Artículos de revistas: "Soils Soils Soils Soils Serpentine Serpentine"

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Gladish, Sandra, Jonathan Frank y Darlene Southworth. "The serpentine syndrome below ground: ectomycorrhizas and hypogeous fungi associated with conifers". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 40, n.º 8 (agosto de 2010): 1671–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x10-092.

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Serpentine soils select for unique plant communities, often with sparse vegetation. Mycorrhizal fungi mediate the interaction between plants and soils, yet little is known about the mycorrhizal fungi of serpentine-tolerant plants. Ectomycorrhizas and hypogeous fungal sporocarps were sampled on paired serpentine and nonserpentine soils in southwestern Oregon. We hypothesized that conifers on serpentine soils would have fewer species of mycorrhizal fungi, a distinct assemblage of ectomycorrhizal fungi, and fewer hypogeous sporocarps with less species richness. Sporocarps were sampled and soil cores collected around pines on serpentine and nonserpentine soils. Conifers on serpentine and nonserpentine soils hosted overlapping communities of ectomycorrhizal fungi, as characterized by nonmetric multidimensional scaling. From soil cores, we categorized 27 species by morphotype, of which 18 were identified by DNA. Fewer hypogeous sporocarps with less taxonomic richness were collected on serpentine soils. The lack of indicator species of mycorrhizal fungi and the greater variability among samples on serpentine soils suggest that soil composition does not determine the mycorrhizal community. The sparseness of host vegetation may limit the ability of fungi to grow from tree to tree and may increase the reliance on spore dispersal, thus creating a more varied pattern of mycorrhizal communities.

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Baugé, S. M. Y., L. M. Lavkulich y H. E. Schreier. "Serpentine affected soils and the formation of magnesium phosphates (struvite)". Canadian Journal of Soil Science 93, n.º 2 (mayo de 2013): 161–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss2012-117.

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Baugé, S. M. Y., Lavkulich, L. M. and Schreier, H. E. 2013. Serpentine affected soils and the formation of magnesium phosphates (struvite). Can. J. Soil Sci. 93: 161–172. The Sumas River watershed, located in the intensive agricultural region of the Lower Fraser Valley of British Columbia (Canada), contains serpentine asbestos from a natural landslide. Serpentinic soils have a high Mg to Ca ratio that can affect soil fertility, including soil-solution P relations. The objectives of the study were: (i) to evaluate some common methods of estimating plant available phosphorus in the surface horizons of the serpentine-affected soils and those receiving large quantities of livestock manure, and (ii) to determine if there is evidence for the formation of soluble Mg phosphates, e.g., struvite, a meta-stable P phase in these soils. Seven soil nutrient extractants were used to determine major and minor elemental concentrations. Acid ammonium oxalate, 1 M HCl and Bray P1 extractions were most effective for measuring available phosphorus in these soils. Manure and fertilizer applications appear to favor the formation of Mg-phosphates, and are considered to be more soluble in terms of phosphorus than either calcium-phosphates or aluminum/iron-phosphates. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance examinations gave positive evidence for the presence of struvite in the soils.

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Mróz, Lucyna. "Between-population variation in plant performance traits and elemental composition of Colchicum autumnale L. and its relation to edaphic environments". Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 77, n.º 3 (2011): 229–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.2008.029.

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Variation in vegetative and reproductive performance and leaf mineral composition among 25 populations of <em>Colchicum autumnale</em> (meadow saffron) from soils derived from six parent materials (limestone, marl, sandstone, greenstone, melaphyre and serpentine) in southwestern Poland has been investigated. The plant size (PS), total le-af area (TLA), leaf shape (LS), number of fruits per plant (NFP), number of seeds per plant (NFP), total weight seed per plant (TWSP) were estimated, and concentrations of seventeen elements (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, S, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Ni, Co, Cr, Mo) were analyzed in leaf and soil samples. In soil samples, also soil pH, organic matter content and sand, silt and clay content were determined. All soils (except melaphyre soil) contained elevated levels of Cr. Concentrations of soil Ni and Zn, Pb, Cd in serpentinite soil and polluted marl soils (respectively) were significantly higher than those of other examined soils. Meadow saffron leaves from all sites (except marl sites) contained elevated levels of Cr, Co and Ni. Statistical analysis, carried out with principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that a good correlation exists between the element content in leaves and plant performance traits and soil environment. The leaf Ca content and NFP were correlated and were much higher in populations from metal (except Cr) and nutrient-poor marl soils than in those from metal (except Ni in serpentine soil)and nutrient moderate rich soils derived from melaphyre, greenstones, serpentinite, limestones and sandstones and in those from metal-rich and nutrient-poor polluted marl soils. Meadow saffron plants tended to take up higher amounts of N, P, K, Mn, Cu and Na and lower amounts of S and had much higher TLA in populations from sandstone soils than those in populations from serpentinite, melaphyre, greenstone, marl and limestone soils. The leaf Co, Ni, Cr, Mg concentrations were correlated and were much higher in populations from serpentinite, melaphyre, greenstone, polluted marl and limestone soils than those from marl and sandstone soils. The pattern of variation in NFP and TLA across the different soil types was the opposite of that for leaf N, Cu, Na, Ni, Mg and S concentrations. Redundancy analysis (RDA) enables identification of the soil variables that best explain the variance pattern of plant response. The variation explained by the soil variables (15 soil elements and soil pH) was high (79%). The forward selection of soil variables identified soil Co, Mo, Ni, Ca and Zn concentrations as significantly influencing the ordination plant traits. The variation explained by these selected variables was 55%. Thus the five soil variables appeared to be the main factors determining the pattern variation of vegetative, reproductive and nutrient traits of <em>Colchicum autumnale</em>.

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McAlister, Rachel L., Duane A. Kolterman y A. Joseph Pollard. "Nickel hyperaccumulation in populations of Psychotria grandis (Rubiaceae) from serpentine and non-serpentine soils of Puerto Rico". Australian Journal of Botany 63, n.º 2 (2015): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt14337.

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Metal hyperaccumulators are plants that store heavy metals or metalloids in their leaves, often to concentrations much higher than in the soil. Though most occur exclusively on metalliferous soils, some species are facultative, occurring on both metalliferous and nonmetalliferous soils. Psychotria grandis Sw.(Rubiaceae) occurs from Central America through the Caribbean on many soil types, and hyperaccumulates nickel (Ni) on serpentine soils in several localities. In this study, four Puerto Rican populations of P. grandis – two from serpentine soil and two from non-serpentine soil – were examined to compare Ni accumulation between and within populations. Multiple trees were sampled at most sites, with replicate leaves harvested from each tree. Foliar nickel concentrations were measured by atomic absorption spectrometry. Mean Ni concentration differed significantly among the sites, ranging from <165 µg g–1 on non-serpentine soil to >4000 µg g–1 on serpentine soil. There were also significant differences in Ni concentration among trees within sites, with especially wide variation at one of the serpentine sites known to be geologically heterogeneous. Despite these differences in field-collected leaves, a hydroponic common-garden experiment indicated that the Ni accumulation capacities of the populations were approximately equal. Variation in Ni accumulation between and within these populations in the field is likely to result from variation in Ni availability in the soil.

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Sánchez-Marañón, M., E. Gámiz, G. Delgado y R. Delgado. "Mafic-ultramafic soils affected by silicic colluvium in the Sierra Nevada Mountains (southern Spain)". Canadian Journal of Soil Science 79, n.º 3 (1 de agosto de 1999): 431–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s98-063.

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Soil properties, mineral composition, available microelements for plant uptake and ultramicromorphological gravel characteristics in skeletal soils from amphibolite and serpentinite rocks with additions of silicon-rich colluvial materials were studied in the Mediterranean region (Sierra Nevada, southern Spain). The soils (Entic Cryumbrept, Typic Xerochrept, Pachic Cryoboroll and Typic Cryorthent) showed mineralogical discontinuities, exchangeable Ca:Mg ratios greater than 1 and a pH and base saturation profile that decreases in the central and lower parts of the solum. The different soil particle-size fractions had similar mineral compositions (X-ray diffraction [XRD] and infrared [IR] techniques) retaining unstable phases (amphibole, feldspar, serpentine). Inherited or slightly transformed phyllosilicates (serpentine, mica, chlorite, talc and interstratified phases) were shown to be dominant in the clay fraction. The scant pedogenic evolution contrasted with a high free iron content. The concentrations in fine earth of DTPA-Zn, -Cu, -Mn, -Co, -Cr, -Ni and -Fe were not toxic, showed interdependence and were related to the silt, clay and free forms content. The gravel fraction revealed significant amounts of free iron and available microelements (DTPA-extractable), which could be bound to deposits of precipitated secondary forms and to finer pedogenic material present in the fragments. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) observations confirmed these morphological characteristics in serpentinite and amphibolite pebbles. Key words: Mafic-ultramafic soils; mineralogy; DTPA-microelements; rock fragments

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Bulmer, C. E. y L. M. Lavkulich. "Pedogenic and geochemical processes of ultramafic soils along a climatic gradient in southwestern British Columbia". Canadian Journal of Soil Science 74, n.º 2 (1 de mayo de 1994): 165–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss94-024.

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This paper presents information on pedogenic processes, weathering status and geochemical evolution of ultramafic soils at three areas in southwestern British Columbia characterized by climatic conditions ranging from relatively wet–cool to relatively dry–cool. The soils of the Coquihalla serpentine belt have Podzolic profiles that resulted from intense weathering in a moist environment. The Tulameen area has a moderately dry climate, and Brunisolic soils have developed in serpentinized peridotite and dunite. Brunisolic soils with composite profiles of tephra overlying serpenite developed in a dry environment at the Shulaps area. We investigated the weathering status of five soils using a variety of chemical and mineralogical techniques. Chlorite and mica weathering was indicated by XRD analysis of clay fractions for the Podzolic soils at the Coquihalla area. Serpentine dissolution was also indicated by geochemical analysis of these upland soil profiles. Weathering and leaching depleted Mg from B horizons relative to parent materials. Chromium accumulated in B horizons of the soils, and was associated with high levels of Fed. The distribution of total and extractable Ni and Co indicated that these elements were transported to the C horizons in all but the driest environments. Redistribution of Mn also occurred, but to a lesser extent. The distribution patterns of Cr, Mn, Co, and Ni were useful indicators during the early stages of ultramafic pedogenesis. Key words: Serpentine, ultramafic rocks, mineralogy, soil processes, trace minerals

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Alexander, E. B. "Serpentine Soils of Northern Alaska". Soil Horizons 45, n.º 4 (2004): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sh2004.4.0120.

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Oze, Christopher, Scott Fendorf, Dennis K. Bird y Robert G. Coleman. "Chromium Geochemistry of Serpentine Soils". International Geology Review 46, n.º 2 (febrero de 2004): 97–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.2747/0020-6814.46.2.97.

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SUDARMONO, SUDARMONO. "Endemic plants of serpentine soils". Biodiversitas, Journal of Biological Diversity 8, n.º 4 (1 de octubre de 2007): 330–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d080417.

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Southworth, Darlene, Linda E. Tackaberry y Hugues B. Massicotte. "Mycorrhizal ecology on serpentine soils". Plant Ecology & Diversity 7, n.º 3 (16 de diciembre de 2013): 445–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17550874.2013.848950.

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Ramalhosa, Elsa C. D., Marta Magalhães, Ana M. Martins, Maria J. Afonso, Paula Plasencia, Esther Fernández-Núnez y Marina Castro. "Plant and Soil Metal Concentrations in Serpentine Soils and Their Influence on the Diet of Extensive Livestock Animals". Open Agriculture Journal 12, n.º 1 (31 de mayo de 2018): 95–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874331501812010095.

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Background:Grazing circuits and resources consumed differ strongly throughout the year and within a territory. For this reason, animals’ diet composition, as well as their exposure to metals, is variable. No studies have been performed on how habitat use affects the metal concentrations to which sheep and goats reared in serpentine soil areas are exposed.Objective:The aim of the present study was to investigate the metal exposure of grazing animals raised in a serpentine soil area of the north-east of Portugal, taking into account the spatial distribution of metal concentrations in soils and plants.Methods:The habitat use and foraging behaviour of six flocks of sheep and goats were studied. The concentrations of Ca, Mg, Mn, Cr and Ni were determined in the soils and plant species most consumed by those animals.Results:The highest Mg, Mn, Cr and Ni concentrations were found in the soils of the ultramafic complex. Ni concentrations above the recommended threshold for agricultural soils (30 μg/g) were found in some sites. A positive correlation between Ni concentration in soils and plants was found (0.634). Ni concentrations higher than 10 µg/g were found in some samples of the following plant species:Sorghum × drummondii(Steud.) Millsp. & Chase,Quercus rotundifoliaLam.,Cytisus multiflorus(L’Hér.) Sweet,Cistus ladaniferL. andErica scopariaL. Significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) in metal concentrations of the plants most consumed by each flock were observed.Conclusion:Grazing circuits have an important role in the metal exposure of animals raised in this serpentine soil area.

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Lyons, Kelly G., A. M. Shapiro y Mark W. Schwartz. "Distribution and Ecotypic Variation of the Invasive Annual Barb Goatgrass (Aegilops triuncialis) on Serpentine Soil". Invasive Plant Science and Management 3, n.º 4 (diciembre de 2010): 376–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ipsm-09-036.1.

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AbstractSuccessful colonization of newly introduced species is driven by a multitude of factors and is highly dependent on the species. It has long been hypothesized that preadaptation and postestablishment natural selection of introduced species can facilitate their invasion; however, to date, limited research has been dedicated to these theories. In addition, although the correlation between establishment of invasive species and disturbance has been noted and widely studied, the susceptibility of undisturbed habitats to invasion remains unclear. In California, serpentine habitats are severe edaphic environments that have been relatively free of anthropogenic disturbance and nonindigenous species invasions. In this study, we documented the occurrence of the nonindigenous barb goatgrass on serpentine and nonserpentine grasslands in the California Northern Interior Coast Range and the western foothills of the Sierra Nevada Mountains and conducted greenhouse and field experiments to assess the species' degree of adaptation to serpentine soils. Reconnaissance of serpentine intrusions and yearly monitoring suggest that barb goatgrass may grow preferentially on serpentine soil, particularly disturbed serpentine sites. In the greenhouse, for most measures of performance, serpentine populations performed better than nonserpentine populations when grown on serpentine soil. Particularly noteworthy was that serpentine populations had higher root-mass ratios than nonserpentine populations when grown on serpentine soil. In contrast to the greenhouse study, field-grown populations from serpentine and nonserpentine sources performed equally well on nonserpentine; alluvial, disturbed serpentine; and shallow, undisturbed serpentine, although the overall species' performance was diminished on severe serpentine soils. Alarmingly, even in the absence of previous exposure to serpentine, barb goatgrass was capable of establishing and spreading into minimally disturbed sites with strong serpentinitic characteristics.

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Hendry, Rebecca A. y Kevin Ray Wormington. "Eucalypt forests as indicators of the gradients within the central Queensland serpentine landscape of Australia". Australian Journal of Botany 61, n.º 7 (2013): 544. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt12024.

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The eucalypt forests of the central Queensland serpentine landscape on the eastern coast of Australia are dominated by two overstorey species. These are Eucalyptus fibrosa F.Muell. subsp. fibrosa, the most dominant tree occurring throughout the landscape, and Corymbia xanthope A.R.Bean & Brooker, a serpentine endemic species which has a more restricted distribution. We hypothesised that the structure and foliage elements of the eucalypt forests could be used as biological indicators of the severity of the serpentine soils. This was tested by surveying 30 plots (50 × 20 m) within the upland landform patterns of the central Queensland serpentine landscape. The structure of the forests and abundance of the species were recorded and foliage samples from the dominant tree E. fibrosa subp. fibrosa were collected and analysed for metal and nutrient content. Soil samples from each site were collected and analysed for major cations, bio-available metals and fertility. Analysis of the data showed that there are significant correlations between the structure of the eucalypt forests and the landform patterns and soil chemistry. The relative basal area of C. xanthope is a useful measure of the severity of the serpentine soils and correlates to the soil Mg : Ca quotients. The tree E. fibrosa subsp. fibrosa was found to regulate its uptake of soil elements and cannot be used as an indicator of soil elements.

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Woodell, S. R. J., A. J. M. Baker, J. Proctor y R. D. Reeves. "The Vegetation of Ultramafic (Serpentine) Soils." Journal of Ecology 82, n.º 2 (junio de 1994): 427. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2261312.

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BRANCO, SARA. "Serpentine soils promote ectomycorrhizal fungal diversity". Molecular Ecology 19, n.º 24 (9 de noviembre de 2010): 5566–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294x.2010.04913.x.

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Burgess, Jerry, Katalin Szlavecz, Nishanta Rajakaruna y Christopher Swan. "Ecotypic differentiation of mid-Atlantic Quercus species in response to ultramafic soils". Australian Journal of Botany 63, n.º 4 (2015): 308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt14274.

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Spatial heterogeneity of soil conditions combined with intraspecific variation confer site-specific edaphic tolerance, resulting in local adaptation and speciation. To understand the geoecological processes controlling community assembly of woodland tree species on serpentine and mafic soils, we investigated resource gradients and provenance (geographic area of propagule collection) as variables affecting typical representative upland oak (Quercus) species distribution. Accordingly, we conducted a year-long reciprocal transplant experiment in the greenhouse with serpentine and mafic soils, using seedlings of five oak species (Quercus marilandica, Q. stellata, Q. montana, Q. michauxii and Q. alba). All seedlings, regardless of provenance or soil depth, displayed more robust growth in the mafic soils. Soil depth was an important determinant, with all species exhibiting increased growth in the deeper-soil treatments. Fitness surrogates such as stem height, relative growth rate, and leaves per plant were greater when seedlings were grown in their home soil than when they were grown in the non-resident soil, suggesting an ecotypic effect. Mean stomatal conductance and stem growth were positively correlated with soil depth in all treatments. Taken together, the study showed provenance-specific growth responses of oak seedlings to soil type and depth, providing a better understanding of the mechanisms controlling species assembly in woodland communities.

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Punturo, Rosalda, Claudia Ricchiuti y Andrea Bloise. "Assessment of Serpentine Group Minerals in Soils: A Case Study from the Village of San Severino Lucano (Basilicata, Southern Italy)". Fibers 7, n.º 2 (25 de febrero de 2019): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fib7020018.

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Naturally occurring asbestos (NOA) is a generic term used to refer to both regulated and un-regulated fibrous minerals when encountered in natural geological deposits. These minerals represent a cause of health hazard, since they have been assessed as potential environmental pollutants that may occur both in rocks and derived soils. In the present work, we focused on the village of San Severino Lucano, located in the Basilicata region (southern Apennines); due to its geographic isolation from other main sources of asbestos, it represents an excellent example of hazardous and not occupational exposure of population. From the village and its surroundings, we collected eight serpentinite-derived soil samples and carried out Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Derivative Thermogravimetric (DTG) and Transmission Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive Spectrometry (TEM-EDS), in order to perform a detailed characterization of serpentine varieties and other fibrous minerals. Investigation pointed out that chrysotile and asbestos tremolite occur in all of the samples. As for the fibrous but non-asbestos classified minerals, polygonal serpentine and fibrous antigorite were detected in a few samples. Results showed that the cultivation of soils developed upon serpentinite bedrocks were rich in harmful minerals, which if dispersed in the air can be a source of environmental pollution.

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Baugé, S. M. Y., L. M. Lavkulich y H. E. Schreier. "Phosphorus and trace metals in serpentine-affected soils of the Sumas Basin, British Columbia". Canadian Journal of Soil Science 93, n.º 3 (agosto de 2013): 359–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss2012-138.

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Baugé, S. M. Y., Lavkulich, L. M. and Schreier, H. E. 2013. Phosphorus and trace metals in serpentine-affected soils of the Sumas Basin, British Columbia. Can. J. Soil Sci. 93: 359–367. Soils of the Sumas watershed in the Lower Fraser Valley of British Columbia have contrasting P, Mg and trace elements contents arising from two major sources, periodic deposition of serpentine-rich sediments and intensive agricultural activities. Four study sites were examined for soil P by several extractants commonly used for P availability assessments. The results were compared with aqua regia to determine best estimates of extractable P. In addition, these extractants were evaluated as indices of associated trace metal amounts. Aqua regia, acid ammonium oxalate and 1 M HCl extracted similar amounts of P and trace metals. Acid ammonium oxalate was found to be closely related to the estimates of total P and recoverable elements, followed by 1 M HCl. There was clear separation of the sites by both P values and trace elements associated with serpentine (Cr and Ni) and those from agricultural activities (Cu and Zn). Results suggest that a single extraction, 1 M HCl, can be an effective measure of both available P and trace elements in serpentinitic soils.

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Chathuranga, P. K. D., S. K. A. T. Dharmasena, N. Rajakaruna y M. C. M. Iqbal. "Growth and nickel uptake by serpentine and non-serpentine populations of Fimbristylis ovata (Cyperaceae) from Sri Lanka". Australian Journal of Botany 63, n.º 2 (2015): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt14232.

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Compared with serpentine floras of Southeast Asia, the serpentine vegetation of Sri Lanka is impoverished in regard to serpentine endemics and nickel hyperaccumulators. All species so far documented from the serpentine outcrops of Sri Lanka also have non-serpentine populations; it is unclear whether the serpentine populations are physiologically distinct and deserve ecotypic recognition. We conducted a preliminary study to examine whether serpentine and non-serpentine populations of Fimbristylis ovata represent locally adapted ecotypes by investigating their growth and potential for nickel uptake and tolerance under greenhouse conditions. Although both populations of F. ovata showed a similar growth pattern in serpentine soil during short-term exposure (21 days), the non-serpentine population was unable to survive in serpentine soil under long-term exposure (4 months). Both populations were able to uptake nickel from serpentine soil during short-term exposure (21 days). The serpentine population, however, translocated significantly more nickel from its roots to shoots (translocation factor 0.43) than the non-serpentine population (translocation factor 0.29). Our preliminary investigations suggest that the serpentine and non-serpentine populations of F. ovata may be locally adapted to their respective soils. However, additional studies are required to determine whether the populations deserve ecotypic recognition.

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Lazarus, Brynne E., James H. Richards, Victor P. Claassen, Ryan E. O’Dell y Molly A. Ferrell. "Species specific plant-soil interactions influence plant distribution on serpentine soils". Plant and Soil 342, n.º 1-2 (26 de enero de 2011): 327–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-010-0698-2.

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Meindl, George A., Mark I. Poggioli, Daniel J. Bain, Michael A. Colón y Tia-Lynn Ashman. "A Test of the Inadvertent Uptake Hypothesis Using Plant Species Adapted to Serpentine Soil". Soil Systems 5, n.º 2 (18 de junio de 2021): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems5020034.

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Serpentine soils are a stressful growing environment for plants, largely due to nutrient deficiencies and high concentrations of toxic heavy metals (e.g., Ni). Plants have evolved various adaptations for tolerating these extreme environments, including metal hyperaccumulation into above-ground tissues. However, the adaptive significance of metal hyperaccumulation is a topic of debate, with several non-mutually-exclusive hypotheses under study. For example, the inadvertent uptake hypothesis (IUH) states that heavy metal accumulation is a consequence of an efficient nutrient-scavenging mechanism for plants growing in nutrient-deficient soils. Thus, it is possible that metal hyperaccumulation is simply a byproduct of non-specific ion transport mechanisms allowing plants to grow in nutrient-deficient soils, such as serpentine soils, while simultaneously tolerating other potentially toxic heavy metals. Furthermore, some nutrient needs are tissue-specific, and heavy metal toxicity can be more pronounced in reproductive tissues; thus, studies are needed that document nutrient and metal uptake into vegetative and reproductive plant tissues across species of plants that vary in the degree to which they accumulate soil metals. To test these ideas, we grew nine plant species that are variously adapted to serpentine soils (i.e., Ni-hyperaccumulating endemic, non-hyperaccumulating endemic, indicator, or indifferent) in a common garden greenhouse experiment. All species were grown in control soils, as well as those that were amended with the heavy metal Ni, and then analyzed for macronutrient (Ca, Mg, K, and P), micronutrient (Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn, and Mo), and heavy metal (Cr and Co) concentrations in their vegetative and reproductive organs (leaves, anthers, and pistils). In accordance with the IUH, we found that hyperaccumulators often accumulated higher concentrations of nutrients and metals compared to non-hyperaccumulating species, although these differences were often organ-specific. Specifically, while hyperaccumulators accumulated significantly more K and Co across all organs, Cu was higher in leaves only, while Mn and Zn were higher in anthers only. Furthermore, hyperaccumulators accumulated significantly more Co and Mo across all organs when Ni was added to the soil environment. Our work provides additional evidence in support of the IUH, and contributes to our understanding of serpentine adaptation in plants.

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Oline, David K. "Phylogenetic Comparisons of Bacterial Communities from Serpentine and Nonserpentine Soils". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72, n.º 11 (1 de septiembre de 2006): 6965–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00690-06.

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ABSTRACT I present the results of a culture-independent survey of soil bacterial communities from serpentine soils and adjacent nonserpentine comparator soils using a variety of newly developed phylogenetically based statistical tools. The study design included site-based replication of the serpentine-to-nonserpentine community comparison over a regional scale (∼100 km) in Northern California and Southern Oregon by producing 16S rRNA clone libraries from pairs of samples taken on either side of the serepentine-nonserpentine edaphic boundary at three geographical sites. At the division level, the serpentine and nonserpentine communities were similar to each other and to previous data from forest soils. Comparisons of both richness and Shannon diversity produced no significant differences between any of the libraries, but the vast majority of phylogenetically based tests were significant, even with only 50 sequences per library. These results suggest that most samples were distinct, consisting of a collection of lineages generally not found in other samples. The pattern of results showed that serpentine communities tended to be more similar to each other than they were to nonserpentine communities, and these differences were at a lower taxonomic scale. Comparisons of two nonserpentine communities generally showed differences, and some results suggest that the geographical site may control community composition as well. These results show the power of phylogenetic tests to discern differences between 16S rRNA libraries compared to tests that discard DNA data to bin sequences into operational taxonomic units, and they stress the importance of replication at larger scales for inferences regarding microbial biogeography.

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Reeves, Roger D., W. Scott Laidlaw, Augustine Doronila, Alan J. M. Baker y (the late) George N. Batianoff. "Erratic hyperaccumulation of nickel, with particular reference to the Queensland serpentine endemic Pimelea leptospermoides". Australian Journal of Botany 63, n.º 2 (2015): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt14195.

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Many hyperaccumulators of nickel (Ni) are endemic to ultramafic soils and always show very high Ni concentrations. Others occur on a variety of substrates but accumulate high Ni from the ultramafic ones. Pimelea leptospermoides is unusual in being an ultramafic endemic that shows a very wide range of Ni concentrations. The present work sought to establish the factors governing the wide variation in Ni uptake by P. leptospermoides, and aimed to investigate the likelihood of this variation originating from plant differences or soil differences. Multiple paired plant and soil samples were taken over the geographic range of occurrence of P. leptospermoides. Plant and soil metal concentrations and soil pH were measured. No evidence was found to suggest that the plants belong to populations with inherent ‘high-Ni’ and ‘low-Ni’ accumulation capability. Instead, the soil pH (covering a range from 6.0 to 8.3) and the total soil Ni concentrations of the ultramafic soils were found to be the major influences on the level of Ni accumulation. The wide variation observed in Ni accumulation by P. leptospermoides from ultramafic soils can be explained by a combination of variations in soil pH and total soil Ni concentrations.

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Zhiponova, Miroslava, Zhenya Yordanova, Dolja Pavlova, Mariya Rogova, Milena Dimitrova, Daniela Dragolova, Elena Tasheva-Terzieva y Veneta Kapchina-Toteva. "Importance of phenolics in populations of Teucrium chamaedrys (Lamiaceae) from serpentine soils". Australian Journal of Botany 68, n.º 5 (2020): 352. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt19124.

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The genus Teucrium includes perennial herbs or shrubs widespread all around the world. The wall germander (Teucrium chamaedrys L.) is widely used in traditional and modern medicine for various health disorders and recent research revealed that serpentine populations of this herb have increased antioxidant and respective medical potential compared with calcareous population. The present study aims to elucidate further the role of phenolic compounds for T. chamaedrys growth on serpentine soil. Methanol extracts from two serpentine and two non-serpentine (calcareous and siliceous) Bulgarian populations were obtained and analysed for total quantity of phenolics and flavonoids, and antioxidant activity. The serpentine soils acted as an elicitor of the antioxidant response in T. chamaedrys plants and the increased phenolics level correlated with enhanced antioxidant activity. The calcareous population had lower values but still higher than the siliceous population which had the lowest antioxidant values, although the flavonoid quantity that was equal to the serpentine populations. A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) assay for identifying phenolic acids pointed to caffeic acid as a dominant compound, with additional cinnamic and benzoic acid derivatives with putative roles as antioxidants, in cell wall lignification for heavy metals chelation, and for interspecies interactions.

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25

Filimonova, Elena, Natalia Lukina, Margarita Glazyrina, Galina Borisova, Tripti, Adarsh Kumar y Maria Maleva. "A comparative study of Epipactis atrorubens in two different forest communities of the Middle Urals, Russia". Journal of Forestry Research 31, n.º 6 (9 de julio de 2019): 2111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11676-019-01010-y.

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Abstract The objective of this study was to compare eco-physiological and morphological parameters of a regionally endangered orchid species, Epipactis atrorubens (Hoffm. ex Bernh.) Bess., growing in two forest communities (on serpentine and granite outcrops) of the Middle Urals, Russia. Biodiversity, dominance, and phytocoenosis studies showed the colonization of a wide range of plant species on both sites. The physicochemical properties of the soil, chemical composition and morphological features of E. atrorubens, growing under technogenic conditions (asbestos deposits), on serpentine outcrops and in the natural environment of the granite massif were studied for the first time. The serpentine substrate differed from the granite one by its greater stoniness, circumneutral pH and lower contents of available nitrogen and phosphorus. Extremely high concentrations of magnesium were found in the serpentine soil, some 79 times higher than in the granite substrate. High concentrations of nickel (94 times), chromium (59 times), cobalt (17 times), and iron (4 times) were found in the serpentine substrate, higher than in the granite substrate. The differences between the sites for available metal contents and for root and shoot metal contents were significantly less. Concentrations of most of the metals in the roots were higher than in the shoots. Despite higher metal concentrations and lower nitrogen and phosphorus levels in serpentine soils, E. atrorubens had a larger population and greater viability compared to those growing on granite. Plants on serpentine outcrops were characterized by the formation of a larger number of fruits, greater root lengths and thicker leaf blades, compared to plants on granites. The well-developed orchid mycorrhizae contributed to the survival of this species under unfavorable serpentine conditions. Hence, serpentine outcrops formed due to the mining of asbestos could be a suitable substrate for the light-demanding E. atrorubens due to its capacity to adapt to dry, rocky, nutrient-depleted soils and limited competition from other plants.

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26

Branco, Sara. "Are Oaks Locally Adapted to Serpentine Soils?" Northeastern Naturalist 16, sp5 (junio de 2009): 329–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1656/045.016.0524.

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27

Selby, Jessica P. y John H. Willis. "MajorQTLcontrols adaptation to serpentine soils inMimulus guttatus". Molecular Ecology 27, n.º 24 (diciembre de 2018): 5073–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mec.14922.

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28

Chiarucci, Alessandro y Alan J. M. Baker. "Advances in the ecology of serpentine soils". Plant and Soil 293, n.º 1-2 (27 de abril de 2007): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-007-9268-7.

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29

Kumarathilaka, Prasanna, Christopher Oze y Meththika Vithanage. "Perchlorate mobilization of metals in serpentine soils". Applied Geochemistry 74 (noviembre de 2016): 203–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2016.10.009.

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30

Panaccione, Daniel G., Nancy L. Sheets, Susan P. Miller y Jonathan R. Cumming. "Diversity of Cenococcum geophilum Isolates from Serpentine and Non-Serpentine Soils". Mycologia 93, n.º 4 (julio de 2001): 645. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3761819.

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31

Panaccione, Daniel G., Nancy L. Sheets, Susan P. Miller y Jonathan R. Cumming. "Diversity of Cenococcum geophilum isolates from serpentine and non-serpentine soils". Mycologia 93, n.º 4 (julio de 2001): 645–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00275514.2001.12063196.

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32

Sleep, Anne. "Speciation in relation to edaphic factors in the Asplenium adiantum-nigrum group". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section B. Biological Sciences 86 (1985): 325–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269727000008290.

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SynopsisAn unusual form of Asplenium adiantum-nigrum from Scottish and European serpentine sites has been grown for several years under uniform conditions of culture alongside A. adiantum-nigrum of nonserpentine origin, and has been found to retain its characteristic features. The morphological distinctiveness of both types, apparent in juvenile as well as adult plants, has been maintained through successive generations.Transplant experiments were carried out in order to determine whether serpentine and non-serpentine plants differed also in their physiological response to soil factors. The results suggest that serpentine soils are unfavourable to the growth of non-serpentine A. adiantum-nigrum, particularly at germination and during the early development of the sporophyte. Soil analysis data are presented and briefly discussed.The experimental evidence presented here, combined with the constancy of the diagnostic differences leading to ease of recognition of the serpentine forms at all ages, suggests that evolution leading to the establishment of ecologically adapted divergent strains is actively in progress.

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33

Yuan, Xuyin, Yimin Wang, Doudou Tang, Xiaohui Zhang, Lei Zhang y Haiyan Zhang. "Distribution and Phytoavailability of Potentially Toxic Metals in Different Fe/Mg Mine Tailings". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, n.º 11 (6 de noviembre de 2018): 2475. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112475.

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The environmental risk of potentially toxic metals in tailing soils is of universal concern. We conducted a 3-month pot experiment to research the distribution and variations of potentially toxic metals (PTMs), and the translocation and accumulation capability of these metals (Cr, Ni, Mn, Cu, Zu) in natural plants for three Fe/Mg tailing soils (serpentine-type, olivine-type and magnetite-type) with growth of a grass plant-Imperata cylindrica. We used comparative analysis, regression analysis and correlation analysis to process relevant experimental data. Results showed the rhizosphere tailing soils decreased from 3.70% to 16.8%, compared to the bulk soils, after growth of Imperata cylindrica, and the acid soluble fraction of Mn, Cu and Zn increased significantly. Cu and Zn were more bioavailable than other PTMs, especially for serpentine-type tailing soils. Linear regression analysis indicated that non-residual fractions showed different effects on metal concentrations of Imperata cylindrica. The non-residual metal fractions of serpentine-type and olivine-type tailing soils showed better correlations with metal concentrations in grass plants than those of magnetite-type tailing soils. We found that the chemical compositions of tailing soils showed remarkable effects on Ni and Mn compared with other elements, especially Mg and Al. Overall, the grass plant can alter the metal distribution, enhance metal bioavailability and promote land use of Fe/Mg tailing soils.

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34

Fernández, S., S. Seoane y A. Merino. "Plant heavy metal concentrations and soil biological properties in agricultural serpentine soils". Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 30, n.º 13-14 (julio de 1999): 1867–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00103629909370338.

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35

Pavlova, Dolja. "Effect of nickel on pollen germination and pollen tube length in Arabis alpina (Brassicaceae)". Australian Journal of Botany 64, n.º 4 (2016): 302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt15291.

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In this work we studied and compared the toxic effect of nickel (Ni) on pollen germination and pollen tube length in Arabis alpina L. collected from serpentine and non-serpentine populations distributed in the Rila mountains, Bulgaria. Pollen grains were treated with prepared standard solutions of 100, 300, 500, and 700 μM Ni as NiCl2 in distilled water. A nutritional medium was also used to assess pollen germination. Nickel inhibited pollen germination and pollen tube elongation in both serpentine and non-serpentine plants. The percentage of germinated pollen in serpentine plants treated with Ni was higher than in non-serpentine plants but there was no difference in pollen tube elongation between groups. However, pollen tubes showed abnormalities such as coiling and swelling of the tip, or burst, and varied considerably among the samples. A complete break of pollen tube elongation is due to such abnormalities. Also, decreased pollen fertility in both populations was found. The plants from serpentines were less sensitive to (i.e. more tolerant of) elevated Ni concentrations commonly found in serpentine soils.

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36

Vicić, Dražen D., Milovan M. Stoiljković, Marko S. Sabovljević y Branka M. Stevanović. "Seasonal changes in photosynthetic rate and pigment content in two populations of the monotypic Balkan serpentine endemic Halacsya sendtneri". Australian Journal of Botany 63, n.º 2 (2015): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt14273.

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Halacsya sendtneri (Boiss.) Dörfl. is an obligate serpentine palaeoendemic of the Balkan Peninsula. It is able to maintain a favourable magnesium : calcium (Mg : Ca) ratio throughout its root and shoot, and grow in serpentine habitats with different microclimate conditions. Seasonal variation of leaf chlorophyll and carotenoid contents showed a steep decline right after the spring period, which was most probably caused by the drought imposed on the plants on the shallow serpentine soil. However, the in situ photosynthetic rate remained stable throughout the spring and summer period. Prolonged photosynthetic activity enables this species an investment into root development and sustainable survival in the harsh soils of the habitats it occupies.

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37

Palm, Emily, Kristy Brady y Elizabeth Van Volkenburgh. "Serpentine tolerance in Mimulus guttatus does not rely on exclusion of magnesium". Functional Plant Biology 39, n.º 8 (2012): 679. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp12059.

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The effect of serpentine soil-like low Ca : Mg ratios on growth was investigated in serpentine-adapted and nonadapted populations of Mimulus guttatus Fischer ex DC through soil and hydroponic reciprocal transplants. Adaptation to Ca : Mg ratios in M. guttatus was measured as differences in biomass accumulation, uptake of Ca and Mg, and photosynthetic rates. Serpentine-adapted plants persisted on both serpentine and nonserpentine soils, but nonadapted plants survived only on nonserpentine soil. When grown hydroponically, a low Ca : Mg ratio decreased the biomass of nonadapted plants but serpentine-adapted plants increased in biomass relative to their growth on high Ca : Mg. Internal concentrations of Ca and Mg mirrored those of the growth solution in both populations; however, serpentine-adapted M. guttatus had a higher shoot : root ratio of Mg when grown in low Ca : Mg solutions. Elevated Mg reduced photosynthetic rates in nonadapted plants without changes in chlorophyll concentration or photosystem efficiency. Hydroponic culture isolated the Ca : Mg ratio from other soil characteristics as the dominant factor affecting growth. Differences in the growth of plants from these populations in reciprocal transplant experiments indicate a genetic basis for a tolerance mechanism to low Ca : Mg, but one that is not based on the exclusion of Mg.

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38

Rossington, Natalie, Jennifer Yost y Matt Ritter. "Water Availability Influences Species Distributions on Serpentine Soils". Madroño 65, n.º 2 (abril de 2018): 68–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3120/0024-9637-65.2.68.

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39

Alexander, Earl B. "Serpentine Soils Mapped in California and Southwestern Oregon". Soil Horizons 35, n.º 3 (1994): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sh1994.3.0061.

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40

Branco, Sara y Richard H. Ree. "Serpentine Soils Do Not Limit Mycorrhizal Fungal Diversity". PLoS ONE 5, n.º 7 (23 de julio de 2010): e11757. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0011757.

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41

Brady, Kristy U., Arthur R. Kruckeberg y H. D. Bradshaw Jr. "Evolutionary Ecology of Plant Adaptation to Serpentine Soils". Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 36, n.º 1 (diciembre de 2005): 243–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.35.021103.105730.

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42

Kim, Jeong-Myeong y Jae-Kuk Shim. "Toxic Effects of Serpentine Soils on Plant Growth". Journal of Ecology and Environment 31, n.º 4 (30 de noviembre de 2008): 327–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5141/jefb.2008.31.4.327.

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43

Oviedo, R., M. Faife-Cabrera, A. Noa-Monzón, J. Arroyo, A. Valiente-Banuet y M. Verdú. "Facilitation allows plant coexistence in Cuban serpentine soils". Plant Biology 16, n.º 4 (24 de octubre de 2013): 711–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/plb.12116.

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44

Vithanage, Meththika, Anushka Upamali Rajapaksha, Christopher Oze, Nishanta Rajakaruna y C. B. Dissanayake. "Metal release from serpentine soils in Sri Lanka". Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 186, n.º 6 (26 de enero de 2014): 3415–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-014-3626-8.

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45

Wright, Jessica W. "Local adaptation to serpentine soils in Pinus ponderosa". Plant and Soil 293, n.º 1-2 (17 de enero de 2007): 209–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-006-9181-5.

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46

Klomklao, Napon, Somsak Maneepong y Potjamarn Suraninpong. "Mineralization of Urea-Formaldehyde Fertilizer and Its Availability to Oil Palm Seedling under the Tropical Environment". Journal of Agricultural Science 12, n.º 11 (15 de octubre de 2020): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v12n11p88.

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Easily dissolved fertilizers release nutrient in excess amount to be assimilated by plant roots. Some portions these fertilizers leach out from the root zone and adversely impact the environment. Controlled-release fertilizers are more favorable to reduce fertilizer loss, labor cost, and environmental impact. Urea-formaldehyde (UF) was synthesized by polymerization of urea and 40% formaldehyde solution using H3PO4 as a catalyst. Three mole ratios of urea:formaldehyde, namely, 1.0:1.0, 1.5:1.0 and 2.0:1.0 were synthesized. Mineralization of the UF was conducted using eight different mixtures, four different moisture, and four incubation periods. The experiment included soil alone, soil with compost, soil with UF (1.0:1.0), soil with UF (1.5:1.0), soil with UF (2.0:1.0), soil with UF (1.0:1.0) and compost, soil with UF (1.5:1.0) and compost, and soil with UF (2.0:1.0) and compost. Moisture of the mixtures was adjusted to 20%, 40% 60% and 80% water holding capacity (WHC) of the soil. The mixtures were incubated at room temperature for 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks, the released NH4+ and NO3- were extracted by 1 M KCl and analyzed via a distillation method. Rates of mineralization increased with mole ratio of urea and moisture content of the soil. N loss increased with the moisture content. The best performance for the compromised condition was a mole ratio less than 1.5:1.0 (urea:formaldehyde) at 60% WHC. Availability of UF and serpentine-phosphate for oil palm seedlings was conducted using 10 treatments. The experiment consisted of soil without amendment; soil with Multicote; soil with cow manure; soil with cow manure and urea; soil with cow manure and UF (1.0:1.0); soil with cow manure and UF (1.5:1.0); soil with cow manure, MgHPO4 and UF (1.0:1.0); soil with cow manure, MgHPO4 and UF (1.5:1.0); soil with cow manure, serpentine-phosphate and UF (1.0:1.0); and soil with cow manure, serpentine-phosphate and UF (1.5:1.0). All amended soils increased vegetative growth of oil palm seedlings compared with the non-amended soils. Urea and UF increased the N content in seedling leaves, while Multicote, cow manure, MgHPO4, and serpentine-phosphate increased the Mg content. The best performance was found in the combination of cow manure, serpentine-phosphate and the UF with mole ratio of 1.0:1.0.

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47

Djordjevic, Aleksandar. "Mobile nickel content in calcareous black soils of Rajac". Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Belgrade 47, n.º 1 (2002): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jas0201029d.

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A description of mobile Ni contents in various subtypes of calcareous black soils from the area of the mountain massif of Rajac, is given in the present paper. A hundred soil samples were analysed in all, originating from four subtypes of calcareous black soil (organogenic, organo-mineral, brownized and loessivized black soils). The extraction of mobile Ni was carried out with 1.0 N HCl and its content was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The obtained results indicate that mobile Ni content in the investigated soils varies within a wide range, from 5.0 to 251.3 mg/kg that it is very seldom (only in 3% of the investigated samples) within the range from 5 to 7 mg/kg, that in over 90% of the 100 investigated samples it is higher than 10 mg/kg, and in almost 3/5 of the samples it is higher than 20 mg/kg. Calcareous black soils of Rajac massif have much higher mobile Ni content than previously investigated black soils from calcareous massif of Rtanj, which is, by all means, only partly due to their more severe dealkalization and acidification. In addition, here is undoubtedly apparent the influence of the geological substrate, i.e. of serpentine rocks that border the calcareous massif of Rajac.

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48

Błońska, Ewa, Kazimierz Januszek, Tomasz Wanic y Stanisław Małek. "Phosphatase activities of spruce stand soils after serpentinite fertilisation in combination with nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilisers". Folia Forestalia Polonica 57, n.º 2 (1 de junio de 2015): 82–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ffp-2015-0008.

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Abstract The aim of this study was to assess the condition of soil after serpentine fertilisation by determining the activity of phosphatase and some physicochemical properties of soil. The study was conducted in southern Poland in the Wisła Forest District (49°8’12.92N 18°58’56.36E). The following variants: C - control - no fertiliser; S - ground serpentinite; SN - serpentinite + nitrogen; SP - ground serpentinite + P; SNP - ground serpentinite + NP; SNPK - ground serpentinite + NP (as above) + K. Fertilisation of serpentinite stimulates the activity of phosphatase in soil under spruce stands. The positive impact is reflected in the organic horizon. Less activity was noted in the humus-mineral horizon (AE) in all the fertiliser combinations three years after the fertilisation. Fertilisation of serpentinite improves the chemical properties - pH was increased, reduction of molar ratio of exchangeable calcium to magnesium form was noted.

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Ghaderian, Seyed Majid, Houshang Fattahi, Ahmad Reza Khosravi y Mousa Noghreian. "Geobotany and Biogeochemistry of Serpentine Soils of Neyriz, Iran". Northeastern Naturalist 16, sp5 (junio de 2009): 8–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1656/045.016.0502.

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Costa, Flávio Silva, Maria Wanna Figueiredo Sena Macedo, Ana Carolina Moreira Araújo, Cassimira Albuquerque Rodrigues, Eiko Eurya Kuramae, Silvia Keli de Barros Alcanfor, Marco Pessoa-Filho y Cristine Chaves Barreto. "Assessing nickel tolerance of bacteria isolated from serpentine soils". Brazilian Journal of Microbiology 50, n.º 3 (julio de 2019): 705–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42770-019-00111-4.

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