Artículos de revistas: "Social Class and Inequalities"

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Cyba, Eva. "Gender inequalities between individualization and social class". Women's Studies International Forum 17, n.º 2-3 (marzo de 1994): 169–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0277-5395(94)90023-x.

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Sullivan, Alice, Sosthenes Ketende y Heather Joshi. "Social Class and Inequalities in Early Cognitive Scores". Sociology 47, n.º 6 (29 de abril de 2013): 1187–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0038038512461861.

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Tello, Juan Eduardo y Paola Bonizzato. "Social economic inequalities and mental health II. Methodological aspects and literature review". Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences 12, n.º 4 (diciembre de 2003): 253–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1121189x00003079.

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SummaryObjective - This study provides a framework for mental health inequalities beginners. It describes the methods used to measure socio economic inequalities and the inter-relations with different aspects of mental health: residence, mental health services organisation and main diagnostic categories. Method - Literature electronic-search on Medline, Psyclit, Econlit, Social Science Index and SocioSearch usingand relating the key-words inequalities, deprivation, poverty, socio-economic status, social class, occupational class, mental health for the period 1965-2002 (June). The articles selected were integrated with manual search (publications of the same authors, cross-references, working documents and reports of international andregional organisations). Results - Inequality is not an absolute concept and, mainly, it has been changing during the last years. For example, the integration and re-definition of variables that capture, in simple indices, a complex reality; the accent on social more than on economic aspects; the geo-validity and time-reference of the inequality's indices. Moreover, the inequalities could be the result of individual preferences, in this case, the social selectionand social causation issues will raise the suitability for a public intervention. Conclusions - Up to now, research has been mainly concentrated in describing and measuring health inequalities. For designing effective interventions, policy makers need to ground decisions on health-socioeconomic inequalities explanatory models.Declaration of Interestthis work was partly funded by the Department of the Public Health Sciences “G. Sanarelli” of the University of Rome “La Sapienza” and the Department of Medicine and Public Health of the University of Verona.

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4

Heath, Oliver. "Policy Alienation, Social Alienation and Working-Class Abstention in Britain, 1964–2010". British Journal of Political Science 48, n.º 4 (22 de septiembre de 2016): 1053–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123416000272.

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This article presents an examination of class-based inequalities in turnout at British elections. These inequalities have substantially grown, and the class divide in participation has become greater than the class divide in vote choice between the two main parties. To account for class inequalities in turnout three main hypotheses – to do with policy indifference, policy alienation and social alienation – are tested. The results from the British context suggest that the social background of political representatives influences the ways in which voters participate in the political process, and that the decline in proportion of elected representatives from working-class backgrounds is strongly associated with the rise of working-class abstention.

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Wenczenovicz, Thaís Janaina, ANA CAROLINA MARTINS DA SILVA y JANAINA RECZIEGEL. "SOCIAL INEQUALITIES AND YOUTH". International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 10, n.º 2 (1 de febrero de 2022): 128–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol10.iss2.3654.

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The struggle against social inequalities in Brazil has been the center of analysis in several areas of knowledge. Scholars, public managers, researchers, and public policymakers strive to diagnose and implement measures to reduce inequalities in the Brazilian context. Among the multiple forms of manifestation of such inequalities, the social markers of gender, race, and social class are the most investigated. However, color or race occupies a central space in most of the debates given the process of the socio-historical constitution of Brazil. In this debate, besides the aspects that are related to the Brazilian development process characteristics, whose dynamics have produced erasures and silencing throughout the country's history, black youth are among those included. As a consequence, the partial inclusion of the black, brown, or indigenous populations in this process has translated into higher levels of economic and social vulnerability, with greater incidence in some communities. The present reflection analyzes the impact of the social racial marker among the black Brazilian youth. The bibliographical-investigative methodological procedure is used.

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Iannelli, Cristina. "Educational Expansion and Social Mobility: The Scottish Case". Social Policy and Society 10, n.º 2 (24 de febrero de 2011): 251–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s147474641000059x.

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For over a century, the goal of reducing class inequalities in educational attainment has been based at least in part on the belief that this would help to equalise life chances. Drawing upon the main findings of three ESRC-funded projects, this paper reviews the empirical evidence on trends in social class inequalities in educational attainment and the role of education in promoting social mobility in Scotland. The findings show that in the second half of the twentieth century, despite the increase in overall levels of attainment, class differences in educational attainment persisted. Educational policies in Scotland supported educational expansion which allowed larger numbers of working-class children to climb the social class ladder than in the past. However, these did not translate into any break with the patterns of social inequalities in the chances of entering the top-level occupations. The conclusions highlight that educational policies on their own are not powerful enough to change patterns of social mobility which are mainly driven by labour market and social class structures.

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Fairley, L. "Social class inequalities in perinatal outcomes: Scotland 1980-2000". Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 60, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2006): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech.2005.038380.

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West, Patrick. "Inequalities? Social class differentials in health in British youth". Social Science & Medicine 27, n.º 4 (enero de 1988): 291–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(88)90262-6.

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Veenstra, Gerry. "Social space, social class and Bourdieu: Health inequalities in British Columbia, Canada". Health & Place 13, n.º 1 (marzo de 2007): 14–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2005.09.011.

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Krieger, Nancy y Elizabeth Fee. "Social Class: The Missing Link in U.S. Health Data". International Journal of Health Services 24, n.º 1 (enero de 1994): 25–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/2jg7-ymd5-wcp2-xxnt.

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National vital statistics in the United States are unique among those of advanced capitalist countries in reporting data only by race, sex, and age—not by class and income. This article reviews the limited U.S. data resources that may be used to document social class inequalities in health. Summarizing the strengths and weaknesses of the British approach to gathering data on social class and health, the authors discuss possible approaches to collecting data that could be feasible in the U.S. context. They argue that educational level is an insufficient marker for socioeconomic position and contend that appropriate measures must take into account not only individual but also household and neighborhood markers of social class. These additional types of social class data are especially important for accurately describing and understanding social class inequalities in health among women and across diverse racial/ethnic groups.

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Rudman, Laurie A. y Lina H. Saud. "Justifying Social Inequalities: The Role of Social Darwinism". Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 46, n.º 7 (6 de enero de 2020): 1139–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167219896924.

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Three studies supported a model whereby associations between ideologies that share roots in biological determinism and outcomes that reinforce inequality (based on gender, race, or class) were mediated by system justification beliefs (SJB). Outcomes included support for Donald Trump over Hillary Clinton as president (Study 1), justifying police brutality (Study 2), and support for a White House budget that slashed the social safety net to endow the wealthy with tax cuts (Study 3). These findings provoke a vital question: How do people deem unequal systems worthy of defense? Each study compared social Darwinism, social dominance orientation (SDO), and biological essentialism. We expected social Darwinism to account for the most variance in SJB because it provides both the rationale for social hierarchies (natural selection) and defends them as required for human welfare. This prediction was supported in each study. Implications for the psychology of legitimacy are discussed.

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Sorj, Bila y Alexandre Fraga. "Leave policies and social inequality in Brazil". International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 40, n.º 5/6 (6 de enero de 2020): 515–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijssp-07-2019-0141.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between leave policies and social inequalities. It seeks to analyze the historical course of maternity and paternity leave legislation in Brazil, and also provides quantitative evidence that access to leave is impacted by social stratification, revealing different inequalities. Design/methodology/approach To investigate access to leave policies, this study uses data from the Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios Contínua Anual de 2017 (Annual National Continuous Household Sampling Survey of 2017), conducted by IBGE/Brazil. Findings The results point out the existence of inequalities in the conceptions of leave policies in Brazil, and lead to quantitative confirmation that access to leave is stratified and permeated by inequalities of gender, class, race and age. Social implications By pointing out the social inequalities resulting from the contributory scheme of maternity and paternity leave, the results of this paper may generate debate on the transformation of leave into a universal right of citizens and impact public policy agenda in the future. Originality/value This is the first Brazilian study to analyze the relationship between leave policy and social inequality through quantitative data, showing the existence of social stratification of gender, class, race and age concerning the employed population’s access to maternity and paternity leave.

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Hemmingsson, Tomas, Ingvar Lundberg y Finn Diderichsen. "The roles of social class of origin, achieved social class and intergenerational social mobility in explaining social-class inequalities in alcoholism among young men". Social Science & Medicine 49, n.º 8 (octubre de 1999): 1051–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0277-9536(99)00191-4.

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Smith, Andy, David Haycock y Nicola Hulme. "The Class of London 2012: Some Sociological Reflections on the Social Backgrounds of Team GB Athletes". Sociological Research Online 18, n.º 3 (agosto de 2013): 158–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5153/sro.3105.

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This rapid response article briefly examines one feature of the relationship between social class and elite sport: the social backgrounds of the Olympians who comprised Team GB (Great Britain) at the 2012 London Olympics Games, and especially their educational backgrounds, as a means of shedding sociological light on the relationship between elite sport and social class. It is claimed that, to a large degree, the class-related patterns evident in the social profiles of medal-winners are expressive of broader class inequalities in Britain. The roots of the inequalities in athletes’ backgrounds are to be found within the structure of the wider society, rather than in elite sport, which is perhaps usefully conceptualized as ‘epiphenomenal, a secondary set of social practices dependent on and reflecting more fundamental structures, values and processes’ ( Coalter 2013 : 18) beyond the levers of sports policy. It is concluded that class, together with other sources of social division, still matters and looking to the process of schooling and education, whilst largely ignoring the significance of wider inequalities, is likely to have a particularly limited impact on the stubborn persistence of inequalities in participation at all levels of sport, but particularly in elite sport.

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Muntaner, C., O. Davis, K. McIsaack, L. Kokkinen, K. Shankardass y P. O’Campo. "Retrenched Welfare Regimes Still Lessen Social Class Inequalities in Health". International Journal of Health Services 47, n.º 3 (26 de junio de 2017): 410–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020731417712509.

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This article builds on recent work that has explored how welfare regimes moderate social class inequalities in health. It extends research to date by using longitudinal data from the EU-SILC (2003–2010) and examines how the relationship between social class and self-reported health and chronic conditions varies across 23 countries, which are split into five welfare regimes (Nordic, Anglo-Saxon, Eastern, Southern, and Continental). Our analysis finds that health across all classes was only worse in Eastern Europe (compared with the Nordic countries). In contrast, we find evidence that the social class gradient in both measures of health was significantly wider in the Anglo-Saxon and Southern regimes. We suggest that this evidence supports the notion that welfare regimes continue to explain differences in health according to social class location. We therefore argue that although downward pressures from globalization and neoliberalism have blurred welfare regime typologies, the Nordic model may continue to have an important mediating effect on class-based inequalities in health.

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Emler, Nicholas y Julie Dickinson. "Children's representation of economic inequalities: The effects of social class". British Journal of Developmental Psychology 3, n.º 2 (junio de 1985): 191–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-835x.1985.tb00971.x.

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King, Ronald. "Sex and Social Class Inequalities in Education: a re‐examination". British Journal of Sociology of Education 8, n.º 3 (septiembre de 1987): 287–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0142569870080304.

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Leathwood, Carole y Louise Archer. "Social class and educational inequalities: the local and the global". Pedagogy, Culture & Society 12, n.º 1 (marzo de 2004): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14681360400200186.

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Roberts, Kenneth M. "Social inequalities without class cleavages in Latin America’s neoliberal era". Studies in Comparative International Development 36, n.º 4 (diciembre de 2002): 3–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02686331.

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Muntaner, Carles, Craig Nagoshi y Chamberlain Diala. "Racial Ideology and Explanations for Health Inequalities among Middle-Class Whites". International Journal of Health Services 31, n.º 3 (julio de 2001): 659–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/c496-24x1-y2kn-q9jj.

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Middle-class whites' explanations for racial inequalities in health can have a profound impact on the type of questions addressed in epidemiology and public health research. These explanations also constitute a subset of white racial ideology (i.e., racism) that in itself powerfully affects the health of non-whites. This study begins to examine the nature of attributions for racial inequalities in health among university students who by definition are likely to be involved in the research, policy, and service professions (the upper middle class). Investigation of the degree to which middle-class whites attribute racial inequalities in cardiovascular health (between themselves and African Americans, American Indians, or Asian Americans) to biological, social, or lifestyle factors reveals that whites tend to attribute their own health to lifestyle choice and to biology rather than to social factors. These results suggest that contemporary middle-class whites' “self-serving” explanations for racial inequalities in health are comprised of two beliefs: implicit biologism (race is an attribute of organisms rather than a social relation) and liberal belief in self-determination, choice, and individual responsibility—some of the core lay beliefs of the worldview that sustains neoliberal capitalism. Contemporary white middle-class explanations for racial inequalities in health appear to include assumptions that justify class inequality. Liberal approaches to racism in public health are bound to miss a key component of racial ideology that is currently used to justify racial and class inequalities.

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Duta, Adriana y Cristina Iannelli. "Social Class Inequalities in Graduates’ Labour Market Outcomes: The Role of Spatial Job Opportunities". Social Sciences 7, n.º 10 (19 de octubre de 2018): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci7100201.

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This paper provides new important evidence on the spatial dimension of social class inequalities in graduates’ labour market outcomes, an aspect largely overlooked within the existing literature. Using data from the HESA Destinations of Leavers from Higher Education Early and Longitudinal Survey (DLHE) for the 2008/09 graduate cohort and applying multilevel logistic regression models, we investigate whether and the extent to which social class inequalities in graduates’ occupational outcomes vary depending on the job opportunities in the geographical area where they find employment. By examining different macro-level indicators, we find wider social inequalities by parental social class in areas with fewer opportunities in high professional and managerial occupations and smaller inequalities in areas with more opportunities. Interestingly, this pattern applies only to graduates who moved away from their place of origin. We interpret this finding as the result of selective migration, that is, areas with more opportunities attract the better-qualified graduates irrespective of their social origin. Finally, graduates’ HE experiences—in particular, their field of study—and sector of employment explain most of the social class gap in areas with fewer job opportunities.

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Bland, J. Martin. "North-south divide in social inequalities in Great Britain: Divide in social class inequalities may exist but is small". BMJ 329, n.º 7456 (1 de julio de 2004): 52.1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.329.7456.52.

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GRAHAM, HILARY. "Smoking, Stigma and Social Class". Journal of Social Policy 41, n.º 1 (15 de junio de 2011): 83–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s004727941100033x.

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AbstractThe decline in cigarette smoking in high-income countries is attributed to the increasing social unacceptability of smoking, a cultural shift in which tobacco control policies are identified as playing a major part. While seen as essential to protect public health, there is a growing appreciation that these polices may have contributed to a social climate in which smoking is stigmatised. The paper reviews this debate on smoking and stigma. It notes that individuals are represented by their smoking status; other social differences are typically treated as secondary. Thus, while the links between disadvantage and smoking are acknowledged, social class remains on the margins of the debate. The paper argues instead that class provides an essential analytic lens through which to understand the stigma of smoking and the stigmatising impacts of tobacco control policies. In support of its argument, it discusses how the stigmatisation of smoking has occurred against a backdrop of widening socioeconomic differentials in smoking and the increasing importance of the body and behaviour in public discourses about social class and moral worth. The paper concludes by underlining the importance of embedding tobacco control research and policy in an appreciation of social class, and social inequalities more broadly.

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Noll, Heinz-Herbert. "Class, Stratification and Beyond: The German Case". Tocqueville Review 18, n.º 2 (enero de 1997): 103–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/ttr.18.2.103.

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In the early eighties — well before the breakdown of the former GDR and the start of the reunification process — a new sociological debate emerged in West Germany about major changes of the social structure (Beck, 1983; Hradil, 1987). Keywords of this debate were for example “individualization”, “pluralization of life styles”, “social milieus” and “new social inequalities”.

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Bartoll-Roca, Xavier y Albert Julià. "Empirically revisiting a social class scheme for mental health in Barcelona, Spain". International Journal of Social Economics 48, n.º 7 (19 de marzo de 2021): 965–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-10-2020-0694.

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PurposeSocial inequalities in mental health can be captured by occupational situation and social class stratification. This study analyzes the adequacy of a classification of work and employment conditions and an adaptation of the Goldthorpe social class scheme in relation to mental health in Barcelona, Spain.Design/methodology/approachMultiple correspondence analysis (MCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (CA) on working and employment conditions were used to empirically construct distinctive working groups. Through 2 logistic regression models, we contrasted the association between mental health and (1) the cluster of employment and working conditions (with 4 categories: insiders, instrumental, precarious and peripheral workers), and (2) a standard Spanish version of the Goldthorpe social class scheme. The performance of the 2 models was assessed with Akaike and Bayesian information criteria. The analyses were carried out using the Barcelona Health Survey (2016) including the labor force population from 22 to 64 years of age.FindingsWide inequalities were found in mental health with both class schemes. The empirical class scheme was more effective than the Goldthorpe social class scheme in explaining mental health inequalities. In particular, precarious and peripheral workers in the MCA-CA analysis, together with unemployed workers, emerged as distinctive social groups apparently masked within the lower social class in the standard scheme. When using the standard scheme, the authors recommend widening the scope at the bottom of the social class categories while shrinking it at the top as well as considering unemployed persons as a separate category to better represent mental health inequalities.Social implicationsThe working poor appear to report at least as much poor mental health as unemployed persons. Policies aimed at more inclusive work should consider job quality improvements to improve the mental well-being of the labor force.Originality/valueOur study examines the utility of social classes to explain mental health inequalities by comparing an empirically based social class to the Spanish adaptation of the Goldthorpe classification.

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Grasso, Maria y Marco Giugni. "Intra-generational inequalities in young people’s political participation in Europe: The impact of social class on youth political engagement". Politics 42, n.º 1 (18 de octubre de 2021): 13–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02633957211031742.

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The declining political engagement of youth is a concern in many European democracies. However, young people are also spearheading protest movements cross-nationally. While there has been research on political inequalities between generations or inter-generational differences, research looking at differences within youth itself, or inequalities between young people from different social backgrounds, particularly from a cross-national perspective, is rare. In this article, we aim to fill this gap in the literature. Using survey data from 2018 on young people aged 18–34 years, we analyse how social class background differentiates groups of young people in their political engagement and activism across nine European countries. We look at social differentiation by social class background for both political participation in a wide variety of political activities including conventional, unconventional, community and online forms of political participation, and at attitudes linked to broader political engagement, to paint a detailed picture of extant inequalities amongst young people from a cross-national perspective. The results clearly show that major class inequalities exist in political participation and broader political engagement among young people across Europe today.

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Fauske, Halvor, Bente Kojan y Anita Skårstad Storhaug. "Social Class and Child Welfare: Intertwining Issues of Redistribution and Recognition". Social Sciences 7, n.º 9 (28 de agosto de 2018): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci7090143.

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By the end of the 20th century, social class appeared to be an old-fashioned and outdated concept. Serious doubts were expressed about the theoretical and empirical relevance of social class in understanding inequalities in contemporary society. However, experiences from completing research with children and families receiving support from child welfare services shows that applying a class perspective is useful. The purpose of our study was to explore the redistributive and cultural dimensions of social class in the context of child welfare. The data include survey interviews with 715 families in contact with the Norwegian child welfare services (CWS). We found that social class is important but with different effects compared with the industrial society. Our analysis highlighted the problems children and families involved with CWS face, associated with social inequalities based on class differences. We argue that social class is part of the social dynamic of late modern societies, and that this dynamic intertwines with the lives of families in CWS and the problem complexes they encounter in everyday life.

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Dias, Maria José Pereira de Oliveira y Maria Esperança Fernandes Carneiro. "A educação como contraponto das políticas neoliberais de fratura social". Revista Educação e Emancipação 13, n.º 2 (30 de agosto de 2020): 270. http://dx.doi.org/10.18764/2358-4319.v13n2p270-292.

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Este artigo apresenta as estratégias históricas do modelo econômico neoliberal e as arbitrariedades políticas instituídas nesse tipo de economia que gera graves consequências contra a classe trabalhadora brasileira e amplia as desigualdades sociais. Ao problematizar essas questões, foi necessário analisar e discutir demandas referentes às políticas neoliberais e suas arbitrárias imposições ao trabalhador. A partir desse fundamento, percebemos que é preciso assumir o risco de compreender a história como fundamento e enfrentamento das mazelas provocadas pelo presente sistema neoliberal que é um grande impositor das desigualdades sociais e constituidor de direitos que preservam a acumulação de capital da classe dominante.Palavras-chave: Neoliberalismo. Classe trabalhadora. Educação.Education as Counterpoint for Neoliberals Politics for Social FractureAbstract This article features the historical strategies of the neoliberal economic model and the political arbitrariness instituted in this type of economy, which generates serious consequences against a Brazilian labor class and wide social inequalities. Therefore, those questions are analyzed and discussed based on neoliberal policies against the workman. From this foundation, we perceive that it is necessary to take on or to understand the history as a foundation and confrontation of bad ones caused by the present neoliberal system that is a great diffuser of social inequalities and constituent of directs that preserve the riches of the dominant classKeywords: Neoliberalism. Class worker. Education.La Educación como Contrapunto de las Políticas Neoliberales de Fractura SocialResumenEste artículo presenta las estrategias históricas del modelo económico neoliberal y las arbitrariedades políticas instituidas en dicha economía, que genera graves consecuencias contra la clase trabajadora brasileña y amplía las desigualdades sociales. Al problematizar esas cuestiones, fue necesario analizar y discutir demandas referentes a las políticas neoliberales y sus arbitrarias imposiciones al trabajador. Con base en ello, percibimos que es necesario asumir el riesgo de comprender la historia como fundamento y enfrentamiento de los daños provocados por el presente sistema neoliberal que es un gran impositor de las desigualdades sociales y constituidor de derechos que preservan la acumulación de capital de la clase dominante,Palabras clave: Neoliberalismo. Clase trabajador. Educacion.

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KR, Vignesh Karthik y Vishal Vasanthakumar. "Caste, then Class: Redistribution and Representation in the Dravidian Model". CASTE / A Global Journal on Social Exclusion 3, n.º 1 (6 de mayo de 2022): 107–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.26812/caste.v3i1.348.

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Dravidian parties believe that changes to the economic structure will not lead to social justice if the upper/dominant castes continue to exclusively possess social capital. To them, and later, to the successive Dravidian party governments, economic justice was not possible without first ensuring social justice. This view was held by the stalwarts of the Dravidian movement such as Periyar E.V. Ramasamy (Periyar henceforth), the subject of this engagement, and actualised by leaders such as C.N. Annadurai and M. Karunanidhi, whose electoral politics was a means to empower subaltern groups in Tamil society. We contend that Periyar was the chief aggregator of the ideas put forth by earlier social justice ideologues, and an effective disseminator of the Dravidian political ethos among the masses, making his contribution comprehensive and unique. Through an analysis of the approach of Dravidian party governments towards affirmative action, administrative reform and legislation, and through comparisons of the performance of Tamil Nadu in terms of development indicators with other states, we reveal the profound influence of Periyarist thinking on the Dravidian movement and State praxis. The quest of the Dravidian movement for social justice did not just focus on class inequalities but on caste inequalities, which it saw as a propagator of class inequalities.

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Bonizzato, Paola y Juan Eduardo Tello. "Social economic inequalities and mental health. I. Concepts, theories and interpretations". Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale 12, n.º 3 (septiembre de 2003): 205–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1121189x00002980.

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SummaryAims – Reconstructing the models used for approaching the inequalities issues in health, idenfiying the most relevant theoretical and conceptual contributions. Method – Literature electronic-search on Medline, Psyclit, Econlit, Social Science Index and SocioSearch using the key-words inequalities, deprivation, poverty, socio-economic status, social class, occupational class, mental health for the period 1965-2002; integrated with manual search. The material was classified according to the conceptual and theoretical interpretative models or to the analyses of the association 'inequalities-health' where health was expressed as mortality, morbidity or services utilisation. Results – Four different interpretative models about the genesis of inequalities were identified. Further theoretical developments overcome the distinction among conceptuals contrapositions selection versus causation, statistic artefactual versus real differences, individual behaviours versus material context. Since the 80's the concept of material deprivation has been enlarged to include social deprivation to explain health inequalities. The social exclusion is related to material deprivation and to social fragility enlarging the traditional aspects of poverty. The theories that better adapt to the psychiatric field are the social selection and social causation. Conclusions – The social exclusion and the new methodologies for measuring the inequalities seems to be an effective way for understanding of the inexplored aspects of the mental health inequalities.Declaration of Interest: This work was partly funded by the Department of the Public Health Sciences “G. Sanarelli” of the University of Rome “La Sapienza” and the Department of Medicine and Public Health of the University of Verona.

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Oliver, M. N. "Racial health inequalities in the USA: The role of social class". Public Health 122, n.º 12 (diciembre de 2008): 1440–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2008.05.014.

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Roberts, Ken. "Leisure inequalities, class divisions and social exclusion in present-day Britain". Cultural Trends 13, n.º 2 (junio de 2004): 57–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0954896042000267152.

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Beck, Ulrich. "Beyond class and nation: reframing social inequalities in a globalizing world1". British Journal of Sociology 58, n.º 4 (7 de diciembre de 2007): 679–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-4446.2007.00171.x.

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Marks, Gary N. "Cross-National Differences and Accounting for Social Class Inequalities in Education". International Sociology 20, n.º 4 (diciembre de 2005): 483–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0268580905058328.

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Leslie, Deborah y John Paul Catungal. "Social Justice and the Creative City: Class, Gender and Racial Inequalities". Geography Compass 6, n.º 3 (marzo de 2012): 111–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-8198.2011.00472.x.

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Reiss, Lea Katharina, Michael Schiffinger, Wolfgang Mayrhofer y Marco Rapp. "Social Inequalities in Careers: Effects of Social Class Origin and Gender on Career Success". Academy of Management Proceedings 2020, n.º 1 (agosto de 2020): 17291. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2020.17291abstract.

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MAZHAK, IRYNA. "SOCIAL INEQUALITIES IN HEALTH: MAIN APPROACHES TO STUDY". Sociology: Theory, Methods, Marketing, Stmm. 2022 (1) (2022): 106–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/sociology2022.01.106.

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Over the past four decades, researchers have used different theoretical and methodological approaches to study social inequalities in health, so the aim of this study is to analyze the main approaches to studying social and socio-economic inequalities in health: materialist (based on income), psychosocial (based on social inequalities), cultural and behavioral (based on health / lifestyle behaviors) and intersectional (used to identify social inequalities in health among many social groups appear at the intersection between different identities of the individual). There are also the fundamental cause theory, in which SES and social class are defined as the "fundamental cause" of health, disease, disability and death, and the life-course theory covering all the models that explain health inequalities within research of social inequalities in health. Social inequalities in health are understood as differences in health between social groups based on such social determinants as gender, age, income, level of education, occupation, employment / unemployment, marital status, presence of children in the family, living conditions, place of residence, etc., which are reproducing over the time. Social inequalities in health are unjust, so in civilized societies governments tackling social inequalities in health. Health equity means that everyone should be able to reach their full potential in health. Health equity is not the same as health equality, because those who have greater needs but fewer resources need more support to equalize opportunities. Empirical studies, including those conducted in Ukraine, have shown the relationship between different social and economic determinants and health inequalities and have confirmed the existence of social inequalities in health among different socio-economic and demographic groups.

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Crean, Margaret. "Affective formations of class consciousness: Care consciousness". Sociological Review 66, n.º 6 (9 de enero de 2018): 1177–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0038026117751341.

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This article explores affective formations of class consciousness. Through autoethnography and conversations and discussion sessions with working class women, the article contributes to a sociology of social class that recognises how people come to know their class positioning in spaces outside of waged relations. The article argues that affective relations and affective inequalities inform women’s experiences and consciousness of inequality generated by the class system. Their consciousness of the class system is narrated through their care relational identities, discontent with affective inequalities generated by the class system and their attitudes and actions for social change. This implies an affective formation of class consciousness referred to as care consciousness. Care consciousness takes seriously what is refused legitimacy at a sociological and political level yet articulated privately by the women as they discuss experiences of the class system.

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Berlinguer, Giovanni. "The Welfare State, Class, and Gender". International Journal of Health Services 22, n.º 1 (enero de 1992): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/09th-2q3b-e38l-q0x3.

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If we compare the welfare state countries with others, from the point of view of both health and health services, the crisis concerns primarily the second group of countries. Nevertheless, difficulties arise also for welfare state policies. The problem is how to respond to neoconservative attacks on social and health rights, and how to change the bureaucratic and medicalized bias of the welfare state. The “golden era” of social insurance and health services, conceived as free access to funds to cope with all the growing needs of the population, is over. Limitations, controls, and priorities have to be established. In Italy and similar countries, the tendency is toward restricting health care for those who have greater needs, cutting funds for prevention, and creating greater inequalities. It is clear that the state must intervene to reduce social inequalities, but at the same time some existing differences (sexual, cultural, ethnic) have an intrinsic value that must be recognized. A policy of free-choice welfare is useful, and has nothing to do with the selective measures that are being introduced. Moreover, a key point has become the relationship between class and gender. The working class continues to be exploited, but new phenomena arise, connected with production and social reproduction and not limited to this sphere. It is true that gender includes social classes, but no social class may represent both sexes, or different ethnic groups, or gender itself.

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Garrido-Cumbrera, Marco, Carme Borrell, Laia Palència, Albert Espelt, Maica Rodríguez-Sanz, M. Isabel Pasarín y Anton Kunst. "Social Class Inequalities in the Utilization of Health Care and Preventive Services in Spain, a Country with a National Health System". International Journal of Health Services 40, n.º 3 (julio de 2010): 525–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/hs.40.3.h.

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In Spain, despite the existence of a National Health System (NHS), the utilization of some curative health services is related to social class. This study assesses (1) whether these inequalities are also observed for preventive health services and (2) the role of additional private health insurance for people of advantaged social classes. Using data from the Spanish National Health Survey of 2006, the authors analyze the relationships between social class and use of health services by means of Poisson regression models with robust variance, controlling for self-assessed health. Similar analyses were performed for waiting times for visits to a general practitioner (GP) and specialist. After controlling for self-perceived health, men and women from social classes IV-V had a higher probability of visiting the GP than other social classes, but a lower probability of visiting a specialist or dentist. No large class differences were observed in frequency of hospitalization or emergency services use, or in breast cancer screening or influenza vaccination; cervical cancer screening frequency was lower among women from social classes IV-V. The inequalities in specialist visits, dentist visits, and cervical cancer screening were larger among people with only NHS insurance than those with double health insurance. Social class differences in waiting times were observed for specialist visits, but not for GP visits. Men and women from social classes IV-V had longer waits for a specialist; this was most marked among people with only NHS insurance. Clearly, within the NHS, social class inequalities are still evident for some curative and preventive services. Further research is needed to identify the factors driving these inequalities and to tackle these factors from within the NHS. Priority areas include specialist services, dental care, and cervical cancer screening.

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Högberg, Björn, Mattias Strandh, Anna Baranowska-Rataj y Ingemar Johansson Sevä. "Ageing, health inequalities and the welfare state: A multilevel analysis". Journal of European Social Policy 28, n.º 4 (26 de diciembre de 2017): 311–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958928717739234.

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Comparative studies of health inequalities have largely neglected age and ageing aspects, while ageing research has often paid little attention to questions of social inequalities. This article investigates cross-country differences in gradients in self-rated health and limiting long-standing illness (LLSI) in middle-aged and in older people (aged 50–64 and 65–80 years) linked to social class, and degrees to which the social health gradients are associated with minimum pension levels and expenditure on elderly care. For these purposes, data from the European Social Survey (2002–2010) are analysed using multilevel regression techniques. We find significant cross-level interaction effects between class and welfare policies: higher expenditure on elderly care and particularly more generous minimum pensions are associated with smaller health inequalities in the older age group (65–80 years). It is concluded that welfare policies moderate the association between social class and health, highlighting the importance of welfare state efforts for older persons, who are strongly reliant on the welfare state and welfare state arrangements such as pensions and care policies.

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Şengönül, Turhan. "Impact of Social Class Background on General Cognitive Ability". International Education Studies 15, n.º 6 (28 de noviembre de 2022): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ies.v15n6p136.

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Theorists and researchers have been discussing the relationship between social class background and differences observed in cognitive ability test points of children from lower social class families and their middle or upper SES peers. It has been discussed that for a more detailed understanding of these cognitive inequalities, it appears necessary to move beyond boundaries of psychology and consider sociological conditions or contexts as well. It has been asserted that social class background characteristics affect general cognitive ability over time. The present study introduces research exploring the impact of social class background on cognitive abilities of children. In Britain, the 1958 National Child Development Survey (NCDS), the 1970 British Cohort Study (BCS70) and more recently, the Millennium Cohort Study (MCS 2000) conducted at the start of the 21st century are particularly relevant and nationally representative broad-based studies for exploring the impact of social class background on general cognitive abilities of children. It was observed that they provided scaled data and emphasized the impact of social class, particularly the role of parental education as an indicator of social class in surveys. Social class affected children’s cognitive abilities as early as primary school years and led to inequalities in their cognitive performance. Children from lower social class and lower socioeconomic status (SES) families suffered a clear disadvantage. Poor and disadvantaged conditions of the lower social class adversely impacted and impaired the cognitive ability of children. Given the fact that cognitive abilities play a role especially in later life, adverse impacts and impairment of cognitive abilities are regarded as alarming and undesirable situations in childhood.

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Zulqarnain, Muhammad y Qasim Azzam Bhutta. "Islamic Scholarship on Social Peace and Class Inequalities in Education: Mapping Contemporary Patterns by Abductive Reasoning and Islamic Injunctions". Al-Wifaq, n.º 4.2 (31 de diciembre de 2021): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.55603/alwifaq.v4i2.e3.

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The purpose of this research paper was to analyze the nexus between social peace and class inequalities in the education system of Pakistan. Qualitative, descriptive, and abductive research techniques were employed for the collection, analysis, and demonstration of data. The review of the literature concluded that the education system in Pakistan had badly failed to establish social peace, justice, tolerance, shared respect, harmony, and cooperation. Despite different measures such as modern techniques of curriculum development, effective teaching pedagogies, huge funds, up-to-date evaluation system, this education system only promoted hatred, evils, corruption, dishonesty, lust, immorality, unfaithfulness, materialism, secularism, and irreligious attitude into the society. The research disclosed that one of the core obstacles to social peace was Class inequalities in Pakistan's education system, which gave birth to uncountable problems in the society. In this context, this article intended to examine the effects of class inequalities in education upon social peace. The author would also recommend some suggestions to get rid of this issue and make a healthy, peaceful, and peace-promoting society in Pakistan.

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Wheeler-Bell, Quentin. "Educating the Elite: A Social Justice Education for the Privileged Class". Philosophical Inquiry in Education 24, n.º 4 (27 de julio de 2020): 379–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1070693ar.

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America is witnessing a new gilded age. Since the 1970’s, inequality in wealth and income has soared within the United States—and globally (Sayer, 2016; Therborn, 2013). Such inequalities affect human flourishing because they allow the privileged class to convert their wealth into different, and unequal, lifestyles and life chances. In addition, such inequalities provide the privileged class with greater opportunity to convert their wealth, income, and social capital into influence within the political system that undermines democracy. Considering the vast class-based inequities, then, how can social justice educators help the students born into the world of class privilege understand their civic obligations to deepen democracy—particularly economic democracy? And, how can they do so without engaging in morally reprehensible teaching practices? This paper takes a ‘critical approach’ in attempting answer this question. First by analyzing the cultural and structural causes of behind the world of class privilege—what I term the pathology of privilege. As well as, explaining how the pathology of privileges undermines democracy. Then I analyze four possible social justice approaches for the class privilege—class suicide; political apathy; civic volunteerism; and activist ally. I concluded by explaining why the activist ally approach is both a more crucial and morally appropriate approach for educating the elite about their responsibility to deepen democracy and advance justice.

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Cole-Malott, Donna-Marie y Curry Malott. "Testing and Social Studies in Capitalist Schooling". Monthly Review 67, n.º 10 (5 de marzo de 2016): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.14452/mr-067-10-2016-03_5.

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In a New York Times editorial on August 15, 2015, the editors, following the NAACP, cautioned that the movement for students to opt out of high-stakes standardized exams was detrimental to minority students and their communities. The rigorous accountability measures of high-stakes exams, it was claimed, compelled teachers and schools to do a better job educating traditionally oppressed students.… Such views ignore the history of high-stakes testing, which has served to perpetuate class inequality and advance white supremacy since intelligence testing was developed during the First World War. More than anything else, standardized testing measures students' access to resources and proximity to dominant cultures, rather than innate ability or quality of teaching. The accountability movement has successfully exploited the existing inequalities of a white-supremacist, capitalist society to argue that high-stakes testing, one of its primary tools, is helping to overcome those same inequalities.<a href="http://monthlyreview.org/index/volume-67-number-10" title="Vol. 67, No. 10: March 2016" target="_self">Click here to purchase a PDF version of this article at the Monthly Review website.</a>

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COSACOV, NATALIA y MARIANO D. PERELMAN. "Struggles over the Use of Public Space: Exploring Moralities and Narratives of Inequality. Cartoneros and Vecinos in Buenos Aires". Journal of Latin American Studies 47, n.º 3 (22 de mayo de 2015): 521–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x15000425.

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AbstractBased on extensive and long-term ethnographic fieldwork carried out between 2002 and 2009, and by analysing the presence, use and struggles over public space of cartoneros and vecinos in middle-class and central neighbourhoods of the city of Buenos Aires, this article examines practices, moralities and narratives operating in the production and maintenance of social inequalities. Concentrating on spatialised interactions, it shows how class inequalities are reproduced and social distances are generated in the struggle over public space. For this, two social situations are addressed. First, we explore the way in which cartoneros build routes in middle-class neighbourhoods in order to carry out their task. Second, we present an analysis of the eviction process of a cartonero settlement in the city.

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Hobbs, Graham. "Explaining social class inequalities in educational achievement in the UK: quantifying the contribution of social class differences in school ‘effectiveness’". Oxford Review of Education 42, n.º 1 (2 de enero de 2016): 16–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03054985.2015.1128889.

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Rahkonen, Ossi, Eero Lahelma, Antti Karisto y Kristiina Manderbacka. "Persisting Health Inequalities: Social Class Differentials in Illness in the Scandinavian Countries". Journal of Public Health Policy 14, n.º 1 (1993): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3342827.

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Baćak, Valerio. "Measuring inequalities in health from survey data using self-assessed social class". Journal of Public Health 40, n.º 1 (28 de marzo de 2017): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdx036.

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Petrou, Stavros, Emil Kupek, Christine Hockley y Michael Goldacre. "Social class inequalities in childhood mortality and morbidity in an English population". Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 20, n.º 1 (enero de 2006): 14–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3016.2006.00688.x.

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