. According to the analysis, the identified strategies to avoid displacement or improve housing are not positively impacting the urban poor or the housing environment in the long run. To account for this, in the second step of the analysis I argue that the majority of strategies align with the causes and reinforcement mechanisms of durable inequalities that Tilly identified. This is not to say no battles have been won or that no individual situations have improved, but to say that the larger picture of housing inequalities warrants little optimism. Even when some new housing forms create assets in form of economic capital (e.g., land titles), the urban poor don’t seem to escape future displacement pressures. Therefore, although the anti-displacement strategies may temporarily ease displacement pressure, the durable inequalities of the housing market undermine substantial and sustainable change in the interest of the urban poor.

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Couturier, Lopez Léo. "Cycling Inequalities in Copenhagen: Strategies and Policies". Thesis, Malmö universitet, Institutionen för Urbana Studier (US), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-42407.

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The bike, once relegated to a neglected, dangerous, and less efficient means of transport compared to cars, has seen its role and is images being reinforced all around the world. However, despite its intrinsic characteristic of being easily accessible, the cycling practice is not value-free. It embodies and reproduces inequalities that cross our societies. The transportation justice research framework investigates conditions to access this sustainable means of transportation insofar of our needs. As such, my research questions the capacity of the municipality of Copenhagen to address mobility justice challenges in cycling practices.First, I investigated this question by analyzing two main types of documents: A national travel survey, disaggregated at the scale of the greater Copenhagen, and strategic documents made by the municipality to evaluate their progress in developing the cycling practice. Then, I ran a set of expert semi-structured interviews to explore what I observed in the documents.The results showed that behind the outstanding numbers, the cycling strategies and visions focus essentially on the commuters and exclude other groups. It limits the cycling practices to the productivity sphere, ensuring an efficient mode of transport to work or education. Despite a gender gap non-existent in biking, the study showed strong differences in cycling patterns. More surprisingly the highest income groups are the ones that cycle the most, but they also drive their car the most as they live predominantly in the suburbs. The cycling practice is also plateauing, may be decreasing.I conclude with a call for diversifying the types of cycle mobility that would take better take into consideration the different needs. In order to maintain a high level of cycling in the Capital, the strategies and policies of cycling should be overseen at the metropolitan scale with a clear structure or institution defining goals and visions.

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42

Alemdaroğlu, Ayça. "Knowing your place : inequalities, subjectives and youth in Turkey". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609514.

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Vieites, Yan. "The Prosocial class: how social class influences prosocial behavior". reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/18664.

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The concept of noblesse oblige establishes that the diﬀerential in privileges between the rich and the poor should be balanced by a diﬀerential in duties towards those in need. However, the empirical ﬁndings regarding which are the most prosocial groups havebeenascontroversialasthisassertive. Whereasresearchintheso-calledpsychological framework has advocated a negative relationship between social class and prosocial behavior, the economic approach has claimed the opposite (i.e., positive) direction to be true. This article sought to disentangle conﬂicting ﬁndings from these strands of research across two diﬀerent studies. In the ﬁrst study, we conducted a series of focus groups in both wealthy and impoverished areas. Results suggested that research in the domain of social class has been circumscribed to an almost conventionalized few prosocial behaviors that are not representative neither of wealthy nor of poor individuals. In the second study, we conducted surveys in the same areas. Results revealed that, despite having less resources and opportunities to help others, lower social class individuals are more prosocial than their upper-class counterparts. Furthermore, prosociality diﬀerences cannot be explained by a diﬀerent pattern of targets of help across the social spectrum. Implications for practice and research on prosociality are also discussed.

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44

Espinel, Flores Verónica 1979. "Socioeconomic inequalities in teenage motherhood in Ecuador : #NiñasNoMadres". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/668760.

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This PhD dissertation analyses the socioeconomic inequalities in teenage motherhood considering its influencing factors and social determinants. This doctoral thesis is structured in four research papers. In paper I, we analysed how factors related to the first heterosexual experience and sexual education are associated to socioeconomic inequalities in teenage motherhood. We observed that the most important factors influencing the relationship between higher socioeconomic status and teenage motherhood were those related to the first experience of heterosexual intercourse. Paper II analysed the trends in socioeconomic inequalities in teenage motherhood and in the factors related to the first heterosexual intercourse. This study revealed that - in the past 14 years - there has been no changes in the disadvantageous socioeconomic conditions of teenage mothers and in the adverse characteristics of the first experience of heterosexual intercourse in Ecuador. Paper III described the construction of a deprivation index for the study of geographical inequalities in health in Ecuador. This ecological study showed a geographical pattern in which cantons inhabited by historically oppressed ethnic groups have the highest deprivation scores. Paper IV analysed geographical and social inequalities in adolescent birth rates (ABR) in Ecuador. This study showed a geographical pattern of high ABR in cantons from the Coastal and Amazonic region. Furthermore, a strong association was observed between high ABR and cantons with high deprivation, ethnic historical oppression and gender inequality.
Esta tesis doctoral analiza las desigualdades socioeconómicas en la maternidad adolescente en Ecuador teniendo en cuenta los factores psicosociales y determinantes sociales que la influyen. Esta tesis se estructura en cuatro trabajos de investigación. En el artículo I, se analiza la influencia de los factores relacionados con la primera experiencia de relaciones heterosexuales y la educación sexual en las desigualdades socioeconómicas en la maternidad adolescente. A partir de este análisis observamos que los factores más importantes que influyen en la relación entre el estatus socioeconómico y la maternidad adolescente fueron los relacionados con la primera experiencia de relaciones sexuales heterosexuales. En el artículo II se analizan las tendencias de las desigualdades socioeconómicas en la maternidad adolescente y los factores relacionados con las primeras relaciones heterosexuales. Este estudio reveló que en los últimos 14 años no ha habido cambios en Ecuador en las condiciones socioeconómicas desventajosas de las madres adolescentes y en las características adversas de la primera experiencia de relaciones sexuales heterosexuales. En el documento III se describe la construcción de un índice de privación para el estudio de las desigualdades geográficas en salud en el Ecuador. Este estudio mostró un patrón geográfico de privación en los cantones habitados por grupos étnicos históricamente oprimidos. En el documento IV se analizan las desigualdades geográficas y sociales en la tasa de fertilidad adolescente (TFA) en Ecuador. Este estudio mostró un patrón geográfico de altas TFA en los cantones de la región costera y amazónica. Además, se observó una fuerte asociación entre la privación, la histórica opresión étnica y la desigualdad de género y la elevada TFA en cantones del país.

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45

Dahlén, Gisselmann Marit. "The first injustice : socio-economic inequalities in birth outcome /". Stockholm : Centre for Health Equity Studies (CHESS), 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-6803.

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46

Guhn-Knight, Carmen. "Cross-class alliances : subverting capitalist class structure by re-imagining democracy, social justice activism, and class institutions /". South Hadley, Mass. : [s.n.],, 2008. http://ada.mtholyoke.edu/setr/webscr/pdfs/www/2008/279.pdf.

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47

Bolam, Bruce Leslie. "Ideologies of health : towards a social psychology of health inequalities". Thesis, University of the West of England, Bristol, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.275831.

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This thesis works towards a social psychology of health inequalities in order to further understanding of the relations between structure and agency (re )producing these inequities. It does so by exploring the ideological construction of health and identities associated with the axes of inequality. Employing a material-discursive methodological standpoint to link work on inequality with that of 'lay health beliefs', it is argued that discourse is the semiotic moment of practices (re )producing health inequalities. Critical discourse analysis thereby provides a means to examine the ideological construction of health and identities associated with health inequalities. The interview and focus group methods used to generate text in interaction with a small, diverse sample of participants living in Bristol are described, paying particular attention to the reflexive issues embedded within the research process. F our competing ideologies within which health and illness were constructed as discursive objects are described: minimalism, associated with health as the absence of illness and medical ideology; psychological constructions of health as wellness or happiness relating to psychological ideology; lifestyle constructions of life ethics pertaining to health promotional ideology; and holism, the interdependency of mind, body and spirit, tied to alternative health ideology. The four interwoven health identities arising from these ideologies of health and respecting the key axes of inequalities in health, namely social class, gender, ethnicity and place, are considered. Resistance to class as prejudice is explored, alongside an examination the politics of class identity and a reading of working class and middle class health identities. Hegemonic gender identities of women as carers and men as uncaring, active agents are then examined. Ethnicity as health identity emerges as a site of solidarity and fragmentation closely linked to place via the concept of community. Finally, constructions of pollution, space and community provide a structural and spacial grounding to health identities associated with place. In conclusion, the usefulness of this social psychological analysis is evaluated in consideration of individualisation in ideologies of health, interpreted as 'internalised oppression', 'methodological product' and 'an assertion of agency' in the context of recent debate about identity in late modem society. In sum, the thesis both examines the social structuring of subjects and foregrounds the ethical and political dimensions of the ideologies of health within which inequalities research must recognise its' reflexive engagement

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48

Stefansson, Kolbeinn. "Economic inequality and social class". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:33ce091f-dda6-42cc-a824-c6407e5cd265.

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This thesis is about social class and economic inequality, using the Goldthorpe class schema. It tests theories claiming that social class is increasingly irrelevant to inequality and people's life-chances with data on incomes and material living standards from the British Household Panel Survey. It covers the period over which the survey ran, i.e. 1991-2008. During this time many prominent social theories dismissed class analyses while others sought to retain the class concept but dismissed its economic foundations, seeking to ground it in culture instead. Economic inequality has not figured highly on the agenda of class analysts, at least not those working with the Goldthorpe class schema. There is a substantial body of work on mobility, voting behaviour, income poverty and material deprivation, but inequality in a broader sense has for the most part been neglected. This thesis is a step towards rectifying this situation. Thus it provides new information about within-career social mobility as well as income inequality within and between classes, on whether income mobility reduces class inequalities over time, and cast light on class inequalities in material living standards. The findings suggest that class is far from irrelevant to economic inequality. Class differences in incomes are persistent, between class inequalities contribute more to inequality overall than within-class inequalities, and while income mobility does reduce class inequalities over time it is not to the extent that supports the hypothesis that class is irrelevant to people's economic fortunes.

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49

Mas, Erick M. "Social Class and Consumer Choice". Thesis, University of North Texas, 2019. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1538668/.

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Marketing research is lacking in the study of how SES influences consumption choices beyond access to purely economic resources, which merely represent purchasing power without explaining consumer preference. The first essay of this dissertation addresses this gap by examining an understudied social resource known as cultural capital—internalized knowledge, skills and behaviors reflecting cultural competence—that can influence the types of products consumers choose. The second essay examines low SES politically conservative consumers' desire to use consumption choices as signals to attain more status. Together, this dissertation extends our understanding of how SES influences consumer preferences for hedonic (vs. utilitarian) products, as well as their preference for product acquisition via access-based consumption (vs. ownership). Furthermore, the psychological processes underlying these effects and the conditions and personality differences moderating these effects are uncovered. Managerial and theoretical implications are provided.

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KLECKNER, LAURA. "INTERNET ACCESS LOCATION AND ONLINE USAGE ACTIVITIES: CAN ACCESS LOCATION HELP EXPLAIN RACE/CLASS USAGE DIFFERENCES IN THE ONLINE COMMUNITY?" University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1085758796.

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Tesis sobre el tema "Social Class and Inequalities"

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