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1
McIntyre, Todd Ian. "Analysis of selected ions in Allium cratericola growing on serpentine and non-serpentine soil". Scholarly Commons, 1991. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/2212.
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The primary problems which plants growing on serpentine soil must overcome are high magnesium concentrations and calcium deficiency. The ability of Allium cratericola to successfully exploit both serpentine and non-serpentine habitats may be due to physiological adaptations which compensate for unusual mineral composition of the soil. Although the Table Mountain soil is described as non serpentine, it bears ionic similarities to the three serpentine soils studied in this investigation.
With the advent of modern biochemical techniques in plant physiology, there are ample opportunities to expand on past work concerning plant growth on serpentine soil. Investigations into the biochemical nature of tolerance mechanisms, especially those involving the mechanics of ion transport and translocation, could further elucidate the nature of plant growth on this soil type.
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Boulet, Frederic. "Mycorrhizal symbiosis as a strategy for survival in ultramafic soils". University of Western Australia. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition Discipline Group, 2003. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2004.0051.
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Ultramafic soils enriched in nickel, such as found in Australia and New Caledonia, are associated with unique, diverse and poorly known vegetation communities. Re-establishment of these highly specific ecosystems is still a challenge for Ni mining companies. Ultramafic vegetation communities are the outcome of a long evolution process resulting in their adaptation to the extreme soil conditions found on ultramafic outcrops. Mycorrhizal fungi, a very common plant symbiont, are generally thought to be beneficial to plants in other ecosystems, providing plants with phosphorus and even promoting metal tolerance in plants in some cases. We examined the hypothesis that mycorrhizal fungi may contribute to the survival of plants in ultramafic soil conditions. Bandalup Hill, an ultramafic outcrop enriched in Ni (South West of Western Australia) was selected to assess the contribution of mycorrhizal fungi to ultramafic plants. Soil constraints, in particular the degree of Ni toxicity, were assessed at two sites with ultramafic soils within the outcrop. Total metal, nutrient, DTPA extractable Ni and available P were measured in soil while Ni, Ca and Mg were tested in the soil solution. In addition, nutrients and metals were analyzed in shoots of some plant species occurring at each site: Eucalyptus flocktoniae, Melaleuca pomphostoma, Melaleuca coronicarpa and Hakea verucosa. Topsoils in Bandalup Hill and plant shoots had high levels of Ni, and very low levels of P, K and N. Variation in DTPA extractable Ni between sites reflected the variation in shoot Ni level of E. flocktoniae and M. pomphostoma. Variations in soil solution Ni levels reflected variations in shoot Ni levels of M. coronicarpa and H. verucosa between sites. The germination requirements of the plant species used to assess the soil constraints was assessed. Species selected included Eucalyptus flocktoniae, Melaleuca coronicarpa, and Hakea verucosa. Seeds of E. flocktoniae and M. coronicarpa had a higher germination rate if pre-treated with smoke water, while no pre-treatment was required to germinate H. verucosa seeds. The unusual germination requirement of E. flocktoniae and M. coronicarpa involve complex chemical signals that may be present in the soil when the conditions are more favorable for plant establishment. Such unusual germination requirement may represent an adaptation to the hostile conditions of the ultramafic soils of Bandalup Hill. The mycorrhizal association and root characteristics of the selected plant species was also assessed after 8 weeks of growth in undisturbed ultramafic topsoil cores from Bandalup Hill. Roots of these species (including H. verucosa from a previously designated non-mycorrhizal family, Proteaceae) were associated with mycorrhizal fungi. Roots of E. flocktoniae and M. coronicarpa were colonized by both arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECM), while roots of H. verucosa only contained some AM fungal structures. All species had high shoot to root ratios and their root characteristics reflected their association with mycorrhizal fungi. Based on the previous observations, uninoculated and inoculated E. flocktoniae seedlings were grown for 10 to 16 weeks in sand amended with Ni at 0, 0.2, 1 and 2.3 mg/kg. Mycorrhizal inoculum consisted of spores of Pisolithus sp. (ECM) or a mix of AMF spores and colonized root fragments, both originating from Bandalup Hill. Another inoculum consisted in Pisolithus sp. spores from a site with ultramafic soils in New Caledonia. Inoculation with AM and ECM fungi from Bandalup Hill was beneficial to E. flocktoniae. Benefits consisted mainly of a reduction of Ni shoot translocation at the highest Ni soil level. At 1 mg/kg soil Ni, E. flocktoniae exhibited a certain degree of tolerance to Ni. A substantial increase in growth and nutrient uptake with Pisolithus sp. from Western Australia was also observed. The contribution of AM fungi from Bandalup Hill to E. flocktoniae, M. coronicarpa, H. verucosa, and Trifolium subterraneum (clover) was then examined in ultramafic soil from Bandalup Hill.Steaming of ultramafic soil increased the availability and plant uptake of P. Consequently, uninoculated seedlings grew better, and inoculation with AM fungi decreased the growth of native plant species but did not affect their shoot Ni concentration. The presence of AM fungi increased the concentration of P in shoots of native plants species. Inoculation had no effect on the growth and nutrient content of subterranean clover. As mining activities have the potential to reduce the infectivity of AM fungi in topsoils, the effect of disturbance and storage practices on the AM infectivity of ultramafic topsoils collected in summer or winter from Bandalup Hill was investigated. Disturbance consisted in passing topsoil through a 2mm seive and cutting roots into 1cm fragments. Disturbed topsoil was then stored at room temperature in pots that were either sealed from the atmosphere or left open, and pots were maintained at field capacity. E. flocktoniae seedlings were planted in undisturbed and disturbed topsoil just after topsoil collect and then after 3, 6 and 9 months of topsoil storage. AM fungi present in the topsoil collected in summer was less susceptible to initial disturbance than AM fungi present in topsoil collected during winter. Also, storage of topsoil in sealed pots watered to field capacity was more detrimental to its infectivity than storage of topsoil in dry conditions. Mycorrhizal fungi can contribute to the survival of some native plant species in the ultramafic soils of Bandalup Hill and they may represent another strategy to improve the success of Ni mine revegetation. However, such contribution may not be the unique avenue for native plants to survive in ultramafic soils of Bandalup Hill.
3
Cooke, Sarah Spear. "The edaphic ecology of two western North American composite species /". Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5569.
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Nyberg, Berglund Anna-Britt. "Postglacial colonization and parallel evolution of metal tolerance in the polyploid Cerastium alpinum /". Uppsala : Dept. of Plant Biology and Forest Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2005. http://epsilon.slu.se/200565.pdf.
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Jansen, Nora Catharine Mary. "Vegetation ecology of Rawhide Hill, Toulumne County, California". Scholarly Commons, 1991. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/2208.
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Hollstein, R. W. M. "The dependence of mycorrhrizae in Sitka spruce roots, on the availability of phosphorus in serpentine and basaltic soils". Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1986. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU006854.
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The nature and occurrence of mycorrhizal associations, with particular reference to the anatomy, carbohydrate physiology, plant mineral nutrition and occurrence of ectomycorrhizae (ECM), is discussed. The ecology and forest relations of Picea sitchensis - the Sitka spruce concludes the literature review. Identification of areas of good and poor Sitka growth on related soils and the quantification of their ECM status, investigation of the effect of phosphate addition to Sitka seedlings in pots, subsequent and changes to their ECM status, and the effects of soluble aluminium on phosphate nutrition of Sitka seedlings, the collation of results and relation back to the field situation were carried out as experimental work. Field sites were identified and described in terms of geology, soils, field ECM status, forest productivity and nutrient status. Three pot experiments were carried out. The 1st investigated the effects of phosphate application on ECM Sitka seedlings in soil from the field sites; the 2nd investigated the effects of phosphate application to ECM and non-mycorrhizal (NM) seedlings in compost; and the 3rd investigated the affects of application of Al-citrate to ECM and NM seedlings in compost containing high and low levels of phosphate. The results obtained were described and discussed in the context of a model of the factors affecting plant response to the soil environment. The field ECM development representing a considerable drain on the carbohydrate economy of the field sites was to some extent duplicated in the greenhouse. The possible decrease in importance of this drain was illustrated by phosphate application, but was increased by addition of Al-citrate. A previously unrecorded ECM-enhanced uptake of Manganese was reported. The importance of phosphate in the soils under discussion was emphasised, and possible further work suggested.
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Bani, Aïda. "Phytoextraction du Ni dans les sols ultramafiques d'Albanie". Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009INPL042N/document.
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Phytoextraction du nickel dans les sols ultramafiques d’Albanie La phytoextraction minière est un procédé de récupération des métaux des sols minéralisés naturels ou pollués à l’aide de plantes hyperaccumulatrices. Elle est une alternative à l’agriculture vivrière des zones ultramafiques. L’objectif de la thèse est le développement d’une technologie de phytoextraction extensive du Ni avec Alyssum murale sur les Vertisols ultramafiques. Pour cela, il s’agissait : i) d’identifier les plantes hyperaccumulatrices les plus efficaces dans le prélèvement du Ni et comprendre les relations entre le prélèvement du métal et sa biodisponibilité, ii) de déterminer les types de sols adaptés à la phytoextraction du Ni et iii) de définir et optimiser un itinéraire agronomique adapté pour l’espèce retenue et pour les conditions édaphiques. Dans ce but, des prospections géobotaniques ont été conduites en Albanie et en Grèce. Puis une étude in situ des facteurs qui influencent la biodisponibilité du Ni et le comportement des plantes sur une toposéquence ultramafique a été mise en place. Enfin un essai agronomique de quatre années sur un site ultramafique d’Albanie (Pojske) a permis de tester la fertilisation, le contrôle des adventices par herbicide et la date de récolte pour optimiser le rendement d’extraction du Ni. Les résultats montrent que parmi l’ensemble des espèces présentes naturellement sur les serpentines des Balkans, A. markgrafii et A. murale ont le plus fort taux d’accumulation du Ni. Les Vertisols ultramafiques présentent une disponibilité élevée du Ni favorable à la phytoextraction minière. La biomasse d’A murale est augmentée de 0,2 t ha-1 à 6,0 t ha-1 à partir des traitements agronomiques et le rendement de phytoextraction de Ni par A. murale est de 23 à 69 kg ha-1. Alyssum murale peut être envisagée comme une culture pérenne et la fertilisation permet d’augmenter la compétitivité de la plante sans affecter les concentrations de Ni dans les parties récoltéesPhytomining is a process for recovering metals with hyperaccumulating plants from natural or polluted soils. It is an alternative to conventional farming in ultramafic areas. The aim of the thesis is the development of an extensive phytoextraction technology with Alyssum murale on ultramafic Vertisols. Therefore, work was conducted to i) identify the most effective Ni hyperaccumulators, and understand the relationship between metal uptake and bioavailability, ii) identify soil types suitable for phytoextraction, and iii) define and optimize agronomic practices adapted to the plant species and the edaphic conditions. Hence, geobotanical surveys were conducted in Albania and Greece. Then an in situ study was run on an ultramafic toposequence to assess the factors that influence Ni bioavailability and behavior of plants. Finally a four-year field trial was carried out on an ultramafic site in Albania (Pojske) where fertilization, weed control by herbicide, and harvest date were tested to optimize the efficiency of Ni extraction. The results showed that A. markgrafii and A. murale exhibit the highest rate of Ni accumulation among all species of Balkan serpentines. The ultramafic Vertisols have a high Ni availability phytoextraction and are favourable for phytomining. A. murale biomass increased from 0.2 t ha-1 to 6.0 t ha-1 due to optimization of agronomic treatments, and performance of phytoextraction from 23 to 69 kg ha-1. Alyssum murale can be seen as a perennial crop, and fertilization increases the competitiveness of the plant without affecting the Ni concentrations in the harvested parts
8
Chardot, Vanessa. "Réponse de Brassicacées hyperaccumulatrices à la disponibilité du nickel des sols ultramafiques". Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007INPL045N/document.
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Les plantes hyperaccumulatrices de métaux ont développé des mécanismes spécifiques de prélèvement de la fraction disponible des métaux du sol, conduisant à leur accumulation dans les parties aériennes. L’utilisation agronomique de ces plantes pourrait être une voie de dépollution des sols contaminés en métaux. Ce travail a pour objectif de contribuer à la compréhension des mécanismes chimiques et biologiques qui conditionnent l’accumulation du Ni par les plantes hyperaccumulatrices, en réponse à la disponibilité du métal dans le sol. Après observation du fonctionnement naturel du système sol ultramafique-plante hyperaccumulatrice, nous avons étudié, en laboratoire, l’altération de trois phases minérales nickélifères modèles communes des sols ultramafiques (chrysotile, smectite, goethite) soumises à l’influence de trois Brassicacées hyperaccumulatrices de Ni natives de sites de serpentine d’Europe (Leptoplax emarginata, Alyssum murale et Thlaspi caerulescens). Les résultats montrent que dans les sols ultramafiques, le Ni phytodisponible provient majoritairement de l’altération des minéraux nickélifères silicatés ferromagnésiens, hérités de la roche mère. Les hyperaccumulateurs ont un comportement différent en fonction de la disponibilité du Ni des sols. Dans les milieux à forte disponibilité du Ni, les hyperaccumulateurs accumulent le Ni proportionnellement à la disponibilité du Ni du milieu. Elles réduisent ainsi significativement la fraction de Ni initialement disponible du milieu, et ne semblent pas favoriser la dissolution des minéraux porteurs de Ni. A l’inverse, dans les milieux à faible disponibilité du Ni, la présence des hyperaccumulateurs accélère la dissolution de phases minérales nickélifères silicatées, en favorisant la solubilisation du métal. Dans ce cas la plante prélève la quasi-totalité du Ni solubilisé. Ces résultats sont essentiels à l’élaboration d’un modèle de culture qui permettra de faciliter l’application du procédé de phytoextraction du Ni à grande échelleMetal hyperaccumulator plants developed specific mechanisms to extract available metals from the soil and consequently accumulate them in aerial parts. The agronomic use of these plants for the decontamination of metal polluted soils is under study worlwide. This work was undertaken to better elucidate the chemical and physiological mechanisms that influence Ni accumulation by hyperaccumulators in response of Ni availability in soils. To answer these questions we undertook two approaches. Firstly, a site study to determine the natural functioning of the ultramafic soil-Ni hyperaccumulators system. Secondly, a lab-scale set of experiments that were designed to study the weathering of three ultramafic Ni-minerals (chrysotile, smectite, goethite) in the rhizosphere of three Ni-hyperaccumulating species naturally growing on European serpentine soils (Leptoplax emarginata, Alyssum murale et Thlaspi caerulescens). Results showed that, in ultramafic soils, phytoavailable Ni derives from the weathering of primary nickeliferous ferromagnesian silicates. Hyperaccumulators show a different behaviour depending of Ni availability in the environment of the culture. In environments showing high available Ni, hyperaccumulators accumulate Ni proportionally to Ni availability. In this way, they can significantly reduce the initially available fraction of Ni but do not seem to enhance the weathering of unavailable Ni forms. Contrarily, in environments with extremely low Ni availability, hyperaccumulators may strongly enhance the dissolution of nickeliferous silicate minerals and so favour Ni solubilisation. If so, hyperaccumulators absorb the majority of Ni solubilised. These results are of considerable interest for the elaboration of a crop model designed for the optimisation of the phytoextraction concept and high scale application
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Springer, Yuri P. "Epidemiology, resistance structure, and the effects of soil calcium on a serpentine plant-pathogen interaction /". Diss., Digital Dissertations Database. Restricted to UC campuses, 2006. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.
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Rossington, Natalie L. "How are rare species maintained?: Reproductive barriers between Layia jonesii, a rare serpentine endemic, and L. platyglossa". DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2015. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1494.
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Reproductive barriers are vital to generating new species as well as maintaining distinct species. Investigating reproductive barriers between closely related plant taxa helps us to understand how these barriers are maintained, particularly between rare and widespread relatives. Layia jonesii, a rare San Luis Obispo County serpentine endemic, and L. platyglossa, a common coastal species, co-occur on serpentine derived hillsides and are interfertile. At these locations, L. jonesii is isolated to dry soils near serpentine rock outcrops and L. platyglossa is located on slightly deeper grassland soils surrounding the rock outcrops. On hillsides where they co-occur, I observe two morphologically distinct species, therefore the two species must be maintaining reproductive barriers, yet mechanisms that maintain this isolation are unknown. I studied this system to investigate possible mechanisms contributing to the maintenance of reproductive barriers. I hypothesize prezygotic reproductive isolation in this system is due to (1) habitat isolation due to local adaptation to differential edaphic environments on the hillside, (2) flowering time differences, and (3) reduced seed set resulting from hybrid crosses. To investigate the local adaptation of L. jonesii and L. platyglossa, I reciprocally transplanted both species into the center of each species’ distribution. I also conducted a competition experiment to determine if L. jonesii is sensitive to resource competition beyond its natural distribution. To investigate flowering time differences, I tracked flowering time of both wild and reciprocally transplanted populations. I also performed controlled crosses to determine if heterospecific, or hybrid crosses, result in lowered seed set than conspecific crosses. The reciprocal transplants showed L. platyglossa is locally adapted to the grassland habitat. Local adaptation likely prevents L. playtyglossa from dispersing into the rock outcrop habitat. Results of the competition experiment revealed L. jonesii is sensitive to competition and this may contribute to its constrained distribution to shallow soils. Local adaptation and competition likely contribute to habitat isolation between the two species. I also documented stark differences in flowering time between the species which contributes to reproductive isolation by reducing pollen flow. Hybrid crosses also resulted in lowered seed set than conspecific crosses. These results suggest prezygotic barriers to reproduction likely maintain the majority of isolation between the two species. These results provide insight into mechanisms that maintain reproductive barriers between closely related taxa existing in similar habitats. The results also contribute to our understanding of how rare plants preserve genetic integrity near common and interfertile relatives.
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Binda, Nkongho Collins. "Study of Metal Tolerance / Accumulation in Festuca arundinacea Schreb. From a Serpentine Site in North Carolina". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2012. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/1448.
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The prevailing conditions in metalliferous soils are usually hostile for plant growth, but some plant species are still able to thrive in these substrates. Festuca arundinacea Schreb. plants were found to thrive on serpentine soils containing high concentrations of Cr and Ni. These plants contained higher concentrations of Ni in their roots than in their shoots. Hydroponic growth experiments with 350 µM and 650 µM Ni singularly and in combination revealed that more Cr was accumulated at the roots. The opposite was the case for Ni. The same experiments showed no difference between plants from serpentine and control soils in terms of growth and metal uptake. Ni was found to be toxic to control Festuca arundinacea plants at concentrations of at least 50 µM. The uptake of Ni in Festuca arundinacea was increased by an increase in the concentration of Ni and a decrease the pH of the substrate.
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Verger, Jean-Pierre. "Végétation et pédogenèse sur roches vertes et gneiss acide dans une séquence altitudinale montagnard-alpin en Val d'Aoste (Italie) : essai de synthèse écologique". Grenoble 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987GRE10081.
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Su, Ying-Ching y 蘇映菁. "The release dynamics of heavy metals in serpentine soils". Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/16187647694147797876.
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碩士國立屏東科技大學
環境工程與科學系所
103
Serpentine soils are enriched with Ni, Mn, Cr and Co. This study used two soil samples from eastern Taiwan and Austria derived from serpentines for the extraction procedures with different inorganic (hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, and sulfuric acid) and organic acids (acetic acid, oxalic acid, and citric acid) containing various ionic strengths and concentrations. Based on the intensity of acid rain, this study discussed the effects of acid rain and pH on Ni, Mn, Cr and Co release from the soils. The aim of this study was to evaluate the release dynamics of these metals from the serpentine soils under acid rain simulated by these acids. The experimental results demonstrated that the increase of ionic strength in acid increased the released concentration of Ni, Mn, Cr and Co into the soil solution. As for the extraction of different inorganic and organic acids, the metal release rate increased along with the concentration of all acids for Ni, Mn, Cr and Co. The highest rate was found by using 10 mM sulfuric acid in terms of inorganic acid extraction (Ni: 278 mmol/m2/d, Mn: 1030 mmol/m2/d, Cr: 96.4 mmol/m2/d, and Co: 81.7 mmol/m2/d), while the highest release rate occurred with 10 mM citric acid in organic acid extractions (Ni: 523 mmol/m2/d, Mn: 642 mmol/m2/d, Cr: 131 mmol/m2/d, and Co: 128 mmol/m2/d). We estimated the reason why sulfuric acid and citric acid in the extraction revealed the highest rate of release is that sulfuric acid has two protons (H+) and citric acid has three carboxyl groups, and thus showing a stronger ability to trap heavy metals from the soils. Ligands and protons enhanced the release of Ni, Mn, Cr and Co from the serpentine soils and increased the risk to the surrounding environments. Summarizing extractions, Ni, Mn, Cr and Co release rates increase in the order of nitric acid ≈ acetic acid ≈ hydrochloric acid < sulfuric acid < oxalic acid < citric acid. Keywords: heavy metal, serpentine soil, extraction, acid rain.
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Fredricks, Nancy Ann. "Population biology of rare mariposa lilies (Calochortus: Liliaceae) endemic to serpentine soils in southwestern Oregon /". 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/9918.
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Chang, Hsiao-Ching y 張曉菁. "Characterization of serpentine soils from temperate, subtropical, and tropical regions". Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/95529744951280255598.
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碩士國立屏東科技大學
環境工程與科學系所
101
Serpentinite is one of the ultramafic rocks through weathering. Its original rocks are island silicate framework and high in Fe and Mg. Serpentinite soils contain high concentration of heavy metals such as chromius(Cr) and nickel(Ni) , which is above the global soil pollution control standards. These heavy metals are not produced from human activities, but may have adverse effects on eco-environment and human health. Owing to the differences of soil properties caused by climates, land use and weathering, this study collected the Serpentinite pedons from the regions in three different climate zones – temperate, subtropical, and tropical. It intended to understand the characteristics of Serpentinite soils by analyzing their chemical and physical properties. The results show that the pedons from a temperate climate region contain a higher amount of sand and silt ; Second, the pedon from a subtropical climate region contains a higher amount of sand ; the pedon from a tropical climate region contains a higher amount of clay. The pedons from a temperate climate region contain a higher amount of organic carbon and their pH value is alkaline; the pedon from a subtropical climate region contains a lower amount of organic carbon and its pH values is alkaline ; the pedon from a tropical climate region contains a lower amount of organic carbon and its pH values is acidic. In all the pedons, concentration ranges of Ni and Cr are much higher than both the global (Cr:84 mg/kg，Ni:34 mg/kg)and Taiwanese soil pollution control standards(Cr :250 mg/kg，Ni:200 mg/kg).
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Yu, Jun-De y 余俊德. "Comparison in the differences of soil properties and Cr(VI) generation between basalt and serpentine soils". Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/52999346316386144092.
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碩士國立屏東科技大學
環境工程與科學系所
101
Serpentinites from eastern Taiwan and basalts from Penghu are ultramafic and mafic rocks. The soils derived from serpentinite and basalt contain high concentrations of heavy metals like Fe, Cr, Ni and Co, especially in serpentine soils with enriched Cr and Ni. The purposes of this study were to explore the differences of soil properties and to understand Cr(VI) generation with differences pH values between basaltic and serpentine soils. According to the experimental results, totel contents of Cr and Ni in serpentine soils were higher than those in basalt soils, which were over the soil pollution control standards of Taiwan. The sequential extraction shows that Cr and Ni were mainly from the mineral lattices, and thus concentrated in the residual fractions. Cr(VI) concentration and Cr oxidation capacity in the serpentine soils were higher than those in the basalt soils, and increased with the easily reducible Mn concentration. The results of soil incubation with hydrogen ion indicated that and Cr(VI) concentration decreased with the increas of added acid, suggesting that Cr dominantly existed as Cr(III). However, the concentrations of soluble Ca and Mg increased with the increase of added acid, revealing that the Ca and Mg dissolved from silicates, but hardly from chromite.
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Selby, Jessica. "The Genetic Basis of Local Adaptation to Serpentine Soils in Mimulus guttatus". Diss., 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10161/8788.
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While local adaptation has been frequently demonstrated via reciprocal transplant experiments, our understanding of the genetic basis of it remains minimal. There is a notable lack of studies that identify naturally segregating variants, determine the traits controlled by these variants and characterize their fitness effects in the field. Such studies are critical for understanding how spatially varying selective pressures can drive population divergence and maintain genetic variation. The experiments presented here aim to characterize the genetic basis of local adaptation to serpentine soils in Mimulus guttatus. First, I show that serpentine and non-serpentine populations of M. guttatus are locally adapted to soil habitat wherein non-serpentine plants are unable to survive on serpentine soils. Serpentine tolerance appears to come at a cost as serpentine plants are smaller in the juvenile stage than non-serpentine plants when grown at non-serpentine field sites. These size differences may limit the competitive ability of serpentine tolerant plants in non-serpentine habitats which tend to be more heavily vegetated than serpentine habitats. Next I identify environmental variables that are important selective agents in the serpentine habitat. Using hydroponic assays to isolate an individual chemical variable of serpentine soils - low calcium levels to high magnesium levels (low Ca:Mg ratio) - I show that serpentine and non-serpentine populations of M. guttatus have significant differences in tolerance to low Ca:Mg. I then characterize the genetic basis of these ecotypic differences in survival and tolerance using quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping. I identify a single, major QTL that controls both the ability to survive on serpentine soils and tolerance to low Ca:Mg ratio which suggests that M. guttatus populations have adapted to serpentine soils through an ability to tolerate the low levels of Ca while simultaneously not suffering from Mg toxicity. Furthermore, I show that this same QTL controls ability to survive on serpentine soils in a second, geographically distant population. However, preliminary work suggests that the two populations are not equally tolerant to each other's soils indicating that either other loci also contribute to serpentine tolerance and these are not shared between the two serpentine populations or that there are different serpentine tolerance alleles at the major QTL are not functionally equivalent. This work addresses long-standing questions in evolutionary biology regarding the number and effect size of loci that underlie adaptive traits by identifying a large effect locus that contributes to adaptive differences between M. guttatus populations.
Dissertation
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Chen, Hsin-Yu y 陳歆妤. "Solubility of heavy metals controlled by oxidation-reduction cycles in serpentine soils". Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/29155022043718337624.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
農業化學研究所
105
Serpentine soils are characterized with high concentration of geogenic Cr, Ni, and Co. Although these metals are mainly bound in the mineral frameworks, they could be released into groundwater or absorbed by plant through weathering and oxidation-reduction cycles and further pose potential risk to the environment and human health, in particular paddy soil. The objectives of this study were to monitor the solubility of Cr, Ni and Co under a continuous range of pre-defined redox conditions as well as how soil biogeochemical factors regulate the dynamics of these metals, and to provide critical information on potential risk of metals released from serpentine soil. Two serpentine soils (0-20 cm in depth) were collected from eastern Taiwan and they were Ta and Wm soils. An automated biogeochemical microcosm (MC) system was used to simulate flooding condition in the soil, which equipped with an automatic-valve gas regulation system control of EH by adding N2 to lower EH or O2 to increase EH. Each MC was filled with 300 g soil mixed with 60 g straw powder and ultrapure water in 1:8 ratio. EH was set from 200 mV to -200 mV, then returned to 250 mV. The slurry samples were centrifuged and the supernatants were filtered. Metals, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), specific UV absorbance (SUVA254 nm), and anions were determined in the supernatant. The experimental results indicated that the temporal course of EH and pH in the MCs revealed converse trends in both soils due to the consumption of H+ accompany with the Fe-(hydr)oxides reductive dissolution. DOC increased along with straw breakdown and further complexed with Fe, Mn, Cr, Ni, and Co, and thus the solubile metals became higher. The SUVA254 nm values indicated the clear aromaticity of DOC but showed different components of DOC in two studied soils. The decline in SUVA254 nm with time was resulted from the increase of organic acid generated by the growth of microbial population. Anion cycles seemed to be related to OM degradation, microbial mineralization, and immobilization. Cr existed as Cr2O3(s) in the tested soils and thus the concentration of soluble Cr was very low depending on redox change and sorption ability. Soluble Co increased with Ni particularly in the Ta soil with higher CEC, indicating that Co and Ni were both controlled by redox process because of their similar ionic diameters and the same adsorptive sites on soil colloid surfaces. However, Co might be precipitated as Co(OH)2 when pH > 8.5 in the Wm soil. The soluble Cr, Ni, and Co trends with time were different in the two soils, because of the soil characteristics and mineral composition identified by the factor analysis. The solubility of Cr was very low and increase with DOC as well as Ni and Co, and thus we should pay attention to the water quality when DOC concentration becomes high in the study area.
19
CHU, CHEN NIEN y 陳念祖. "Macro and trace element contents in soils and plants of a serpentine ecosystem". Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/24443051669440788743.
Texto completoResumen
碩士國立屏東科技大學
環境工程與科學系所
99
Serpentinitic soils from ultramafic parent rocks are characterized by low availability of N, P, K, and Ca/Mg and extremely high contents of heavy metals like Cr, Co, and Ni. These metal levels in the serpentinitic soils can be much higher than the soil pollution control standards (SPCS) of Taiwan. Additionally, low contents of Si and Ca causes to poor growth of general plants. The heavy metals in the serpentinitic soils are not anthropogenic, but they have potential risk to ecosystem and human health. Therefore, this study selected an abandoned site of serpentine at Wang-Ron, Hualiean to collect 7 species of plant and the corresponding soils in the root zone. The plants include Crotalaria zanzibirica, Miscanthus floridulus, Leucaena leucocephala, Bidens pilosa, Dolichos lobatus Willd., Melilotus indicus and Conyza Canadensis. The purposes are to explore element contents in the soils and plants, to fractionate heavy metals by sequential extraction and single extraction, to understand the plant uptake of the elements and their compartmentation in different plant tissues, and evaluate the phyto-availability. The experimental results indicated that the Ca/Mg ratio was lower than 1.0 in most cases of soils and reflected the typical characteristics of serpentinitic soils. The concentrations of Cr and Ni ranged from 59 to 723 mg/kg and from 691 to 1220 mg/kg respectively, which greatly exceeded the SPCS. Regarding solid fractionation of Cr and Ni, the dominant phases of Cr and Ni are the residual forms which are fixed in the mineral framework. The DTPA- and HCl-extractable amounts of Ni was higher than that of Cr, which difference in trend betwee elements is the same to that by sequential extraction. Therefore, Cr is hard to be absorbed by the plants. The heavy metal contents in the studied plants were higher than those in the other plants. The concentrations of Mn, Cr, and Ni in the plant ranged from 10.4 to 69.4 mg/kg, from 6.08 to 36.9 mg/kg, and from 8.52 to 51.4 mg/kg. In addition, most Mn and Cr in the plant accumulated in the root, while Ni was in the leaves. This study elucidates that the plant may be potential accumulators of Ni, because the transfer factor (TF, leaf/root) of Ni is higher than 1.0, particullarly for Crotalaria zanzibirica with TF 2.27.
20
Chen-Yue y 陳玥. "Heavy metals uptake of paddy rice on serpentine soils with different fertilizer treatments". Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/12162590572668287305.
Texto completoResumen
碩士國立屏東科技大學
環境工程與科學系所
101
Serpentinitic soils are high in Cr and Ni which may have the potential risk to crop growth and eco-environment, and groundwater contamination. This study used 2 serpentinitic soil samples (WR and TA) from eastern Taiwan to cultivate paddy rice by pot experiment amended with different fertilizer treatments in the open field. All treatments included control (blank), 120-60-60 kg/ha (NH4)2SO4 1.47 g, CaHPO4 0.17 g, and KCl 0.14 g per pot), 120-90-60 kg/ha ((NH4)2SO4 1.47 g, CaHPO4 0.26 g, KCl 0.14 g per pot), and 120-120-60 kg/ha ((NH4)2SO4 1.47 g, CaHPO4 0.35 g, KCl 0.14 g per pot). The experimental results indicated that WR and TA soils pH gradually decreased during rice growth, due to acidity of the chemical fertilizer addition. Addititonally, no difference was found in Cr heavy metal level in the soil solution. Fe and Mn concentrations were higher in the TA soil than in the WR soil. Iron plaque on rice roots, in the different fertilizer treatments the order of Fe, Mn, Cr, Ni and Co accumulated concentration was: Fe> Mn> Ni> Co> Cr. The results show that Fe, Cr, Ni, Co were concentrated in the root of rice, and Mn concentrations (757.5 mg/kg) in the stalk part was higher than in the root. The concentrations of all metals in the rice tissues were higher than those in general plants, and thus the Cr and Ni concentrations in the rice were up to 1.16 mg/kg and 8.57 mg/kg.
21
Gonçalves, Susana Cláudia de Freitas Rodrigues. "Nickel tolerance in Cenococcum geophilum from serpentine soils : an adaptive trait : living in serpentine : the tale of a hidden fungus". Doctoral thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/3742.
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22
Ching, Chen-Chih y 陳芷晴. "The feasibility of X-ray fluorescence spectrometry for measuring characteristic elements of serpentine soils". Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/erxj7u.
Texto completoResumen
碩士國立臺灣大學
農業化學研究所
106
Serpentine soils are characterized by high Mg, Cr and Ni content and low Ca/Mg values. Hence, Ca, Mg, Cr and Ni are considered as the characteristic elements of serpentine soils. Excessive Cr and Ni and low Ca/Mg in serpentine soils may contribute to the potential risk of agricultural production and environmental quality. Identification of serpentine soils in the field rapidly is important for the efficiency of soil management and the environmental quality decision. Conventional measurement of these elements is determined in the laboratory after hydrogen fluoride (HF) digestion or aqua regia extraction. However, this technique is time-consuming, dangerous, and expensive. Portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (pXRF) can provide rapid screening and simultaneous multi-element determination for non-destructive analysis. Therefore, pXRF has the potential to rapid screening of serpentine soils by determining Cr, Ni, Ca and Mg in the field. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the analytical ability of pXRF by comparing HF digestion and aqua regia digestion (Cr and Ni) by determining horizon samples of serpentine soils, to evaluate the analytical abilities of pXRF for the screening of different pre-treatments of 10-cm interval samples from soil profiles (n = 38), and to understand the vertical distribution of Ca, Mg, Cr and Ni in the soil profiles by different sampling approaches. Three serpentine soil profiles were collected in Taitung (n = 21). In addition, 10-cm interval samples (n = 38) were divided into three parts of subsamples. They were fresh, sieved less than 10 mesh and sieved less than 100 mesh ones for quantifying by pXRF (An Olympus Delta Premium 2000 XRF analyzer was calibrated by NIST 2709,2710 and 2711 in Geochem mode). The experimental results indicated that the significant correlation (p < 0.01) between pXRF and HF digestion by determining characteristic elements. An excellent performance of Cr and Ni quantification between pXRF and aqua regia digestion with significant correlation (p < 0.001). However, light elements (Ca and Si) are not as relative expected linear relationships due to Auger effect and the parent material of standard reference materials. The linear regression of Mg and Cr deviated from y = x because of spectral interference and matrix interference. Besides, Cr may also be affected by the difference of mineral structure compare to other elements. Furthermore, water content and homogeneity of samples have an effect on quantifying elements by pXRF as well. pXRF can determine the elemental concentrations with dramatic variation between horizon samples, which can support to achieve the true distribution of elements in the soil profile by horizon samples. This study verifies pXRF has excellent analytical ability to serpentine soils, which can be auxiliary equipment for quantifying elements in serpentine soils in the field. Comparing to other parent material soils, serpentine soils in Taiwan with low Ca/Mg (< 1.0), high Cr and Ni, and great correlation between Cr and Ni, which can rapidly identify serpentine soils rather than anthropogenic polluted soils by pXRF with saving considerable time and affording cost.
23
Wang, Pei-Chun y 王珮君. "comparison of chromium and nickel contents in serpentine soils from tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions". Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/95976257193268282213.
Texto completoResumen
碩士國立屏東科技大學
環境工程與科學系所
101
Soil plays a very important role in environment and ecology. High heavy metals contents in soil due to naturally geological environment improve the human security concerns for food crops, and indirectly increase the degree of risk to human health. Serpentinite, one kind of ultrabasics, its main compositions are serpentine and chrysotile. The higher background contents of heavy metals Ni and Cr in serpentine soil which can be over the soil pollution control standards of Environmental Protection Agency, Taiwan. This study used five pedons of serpentine soils from Austria, Japan and Indonesia, analyzed the concentrations of different associated types of Cr and Ni by sequential extraction, compared the influences of climatic conditions of tropical, subtropical and temperate zone on the Ni and Cr contents in the soils. Experimental results find that the Ni and Cr contents in soils of tropical zone were higher than those of the suntropical and temperate zones. Ni content was averagely higher than Cr by total analyses of pedons. By sequential extractions, Cr and Ni were mainly from the mineral lattices, thus were concentrated in the residual fractions. Nickel higher than Cr by summations of front three fractions by sequential extractions, indicated Ni mobility higher than that of Cr.
24
Hsu, Chun-Chun y 許淳淳. "Dissolution of Cr and Ni in diesel-contaminated serpentine soils treated with various chemical oxidation methods". Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/40887433116556313571.
Texto completoResumen
碩士國立臺灣大學
農業化學研究所
98
In situ chemical oxidation is commonly used as a remediation method of contamination of petroleum hydrocarbons, but there have been reported in many literatures that chemical oxidation methods may cause dissolution of metals in soil. In this research, two serpentine soils in the east of Taiwan, ST and WR, which were rich in chromium (Cr) and nickel (Ni) were artificial diesel contaminated (10000 mg kg-1). Then the soils were remediated with potassium permanganate (KMnO4), acidified potassium permanganate (KMnO4+H+), and sodium persulfate (Na2S2O8) to investigated whether the dissolution of Cr and Ni occurred. After treating with oxidants, the concentrations of Cr and Ni in soil solutions were determined, and the remained soils were extracted with 1 N KCl twice. Next, the remained diesel concentration in soils were extracted by ultrasonic extraction and determined by GC/FID. Subsequently, available Cr(VI) and total Cr(VI) of the remained soils were analyzed by 0.01 M KH2PO4 extraction and alkaline digestion respectively. The results showed the efficiency of removal of diesel were in the order of KMnO4+H+ (> 70 %) > KMnO4 (~ 50 %) > Na2S2O8 (< 30 %). Except that Ni was not detected in the soil solution treated with KMnO4 during 14-day reaction, nickel concentration was respectively found to be 13.8 and 0.34 mg L-1 in ST and WR soil solution with KMnO4+H+ treatment. Na2S2O8 treatment resulted the highest Ni dissolution and the values were 34.0 and 2.05 mg L-1 in ST and WR soil solution respectively. As for the Cr dissolution, the Cr concentration in soil solutions of ST treated with the three oxidants and WR treated with KMnO4+H+ and Na2S2O8 were 20~210 times exceeding the groundwater pollution control standards (0.05 mg L-1). Total Cr(VI) concentration of the remained soils after oxidants treatment were in the order: KMnO4+H+ (184 and 22.4 mg kg-1 in ST and WR soil respectively ) > KMnO4 (26.1 and 3.50 mg kg-1 in ST and WR soil respectively) > Na2S2O8 (5.38 and 6.72 mg kg-1 in ST and WR soil respectively ). Available Cr(VI) in soils were low except the soils treated with KMnO4+H+ (54.4 and 10.0 mg kg-1 in ST and WR soil respectively). The results indicated that application of KMnO4, KMnO4+H+, and Na2S2O8 in remediation of diesel-contaminated serpentine soils in this research would cause Cr and Ni dissolution and produce Cr(VI) possessing higher toxicity and movement in soil. Therefore, to avoid dissolution of Cr and Ni, the soil properties should be carefully concerned when using these chemical oxidation methods to remediate the diesel contaminated soil.
25
Dai, Sih-Syuan y 戴思瑄. "Release of heavy metals from serpentine and heavy metals-polluted soils by chemical oxidation using persulfate". Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/45317993999097662784.
Texto completoResumen
碩士國立臺灣大學
農業化學研究所
105
Persulfate is a common oxidant used for in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO), and it is usually activated by amendments such as Fe2+, EDTA-Fe2+ or alkaline to generate free radical which had higher redox potential to degrade the target pollutants. Serpentines soils contain high natural background concentrations of Cr, Ni and Co. However, Cr (VI) is carcinogenic and more mobile than Cr (III). Soil pH and Eh change after using ISCO and thus affect the mobility of heavy metals in soils. Three serpentine soils were collected from eastern Taiwan and anthropogenic polluted soils were sampled from Changhua county in western Taiwan. To explore heavy metals released from serpentine soils and polluted soils with different persulfate treatments, soils were spiked persulfate activated by two concentrations of Fe2+ and alkaline. The results showed that the concentration of remained persulfate decreased with time and generated H+ caused pH decreased, and thus increased heavy metals released. In this syudy, the polluted soils released 55.9 mg Cr/L, 59.5 mg Ni/L, 112 mg Cu/L, and 168 mg Zn/L were higher than serpentine soils because of the high level exchangeable fraction . Additionally, released Cr (VI) was higher from serpentine soils than polluted soils, and the alkaline activated treatment had highest content (5.9 mg Cr (VI)/L ) because of high pH value. Under the condition of this study, heavy metals may release more than in real condition because of higher concentration of persulfate remained. However, concerning about redox potential and Cr (VI) release, 105 mM Fe2+ activated treatment is better than other treatments because it had higher redox potential and Fe2+ may compete free radical and reduce Cr (VI).
26
Bangira, Courage. "Mineralogy and Geochemistry of Soils of Ultramafic Origin from the Great Dyke, Zimbabwe and Gillespie County, Texas". Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2010-12-8619.
Texto completoResumen
Although soils developed from ultramafic parent materials have significance to
agriculture, ecology and health, their bio-geochemistry is poorly understood. The
mineralogical and bio-geochemistry of soils formed from the ultramafic parent materials
of the Great Dyke, Zimbabwe and Gillespie County, Texas was investigated. The
objectives were to determine the mineralogical and bio-geochemical properties of the
soils in order to assess the potential impact and challenges to agriculture, and
environmental quality. Soil samples were taken from the crest, shoulder, footslope and
the toeslope. Chemical analyses were performed by nuclear and spectroscopic
techniques. Mineral characterization was conducted by x-ray diffraction (XRD) and
spectroscopic techniques. Microbial whole-community structure was determined by the
fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) technique. The results indicate wide chemical and
mineralogical compositions among the studied sites. The soils contain relatively high
concentrations of heavy metals (some sites contain Cr(VI)), but low levels of K and Ca.
The highest concentrations of trace metal were associated with chromite, Fe oxides and
serpentinite. The concentrations of Mg were higher than those of Ca and varied between
Zimbabwe and Texas soils largely due to the parent materials.
Unique to these soils is the occurrence of talc, serpentine, chlorite, Fe-rich smectite,
amphiboles, pyroxenes, Fe and Cr oxides in relatively large amounts. These soils also
lack micas and have neglible amounts of kaolinite and feldspars. Palygorskite and
serpentine occurred in specific soil horizons and at specific landscape positions.
FAME profiles indicate that the soil microbial community structure is predominantly
bacteria and fungi (including arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi) at each landscape position
across the transect. Biomarkers for actinomycetes were undetectable. The proportions of
Gram-positive bacteria were higher than those of the Gram-negative bacteria.
Very low levels of nutrients (Ca and K), higher Mg/Ca molar ratios, and the relatively
high concentrations of heavy metals in these soils impact agricultural productivity. High
concentrations of heavy metals, the presence of the Cr(VI) as well as its great potential
to form in these soils might impact microbial activity and environmental quality. The
occurrence of fibrous minerals (e.g serpentine and amphiboles) in these soils will likely
impact human health.
27
Sung, Cho-Ju y 宋卓儒. "Release of Cr and Ni in basaltic and serpentine soils by extraction with chemical reagents and simulated landfill leachates". Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/56045238115513341300.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
農業化學研究所
99
The basaltic soils in Peng Hu archipelago and serpentine soils in east of Taiwan are derived from mafic igneous rock and ultramafic metamorphic rock respectively. The contents of Cr and Ni in these soils are much higher than the background contents of soils in Taiwan, even in some serpentine soils, contents of Cr and Ni exceed the Taiwan soil contaminant control standards. In addition, a case of high Ni concentration found in the groundwater in Peng Hu is suspected due to the release of Ni from basaltic soils by the landfill leachates. Therefore, the objective of study is to assess the release of Cr and Ni in basaltic and serpentine soils by extraction with chemical reagents and simulated landfill leachates. The amounts of Cr and Ni extracted from basaltic and serpentine soils in this study by 0.1 M HCl, 0.01 M EDTA and 0.005 M DTPA are all less than 1% and 3% of the total contents respectively. That relatively large amounts of Ni compared to Cr were extracted is due to that higher percentage of amorphous oxide bounded Ni than Cr in the tested soils. The amounts of Cr and Ni extracted by 0.1 M HCl in the tested soils are all lower than background levels of Taiwan soils, suggesting that the availability of Cr and Ni in these soils is low. However, the results of significant amounts of Ni released into solutions by simulated landfill leachates were found. The results might support the case found in Peng Hu that Ni was released from basaltic soils by landfill leachates and thus increasing Ni concentration in the groundwater. The release of Cr and Ni from these soils was enhanced by EDTA or fulvic acid. The extent of release enhancement by fulvic acid was lower than by EDTA. The results suggest that fulvic acid in the landfill leachates may enhance the release of Ni from basaltic and serpentine soils. Therefore, in order to avoid groundwater contamination by Ni, it is essential to set up an impermeable layer and collection and treatment of leachates if the landfill site is build on mafic or ultramafic soils.
28
Pipková, Zuzana. "Distribuce, vazba a mobilita Ni v půdách na bývalém ložisku Ni rudy v oblasti Křemže". Master's thesis, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-296498.
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Soils in the vicinity of Křemže in the Southern Bohemia are developed on altered ultrabasic rocks. The occurrence of Ni-hydrosilicate and Fe-rich ores in this area lead to their mining mainly during 19th century, then during the World War II. This thesis is focused on distribution and availability of Ni, Cr and Co and accompanying elements in soils at former mine and prospection sites (2 soil profiles and 32 topsoil samples at historical surface mine area). In all soil samples, physico-chemical parameters (pH, TOC, TS) and bulk concentrations of Al, Ca, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn were measured. In addition, deionised water, DTPA and EDTA extracts were used to determine the (bio)availability and mobility of these elements. Some of trace elements were found in elevated concentrations in the mining area topsoils; mean Ni: 1175 mg/kg (range 545-2849 mg/kg), mean Cr: 416 mg/kg (240-849 mg/kg), mean Co: 127 mg/kg (65-238 mg/kg), mean Fe: 49155 mg/kg (30460-113800 mg/kg), mean Mg: 12648 mg/kg (8795-18770 mg/kg) and mean Mn: 1480 mg/kg (1028-2319 mg/kg). In soil profiles the Ni availability decreased with depth. In the uppermost organic O horizon in forest soil profile, 19.5 % and 23.8 % of total Ni was extracted by DTPA and EDTA, respectively. The extractabilities are decreasing down to mineral...
29
Jing-Han, Wu y 吳景翰. "Soluble heavy metal and rice uptake from a serpentine soil with different fertilizer treatments". Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/21455469282064113522.
Texto completoResumen
碩士國立屏東科技大學
環境工程與科學系所
97
Serpentinitic soils are concentrated in the eastern areas of Taiwan, which are rich in heavy metal such as Cr, Ni, and Co with potential risk to crop growth and the eco-environment. This study used a serpentinitic Vertisol for the pot experiment by paddy rice (Kaohsiung No. 45) amended with different fertilizer treatments in the open field. All treatments were: unfertilized control (Blank), full recommended dose of chemical fertilizer (CF), half recommended dose of chemical fertilizer + 2.5 ton ha-1 oilseed compost (1/2 CF + 2.5 OC), 5.0 ton ha-1 oilseed compost (5.0 OC), and 10 ton ha-1 oilseed compost (10 OC), respectively. Six single extractions, including H2O, HCl, NaNO3, CaCl2, EDTA, and DTPA, were performed for the treated soils. The experimental results indicated that Cr and Ni were concentrated in the root of rice, and Mn was in the stalk parts. The concentration of all metals in the rice tissues were higher than those in general plants (1~2 mg/kg), and thus the Cr and Ni levels in the brown rice were up to 4.48 mg/kg and 6.71 mg/kg. However, the Cr and Ni levels in this study were within the normal ranges of rice grain in Taiwan. The amounts of heavy metal using the single extraction were always higher in the soils with fertilizer treatments than the initial soils, suggesting the solubility of heavy metal increased with the planting rice in the soils. In the oilseed compost treatments, the metal contents in soil and plant were high, due to the strong acidity of the compost in reducing soil pH. Additionally, no difference was found in heavy metal levels of soil solution between all treatments.
30
Bao, Guo-Hui y 包國輝. "comparison in the differences of serpentine soil properties between Japanese Kansai and eastern Taiwan". Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/43244147517083523978.
Texto completoResumen
碩士國立屏東科技大學
環境工程與科學系所
98
Serpentinites, generally found in the margin areas between tectonicplates, are derived from ultramafics like peridotites. Serpentine soils from serpentinites are characterized by low Ca/Mg ratios and large amounts of heavy metals like Cr, Ni, and Co which can be over the soil pollution control standards (SPCS) of Taiwan. These heavy metals are not produced from human activities in serpentine soils, but may have adverse effects on eco-environment and human health. In addition, climate and land uses are major factors in controlling the fate of heavy metals in the soils. This study used eight pedons from Kansai of Japan and eastern Taiwan to analyze the soil horizon properties, determine the concentations of Cr, Ni, and Co by single and sequential extractions, and explore the metal origin in the minerals by XRD and SEM/EDS. The aim is to understand the influence of parent material weathering on the soils from temperate and subtropical regions. Experimental results indicates that the Japanese pedons were low weathered compared to Taiwanese due to the low Ca/Mg ratios in the Japanese soil samples. However, total contents of Cr, Ni, and Co in all soils were much higher than other non-serpentine soils, and the metal levels in some of them were over the SPCS of Taiwan. Regarding the metal fractionation, Cr, Ni, and Co were mainly from the mineral lattices, and thus were concentrated in the residual fractions. The mobility sequence followed as Co > Ni > Cr. With respect to DTPA extractable amount, Ni was the highest and Cr was the lowest. The difference in the DTPA extraction between metals was corresponding to the results of lability evalauted by sequential extraction; however, Cr is hardly absorbed by plant. Chromium and Ni concentrations in the surface soils of two paddy pedons were over the soil quality standard in Taiwanese organic famring which was evaluated by 0.1 N HCl. Moreover, serpentine mineral groups and accessory minerals have been identified in the soils. Nickel and Co contents in the soils increased with the increase of saturated magnetic susceptibility.
31
Lewis, Gary John. "Comparative analysis of the floristics, soil chemistry, and vegetation-soil-environment relationships at an ultramafic (serpentine) site in southern British Columbia, Canada". Thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/16289.
Texto completoResumen
Ultramafic soils present an adverse chemical and physical edaphic environment for plant
growth characterized by high metal toxicity, low fertility, and frequently unstable and dry
conditions. The associated vegetation tends to be distinct from surrounding areas in
species composition and structure and often supports high levels of endemism,
speciation, and ecotypic differentiation.
The general goals of this thesis were to characterize the influence of ultramafic bedrock
on the overlying vegetation in southern British Columbia through a detailed comparison
of adjacent ultramafic and non-ultramafic soils and to expand the knowledge of the
floristics and ecology of ultramafic sites in the province. Grasshopper Mountain, part of
the Tulameen ultramafic complex of southern British Columbia, was selected as the study
site since the configuration of adjacent ultramafic and non-ultramafic substrata
minimized potential confounding factors.
Univariate and multivariate analyses of the soil data revealed three different soil types,
each with distinct soil chemistry. The most important factors in distinguishing between
soil types were related to soil fertility and metal toxicity.
Clear floristic and ecological differences were documented between ultramafic and
adjacent non-ultramafic soils. Ultramafic soils supported 28 percent of the local species
richness and hosted more rare taxa than non-ultramafic soils. Many species showed patterns of local restriction to or exclusion from ultramafic soil habitats. Patterns of plant
family richness and abundance and plant ecological group abundance were distinctly
different on ultramafic versus non-ultramafic substrata.
Multivariate analyses at the landscape, plant community, and species scales, revealed a
widespread influence of ultramafic soils on the vegetation. The landscape scale analysis
revealed that the main variation in the vegetation data was related to variation in the
measured soil and environmental factors. In the community level analysis four main
plant communities were recognized by cluster analysis: 1) ultramafic non-forest, 2)
ultramafic forest, 3) non-ultramafic upper elevation forest, and 4) non-ultramafic lower
elevation forest. Each of these communities was characterized by multiple significant
differences based on ANOVA results of mean soil and environmental factors. Two main
soil chemistry gradients were defined using non-metric multidimensional scaling: a
primary "toxicity-fertility" gradient and a secondary "alkalinity" gradient which clearly
separated the four plant communities within ordination space. The species level analysis
revealed clear patterns of species response to ultramafic soils and related factors.Science, Faculty of
Botany, Department of
Graduate
32
Lin, Jia-Hsu y 林佳昫. "Chromium Oxidation Potential and Microbial Community Structure Analysis in Serpentinite soil". Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/19771964299042554448.
Texto completoResumen
碩士國立屏東科技大學
環境工程與科學系所
100
Serpentinites has higher level of heavy metals which are over the Soil Pollution Control Standards of Taiwan. Mn oxides promote Cr(III) transform into Cr(VI) that has higher mobile and toxicity than Cr(III), it cause more pollution. The oxidation rate of Mn biooxides is faster than chemcial MnO2. In this study, we isolated Mn-oxidizing bacteria (MnOB) from Serpentinitic soils at first and what’s condition would increase Cr(III) oxidation potential of Serpentinitic with varied medium or added Pseudomonas putida strain MnB1. Three Mn oxidation strains were isolated and they can produce MnO2 in 4~5 days in the medium containing MnCO3. Serpentinite soils has potential to oxidize Cr(III) solution and the potential was through microbial activity. Inoculation MnB1 and incubation Serpentinite soils with carbon source (Nutrient broth) or mineral (ATTC # 279) can accelerate Cr(III) oxidation, and then the max production of Mn biooxides are 527 mM and 1171 mM in two difference Serpentinite soils, respectively, which increase Cr(III) oxidation potential.
33
Lee, Ming-Fang y 李明芳. "Assessment of heavy metal uptake by corn seeding on serpentine soil amended with different chemical fertilizers". Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/87065202165258886338.
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碩士國立屏東科技大學
環境工程與科學系所
97
Serpentinite is one of ultramafic rocks. The serpentinitic soils are characterized as following: (1) Ca/Mg < 1.0, soils fertility is relatively low, such as low availability of N, P and K and unbalance in nutrition, (2) lithiogenic enrichment of heavy metals like Ni, Cr, Mg, Fe, and Co, (3) talc fiber derived from serpentinitic rocks is easily released into the environment to cause the damage of ecological and human health. In this study, three serpentinitic areas having a total of seven soils, in Coastal Range of eastern Taiwan. They are (Wm1 and Wm2), (St3 and St4) , and (Ta2, Ta3, and Ta4). The aims of this study are apply DTPA extraction and pot experiments (amended with different chemical fertilizers) to explore the soils characteristics, and heavy metals, to assess their effect grow on the serpentine soil in the shoot of plant and to accumulate heavy metals. Results show that the amended with different chemical fertilizers in the corn seedling on the different growth number of days relations of the heavy metal concentration, The corn will be longer along with the growth time causes hard, in the shoot of corn were uptake more concentrations of Fe, Mn and Ni. Between the concentrations in shoot of corn and the dry weigh, Fe, Mn and Ni(mg/plant) were increase with the growth time, between the concentration (mg/plant) of Fe have good correlation. next respectively is Ni, Co and Mn. No significant correlation between DTPA extraction of heavy metals and the concentrations of heavy metals in corn absolute absorption capability.
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Santos, Maria Cristina Amaral Penas Nabais dos. "Seasonal transport, allocation and speciation of nickel in Quercus ilex grown on serpentine and nickel spiked soil". Doctoral thesis, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/2145.
Texto completoResumen
Tese de doutoramento em Biologia (Ecologia) apresentada à Fac. de Ciências e Tecnologia da Univ. de CoimbraOs solos serpentínicos apresentam uma estrutura grosseira e concentrações elevadas dos metais pesados Ni, Cr e Co. A razão Ca/Mg e as concentrações dos nutrientes K, P e N são extremamente baixas. A espécie arbórea dominante que cresce nos solos serpentínicos do nordeste de Portugal é a azinheira (Quercus ilex ssp. ballota). No presente trabalho, foi investigado o transporte, acumulação e especiação do Ni em Q. ilex. O estudo foi efectuado em árvores adultas dos solos serpentínicos do nordeste de Portugal, e em árvores jovens (1 ano) plantadas em solo artificialmente contaminado com diferentes concentrações de Ni. As azinheiras jovens, a crescer em solo contaminado artificialmente com Ni, apresentaram uma redução da biomassa das raízes e tronco. A concentração de Ni em Q. ilex em solos serpentínicos e não-serpentínicos, não apresentou diferenças significativas. No solo artificialmente contaminado com diferentes concentrações de Ni, Q. ilex apresentou um correlação positiva com as concentrações de Ni no solo. A maior parte do Ni foi acumulada nas raízes e o transporte para as folhas reduzido. Os principais agentes complexantes do Ni na seiva xilémica, considerando um pH de 5, são o citrato e o oxalato. A complexação pode aumentar a mobilização e transporte do Ni nos vasos xilámicos, mas também reduz a quantidade de iões Ni, a forma quimicamente mais reactiva e tóxica para as plantas. A actividade metabólica de Q. ilex em campo teve início em Janeiro, quando foi detectado na seiva xilémica o aminoácido ornitina resultante, provavelmente, da hidrólise de arginina em ornitina e ureia. A ureia é posteriormente decomposta em NH4+ e CO2 pela acção da enzima urease. O Ni é essencial na activação da urease e, é provavelmente, um elemento essencial para Q. ilex, evitando a acumulação de ureia que, em concentrações elevadas, é tóxica para as plantas. As árvores jovens extraíram 0,1% do Ni total adicionado ao solo. Quercus ilex pode ser usado na fito-remediação de áreas contaminadas com Ni na região mediterrânica, no sentido de fito-estabilização, por exemplo, na redução da erosão de solos contaminados.
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Lin, Guan-Yu y 林冠宇. "A study on soil and groundwater chemical properties of chromium and nickel high pollution risk areas derived from serpentine in Hualien". Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/t28j4t.
Texto completoResumen
碩士國立宜蘭大學
環境工程學系碩士班
103
In eastern Taiwan, serpentine is generally founded because of collision accompanied by volcanic activity. Such topography after weathering, easy to form a high chromium and nickel content of the soil. As a result, there are some places chromium(VI) concentration will exceeds the control standard for drinking water (50 μg/L) by the WHO. This study is aim at chromium and nickel high risk potential areas in Hualien where demonstrated by EPA for investigation to soil and groundwater chemical properties, and established a background content of chromium and nickel in soil to clarify the study area for hazardous environment of chromium and nickel as according to the study area in the future use. This study selected a region of chromium and nickel high risk potential area in Hualien, and chose three soil from Wanrong village and twenty four soil from Zhangqiao village with chemical properties of chromium and nickel. We also selected eighteen samples drilling by collection of soil from Hualien EPB set a groundwater monitoring well at Zhuoqing Elementary School as this research soil geological chemical properties reference compared. Experimental results indicated that three of soil samples from Wanrong village with total Ca/Mg ratio is much lower than 1.0 and Cr and Ni concentrations were consistent with EPA findings. There are five of soils selected of six soils by XRF screen from Zhangqiao village with total ratio is much lower than 1.0 that confirm characteristics of serpentine soil, and total Cr and Ni are consistent with the soil pollution control standards but some of sample concentration slightly higher than the natural content of heavy metals of farmland in Taiwan. This shows there is no worry of Cr and Ni contamination that effected smaller by serpentine in Zhangqiao village. There are some soils that concentration of total Cr and Ni are much higher than the soil pollution control standards in Zhuoqing Elementary School. There is a characteristic with soil derived from serpentine that is total Ca/Mg ratio will decrease when the concentration to rise of total Cr and Ni. The soils in study with sequence extraction method can be divided into exchangeable form, carbonate bonding form, iron and manganese oxide bonding form, organic bonding form, and residual form five species distribution type. The results indicated that the chemical form of chromium in soils mainly in residual form (at least 85%). Nickel can be found outside of the percentage of residual form is up to 50%, this result indicating that the mobility and harmfulness of Ni are more dangerous than Cr. This study conduct water quality statistics and simulation of groundwater chemical models with groundwater monitoring stations water quality investigate data and clarifying effect with high Cr and Ni content of heavy metals in soil to groundwater. The Piper diagram indicates that in most part of study area, the chemical character of water is dominated by two types, Ca-HCO3 and Mg-HCO3. The groundwater chemistry simulation results show that the study area of nickel mineral will not precipitation showed with saturation index is much less than 0 and chromium mineral will precipitation showed with saturation index is greater than 0 and sedimentation were mainly of Cr2O3.