Tesis: "Social Enterprise Financing"

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Mahmuda, I., A. Baskaran y J. Pancholi. "Financing Social Innovation: A Case Study of Micro Financing in Bangladesh". Tshwane University of Technology, 2010. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1001631.

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Abstract Micro financing is perceived to contribute towards poverty reduction by developing small enterprises. We examined the Challenging the Frontiers of Poverty Reduction (CFPR) programme implemented by the Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC) between 2002 and 2007. We selected this case because it used a different approach of micro financing where assets were transferred rather than cash to participants. We examined two aspects of the programme: (i) the impact of micro financing through asset transfer instead of cash on reducing poverty; (ii) the factors that contributed to positive impact or little or no impact on the economic conditions of the participant households and the trajectories of changes experienced in these economic conditions. These were analysed using data gathered from a survey of 21 beneficiaries and also from the in-depth interviews of 8 of these households, which included both successful and not so successful cases. The study found that the asset transferring programme resulted in significant improvement in the livelihood of the majority of members. However, in some cases the beneficiaries did not see any or significant improvement in their livelihood. The study revealed that households that demonstrated proper planning, hard work, and personal interest in the business they started have witnessed improved quality of life through micro financing, while idleness of members and absence of proper planning resulted in failures. To some extent, it was found that social barriers can also contribute to failures, even if the beneficiaries work hard and are highly motivated. Based on these findings, the study makes some policy recommendations

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Hazam, Diana, Dijana Karimova y Magnus Gabriel Olsson. "Crowdfunding as a Source for Social Enterprise Financing : Advantages and Disadvantages Experienced by Social Entrepreneurs". Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Företagsekonomi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-35809.

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Social Enterprises face funding challenges. As investors focus too narrowly on risk and return, social enterprises may struggle to compete with commercial enterprises for investment capital. In this context, lending and equity crowdfunding have not been sufficiently examined, and its growing importance for business financing makes it valuable to understand its implications for social enterprises. This study collects qualitative data and uses thematic analysis to identify advantages and disadvantages that social entrepreneurs experience when using lending or equity crowdfunding. By conducting six semi-structured interviews we identified nine major advantages which are Viable funding option, Publicity and marketing, Engagement creation, Access to impact-minded investors, Alignment with company principles, Higher valuation of the company, Tests market viability, Favourable power balance towards investors and Large pool of capital; and five major disadvantages which includes Higher costs, Large number of investors, Inexperienced investors, Public exposure & Efficiency concerns. We discuss that crowdfunding represents values that are attractive for social enterprises. Further, crowdfunding sometimes offer higher valuation or more capital to social enterprises, compared to other funding sources. We see that several advantages are especially important in business’s startup phase. However, crowdfunding can also cause greater stress on the management team, and require time and resources. Entrepreneurs also need to consider factors such as public embarrassment when campaigns fail.

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Stiebel, Saga y Helena Wellander. "Impact investment i Sverige : En finanseringsform som ger samhällsnytta". Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-120199.

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Bakgrund: Impact investment är en ny finansieringsform, som med sitt ursprung och framväxt i både USA och Europa nu spridits till Sverige. Fenomenet beskrivs inom populärvetenskapen som investeringar med avsikten att generera en mätbar samhällsmässig och/eller miljömässig avkastning tillsammans med en finansiell avkastning. I Sverige har impact investment sedan bara några år tillbaka uppmärksammats av svenska aktörer som har börjat arbeta med investeringsformen. Fenomenet kan ses som en idé som överförts till ett nytt sammanhang, därden har uppmärksammats och blivit till verksamhetsaktiviteter. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att skapa förståelse för fenomenet impact investment i Sverige och att analysera på vilket sätt impact investment har formats av sitt sammanhang. Metod: Studien har en hermeneutisk forskningsansats och har genomförts med en kvalitativ metod. En intervjustudie har utförts med totalt sju nyckelpersoner inom det svenska organisationsfältet för impact investment. Internationella rapporter om fenomenet har även använts för att kartlägga de aktiviteter som genomförts i de länder som ingår i studien. Slutsats: Studien visar att impact investment har flera olika innebörder i Sverige. Impact investment har formats av sitt sammanhang vilket har resulterat i att impact investment har översatts av nya hybridorganisationer i samhället.
Background: Impact investment is a new funding that has its origin and growth in both the USA and Europe. It is now emerging to Sweden. The phenomenon is described in the popular science literature as investments with the intention to generate measurable social and/or environmental impact along with a financial return. In Sweden impact investment has been observed for only a few years. Swedish operators have started to use the funding and the phenomenon can be understood as an idea that has moved to a new context, where it has been noticed and used in operational activities. Aim: The aim of the study is to create an understanding of the phenomenon impact investment in Sweden and to analyse in what way impact investment has been formed by its context. Methodology: The study has a hermeneutic research approach and has been conducted with a qualitative approach. The study has been realized with a total of seven key figures in the Swedish organizational field of impact investment. International reports of the phenomenon have been used to track the activities conducted in the countries included in the study. Conclusion: The study shows that impact investment has many different meanings in Sweden. Impact investment has been formed by its context and has been translated by new hybrid organisations in the society.

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Nováková, Anna. "Sociální podnikání nevládních neziskových organizací (integrační sociální podnik alternativním nástrojem financování hlavní činnosti NNO)". Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-264489.

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The subject of the thesis is the proposal of the work integration social enterprise (WISE) of NGO SOS Children's villages. Proposal shall take form of a business plan and is based on the needs of the Association to reduce its financial dependence on an external sources of funding. A business plan is a proposal of the concrete WISE which fulfils the function of an alternative financing instrument for the main activities of the Association. The thesis uses the method of SWOT analysis to group and evaluate the available information from the external and internal environment of the WISE as well as uses tools of economic and financial analysis to determine the tipping point and the financial needs for the operation of social enterprise in the first three years of operation. The thesis brings new results and knowledge and proposes a recommendation of how the social enterprise could be realized.

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Srba, Monika. "Finansiering av arbetsintegrerande sociala företag : En dragkamp mellan det sociala och det kommersiella". Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskaper, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-24231.

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The field of the social economy and of the work integration social enterprises (WISE) in particular, is for many a more or less unknown area. Unlike ordinary enterprises the WISE's are different due to their aim of integrating disadvantaged people through work. In comparison with other small enterprises earlier research has shown that the WISE's are dealing with challenges regarding recruitment, participation, leadership, sustainable business ideas but above all, the access to funding. The purpose of this essay has therefore been to examine and analyze the financial situation of eight WISE's located in the Stockholm County. The results indicate that half of the enterprises perceive their economic situation as very unstable and as an obstacle to their further development. This perception seems to be more common among the younger enterprises which have not differentiated their businesses activities enough, which results in a greater reliance of the purchases of the public sector. The studied WISE's express a desire to reduce their dependence on the revenues from the public sector by increasing the revenues from other business activities, but this is something that has been proven to be both difficult and time consuming. In line with e.g. age, business maturation, expanded areas of business activities and increased knowledge, more funding opportunities seems to occur. A vast majority of the enterprises have a negative attitude towards external funding in terms of external equity capital, due to its presumable intrusion on the determination of the company. The field which WISE's are operating in is undoubtedly an important socioeconomic area since they react to one of the society’s most prominent problems; people in exclusion and all the problems the exclusion causes. The analysis of the examined enterprise's funding opportunities and its consequences are the main contributions of this essay as well as the further suggestions on how the WISE's financial situation can be improved.

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Isserman, Noah Jacobsen. "Venturing into public good : from venture capital to the creation of state-supported venture philanthropy and its implications for third sector financing". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/286340.

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Over the last three decades, scholars in management, policy, and geography have examined the growing economic, social, and spatial impact of the financial sector. Venture capital firms have been a focus, generating a contested but deep literature around the roles of such "value-adding" capital providers in supporting the growth of firms, industries, and various territorial innovation models. In parallel, there has been substantial government support-financial, regulatory, and otherwise-of these private sector financial intermediaries, despite scepticism. The past twenty years have seen the emergence and rapid growth of analogous funders in the third sector, itself the realm of substantial experimentation and growth. These new intermediaries, "venture philanthropists", have become important players in shaping, structuring, and channelling funding to the third sector. The activities and effects of venture philanthropists are underexplored, as are their growing interactions with governments-despite intentional and striking similarities between the evolution of venture capital and that of venture philanthropy. This dissertation addresses these gaps by systematically examining the emergence, evolution, and operational practices of two influential British venture philanthropy funds: the first such fund in Europe (Impetus Trust) and the first fund in the world co-created with the state (Inspiring Scotland). The two venture philanthropy organisations (VPOs)-one with roots in venture capital, the other with roots in the voluntary and government sectors-both conducted the venture capital-inspired operational model of venture philanthropy in similar ways. That said, the VPOs reflected the logics and practices of their founders and funders. Impetus Trust more closely resembled early-stage venture capital, with a reliance on London-based networks, funders, and service providers-and a heavily London-focused portfolio. Inspiring Scotland evidenced the logics of government rather than charity in several instances, with substantial original research into social issues, heavily structured portfolios on set timelines, and regionally-distributed staff. This approach broadened access, allowing support of SPOs and their clients across various (and underserved) geographies, but limited options for opportunity-driven or expressive functions of philanthropy. I surveyed the CEOs of most organisations supported by the two venture philanthropy funds (82 of 98 charities and social businesses), supplemented by interviews of selected CEOs and the founders and staff of the two funds. I find that, overall, the two VPOs each engaged in seven core activities of venture capital, intentionally adapting them to the third sector: sourcing and selection, due diligence, an engaged relationship, provision of funding, provision of non-financial support, creation of network linkages, and intentional exiting of relationships. As in venture capital, this process had broader effects: providing signals of investee quality, preparing investees for subsequent funding, and expanding networks. The combination of long-term relationships and high formal reporting requirements imposed significant costs for SPOs-and also created a virtuous cycle of trust and collaboration between VPOs and SPOs. The venture philanthropy model also had broader societal effects, creating data regarding individual organisations and the efficacy of responses to social issues, which in both cases informed policy. As intermediaries, venture philanthropists decreased power differentials and improved the flow of (oft-anonymized) information amongst funders, statutory bodies, and funded organisations, facilitating several types of collaboration. SPO managers indicated that they received, on average, approximately ten different types of non-financial support-like strategy consulting, human resources support, or legal counsel. These managers reported in interviews and surveys that the non-financial services provided by venture philanthropists were highly valued, on average. Further, managers believed these services provided more value than it cost the VPOs to provide them. Likewise, managers highly valued most forms of new networking connections (though not all services or linkages were found to be valuable). Smaller SPOs valued services and network links more highly than larger SPOs, although all sizes of SPOs indicated both were valuable, on average. Importantly, this data was provided by SPO managers and focused on the SPO-VPO dyad-rather than provided by VPOs and focused at the portfolio or trust level. This filled an important gap in the literature: academics and practitioners often lament that the voices of charities supported by foundations are not often enough heard, which limits our understanding of many aspects of organizational philanthropy and its effects-in particular the burdens and benefits for recipient organisations. I documented the co-creation of the first government-supported venture philanthropy fund through eleven interviews with founding managers and government officials. This model, in which state, private, and civil society actors collectively founded and funded a value-adding capital provider, militates against neoliberal assumptions of an ever-diminishing state, as does the leveraging of private resources in alignment with state aims-though it raises concerns around democratic processes, accountability, and local control. This work helps inform the changing nature of the voluntary sector and its relationship with the state. I focus on the increasing interaction of actors between and across systems-sometimes in new roles and coordinated by new intermediaries-in the allocation of resources and delivery of services in the public interest. These new interactions inform broad bodies of work that seek to understand changing sectoral roles, most notably discourses surrounding neoliberalism(s), financialisation, and public management. Overall, I find privately- and publicly-funded venture philanthropy playing a role in the third sector analogous to the role of venture capital in the private sector, with similar practices and concomitant effects in data generation, network formation and strengthening, facilitating partnerships, and signalling the quality of supported organisations. By examining two such emerging models of capital provision, I contribute grounded understanding of the way such systems are created and function across the private, public, and third sectors.

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Holloway, Jimeka J. "BRINGING SOCIAL INNOVATION TO SCALE: LEVERAGING RELATIONAL CAPITAL AND RISK-TAKING BEHAVIORS OF ACTORS IN COMPLEX ECOSYSTEMS". Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1487252947628322.

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Kocadereli, Beril y Olivier Manzi. "The Challenges of Maximizing Social Impactas an Investor". Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-300180.

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[Context] Social impact refers to the positive and negative consequences of any organization on the environment and society. One actor in the social impact landscape is the impact investor who expects financial return for their investments as well as positive social impact. Although the impact investor plays a crucial role in the social impact capital market by financing organizations that explicitly address social and environmental problems, the academic literature regarding impact investing has yet to develop especially from the investor perspective. One reason for the lack of academic research in this field is that the impact investor stands at a crossroad, between social impact and social enterprise research. [Purpose] Therefore, the purpose of this research is to determine the current state of impact investment processes as well as the challenges that investors face and, lastly, the role of social impact measurement within the impact investing process. [Findings] An exploratory multi-case study was conducted with semi-structured interviews which resulted in eight interviews from impact investors across four countries and within different focus areas in the social impact landscape. The findings show that impact investors face a variety of challenges based on the stage of their portfolio enterprises, the alignment of the social enterprise’s business model with their social impact mission, the horizon of their investments and, last but not least, their investment exit strategies. As for the role of social impact measurement in the investment process, the findings show that the majority of impact investors measure the impact of their investments although the method of measurement varies while the remaining investors, that do not measure social impact, illustrate the challenges that come with measuring impact in their personal contexts such as the difficulty of measuring the impact of an early stage social enterprise that may be susceptible to pivots.
[Kontext] Social påverkan avser de positiva och negativa konsekvenserna av alla organisationer på miljön och samhället. En aktör i det sociala påverkanslandskapet är påverkansinvesterare som förväntar sig ekonomisk avkastning för sina investeringar samt positiva sociala effekter. Även om påverkansinvesterare spelar en avgörande roll på kapitalmarknaden för social påverkan genom att finansiera organisationer som uttryckligen behandlar sociala och miljömässiga problem, har den akademiska litteraturen angående impact investering ännu inte utvecklats särskilt ur investerarperspektivet. En anledning till bristen på akademisk forskning inom detta område är att påverkansinvesterare står vid en korsning mellan social påverkan och social företagsforskning. [Syfte] Syftet med denna forskning är därför att undersöka det aktuella tillståndet för effekterna av investeringsprocesser samt de utmaningar som investerare står inför och slutligen rollen för mätning av sociala effekter i effekten av investeringsprocessen. [Resultat] En undersökande multifallstudie genomfördes med semistrukturerade intervjuer som resulterade i åtta intervjuer från påverkansinvesterare i fyra länder och inom olika fokusområden i det sociala påverkanslandskapet. Resultaten visar att påverkansinvesterare möter olika utmaningar baserat på affärsfas i deras portföljföretag, anpassningen av det sociala företagets affärsmodell med deras sociala påverkan, deras investeringshorisont och, sist men inte minst, deras investeringsutgångsstrategier . När det gäller rollen för mätning av sociala konsekvenser i investeringsprocessen visar resultaten att majoriteten av påverkansinvesterare mäter effekterna av sina investeringar även om mätmetoden varierar medan de återstående investerarna, som inte mäter social påverkan, illustrerar de utmaningar som komma med att mäta påverkan i deras personliga sammanhang, såsom svårigheten att mäta effekterna av ett tidigt skede socialt företag som kan vara känsligt för svängningar.

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Kocadereli, Beril y Olivier Manzi. "The Challenges of Maximizing Social Impact as an Investor". Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-300180.

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[Context] Social impact refers to the positive and negative consequences of any organization on the environment and society. One actor in the social impact landscape is the impact investor who expects financial return for their investments as well as positive social impact. Although the impact investor plays a crucial role in the social impact capital market by financing organizations that explicitly address social and environmental problems, the academic literature regarding impact investing has yet to develop especially from the investor perspective. One reason for the lack of academic research in this field is that the impact investor stands at a crossroad, between social impact and social enterprise research. [Purpose] Therefore, the purpose of this research is to determine the current state of impact investment processes as well as the challenges that investors face and, lastly, the role of social impact measurement within the impact investing process. [Findings] An exploratory multi-case study was conducted with semi-structured interviews which resulted in eight interviews from impact investors across four countries and within different focus areas in the social impact landscape. The findings show that impact investors face a variety of challenges based on the stage of their portfolio enterprises, the alignment of the social enterprise’s business model with their social impact mission, the horizon of their investments and, last but not least, their investment exit strategies. As for the role of social impact measurement in the investment process, the findings show that the majority of impact investors measure the impact of their investments although the method of measurement varies while the remaining investors, that do not measure social impact, illustrate the challenges that come with measuring impact in their personal contexts such as the difficulty of measuring the impact of an early stage social enterprise that may be susceptible to pivots.
[Kontext] Social påverkan avser de positiva och negativa konsekvenserna av alla organisationer på miljön och samhället. En aktör i det sociala påverkanslandskapet är påverkansinvesterare som förväntar sig ekonomisk avkastning för sina investeringar samt positiva sociala effekter. Även om påverkansinvesterare spelar en avgörande roll på kapitalmarknaden för social påverkan genom att finansiera organisationer som uttryckligen behandlar sociala och miljömässiga problem, har den akademiska litteraturen angående impact investering ännu inte utvecklats särskilt ur investerarperspektivet. En anledning till bristen på akademisk forskning inom detta område är att påverkansinvesterare står vid en korsning mellan social påverkan och social företagsforskning. [Syfte] Syftet med denna forskning är därför att undersöka det aktuella tillståndet för effekterna av investeringsprocesser samt de utmaningar som investerare står inför och slutligen rollen för mätning av sociala effekter i effekten av investeringsprocessen. [Resultat] En undersökande multifallstudie genomfördes med semistrukturerade intervjuer som resulterade i åtta intervjuer från påverkansinvesterare i fyra länder och inom olika fokusområden i det sociala påverkanslandskapet. Resultaten visar att påverkansinvesterare möter olika utmaningar baserat på affärsfas i deras portföljföretag, anpassningen av det sociala företagets affärsmodell med deras sociala påverkan, deras investeringshorisont och, sist men inte minst, deras investeringsutgångsstrategier . När det gäller rollen för mätning av sociala konsekvenser i investeringsprocessen visar resultaten att majoriteten av påverkansinvesterare mäter effekterna av sina investeringar även om mätmetoden varierar medan de återstående investerarna, som inte mäter social påverkan, illustrerar de utmaningar som komma med att mäta påverkan i deras personliga sammanhang, såsom svårigheten att mäta effekterna av ett tidigt skede socialt företag som kan vara känsligt för svängningar.

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Nilsson, Andreas. "Financing of Nonprofits and Social Enterprises". Doctoral thesis, Handelshögskolan i Stockholm, Institutionen för Finansiell ekonomi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hhs:diva-2165.

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This doctoral thesis contains three research papers in social finance, a field concerned with the financing issues of organizations aiming to solve social problems. Intertemporal Preferences of Nonprofit Organizations This paper studies the intertemporal preferences that govern the spending decision of nonprofit organizations. I estimate the subjective discount rate and the elasticity of intertemporal substitution based on an extension of the consumption Euler model that allows for heterogeneous parameter estimates with regards to donation dependency and size. Biting the Hand That Feeds You: Effects of Embezzlement in Nonprofits This paper studies how newspaper reports on embezzlement affect donations received by nonprofit organizations. Based on a unique data set on wrongdoings by top managers in nonprofits between 1995 and 2002, I provide evidence that the cost of weak governance in nonprofits is very high. What is the Business of Business? This paper develops a theoretical framework for understanding the emergence of new organizational forms, such as socially responsible firms and social enterprises, which embody the private sector’s efforts to resolve problems that typically have been within the purview of government and traditional charities. The framework yields an optimal investment policy, which typically Pareto-dominates many common social investment principles, such as break-even conditions, social screening and SROI. About the author Andreas Nilsson pursued his PhD in the Department of Finance at the Stockholm School of Economics. During this time, he was affiliated with the Swedish House of Finance and SIFR and spent two years as a visiting fellow at Harvard University. He is the founder of Sonanz, an asset management firm focused on social investments.

Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan, 2014. Sammanfattning jämte 3 uppsatser

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Kuhlengisa, Mclntosh Mufunani. "Financing social enterprises : constraints and opportunities in South Africa". Diss., University of Pretoria, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/59845.

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Background: - Social enterprises (SEs) address institutional voids by solving social and environmental needs. In South Africa, SEs play a fundamental role as government led initiatives are increasingly strained in their ability to satisfy the social and environmental deficit. Consequently their funding structures are particularly relevant in the present socio-economic milieu of South Africa. Objective:- - This paper thus aimed to provide a detailed understanding of the nuances of funding of social enterprises in South Africa, exploring whether their structural and mission peculiarities warrant a unique funding approach. Methodology - This paper studied social enterprises and funders in South Africa through in-depth interviews provide a comprehensive understanding of the key funding issues from triangulating between funders and social enterprises to arrive at convergence and identify divergences. Results: The results indicate that there is no clarity on the structure and definition of social enterprises in South Africa. This has a direct bearing on the ability of the SE to attract funding as well as funders to provide funding. As a result, SEs pivot their structural from to fit funding requirements and funders sticking to funding approaches for traditional enterprises. Further, as social enterprises attain self-sustainability, scale is restrained by an unwillingness to accommodate traditional funding sources such as equity and debt. Conclusion: The results highlight the unintended funding consequence of the absence of clarity for social enterprises.
Mini Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2017.
pa2017
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
MBA
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RHENMAN, ELIN. "How are Swedish social entrepreneurs financing theirbusinesses? : A survey of Swedish social entrepreneurs’ access to funding". Thesis, KTH, Nationalekonomi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-198689.

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Social entrepreneurship and related concepts have received an increasing amount of attention during the last years. Social entrepreneurship is characterized by ventures with a social mission, seeking to address societal challenges and needs. The social goal is the primary goal of the business activities whereas generating economic profit is not the main objective, yet still possible. Social entrepreneurship is often seen as a powerful tool for creating sustainable development, a fundamental goal of many businesses, countries and organizations today. Just like any other firm, social entrepreneurs need finance in order to exist. This thesis seeks to examine how Swedish social entrepreneurs finance their businesses. A questionnaire was sent out to Swedish social entrepreneurs and the results suggest that Swedish social entrepreneurs to a large extent rely on governmental funds and support, personal resources and internally generated capital. Access to the traditional banking system seems to be limited compared to traditional entrepreneurs. There seems to be a gap between the demand and supply of external capital since the majority of the respondents believe that they have a limited access to external capital. 60 per cent of the respondents reported a positive economic result in the last fiscal year. Furthermore, the majority of the respondents want to expand their businesses in the future but the largest obstacles seem to be lack of financing and political aspects. The respondents hope for, among other things, an improved attitude towards social entrepreneurship in general, more financing and increased collaboration with Swedish municipalities. Altogether the results highlight the role of the government in supporting and promoting this type of firms in Sweden.

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Watse, Dije Umaru. "Sources of Financing for Small and Medium Enterprises in Nigeria". ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/4690.

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Small and medium enterprises (SMEs), which account for 96% of businesses in Nigeria are often forced to close because they lack access to funds. The purpose of this multiple case study was to explore the sources of funds available for the development and growth of SMEs in Nigeria. The conceptual framework guiding this study was the pecking order theory. Data were gathered from company documents and through semistructured interviews of a target population of 3 leaders of 3 SMEs from the oil and gas industry in Abuja, Kano, and Lagos in Nigeria, with a capitalization of between N5 million to N500 million. Data were compiled and organized, disassembled into fragments, reassembled into a sequence of groups, and interpreted for meaning. Member checking and triangulation of sources between the interviews and company documents added to the trustworthiness of the findings. Two themes morphed from the study: sources of business finance for SMEs and constraints of sourcing of finance for business. The implications for positive social change include the potential to create employment opportunities for youths in the communities by enabling SMEs in Nigeria to succeed and expand through the identification of sources of funding.

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Kuang, PeiYing y ZhongLv Song. "How Do Social Enterprises Access Funding? : RAPATAC In Gävle". Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för ekonomi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-15950.

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Title: How Do Social Enterprises Access Funding? RAPATAC In Gävle Level: Final assignment for Bachelor Degree in Business Administration Authors: Peiying Kuang and Zhonglv Song Supervisor: Dr. Maria Fregidou-Malama Examiner: Jonas Kågström Date: 2013 May Aim: The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors that influence social enterprises to access funding. Method: This study has chosen a social enterprise as a single case study. We design the questions and collect the data based on five assessment factors from both the social enterprise and funders’ perspective. We use interview and questionnaires to investigate whether these five assessment factors influence funders’ decision. Result and Conclusions: In our study, we found that five assessment factors could influence the funders’ decision. Social mission and the qualities of the leader are crucial factors influencing funding decisions. The performance of SE, financing sustainability and communication transparence influence social enterprise to maintain a long-term relationship with funders. Suggestion for further studies: This investigation based on a single case study in Gavle, and we have collected data from a limited number of responders. Thus, we suggest using multiple case studies and collecting data from more responders. The further study should not be limited to one city. Contribution of the thesis: Our theoretical contribution is providing a model to complete theory. This model includes five factors which affecting funding of social enterprise. In managerial aspect, both current and potential social entrepreneurs can refer to these five assessment factors to improve their competence to attract funders. For the societal implication, this study shows the value and challenge of social enterprise to people and government, which enhance the public recognition of the social enterprise. Key words: Funders, social mission, qualities of leader, performance of SE, financing sustainability, communication transparence.

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Kočí, Alena. "Financování projektů z fondů EU". Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-221757.

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The goal of the thesis is to consider various ways how to finance expanded entrepreneurial plans of a selected starting company with the focus on sources of the European Union funds. The first chapters present the general possibilities of the financing of companies and consider suitability of their usage. At the end of these chapters forms of the financial support from the European Union Funds are discussed. The next part is focussed more practically. The expanded entrepreneurial plans of the Orange Academy company, which are intended for the grant, is introduced here. The ability of the company to meet a liability resulting from the given way of financing are mentioned as well. The aspects of the realization of the project appeal and possible consequences, if the conditions after approval are not completed, are the necessary part.

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16

Kobo, Kgabo Lynn. "An evaluation of the relationship between corporate social investment and financial performance". Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/2524.

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Thesis (MBA.) -- Unversity of Limpopo, 2016
The researcher using Quantitative process is aimed to appraise Corporate Social Investment (CSI) in relation to Corporate Financial Performance (CFP). This research addressed theoretical paradigms of CSI, leadership strategies applied to implement CSI and stakeholder theory is presented. The study area was Johannesburg Stock Exchange FTSE/JSE Responsible Investment Index. The top 35 recorded companies were chosen, and then from top 35, only 5 companies were used (25 observations). Data from 2011 to 2015 were obtained from audited integrated financial statements, websites, publications and annual reports. CSI indexes and financial presentation measures of companies were taken from the annual reports to be analysed using simple regression equation to examine the link between corporate social investments to company’s fiscal presentation. This study revealed a strong positive linkage among company’s social investment strategy implementation and share price, turnover, and return on equity. Companies that implemented social investment strategy noticed increase in profit because of factors such customer awareness, good firm reputation and competitive advantage.

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17

Lee, Erica Kim Man. "The impact of absorptive capacity and ordinary capabilities on both financial and social performance: the case of social enterprises". HKBU Institutional Repository, 2018. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/491.

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Social enterprises (SEs) are playing an increasingly important role in fostering a more sustainable and equitable society around the world. Previous studies have suggested that developing capabilities to manage knowledge is a key driver of an SE's success (Domenico et al., 2010; Guclu et al., 2002; Tracey et al., 2011). An SE operates much like a business, but manages operations and directs its surpluses towards the pursuit of social goals (Austin et al., 2006; Dart, 2004; Dees, 2001; Granados et al., 2011; Mair & Marti, 2006; Nicholls, 2006) in an unstable or unpredictable market (Jaworski & Kohli, 1993; Mair & Marti, 2009; Nicholls, 2010; Sharir & Lerner, 2006). When the market is highly turbulent, customers' product expectations and preferences change over time. In such a situation, an SE has to pay more attention to the development of high-quality new innovative products and solutions that satisfy the social needs of specific customer segments, including underprivileged groups and socially responsible consumers, thereby more effectively addressing societal problems in a sustainable way. Indeed, the question of how absorptive capacity contributes to an SE's financial and social return is largely under-researched (Dacin et al., 2011; Granados et al., 2011; Haugh, 2005). Drawing on the dynamic capabilities perspective, this study proposes a research model in which absorptive capacity affects an SE's firm performance in both financial and social terms via marketing capabilities. It advances the existing SE-related literature by investigating the mediating role of marketing capabilities in the relationship between absorptive capacity and firm performance in the context of SEs. Also, market turbulence is theorized to moderate the relationship between marketing capabilities and performance. To perform this study, I collected data using questionnaires based on a list generated randomly from the database of the Hong Kong Council of Social Service SE Directory, and the contacts obtained from other sources such as Fullness Social Enterprises Society and the Workforce Development Agency, Ministry of Labour Taiwan. The data collection was performed over an eight-month period, with 109 valid responses being collected for this study. Multiple regression and a bootstrapping approach were used to test the hypotheses. The results provide support for most of the proposed hypotheses. Specifically, an SE's absorptive capacity is positively related to its marketing capabilities. Likewise, an SE's marketing capabilities are positively linked to its financial performance. In addition, an SE's marketing capabilities mediate the relationship between its absorptive capacity and its financial performance. Furthermore, the results show a positive moderating role of market turbulence in an SE's marketing capabilities-financial performance relationship. In summary, this study lends support to previous studies that show dynamic capabilities do not necessarily result in better financial performance directly in the context of SEs. It contributes to unpacking the black box of the absorptive capacity-financial performance relationship, and it shows that an SE's marketing capabilities play an important role as an underlying mediation mechanism. It also extends and contributes to the social enterprises literature by revealing the mediating role of marketing capabilities between absorptive capacity and financial performance, and the moderating effect of market turbulence on the relationship between marketing capabilities and financial performance in the context of SEs.

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18

Mcleod, Michelle. "Does environmental performance predict financial performance? A South African perspective". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/80774.

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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2011.
Corporate environmental responsibility has engaged the attention of academics, practitioners and environmentalists for some time, creating pressure for companies to conduct business in an environmentally greener manner. To find economic support for such conduct by South African companies, this study aims to investigate whether superior environmental performance by South African listed companies leads to superior financial performance. A review of related literature identified significant diversity in research approach and methodology as well as environmental and financial performance measures employed and therefore also in the results obtained. Given the continuing emergence of climate change as a material issue for business, this study utilised South African Carbon Disclosure Leadership Index (CDLI SA) ratings as proxy for South African companies’ environmental performance. The infancy of the Carbon Disclosure Project in South Africa does result in some data limitations which necessitated a portfolio approach to address the research question. This approach, however, prevented explicit consideration or judgement on the direction of causality between environmental and financial variables. The environmental performance data limitations and the resulting need for some assumptions resulted in this study being explorative in nature. Using CDLI SA ratings as distinguishing environmental performance characteristic, industrymatching, mutually-exclusive stock portfolios were constructed. Relative portfolio performance was measured with reference to the Sharpe and Treynor ratios and a simple statistical test. Considering the three years 2008 to 2010, the Sharpe and Treynor ratios for Environmental Leaders and Laggards portfolios did not clearly identify either Environmental Leaders or Environmental Laggards as superior financial performers and results also varied across industries. There appears to be some trend emerging which sees Environmental Leaders outperforming Environmental Laggards in more recent years for some industries, however, the short time frame under consideration provided insufficient support for such conclusion. Statistical means testing concluded that the mean returns of Environmental Leaders and Environmental Laggards are similar. Sensitivity analysis performed on the Financials sector indicated that the Sharpe and Treynor ratios are sensitive to portfolio construction. Despite this sensitivity, statistical means testing consistently found little evidence to infer that the mean returns of Environmental Leaders portfolios are either higher or lower than that of Environmental Laggards portfolios. It is suggested that the similar performance of the Environmental Leaders and Environmental Laggards portfolios may be attributed to the use of an environmental performance measure unable to sufficiently distinguish between environmental leaders and environmental laggards. Another interpretation of the results could be that investors consider disclosure-based environmental performance measures as unreliable, or less reliable as compared with outcome-based or combined measures. Finally, it may be that investors’ expectations have not yet been adjusted to reflect the fact that climate change constitutes a materiality issue for business in the long run, which will require companies to actively manage carbon risks. Although there exists voluminous international research on the topic of this study, South African research in this regard is restricted. This study adds to the existing body of South African specific research, but is only explorative in nature; therefore areas for future research have been recommended.

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19

Mayer, Judith [Verfasser], Ann-Kristin [Akademischer Betreuer] Achleitner y Isabell Melanie [Akademischer Betreuer] Welpe. "Essays on Financing and Governance of Social Enterprises / Judith Mayer. Gutachter: Ann-Kristin Achleitner ; Isabell Melanie Welpe. Betreuer: Ann-Kristin Achleitner". München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1064976506/34.

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Ahmed, Saleh. "Strategies to Access Business Loans for Small and Medium Enterprises in Jordan". ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/7907.

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Abstract Business financing is crucial to the development and performance of small and medium enterprises (SME) in developing countries. Obtaining loans by SMEs in Jordan is vital for creating employment, reducing poverty ratio, and augmenting SMEs growth. The purpose of this qualitative multiple case study was to discover strategies SME owners use to access credit. The population comprised of 3 SME owners in Jordan who successfully accessed credit. The conceptual frameworks for this study were the social capital theory and the pecking order theory. Data were gathered using semistructured interviews and companies' archived records. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis; three themes emerged to include sources of finance, education and skills, and social networking. The implications for positive social change include the potential to help SME leaders develop strategies to stabilize and grow their businesses. Business growth can create jobs and decrease poverty in Jordan.

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21

Worku, Eshetu Bekele. "Efficiency and Social Capital in Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises: the Case of Ethiopia". Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2008. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_2168_1263780307.

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This study extends the existing literature on how social networks enhance the performance and sustainability of small enterprises. More specifically, the study isolates and investigates the mechanisms through which social capital helps with the growth and survival of MSMEs. The evidence presented in this study strongly suggests that an indigenous social network widely practiced in Ethiopia, the &ldquo
iqqub&rdquo
, contributes significantly to the start-up, survival and development of urban MSMEs.

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22

Kashim, Abdul Rashid. "Exploring the Strategies for Accessing Microloans Used by Small and Medium Enterprises". ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/5359.

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The inability of small and medium enterprises to access microloans from microfinance banks is a major concern in business growth and development in Nigeria. The purpose of this descriptive phenomenological study was to explore strategies for accessing microloans from microfinance banks by owners of small and medium enterprises for business growth and survival. Using the conceptual framework on social capital theory, I selected 20 small and medium enterprises owners who have accessed microloans from microfinance banks and have operated their businesses beyond 5 years with significant growth were interviewed using face-to-face semistructured interviews. Data were collected using semistructured interviews and reviews of company documents. The use of member checking strengthened the trustworthiness of the interpretation of the participants' responses. A phenomenological approach was used for the qualitative interview with data analysis using a descriptive method. Nine themes emerged from this study: Obtaining a saving account before accessing microloans, group members serving as collateral, business social networks, business sustainability strategies, historical financial health, maintaining loan repayment deadlines, archiving business documents, use of competent guarantors, and strength and weakness analyses. The findings of the study may contribute to positive social change to create awareness among SMEs leaders in federal and state government, and individuals on how to gain access to microloans, thereby improving profitability, generating employment, reducing poverty, and enhancing standards of living among SME owners in Nigeria.

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23

Yeldell, Shauna Dilworth. "Impact of Microfinance Institutions for Female Entrepreneurs: Evidence from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania". Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2019. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/563112.

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Business Administration/International Business Administration
D.B.A.
Microfinance encompasses a broad range of financial services targeted at low income individuals seeking to build income and assets. There has been extensive research on the role of microfinance institutions (henceforth “MFIs”) in developing countries on poverty reduction, particularly for female clients. In contrast, research on MFIs operating within the United States is more limited. This study seeks to fill this gap in the literature and is one the first to focus on the impact of an MFI on female clients in the US using data from a Philadelphia-based MFI. The study examined the factors affecting outcomes of female entrepreneurs as compared to their male counterparts measured by changes in financial capability, repayment history, household incomes, and sustainability. Although the study does not statistically support the existence of differences between the outcomes for female and male clients of the MFI, the data does indicate positive outcomes for the clients. The business survival rates on average are above national indicators. The personal credit scores for MFI clients reflect improvement subsequent to receiving loans. This study utilized survey instruments and a focus group study to identify barriers to the success of female entrepreneurs. Noted barriers such as lack of access to capital, lack of relevant business knowledge provide a foundation for future research study.
Temple University--Theses

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24

Reichert, Patrick. "Subsidies, Profits and Trade-offs in Social Finance: Applications to Microfinance". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/273177.

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Embedding social and financial goals into investment decisions and organizational missions is an increasing hallmark of social finance, a rapidly growing phenomenon that aims to create sustainable solutions to some of society’s largest challenges such as poverty alleviation (Mosley & Hulme, 1998; Burgess & Pande, 2005; Beck et al. 2007a), wealth inequality (Buera et al. 2014; Lagoarde-Segot, 2017) and environmental preservation (Nicholls & Pharoah, 2008) among others (Benedikter, 2011). In recent years, the concept of social finance has emerged through applications such as venture philanthropy (Moody, 2008; Scarlata & Alemany, 2010), socially responsible investing (Renneboog et al. 2008; Nofsinger & Varma, 2014; Gutiérrez-Nieto et al. 2016), impact investing (Bugg-Levine & Emerson, 2011; Höchstädter & Scheck, 2015), corporate social responsibility (Falck & Heblich, 2007; Jha & Cox, 2015), crowdfunding sites that appeal to the charitable intentions of retail investors (Lehner, 2013; Lehner & Nicholls, 2014) and microfinance (Morduch, 1999; Beck et al. 2007b; Armendáriz & Labie, 2011). The microfinance industry is particularly suited to explore the nuances of social finance due to the wide range of actors present in the sector, including not only public, private and nonprofit actors (D’Espallier et al. 2016) but also a wide range of investor profiles including commercial rate, concessionary and fully donative funders (Dorfleitner et al, 2017). To meet these innovations in social finance, a substantial body of scholarly research has materialized in various areas: corporate finance (Bogan, 2012; Tchuigoua, 2014), investing (Dorfleitner et al. 2012; Brière & Szafarz, 2015), nonprofit finance (Jegers, 2011; Roberts, 2013), banking (Gutiérrez-Nieto et al. 2009; Cornée et al. 2016), entrepreneurship (Nicholls, 2010; Bruton et al. 2015), development economics (Cull et al. 2009; Ahlin et al. 2011; Hermes et al. 2011; Hartarska et al. 2013), business ethics (Sandberg et al. 2009; Arjaliès, 2010; Hudon & Sandberg, 2013), organizational theory (Battilana & Dorado, 2012; Pache & Santos, 2013), legal studies (Henderson & Malani, 2009), public economics (Duncan, 2004; Andreoni & Payne, 2011) and management studies (Cobb et al. 2016). However, these theories are often siloed within a particular domain and used separately. Despite a long research tradition on microfinance, there is still an ongoing debate on how to assess profits in a heterogeneous environment with multiple organizational objectives, the comparative advantages of public and private funders and their associated financial instruments to scale the microfinance sector and the nature of trade-offs between the financial and social objectives of microfinance institutions (MFIs). This dissertation aims to fill these gaps by analyzing social finance from an interdisciplinary perspective. The aim is to further nuance our understanding of the compatibility between financial and social objectives and how the trade-off between these two elements is moderated through financial mechanisms from donors and social investors. By analyzing the dimensions where trade-offs are most acute for social enterprises, this dissertation aims to put forth a conceptual framework to help assess profitability. Our analysis focuses on the microfinance industry, which offers a rich research setting due the wide range of institutional profiles active in the sector, including nonprofit, cooperative, for-profit and government agents and its global contributions to financial inclusion, poverty reduction and female empowerment. This dissertation is structured into three chapters, each of which addresses a different research question using different methods and units of analysis. The first chapter is a meta-analysis that uses statistical analysis of empirical research results to aggregate the existing findings on social and financial performance trade-offs as they pertain to microfinance institutions. The second chapter develops a typology of subsidy and donation instruments and then proposes a conceptual model to identify the crowding-in and crowding-out effects of public and private donors on private, commercial investors. The second chapter is complemented with an empirical analysis of a Mexican MFI, Banco Compartamos, using secondary data to suggest how the evolution of funding instruments attracted private commercial capital. Chapter three constructs a conceptual framework to identify fair profits for social enterprise, focusing on the case of microfinance. We then empirically apply the conceptual framework to an international dataset of microfinance institutions. Starting from the observation that no consensus has emerged regarding performance trade-offs between the financial and social objectives of microfinance institutions, Chapter 1 – A Meta-analysis Examining the Nature of Trade-offs in Microfinance – aggregates existing research findings to determine the dimensions of MFI performance, and study characteristics, that drive the confirmation of trade-offs. Specifically, after an initial screen of 3,299 articles, 623 empirical trade-off findings from 61 studies were coded into a dataset, where each empirical finding consists of a pairwise observation between a single financial performance variable and a single social performance variable. Using a probit model to analyze the direction and statistical significance across categories of social/financial performance and study artifacts, findings suggest that depth of outreach, cost of outreach, and efficiency indicators increase the prevalence of trade-offs, while risk indicators are associated with fewer trade-offs. Profitability indicators and outreach to women are found to have no significant effect on performance trade-offs. Study characteristics suggest that using an economic frontier methodology or publishing in development journals increases the incidence of trade-offs. These results help to understand the moderating factors that drive performance trade-offs and suggest that MFI managers and stakeholders may need to make difficult decisions regarding the social goals that may need to be sacrificed to achieve financial sustainability.Chapter 2 – Crowding-in without Crowding-out: Subsidy Design to Foster Commercialization – investigates the financial mechanisms that public and private donors have at their disposal and how they can use these instruments to attract fully commercial private capital to social enterprises. In this article, we first construct a typology to explain the ways in which private donors are complementing public donors in subsidy design. We argue that specific instruments such as corporate intangibles and credit guarantees can trigger permanent crowding-in effects that attract commercial partners, while preventing perverse effects such as crowding-out and soft budget constraints. Applying the typology and investment logics to the case of Compartamos, we observe that crowding-in and crowding-out effects can be present simultaneously, which allows us to suggest that subsidies and donations do not force path dependency towards commercialization but rather co-exist, for example attracting commercial debt investment while crowding-out commercial equity. Our research could help both private and public donors identify strategies to maximize social impact while reducing perverse mutual externalities. Finally, in the presence of performance trade-offs and donor pressures to commercialize operations and scale-up, Chapter 3 – What is an acceptable level of profit for a social enterprise? Insights from Microfinance – develops a conceptual framework for fair profits in social enterprise and then applies the framework to the microfinance industry. The fair profit framework is constructed on four dimensions: the level of profitability, the extent to which the organization adheres to its social mission, the pricing and the surplus distribution of the organization. Using a global sample of MFIs, our results suggest that satisfying all four dimensions is a difficult, although not impossible task as less than 3% of the sample fulfill all four criteria. Using our framework, we suggest that excessive profits in microfinance can be better understood relative to pricing, the social outreach of an organization, and the commitment to clients over time through reduced interest rates. This dissertation provides solid scientific evidence on the compatibility between financial and social returns in social finance. Our dissertation examines social finance through the lens of microfinance, and investigates the performance trade-offs facing MFIs as well as the moderating role of financing mechanisms to help MFIs fulfill their double-bottom-line mandate. We hope we demonstrate that the unique combination of financing technicalities significantly shape the evolution of recipient organizations. Some practical implications are also identified to help practitioners, regulators and managers navigate the ongoing debate on the compatibility of financial and social returns and the design of financial instruments for social enterprise. We firmly believe that these academic works contribute and bring new perspectives to social finance in development economics, and business ethics.
Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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25

Rifaie, Mohammad. "Strategy and methodology for enterprise data warehouse development : integrating data mining and social networking techniques for identifying different communities within the data warehouse". Thesis, University of Bradford, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/4416.

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Data warehouse technology has been successfully integrated into the information infrastructure of major organizations as potential solution for eliminating redundancy and providing for comprehensive data integration. Realizing the importance of a data warehouse as the main data repository within an organization, this dissertation addresses different aspects related to the data warehouse architecture and performance issues. Many data warehouse architectures have been presented by industry analysts and research organizations. These architectures vary from the independent and physical business unit centric data marts to the centralised two-tier hub-and-spoke data warehouse. The operational data store is a third tier which was offered later to address the business requirements for inter-day data loading. While the industry-available architectures are all valid, I found them to be suboptimal in efficiency (cost) and effectiveness (productivity). In this dissertation, I am advocating a new architecture (The Hybrid Architecture) which encompasses the industry advocated architecture. The hybrid architecture demands the acquisition, loading and consolidation of enterprise atomic and detailed data into a single integrated enterprise data store (The Enterprise Data Warehouse) where businessunit centric Data Marts and Operational Data Stores (ODS) are built in the same instance of the Enterprise Data Warehouse. For the purpose of highlighting the role of data warehouses for different applications, we describe an effort to develop a data warehouse for a geographical information system (GIS). We further study the importance of data practices, quality and governance for financial institutions by commenting on the RBC Financial Group case. v The development and deployment of the Enterprise Data Warehouse based on the Hybrid Architecture spawned its own issues and challenges. Organic data growth and business requirements to load additional new data significantly will increase the amount of stored data. Consequently, the number of users will increase significantly. Enterprise data warehouse obesity, performance degradation and navigation difficulties are chief amongst the issues and challenges. Association rules mining and social networks have been adopted in this thesis to address the above mentioned issues and challenges. We describe an approach that uses frequent pattern mining and social network techniques to discover different communities within the data warehouse. These communities include sets of tables frequently accessed together, sets of tables retrieved together most of the time and sets of attributes that mostly appear together in the queries. We concentrate on tables in the discussion; however, the model is general enough to discover other communities. We first build a frequent pattern mining model by considering each query as a transaction and the tables as items. Then, we mine closed frequent itemsets of tables; these itemsets include tables that are mostly accessed together and hence should be treated as one unit in storage and retrieval for better overall performance. We utilize social network construction and analysis to find maximum-sized sets of related tables; this is a more robust approach as opposed to a union of overlapping itemsets. We derive the Jaccard distance between the closed itemsets and construct the social network of tables by adding links that represent distance above a given threshold. The constructed network is analyzed to discover communities of tables that are mostly accessed together. The reported test results are promising and demonstrate the applicability and effectiveness of the developed approach.

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Janghede, Simon y David Bradka. "Corporate Social Networks within the Financial Sector : A tool to enhance unity and knowledge sharing". Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekonomi och organisation (Avd.) (stängd 20130101), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-123810.

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This study has been conducted with Sirius International as a case company. The investigation has revolved around the weaknesses Sirius, along with the authors, have identified concerning the international collaboration and communication. It was later shown that these problems were based on a low sense of unity in the organization as a result of the lack of knowledge sharing, knowledge management, and spread of organization related information. It was decided to evaluate whether a corporate social network (CSN) could assist in these problems and if so, decide what system would be the most appropriate in regards to the internal needs and requirements at Sirius. The major challenges brought on with an implementation of a CSN, and how to face these, were investigated as a part of the evaluation whether a CSN would be appropriate for Sirius or not. The study showed that a CSN was an appropriate choice for Sirius in order to improve the international communication, collaboration, and unity. The most suitable choice was determined to be Yammer, as it best suited the internal requirements and needs. Along with these results, the largest challenge with an implementation and future use of the system was user acceptance and overall usage of the system. If the CSN is not used, none of the visions, goals, or purposes will be fulfilled.
Denna studie har gjorts med Sirius International som case-företag. Undersökningen har kretsat kring svagheterna som Sirius, tillsammans med författarna har identifierat kring det internationella samarbetet och kommunikationen. Det visade sig senare att dessa problem var grundade i en låg känsla av samhörighet i organisationen och att detta var ett resultat av den låga nivån av kunskapsspridning, kunskapshantering och spridning av organisationsrelaterad information. Beslutet togs att undersöka huruvida ett företags-baserat socialt nätverk kunde hjälpa vid dessa problem och, om fallet var sådant, komma fram till vilket socialt nätverk som skulle vara mest lämpat vid avseende på de interna behoven och kraven från Sirius. Vid undersökningen om huruvida ett socialt nätverk var lämpligt för Sirius gjordes också en undersökning för att identifiera de största utmaningarna med en implementation av ett socialt nätverk och hur dessa skall bemötas och övervinnas. Studien visade att ett företagsbaserat socialt nätverk var ett lämpligt val för att överkomma problemen i Sirius och förbättra den internationella kommunikationen, samarbetet och samhörigheten. Det lämpligaste sociala nätverket för Sirius blev Yammer som bäst täckte de interna behoven och kraven hos Sirius. Tillsammans med dessa resultat visade undersökningen att den största utmaningen med en implementation och framtida nyttjande av systemet var användaracceptans och generell användning av systemet. Om ett socialt nätverk inte används så kan inga av visionerna, målen eller syftena med systemet infrias.

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27

Mtero, Farai. "The informal sector : micro-enterprise activities and livelihoods in Makana Municipality, South Africa". Thesis, Rhodes University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007706.

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This study examines the nature and characteristics of the informal sector within the Makana municipal area in South Africa. The focus is on the socio-economic characteristics of the informal sector operatives; operational characteristics of the microenterprises that we studied, such as longevity, employment generation, growth potential, and linkages of the informal sector with the formal sector of the economy. Extensive studies on the informal sector have been conducted in many parts of the world relative to South Africa. The key finding in most of these researches is that the informal sector is highly heterogeneous. These studies provide us with the parameters for analysing the nature and characteristics of the informal sector in the Makana Municipality. The results of the thesis show that the majority of people in Makana Municipality join the informal sector as a result of such push factors as unemployment, retrenchment and the need to survive. While there is evidence of lucrative activities amongst the surveyed enterprises, most of the informal sector micro-enterprises are concentrated in the lower segment of the sector where earnings are very low. Results from this study reveal that employment generation (beyond owner-operator) is very limited. The co-existence of a small number of remunerative activities alongside a large proportion of relatively unproductive activities is not only a sign of restricted economic potential but, most importantly, it points to the heterogeneous nature of the informal sector. Precisely, the informal sector encompasses activities which are different in terms of asset holdings, earnings, etc. From the study, it is also evident that the informal sector micro-enterprises play a crucial role in distributing goods produced in the formal sector. Evidence indicates that these micro-enterprises are Iinked to the formal sector. The idea of a 'second economy' devoid of linkages with the 'first economy' is of limited heuristic value. Thus, the 'second economy' is an extension of the first.

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28

Strom, Sten. "Social business– Value (f)or money? : A discussion about methods to evaluate enterprises on the border between the private sector, the public sector and civil society". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-177108.

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In this thesis, different ways to evaluate social business are compared and discussed.The relatively new concept “social business” is used to describe a private sector enterprise, the purpose of which is not primarily to maximise profit but to achieve a social mission. However, in doing so, it needs to be sustainable in financial terms, and this means that sufficient profitability is a necessary condition. (Environmental sustainability is another important prerequisite, which is not discussed in depth here).Assessing the success of a social business, it is therefore necessary to evaluate both the social impact and the financial viability. This means, on one hand, using appropriate evaluation methods that have mainly been developed for the public sector and the civil society. Such methods are based on unequal power relations requiring accountability – a concept not normally used in the private sector, where funding is based on a voluntary exchange of money for goods or services. On the other hand, not all traditional methods for assessing performance in a private sector company are suitable for determining financial sustainability in a social business. Nevertheless, existing methods should be used where appropriate.Among the findings are:- the importance of the local context and particular features, which makes comparisons between different social businesses difficult, and which necessitates adaptions of assessment methods- that several financial indicators, used for for-profit business, may also be useful for social business (especially those related to revenue trends and liquidity). However such indicators are based on accounting (history) rather than a forward-looking analysis of the business environment, and may not be fully comparable.- that the main purpose of impact evaluation is the need to improve operations, but also to enhance legitimacy among stake-holders and – to some extent – regulators and prospective investors. Stake-holder involvement is therefore normally an advantage.- that methods that build on monetising outcomes and impacts (for example Social Return on Investment) are normally less appropriate than models that use non-monetary forms for publishing evaluation results, eg. anecdotal analyses- that with the exception of evaluations done by the academia to increase knowledge, available resources will normally not be sufficient to carry out fully fledged external evaluations using methods to establish a counterfactual situation.The development of social business also challenges traditional economic assumptions of the profit maximising individual through introducing such concepts as solidarity, social capital and citizenship. The fact that in several ways, social business crosses the borderline between on one hand the private sector and on the other hand public sector and civil society makes it necessary for representatives from many different academic fields to cooperate closely in future research: economics, business administration, political and social scientists etc.

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29

Tekin, Ilknur Mary Joy Nirmala. "Green Index: Integration of Environmental Performance, Green Innovativeness and Financial Performance". PDXScholar, 2014. http://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1815.

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The integration of sustainability performance of companies is becoming increasingly important. The recent global requirements (i.e. the Kyoto Protocol) for significant reduction of the negative impact of companies on the environment over the next 6 years have been putting pressure on the companies, requiring them to lower the negative environmental impact of market performance. This requirement challenges the profitable growth of the companies' business functions, given the change needed for business operations to improve on their environmental impact. In this dissertation a new corporate sustainability performance index, called: The Green Index, for measuring and assessing the integrated sustainability performance of companies is developed. The Green Index integrates Environmental Performance, Green Innovativeness and Financial Performance, by quantifying the expert opinions toward their integration. Development of the Green Index is a holistic approach in defining and measuring "green" performance for companies, integrated into their market performance. Green Index, for the first time in the literature, introduces Green Innovativeness in defining and measuring Green Performance of companies, in integration with Environmental and Financial Performance. In the literature and business practices, there are various sustainability indices used, and methodological approaches in measuring corporate sustainability performance with more than hundred performance indicators. The Green Index, uniquely refers to the collective expert opinion of management researchers, executive managers of corporations, high-tech companies' R&D managers, financial managers, corporate social responsibility managers, in defining a shorter list of 29 performance measures under the three core performance dimensions. Hierarchical Decision Modeling is used for the development of Green Index based on experts' collective decisions. At the next level, desirability levels for each one of the 29 performance measures are scaled by a group of angel investors and investors. And their collective desirability quantifications are used toward the application of the Green Index to quantify the Green Index value for a set of scenario analyses for alternative company performance states. Green Index fills a major gap in the scholarly literature and business practices. It meets the needs prioritized in the near future strategy of World Business Council on Sustainable Development (WBCSD) towards development of new performance metrics and business models for industries that are financially successful while innovating with green products as they are reducing their negative environmental impact (WBCSD Annual Report 2010, 2011).

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30

Wilson, Linus. "Essays on the financial governance of firms". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2007. http://ora.ouls.ac.uk/objects/uuid:d7b12d53-d530-438e-bbe6-366d356ac37f.

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OLOFSSON, JENNY y ANDREAS BOQUIST. "Affärssystem som operativt beslutstöd". Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Institutionen Handels- och IT-högskolan, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-20502.

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Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka till vilken utsträckning som företag inomSveriges företagsvärld inser nyttan och användbarheten med att använda sig utav ettaffärssystem vid beslut gällande verksamheten styrning. Uppsatsen avser även attundersöka sambandet mellan affärssystem och beslutstöd genom att undersökakopplingen mellan tydligt ställda mål på affärssystemet och sedermera användandet utavdet som beslutstöd. Studien är genomförd med en positivistisk ansats av kvantitativ art,då vi genom en enkätundersökning har undersökt hur 34 stycken företag ser på planeringoch det dagliga användandet av affärssystem. Empirin har sedan analyserats utifrån redantidigare befintliga teorier som vi även utgått ifrån vid framställningen av enkäten.Affärssystemen har i allt snabbare takt börjat utvecklas och dessutom blivit en allt mercentral del utav den ekonomiska styrningen för verksamheten. Målen för användare avaffärssystem inriktas dock främst mot att förbättra hanteringen utav transaktioner genomen standardisering utav affärsprocesser och integration mellan verksamhet och data(Holsapple & Sena, 2003). Men Davenport (1998) menar att behovet av att göra sundaaffärsbeslut är en utav de främsta anledningarna för att anskaffa ett affärssystem. Enstudie av Löfgren och Ericsson (2004) påvisar att svenska företag har svårt att få framinformation genom sitt affärssystem alternativt inte vet hur man skall användainformationen som erbjuds. Dem menar också att målen med systemlösning inomekonomifunktionen måste överensstämma med den övergripande styrfilosofin för attaffärssystemet ska kunna maximeras. Ytterligare en studie gjord av Holsapple & Sena(2005) visar på att det finns en viss, men tydlig, användning av affärssystem sombeslutstöd i den amerikanska företagsvärlden. Men vad skulle en liknande undersökning,utförd i Sveriges företagsvärld, ge för resultat? Kommer resultatet i så fall stärka det somLöfgren & Ericsson (2004) påstår gällande sambandet mellan mål med affärssystemetoch användandet av det som beslutsstöd?Med studien har vi kommit fram till följande slutsats. Företag i Sverige inser till viss delnyttan med att använda affärssystem som beslutsstöd, de lägger en betydlig vikt vid attplanera affärssystem både vad gäller beslutsstöd men främst i övriga frågor gällande attintegrera och standardisera verksamheten. Även i det dagliga användandet avaffärssystemet påträffas situationer, gällande beslutstöd, av betydelse, även om företagenlångt ifrån använder systemet till fullo. Vid jämförelsen med amerikanska företag ser viatt även de lägger stor vikt vid att planera affärssystem men att de desto oftare använderaffärssystemet för olika situationer i den dagliga verksamheten, vilket är en markantskillnad mot de svenska företagen.

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Holtz, Robert y Josefine Wiebe. "Attraheras arbetssökande individer av ett företags CSR-engagemang? : Företagens sociala ansvar". Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Företagsekonomi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-29232.

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Nováková, Lenka. "Možnosti rozvoje sociální ekonomiky a sociálního podnikání". Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-150280.

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Diploma thesis focuses on the social economy and social entrepreneurship. Its aim is to identify possible directions of further development of the social economy in the Czech Republic. The starting point for this work is the assumption that successful development of social entrepreneurship is dependent on access to financial resources, a good legislative definition and availability of the necessary information. The operational objective is to analyze the range of financial instruments available to social enterprises. The work is divided into several parts. The first chapter summarizes the historical development of the social economy in Western European countries and subsequently in the Czech Republic. The next chapter presents the approaches to the concept of social economy from the perspective of several European institutions. The chapter is also a case of good practice from Italy. The following chapter, in which are presented the main theoretical approaches to the social economy in the Czech Republic. In the analytical part of the work are first defined problem areas of social entrepreneurship, it is also stated range of financial instruments available to social enterprises and subsequently defined possible directions of further development of the social economy.

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Gupta, Rakesh M. K. "Ranking Small Business Resistance Criteria Toward the Affordable Care Act". ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/1344.

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Following the enactment of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) in 2010, politicians, media, and lobbyists rendered a number of conflicting and confusing interpretations of its merits and demerits. Such interpretations intensified the skepticism and concerns of small business enterprise (SBE) owners. The purpose of this study was to develop a representative, prioritized list of SBE owners' concerns or resistance factors. The goal was to create a useful guide for SBE owners who are seeking ways to reducing the adverse financial impact of the law. With social choice theory as the theoretical framework, 50 randomly selected SBE owners across 5 distinct industry groups from Richmond, Virginia, participated in an online, cross-sectional, pairwise comparison survey. The overall results of an analytic hierarchy process indicated that the top-ranked resistance factor of SBE owners was insurance premiums, followed by quality of care and the tax burden. However, these rankings were not uniform among industry groups. With a focus on these crucial concerns, SBE owners could benefit by seeking approaches to reduce the business costs of health care. The implications for positive social change include the potential for business organizations, researchers, and policymakers to channel SBE owners' voice for a socioeconomic growth by addressing their concerns in seeking improvements from the ACA.

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Silva, Fernando Melo da. "O consumidor e a crise da empresa: análise sobre a proteção dos consumidores na falência". Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2014. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/6366.

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The objective of this thesis was to analyze the consumer protection instruments in face of the enterprise financial crisis, in special, the bankruptcy of the supplier entrepreneur, once there is a lack, for the consumers in general, of the legal instruments to regulate the effects their rights suffer from the insolvency declaration, relegating in many cases, a universality of creditors/consumers, that in such context are put as the majority of the passive mass of some debtors, in a situation that lacks the specific and proper regulation. Said thesis is constituted by the analytical research, with a bibliographical character, based on the analysis of the law, from the doctrine and the precedents, in a way to comprehend the legal regulations object of this study, in order to achieve the goals here presented. Throughout the development it was seen that the regulations regarding the consumer rights, as those concerning the bankruptcy law, from a broad perspective, in which one and the other normative system, have, from a common context, to regulate distinctive aspects of the economic relations. Factual circumstances, like the insolvency of the supplier entrepreneur, may extinct the junction of both regulations. From this normative intersection the non-commercial nature of the consumer credit, originated by his subordinate condition if compared with the supplier, expression, thus, of his vulnerability in the law plan, specially the bankruptcy law, situation not recognized by the juridical order, regarding the peculiar dealings given to insolvency matters. These matters were also analyzed under the perspective of the informative constitutional principle of the economic order, that imposes the defense of the consumers before the suppliers of goods and services in the market as one of its paradigms, considering also the specifics and ruling principles of the bankruptcy law in a way to believe that the lack of protection of the consumer credit along with the bankruptcy of the supplier entrepreneur means the transference of the risks of the company to the consumer, denying the protective logic given by the Code of Defense of the Consumers (CDC). It was found in the foreign law, as in the home law, topical rules regarding the defense of the consumers before the entrepreneur crisis, highlighting those foreseen in the specific bankruptcy procedural, as well as those from the art. 119, IX and from the art. 82, of the law 11.101/2005, and even the very CDC, when dealing, in its art. 28, the disregard of the legal entity due to bankruptcy caused by poor administration. At the end it is possible to observe that in order to provide the consumer a proper protection in bankruptcy, needing the Law 11.101/2005 some modifications, to bring the referred protection as it is already done with the workers, another creditor in bankruptcy, in similar conditions with the consumer, once there is no point in talking about the protection of the consumers if such a thing is not present in the bankruptcy procedures
O objetivo desta tese foi analisar os instrumentos de defesa do consumidor diante da situação de crise econômico-financeira da empresa, em especial na falência do empresário fornecedor, eis que aos consumidores em geral faltam instrumentos jurídicos a disciplinar os efeitos da declaração de insolvência sobre os seus direitos, relegando em muitos casos, uma universalidade de credores/consumidores, que nessas hipóteses se colocam como a maioria da massa passiva de alguns devedores, numa situação de ausência de tutela específica e diferenciada. Referida tese constitui-se de pesquisa analítica, de caráter bibliográfico, consistente da análise da lei, da doutrina e da jurisprudência, de modo a interpretar as normas jurídicas objeto do estudo, para o almejo dos fins aqui colimados. Ao longo do desenvolvimento viu-se que as normas tutelares incidentes sobre a relação de consumo, assim como as normas de Direito Concursal, dentro de uma perspectiva mais ampla, sob a qual um e outro sistema normativo tem na verdade um substrato comum, qual seja, a de regularem diferentes aspectos das relações econômicas. Circunstâncias de fato, no caso a insolvência do fornecedor empresário, podem exigir o entrelaçamento de suas normas. Desta intersecção normativa inferiu-se da natureza não negocial do crédito do consumidor, fruto da sua condição de subordinação em relação ao fornecedor, expressão, pois de sua vulnerabilidade no plano do direito, em especial do direito concursal, situação esta não reconhecida pela ordem jurídica, no trato peculiar que dá às questões decorrentes da insolvência. Analisou-se também a questão sob a ótica do princípio informativo constitucional da ordem econômica, que impõe a defesa do consumidor face aos fornecedores de produtos e serviços em geral no mercado como um de seus paradigmas, cortejando-o com os princípios específicos regentes no direito concursal de modo a crer que a ausência de proteção ao crédito do consumidor junto à falência do empresário fornecedor significa transferência dos riscos da empresa ao consumidor, negando a lógica protetiva concebida no CDC. Constatou-se no direito estrangeiro, assim como no direito pátrio regras tópicas de tutela do consumidor face a crise do empresário, com destaque para aquelas previstas nos procedimentos concursais especiais, bem como na falência v.g. aquelas do art. 119, IX e no art. 82 da Lei 11.101/2005, bem como do próprio CDC, ao tratar no art. 28 do seu texto a desconsideração da personalidade jurídica por falência decorrente de má administração. Ao final é possível observar que a par das normas protetivas acima mencionadas, inexiste uma proteção sistêmica do consumidor em geral na falência, carecendo a Lei 11.101/2005 ser alterada para albergar referida tutela a exemplo do que faz com o trabalhador, credor na falência, em condições semelhantes às do consumidor, eis que não há que se falar em facilitação da defesa do consumidor se esta não estiver presente também nos processos concursais

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Mendonça, Priscila Jesus. "Crédito no cenário das micro e pequenas empresas no Estado de Sergipe (2009-2012)". Universidade Federal de Sergipe, 2015. https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/4498.

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The business and economic advancement made the micro and small enterprises, they needed to be in line with the global market. And for that financial resources are needed. In order to meet the demands of the market, these resources can be obtained by own sources or through financial institutions that provide credit. Faced with the new needs of the market, micro and small companies in the state of Sergipe have sought borrowing from financial institutions as a way to foster its development. Given this scenario, we designed the following problems: Brazil´s Banco do Nordeste as developers of development in the Northeast has helped in the growth of micro and small businesses in the state of Sergipe in obtaining loans and financing of production and which impulses generated in state? This study presents the quantitative research method called panel data analysis with the variables loans: value added (agriculture, industry, services), the economically active population, average wages and formal employment in order to explain the possible development generated by micro and small companies Sergipe, to obtain credit to finance production from 2009 to 2012 and to identify the impact of these operations on employment levels of municipalities in Sergipe. The results, considering the variables applied demonstrate that the credit has no impact on job creation. The proposal for future work is to conduct a regional study considering other financial institutions.
O avanço empresarial e econômico fez com que as micro e pequenas empresas, necessitassem estar de acordo com o mercado global. E para isso são necessários recursos financeiros. A fim de atender as demandas do mercado, estes recursos podem ser obtidos por fontes próprias ou através de agentes financeiros que oferecem crédito. Diante das novas necessidades do mercado, as micro e pequenas empresas do estado de Sergipe têm buscado a tomada de empréstimos junto às instituições financeiras como forma de fomentar o seu desenvolvimento. Diante desse cenário, foi elaborado a seguinte problemática: o Banco do Nordeste do Brasil como fomentador do desenvolvimento na região nordeste tem auxiliado no crescimento das micro e pequenas empresas no estado de Sergipe na obtenção de empréstimos e financiamentos da produção e quais os impulsos gerados no estado? O presente estudo apresenta o método de pesquisa quantitativo denominado análise de dados em painel com as variáveis operações de crédito: valor adicionado (agropecuária, indústria, serviços), população economicamente ativa, salário médio e emprego formal a fim de explicar o possível desenvolvimento gerado pelas micro e pequenas empresas sergipanas, ao obter crédito para financiar a produção no período de 2009 a 2012, bem como identificar o impacto dessas operações no nível de emprego dos municípios sergipanos. Os resultados obtidos, considerando as variáveis aplicadas demonstram que o crédito não tem impacto na geração de emprego. Para trabalhos futuros a proposta é de realizar um estudo regional considerando as demais instituições financeiras.

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37

Bozkaya, Ant. "Essays in entrepreneurial finance". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210683.

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This thesis aims to better understand the process of the funding of young innovative

ventures, and how a deeper understanding of this process can help public policy to better

stimulate entrepreneurial firms—especially in high-technology industries. I interpret

entrepreneurial finance broadly to mean financing issues facing young innovative

ventures. It includes three essays which deal with a set of economic, institutional, and

public policy issues to examine entrepreneurial finance.
Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Sousa, Rejane Gomes de. "Aplicação IFRS para pequenas e médias empresas". Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2012. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/1513.

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The economic globalization impact has created the need to introduce accounting models that could standardize financial statements to be understood and used by different users in several parts of the world. The information symmetry lack -- where the same transaction could generate different information, depending on the country of origin -- undermined investors‟ and creditors‟ decisions, as there was nothing standards for decision making. In order to harmonize the International Accounting Practices, in 2000 the International Organization of Securities Commission (IOSCO) recommended that the capital market regulators in each country authorized multinational companies to submit their financial statements according to the International Accounting Standards. The International Accounting Standard Board (IASB) was responsible for the working up of international standards, that is, for the worldwide accepted Accounting Standard that is already in convergence process in more than 100 countries. In Brazil, the Law Amendment nº 6.404/76 led to the Law nº 11.638/07, bringing significant implications to companies required to follow the Law S/A. Among them, the Brazilian Securities Commission (CVM) should issue its norms according to the International Accounting Standards. Consequently, the Brazilian Accounting Standards undergone a gradual process of converging its accounting standards to the International Accounting Standards by means of a process coordinated by the Committee of Accounting Pronouncements (CPC). In 2009, the Technical Pronouncement PME - Accounting for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises - was approved by the CPC. This study aims at contributing to the preparation of small and medium-sized enterprises for meeting the market demands, thus making them more competitive. The objective is to identify the main changes of accounting information aligned with international standards. The study was carried out through a literature review applicable to the International Accounting Standard for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises. The final remarks show that the convergence process brings challenges, as well as that one can have a higher quality and reliability by applying the standard accounting information
O impacto da globalização da economia gerou a necessidade de implantar modelos contábeis que padronizassem as demonstrações para que elas fossem compreendidas e utilizadas por diferentes usuários em diversos lugares do mundo. A falta de simetria nas informações, onde uma mesma transação poderia gerar informações diferentes, dependendo do seu país de origem, prejudicava as decisões de investidores e credores, visto que não havia padrões para tomada de decisão. Visando harmonizar as práticas contábeis internacionais, a International Organization of Securities Comission (IOSCO), no ano de 2000, recomendou que os órgãos reguladores de mercado de capitais, em cada pais, autorizassem as sociedades multinacionais a apresentar as suas demonstrações financeiras de acordo com as normas internacionais de contabilidade. O Internacional Accounting Standard Board (IASB) ficou responsável pela elaboração de normas internacionais, ou seja o padrão único de contabilidade aceito mundialmente, que já esta em processo de convergência em mais de 100 países. No Brasil, a alteração da Lei nº. 6.404/76 deu origem à Lei nº. 11.638/07, que trouxe implicações significativas para as empresas, obrigadas a seguir a Lei da S/A, entre elas, que a Comissão de Valores Mobiliários (CVM) deveria expedir suas normas de acordo com os padrões internacionais de contabilidade, e gradativamente as normas contábeis brasileiras convergiram para as normas internacionais, por meio de um processo coordenado pelo Comitê de Pronunciamentos Contábeis (CPC). Em 2009, foi aprovado pelo CPC o Pronunciamento Técnico PME Contabilidade para Pequenas e Medias Empresas. Este trabalho busca contribuir para que as empresas de pequeno e médio porte se preparem para as exigências do mercado, tornando-as mais competitivas. O objetivo é verificar as principais mudanças trazidas nas informações contábeis alinhadas às normas internacionais. O estudo se dá por meio de revisão bibliográfica aplicável a norma internacional de contabilidade para Pequenas e Médias Empresas. Nas considerações finais é possível verificar que o processo de convergência traz desafios e, ao adotar as normas, o padrão de informações contábeis tem-se maior qualidade, aumentando a confiabilidade

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39

Ramos, Paulo César de Oliveira. "Desenvolvimento de um modelo de análise estratégica para o futebol profissional". Master's thesis, Instituições portuguesas -- UC-Universidade de Coimbra -- -Faculdade de Economia, 2002. http://dited.bn.pt:80/29458.

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Louzada, Sergio Vinicius. "Accountability vertical das empresas estatais brasileiras". reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/7795.

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This present work investigates the vertical accountability of the Brazilian Federal State Owned Enterprises –SOE through the analyses of their websites. For this, the work analyzed the definition of accountability in order to create a model of analyses with three dimensions; 'Transparency', 'Financial Transparency', and 'Interaction and Participation'. and a corresponding set of variables both rated by a panel of specialists. The results show that only 56% of the SOEs have accountability information in their websites, and 34% didn’t have any kind variables for the analyses of accountability. These observation lead to the conclusion that there is still space for vertical accountability of the SOEs through their website.
O estudo investiga a accountability vertical das empresas estatais federais brasileiras realizadas através dos portais web. Para tanto, foram levantadas, na literatura, informações relevantes para a melhor compreensão do alcance do termo accountability, de forma a permitir o desenvolvimento de modelo de análise a ser utilizado no trabalho. O modelo proposto compreende 3 dimensões: 'Transparência', 'Interação e Participação' e 'Prestação de Contas e Resultado' a cada dimensão corresponde um conjunto de variáveis, ponderadas junto a um painel de especialistas. Realizou-se então a análise da accountability vertical das empresas estatais através dos respectivos portais web. Constatou-se que apenas 56% das empresas estatais investigadas possuem informações relativas à accountability e que 34% dos portais web não tinham variáveis relativas às dimensões propostas no modelo. Tais constatações levam à conclusão de que há espaço para aumentar a accountability vertical das empresas estatais federais por meio dos portais web.

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Carvalho, Filho Paulo Freire. "Gestão financeira das pequenas e médias empresas da indústria da construção civil do estado de Sergipe : uma análise sob a ótica da liquidez". Universidade Federal de Sergipe, 2011. https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/4531.

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This dissertation examines the liquidity situation of small and medium enterprises of construction segment, acting in Sergipe s public construction market. To achieve the objectives of this study we used the methods i) traditional and ii) dynamic (Fleuriet Model), because they have different methodologies of analysis, noting that the first through the CCL, ILC and ILG indicators, shows the liquidity situation at a given instant of time, as the timely indicator of solvency, while the second, using the CDG, NCG, T, AE, ILNCG and ILAE indicators, clarifies the need for working capital for the operating activities of the company, essential to the sustainability and business growth. Following the assumption of the dynamic model, the accounts of Balanços Patrimoniais and Demonstrações do Resultado do Exercício for the years 2007, 2008 and 2009 were reclassified. For this case study, 20 companies registered with the Companhia Estadual de Habitação e Obras Públicas CEHOP were selected, with contracts in force for the period 2007 to 2009, with 14 classified as medium and 6 as small businesses, using the Lei Complementar (Federal) Nº 123/2006 criterion. Through this research, it was sought to identify the financial management from the perspective of liquidity of these small and medium enterprises, and the consequences of the application, by the State Government, of the prerogative to promote specific biddings to small businesses provided in Lei Complementar (Federal) nº 123 / 2006 and Lei Estadual nº 6.206/2007. Considering the analysis of data as a group through the medians, the results indicate i) the framework for medium-sized enterprises in the type II (solid) NCG Dynamic Model in all exercises, and small type II in the years 2008 and 2009, and type I (excellent liquidity) in 2007, ii) the framework for medium-sized enterprises in the type D (financial strength) of the AE Dynamic Model in all exercises, and small in the type D (financial strength) in the years 2008 and 2009, and G (financial strength) in 2007; iii) an indication of liquidity in the financial medium and small companies when used indicators ILNCG, ILAE, ILC and ILG; iv) improved financial performance of small companies when compared from the standpoint of liquidity with the medium size; v) none of the two studied categories of companies (small and medium size) pointed to the occurrence of the "Efeito Tesoura" under Dynamic Analysis Model of both the NCG and AE; vi) indication of self-financing capacity of the operational activities of medium and small businesses; vii) there were no differences in results among the traditional indicators and the ones proposed by the dynamic models (within the limits of this case study); viii) small companies have treasury balances that support positive changes in the working capital needs caused by the leverage of their business. In the end, these results suggest applicability of the items I and II of article 48 of Lei Complementar (Federal) nº 123/2006 and items I and II of article 4 of Lei nº 6.206/2007 of Sergipe State, to do exclusive biddings for small business or their subcontracting in the other biddings, as public policy for promoting economic growth, employment and income. However, this observation from the analysis of accounting data of only 20 construction companies, selected by criteria of accessibility without statistical rigor, indicates the need to expand this research with a larger number of companies, to ensure the expected results in the adoption of this proposed public policy.
Esta dissertação estuda a situação de liquidez das pequenas e médias empresas do segmento da construção civil, atuantes no mercado de obras públicas do Estado de Sergipe. Para atingir os objetivos deste trabalho foram utilizados os métodos i) tradicional e ii) dinâmico (Modelo Fleuriet), por possuírem metodologias distintas de análise, destacando-se que o primeiro, através dos indicadores CCL, ILC e ILG, aponta a situação de liquidez em determinado instante do tempo, portanto indicador da pontual situação de solvência, enquanto que o segundo, através dos indicadores CDG, NCG, T, AE, ILNCG e ILAE, esclarece a necessidade de capital de giro para as atividades operacionais da empresa, fundamentais à sustentabilidade e crescimento dos negócios. Seguindo a premissa do Modelo Dinâmico, foram reclassificadas as contas dos Balanços Patrimoniais e das Demonstrações do Resultado do Exercício dos anos de 2007, 2008 e 2009. Selecionou-se para este estudo de caso 20 empresas cadastradas na Companhia Estadual de Habitação e Obras Públicas CEHOP, com contratos em vigor no período de 2007 a 2009, sendo 14 classificadas como médias empresas e 6 como pequenas empresas, utilizando-se o critério da Lei Complementar (Federal) nº 123/2006. Buscou-se através desta pesquisa identificar a gestão financeira sob a ótica da liquidez destas pequenas e médias empresas, e as conseqüências da aplicação pelo Governo do Estado das prerrogativas de promoção de licitações específicas para pequenas empresas previstas na Lei Complementar (Federal) nº 123/2006 e Lei Estadual Nº 6.206/2007. Considerando a análise dos dados de forma agrupada através das medianas, os resultados sinalizam i) o enquadramento das médias empresas na tipologia II (sólida) do Modelo Dinâmico NCG em todos os exercícios, e das pequenas na tipologia II nos exercícios de 2008 e 2009, e na tipologia I (excelente liquidez) em 2007; ii) o enquadramento das médias empresas na tipologia D (solidez financeira) do Modelo Dinâmico AE em todos os exercícios, e das pequenas na tipologia D (solidez financeira) nos exercícios 2008 e 2009 e G (solidez financeira) no exercício de 2007; iii) indicação de liquidez financeira nas médias e pequenas empresas quando utilizados os indicadores ILNCG, ILAE, ILC e ILG; iv) melhores desempenhos financeiros das pequenas empresas, quando comparadas sob o foco da liquidez com as médias; v) nenhuma das duas categorias de empresas estudadas (pequenas e médias) apontaram para a ocorrência do Efeito Tesoura previsto no Modelo de Análise Dinâmica, tanto da NCG como no AE; vi) indicação de capacidade de autofinanciamento das atividades operacionais das médias e pequenas empresas; vii) não foram evidenciadas divergências de resultados entre os indicadores tradicionais e os propostos pelo Modelo Dinâmico (respeitando os limites deste estudo de caso); viii) as pequenas empresas apresentam Saldos de Tesouraria que suportam variações positivas da necessidade de capital de giro ocasionadas pela alavancagem de seus negócios. Ao final, estes resultados sugerem a aplicabilidade dos itens I e II do Artº 48 da Lei Complementar (Federal) nº 123/2006 e itens I e II do Artº 4 da Lei Estadual Nº 6.206/2007 do Estado de Sergipe, no sentido de realizar licitações exclusivas para as pequenas empresas ou subcontratação destas nas demais licitações, como política pública de fomento ao crescimento econômico, emprego e renda. Entretanto, esta observação decorre da análise de dados contábeis de apenas 20 empresas de construção civil, selecionadas por critério de acessibilidade sem rigor estatístico, indicando a necessidade de ampliação desta pesquisa com um numero maior de empresas, visando assegurar os resultados esperados na adoção desta sugerida política pública.

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Najberg, Sheila. "Privatização de recursos públicos: os empréstimos do sistema BNDES ao setor privado nacional com correção monetária parcial". reponame:Biblioteca Digital do Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social, 1989. http://web.bndes.gov.br/bib/jspui/handle/1408/15687.

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Dissertação (mestrado) - Departamento de Economia, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 1989. Bibliografia: p. 137-140.
This dissertation analyses the implicit give away of public funds that resulted from the partial indexation of BNDE'S loans to private domestic enterprises, during the second half of the seventies. The analysis of 13.350 long term financing contracts allowed the estimation of the values that were transfered and its distribution amongest beneficiaries.
A tese analisa a doação implícita de recursos públicos, que resultou da concessão de financiamentos pelo Sistema BNDES ao setor privado nacional, com cláusula de correção monetária parcial, na segunda metade da década de setenta. A partir da análise de cerca de 13.350 contratos de empréstimos de longo prazo, estima-se o valor das transferências patrimoniais envolvidas e, examina-se sua distribuição entre os beneficiários.

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43

Křivanová, Nela. "Komparace sociálních podniků na základě zdrojů financování". Master's thesis, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-404804.

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The thesis deals with the possibilities of financing social enterprises in the Czech Republic. The thesis is divided into two parts on the theoretical and empirical part. The theoretical part is divided into three thematic blocks. The first block is focused on the situation abroad and it is prepared in the form of an overview study of fundamental concepts and approaches to the social economy, social entrepreneurship and financing. The second part is focused on the development of social economy and social entrepreneurship in the Czech Republic. The legislative context for the establishment and activity of social enterprises in the Czech Republic is presented here. It focuses more on the possibilities of financing social enterprises in the Czech Republic with a thorough analysis of European funds. The third block presents the results of the performed analyses of social entrepreneurship in the Czech Republic with a focus on financing. In the empirical part, the research itself is introduced. Its essence was a comparison of two social enterprises. The author compares two companies, where one company decided to use EU grants for its funding and the other did not. The aim of the thesis is to find out the advantages and disadvantages of multi-source financing especially in the resources from the European...

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44

Svobodová, Pavla. "Finanční zdroje sociálních podniků - vize a realita". Master's thesis, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-306872.

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Bc. Pavla Svobodová: Financial resources of social enterprises - vision and reality (2012) Abstract The theme of my thesis is looking into problems with social enterprise financing. Well set up concept of social enterprise financing is equally maintained with it's importance in foreign countries as well as the Czech republic. Based on research, my aim was to find the ideal concept of social enterprise financing and to test it on a chosen sample of Czech social enterprises. In the section "Social enterprise in the third sector and its funding" I explain the overview of financial definitions of foreign social enterprise and their focus on the funding. In here I am also deciding on my own perception of this issue - well mainly the ideal funding resources for social enterprise. This section also covers a "lighter" version of the ideal concept of social enterprise financing from a Czech point of view and explains various studies focusing on social enterprise financing currently available. The empirical section focuses on analysis of financing of chosen social enterprises and verifies the ideal concept in the Czech republic. The escalation of my thesis is a devised proposal which could seriously support the financial stability for Czech social enterprise.

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Maščeníková, Miroslava. "Možnosti financování sociálních podniků". Master's thesis, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-353670.

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Thesis focus on funding possibilities of social enterprises in Czech Republic, different ways of funding from various sources and the ability of enterprises to reach these resources. Work has theoretical and empirical character. The theoretical part comes with overview of the history of social enterprises in Europe and in the Czech Republic, their development and legislative framework. Part of the work is devoted to theories of civic sector organizations, on the basis of which I am trying to point out the factors that might have an impact on financing social enterprises. Social enterprises tend to have other sources of funding than those that are available for commercial business. In connection with these sources, the common term to describe it, is multi-source or hybrid financing. Empirical part is preceded by an analysis of hybrid financial instruments that are available in the Czech Republic and which are designed specifically for social enterprises. Empirical part is composed of analysis of financial reports from selected social enterprises and demonstrates the true structure of financial resources for the studied period. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

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46

Fialová, Dagmar. "Přínos a význam vlastních finančních zdrojů ze sociálního podnikání pro nestátní neziskové organizace". Master's thesis, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-311159.

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This diploma thesis is focused on the contribution and importance of financial resources of social entrepreneurship for nonprofit organizations. The main goal is to analyze the evolution of nonprofit organization's funding from Czech public funds and to identify benefits and importance of financial resources of social entrepreneurship for nonprofit organizations. The theoretical part brings description of financial resources for nonprofit organizations and explanation of social entrepreneurship concept and social enterprise definition. The research of diploma thesis brings the analysis of evolution of nonprofit organization's funding from Czech public funds from 1999 to 2009 and the identification of benefits, importance and share of financial resources of social entrepreneurship in specific nonprofit organization - Domov Sue Ryder, o.p.s. The identification of benefits and importance of financial resources of social entrepreneurship is based on the analysis of evolution of sources, costs and own revenues (sources) from 2001 to 2010 in selected nonprofit organization. The output of this diploma thesis is the evaluation of benefits and importance of financial resources of social entrepreneurship for nonprofit organizations.

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47

Lin, Chia-Hsin y 林佳欣. "Corporate social responsibility activity on long-term financial indicators of enterprises". Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/3b752p.

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碩士
國立政治大學
行政管理碩士學程
107
This study is to explore the impact of corporate social responsibility activities on long-term financial indicators of companies, with specific focus on finding relationship between corporate social responsibility and three finacial indicators (return on common stockholders' equity before tax、production contribution per employee and inventory turnover). CSR-firms are selected from the list of 2009-2018 Excellence in Corporate Social Responsibility, and compared with their competitor without CSR. This study finds that companies' investment in corporate social responsibility will not harm the company's interests. Although the implementation of corporate social responsibility has different impacts on enterprises in different industries, the implementation of corporate social responsibility is positive for enterprises.

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Morgado, Ana Vitória Gomes. "Financing potential in Portuguese small and medium-sized enterprises". Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/18331.

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The main purpose of this dissertation is to show the main sources of financing that SMEs have access to, given that these companies represent most of the Portuguese business community. Secondly, it is intended to verify what types of financing and financial instruments companies use to obtain the desired financing and what is the purpose of the company in obtaining such financing. For that purpose a questionnaire is applied to companies, Finally, the study intends to understand if SMEs use or are aware of the help provided by public institutions, such as IAPMEI. With both the literature review and the application of the questionnaires the study concludes that the companies do not use nor exploit all the market hypotheses available for their financing. Despite the wide range of opportunities given by banks and other financial institutions, companies stick to the method they know, which is also the most common, the bank financing.
A presente dissertação tem como principal objetivo mostrar quais as principais fontes de financiamento a que as PMEs têm acesso, dado que estas empresas representam a maioria do tecido empresarial português. Em segundo lugar, pretende-se verificar, através de um inquérito efetuado a empresas, quais são os tipos de financiamento e instrumentos financeiros que as empresas utilizam por forma a obterem o financiamento desejado e qual a finalidade da empresa ao obter esse financiamento. Por fim, pretende-se perceber se as PMEs utilizam ou conhecem a ajuda prestada por instituições públicas, como o IAPMEI. Através da revisão da literatura e da aplicação dos questionários conclui-se com o estudo que as empresas não utilizam nem exploram todas as hipóteses de mercado disponíveis para o seu financiamento. As empresas, apesar da vasta gama de oportunidades dadas quer pela banca quer por outras instituições financeiras cingem-se ao método que conhecem, que é o financiamento mais comum, o financiamento bancário.

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Tsai, Yi-Ting y 蔡宜婷. "An Exploratory Study on the Enterprise Social Innovation for Sustainable Development - The Case of Financial Industry". Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/6bbn5v.

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碩士
東吳大學
企業管理學系
102
As times change, population and wealth surge together with scientific and technological development and other factors, Earth's natural resources are excessively consumed. In order to ensure balanced development of man and nature, the establishment of a sustainable development society has become an important topic of governments and people nowadays. Many companies still have rooms for improvement on how to properly use the limited resources and maximize the effectiveness of these resources greatest effectiveness to fulfill their social responsibilities. Meanwhile, it has become a major trend in global business development that many companies began to complete annual reviews on sustainable management and voluntarily make public of such reviews through sustainability reports. The aforementioned various domestic and international trends have inspired the interest of this study for an in-depth understanding of the current situation in the social sustainable development of the financial industry, especially the development status and features of the efforts and models of the social innovation of the industry. In addition, this study will further explore the topic of social inclusion. The motivation of this study is to understand the efforts and models of the social innovation of the financial industry in Taiwan and to assess the information disclosed by companies and the social values and contributions created. The intention is to explore the features of the social innovation of the Taiwan financial industry and further verify the theoretical and practical values of corporate social innovation. The key analysis method of this study employs the social sub-classification framework and perspectives proposed by GRI (2013) in the G4 revision of the Sustainability Reporting Guideline and the critical successful factors of corporate social inclusion proposed by S.I. Ivan Su (2014). The study analyzes the social innovation models of 8 companies in the Taiwan financial industry and assesses their social values and contributions created and their resource investment disclosed. The focus of this study is using the G4 social sub-classification approach to analyze the key successful factors of the social inclusion of the integration of different projects and local community and explore the five factors of an individual company, namely long-term thinking, organizational design, resource allocation, social innovation and collaborating institutions. In addition, the study conducts cross- case contents summarization and comparison. The study has also found that because the financial industry is in control of all cash flows, it is closely related to the society. Hence, its social innovation types are diverse. At the same time, the financial industry is also able to closely generate connetion to the current major issues in Taiwan. The financial industry, by virtue of its core functions, is able to provide loans and insurance services to create an inclusive society type. According to the findings, this study suggests that prior to introducing social innovation; companies should understand the current major issues in society or local community so that they can develop sustainable innovation solutions that combine their own businesses. Thereafter, the corporations can start to get the local communities to further develop the programs through integration with other organizations that have certain resources the corporations lack. Once the internal and external resources are combined, both parties can collectively introduce and forge forward social innovation practices to reduce social problems via reducing social exclusion and increasing social inclusion. Ultimately, the objective is to drive corporations to engage in their sustainable development of social innovation. The main contributions of this study are: (1) utilize the sustainability reports release by corporations to identify the corporate social innovation services provided by Taiwan’s financial industry businesses when they engage in sustainable development for the society; (2) utilize the key successful factors of social inclusion to examine and learn the essence of innovation via the procedures when Taiwan’s representative financial industry businesses’ implement social innovation services (products); (3) provide case studies that entail scientific methods and approaches for Taiwan’s financial industry businesses to engage in social innovation.

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50

Hsieh, Yu-Lin y 謝玉玲. "Financial Analysis to Assess the Feasibility for Transforming a Non-profit Organization into a Social Enterprise". Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/65870289996138323284.

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碩士
國立中山大學
高階經營碩士班
102
Majority of non-profit organizations’ funding comes from public donation, so financial status suppose to be known to public, however, there are no specific taxation regulations similar to regular business entity that apply on non-profit organizations by Taiwanese Government, and these results in poor financial transparency which causes the problem of releasing insufficient financial information to the donors. Financial ratio is one of the keys in financial analysis, but limited studies are found in this field. Thus, further research and study in financial ratio could make financial analysis more completed and meaningful. Non-profit organizations mainly rely on public donations and government subsidiaries, however, sheltered workshops or subsidiary business units are recently established to develop its products for selling in order to generate financial funding through this commercial activity for them. Additionally, this self-sufficient model could also reduce burden for government subsidiary, as well as to use public funding efficiently. The transition of a non-profit organization into a social enterprise has been a trend so financial index of social enterprises is deserved for further studying. After researching and studying on papers and articles, this paper generates the financial analysis on the feasibility of transiting a non-profit organization into a social enterprise through calculations and cross-references on financial ratio of eleven similar non-profit organizations upon financial perspective. This paper concludes, 　　1) Financial ratios compare the numerical values that taken from balance sheet, income statement, operation statement of subsidiary business unit, cash flow and etc. to evaluate the overall operating condition and performance of a business entity. This paper compiles financial ratios and its related formulas of non-profit organizations and social enterprise, to make a completed financial statement for donors, on the basis of five aspects on liquidity, leverage, operating performance, profitability and self-sufficiency. 2) Qualified accounting auditor report improves financial transparency; establishing subsidiary business unit enhances self-sufficiency. Better financial transparency does strengthening the feasibility of transition of a non-profit organization into a social enterprise. In the evaluation of an individual case, financial analysis of “Children Are Us Foundation” shows its status is equivalent to a social enterprise so it could act as a good reference for those that consider transiting a non-profit organization into a social enterprise in Taiwan.

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Tesis sobre el tema "Social Enterprise Financing"

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