Tesis sobre el tema "Solar cars"

Before vehicles were heavily relied on coal, fossil fuels and wind for power.  Now, they are rapidly being replaced by electric vehicles and or plug-in hybrid electric cars. But these electric cars are still faced with the problem of energy availability because they rely on energy from biomass, hydro power and wind turbines for power generation. The abundance of solar radiation and its use as solar energy as a power source in driving these rapidly increasing electric cars is not only an important decision but also a necessary condition for eradication of environmental pollution. This study presents a model for charging electric cars from solar energy. Little focus on detailed technologies involved from solar energy capture to battery charging but our main focus is how to provide a modified charging parking lot in Karlskrona city-Sweden. With a surface area of 2850m2, we were able to choose 1STH-350-WH as the right PV modules. Based on the latitude of our design area, a computed 71 degrees angle positioning between solar panel and roof so as to maximise the surface area and optimise the solar irradiance gathering. Based on the power output of approximately116kW these PV modules generated, we further analysed and selected SDP 30KW inverter and Monocrystalline Silicon (1SolTech 1STH-350-WH (350W) solar modules. Also we provide different car charging method by choosing the SAE J1772 standard as one of specifications for dedicated vehicle charging and Clipper Creek HSC-40 as our option of charger. With the data of the generating solar energy every day, charging time, consuming power, we can estimate how many cars the system can handle to charge. Moreover, our system provides AC power from AC power network by general socket type F. We finally concluded that, our model for charging of electric car batteries was not only supportive but efficient in terms of extracting solar energy from sunlight to charge electric cars, thus making the region an eco-friendly place.

The global interest in green vehicleshas been growing since it is letting out less pollution than normal internal combustion engines (ICE) and many people want to get into the ecological-friendly alternative mode of transport. The solar car is one of these types of green vehicles, which is powered by renewable energy with zero emissions. The solar car makes use of its solar panel that uses photovoltaic cells to convert sunlight into electricity to the batteries and to also power the electric motor. The state of solar cars is that it is almost exclusively for competition and when competing a strategy is needed to get the best placement. Having knowledge about how the car is behaving is a good basis for building a driving strategy. Therefore, a case study is made on World Solar Challenge (WSC) focused on the cars of JU Solar team with the use of datasets such as topographical data and solar irradiation. An optimization model is made that inputs these datasets and simulates a time period (an hour) and checks the set battery discharge rate (BDR or C rating). It is concluded that a safe BDR is between 8 to 9 % per hour (i.e. 0.08 to 0.09 C), relative to the full capacity of the battery. Results shows an improved mean speeds of the solar cars and improved finish times. The model also works very well for solar cars that are not meant for racing. Since it keeps a relatively stable state of charge for long term driving, that ensures battery longevity. With these results JU Solar team can use this model to improve their driving strategy but could also be used for economical driving for the future of commercial solar cars. This paper recommends to follow a simple procedure, to keep the BDR on 9% as long as the sun irradiation stays above 800 W/m2, and lower the BDR to 8% if irradiation goes below 800 W/m. Adjustments to increase the BDR for the end of the race is also recommended for optimal driving strategy.

In today’s world, we have reached the point where conventional energy forms are inevitably running out. At the same time, the technology for alternative energy harnessing is improving with big steps, especially with society rethinking their high consumption of finite energy and material. This opens the opportunity und increases acceptance for projects and research to prove its actual implementation and to push the boundaries of current technology further.One particular area of application is the automotive sector showcasing raise of costs due to depleting fuel. Solar powered cars are raising interest as it could be a way to complete independence of any resource that has to be produced, mined or in any way transported to the place of consumption. Involvement with the view to enhance their research in this field has become interesting for universities.With solar powered cars, new problems emerge, amongst others the amount of harnessed sun power and the storage to have it available at the point of use. Due to the low energy available, energy storage as light and as efficient as possible is needed. A system is required that allows to be operated independently of its surrounding in a way it is controllable.Lithium-ion based batteries were seen as the most applicable way to execute this, as they give the highest energy density with lower losses than stable, commercially available energy storage mediums.It was decided to design, build and integrate a battery system with its safety circuit into a solar car. After material selection suppliers were searched and contacted. With the successful manufacturing of this system combining different processing methods, partially at university and partially in the industry, the project included a monitoring and management system and protective measures. It was implemented so that neither the limitations of the chemistry and the physical cells nor the vibration occurring while driving the car prevents its proper use. Besides this, communication and dimensions to operate within the car followed, allowing the driver and convoy to access information and control the system.This battery system proved to be practical in street use comparable with that of regular cars and posed as a safe and effective energy supply for an electrically driven car, meeting the given demands.

Imminent penalties for excess emissions force the automotive industry to radically rethink how to power vehicles. Novel concepts are needed to facilitate these changes, which might be found by scouting patents of emerging and established companies. During their patent search, Daimler AG has come across a patent of the startup Neutrino Energy GmbH, which reveals a device designed to harvest solar neutrinos for electricity generation purposes. From here the question arises: Is it possible to harvest solar neutrinos to power electric consumers, such as cars? To answer this question, this study analyzes the solar neutrino flux on Earth’s surface and the state-of-the-art solar neutrino technology (including solar neutrino detectors used in research and the solar neutrino converter proposed by Neutrino Energy GmbH). The energy inherent to the solar neutrino flux is computed based on the solar neutrino spectrum found in literature. Solar neutrino detectors are analyzed on their ability to harvest solar neutrinos by consulting literature and by estimating their power output. In case of the graphene based converter by Neutrino Energy GmbH, the threshold energies of neutrino-graphene interactions are compared to the energies of incoming neutrinos to estimate an upper limit for the power output. Results from the analysis of the solar neutrino flux show that the energy inherent to solar neutrinos is too low to power an electric vehicle, even if it could be fully exploited. In fact, only a tiny fraction of the solar neutrino energy flux can be converted into electricity as neutrinos barely interact with matter. The analysis of the state-of-the-art solar neutrino research shows that detectors with a weight of several tonnes are constructed to capture signals from solar neutrinos. Still, the power output of such detectors is several orders of magnitude lower than the demand of an electric vehicle. Analyzing the concept developed by Neutrino Energy GmbH shows that only a small part of the solar neutrino flux can be harvested, insufficient to generate a significant amount of electricity. Hence, the conclusion is drawn, that solar neutrino conversion technology is no suitable candidate to enable sustainable mobility.

The European Union has adopted a range of policies aiming at reducing greenhouse gas emissions from road transport, including setting binding targets for tailpipe CO2 emissions for new light-duty fleets. The legislative framework for implementing such targets allows taking into account the CO2 savings from innovative technologies that cannot be adequately quantified by the standard test cycle CO2 measurement. This paper presents a methodology to define the average productivity of vehicle-mounted photovoltaic roofs and to quantify the resulting CO2 benefits for conventional combustion engine-powered passenger cars in the European Union. The method relies on the analysis of a large dataset of vehicles activity data, i.e. urban driving patterns acquired with GPS systems, combined with an assessment of the shading effect from physical obstacles and indoor parking. The results show that on average the vehicle photovoltaic roof receives 58% of the available solar radiation in real-world conditions, making it possible to reduce CO2 emissions from passenger cars in a range from 1% to 3%, assuming a storage capacity of 20% of the 12 V battery dedicated to solar energy. This methodology can be applied to other vehicles types, such as light and heavy-duty, as well as to different powertrain configurations, such as hybrid and full electric.

The thesis deals with the use of solar energy for electromobility. First, the potential of electromobility on the current market is theoretically discussed. This issue includes mainly the producers of electrically powered vehicles, the issue of electric energy storage and the real applications of fast charging and photovoltaic charging stations. In the next part, electric cars are analyzed, which use solar energy for their function and their efficiency is compared with the effiency of combustion engines. The main part of this thesis is the design of photovoltaic charging station for electric vehicles. The final part deals with the economic evaluation of the proposed charging station.

The thesis deals with the use of solar energy for electromobility. First, the potential of electromobility on the current market is theoretically discussed. This issue includes mainly the producers of electrically powered vehicles, the issue of electric energy storage and the real applications of fast charging and photovoltaic charging stations. The second part of the diploma thesis deals with the measurement of electric car consumption and the evaluation of measurement results. In the next part, electric cars are analyzed, which use solar energy for their function and their efficiency is compared with the effiency of combustion engines. The main part of this thesis is the design of photovoltaic charging station for electric vehicles. The final part deals with the economic evaluation of the proposed charging station.

Organic photovoltaic (OPV) is an exciting energy harvesting technique. Although its power conversion efficiency (PCE) now exceeds 10% in a research laboratory, the processing window of an OPV cell is still narrow. A fundamental understanding of the OPV materials is desired. This thesis presents the charge carrier transport properties and electronic interactions in the bulk heterojunction (BHJ) active layer of OPV cells. They were found to be well correlated with OPV device performances. Space-charge-limited current (SCLC) measurements and admittance spectroscopy (AS) were employed to study the charge transports, while photothermal deflection spectroscopy (PDS) was used to probe the trap densities inside the materials. Beneficial effects of a common solvent additive, 1,8-diiodooctance (DIO), on PTB7:PC71BM OPV cells have been investigated. With DIO present in the casting solution, the resulting BHJ films have much enhanced electron mobilities, whereas the impact on the hole mobility is negligible. The origin of increased electron mobility is the reduced average electron hopping distance for those films prepared with DIO solvent additive. A balance of hole-electron mobility by tuning the DIO concentration was demonstrated to be the way to optimize the OPV device performance. In light of carrier transport measurement results, a "polymer-rich" strategy with preserved device performance was demonstrated. After understanding the importance of balanced hole-electron mobility, the impact of donor-acceptor weight ratio on the performance of PTB7 : PC71BM based OPV cells was explored. Early stage electronic donor-acceptor interactions were revealed using ultra-low dosages of fullerenes. Before electron transport pathways percolate, the unconnected fullerene domains act as traps and hinder electron transport. From PDS, the trap density observed inside BHJ films was found to be anti-correlated with the fill factor of OPV devices. The origin of low FFs is mainly due to electron traps and localized states from fullerenes. Based on the observations, it is proposed that PC71BM tends to intercalate with PTB7 backbone instead of forming self-aggregates before the electron pathway percolation. Apart from investigating the fundamentals in OPV devices, a solution to improve its processing window was proposed in this thesis. Thermally stable polymer : fullerene OPV cells were fabricated by employing fluorenone-based solid additives. A charge transfer interaction between the additives and donor moiety of polymer formed a locked network which freezes the BHJ morphology under thermal stress. The most promising result retains 90% of the origin efficiency, upon thermal aging at 100 °C for more than 20 hours in PTB7:PC71BM solar cells. Besides fullerene-based OPV, all-polymer photovoltaic solar cells (all-PSCs) were also investigated. Two new difluorobenzene-naphthalene diimide based polymer electron acceptors, one random (P1) and one regioregular (P2) structure, were compared. P2 exhibited a much better molecular packing, a higher electron mobility and more balanced hole-electron mobilities in its composite film with polymer donor, PTB7-Th. An optimized PTB7-Th:P2 device can achieve a respectably high PCE over 5% for all-PSC devices. These all-PSCs should open a new avenue for next generation OPVs.

Nesta tese o principal objetivo é investigar bacias de escape, conjuntos invariantes caóticos e o tempo de escape no processo de escape de trajetórias no Problema Restrito de Três Corpos Circular Planar PR3CCP e no sistema de Hénon-Heiles. Bacias de escape e conjuntos fractais invariantes são construídos numericamente. Para o sistema de Hénon-Heiles, analisamos bacias de escape para valores de energia maiores que o da energia de escape Ee. Nesta situação as trajetórias podem escapar da região limitada e ir para o infinito através das três diferentes saídas que abrem para o mesmo valor de energia. Para PR3CCP, aplicamos nossa investigação em dez subsistemas do Sistema Solar, considerando a região de condições iniciais nos arredores do primário menor, mais precisamente entre os Lagrangeanos Colineares L1 e L2. A análise para PR3CCP é dividida em quatro importantes casos, definidos para diferentes níveis de energia, revelando diferentes situações de saída da região limitada. Nossa análise revela a existência de limites de fronteiras fractais associadas à variedade estável da sela caótica computada pelo algoritmo sprinkler. Os diferentes casos são examinados baseados na análise do tempo que as trajetórias levam para deixarem a região de espalhamento. Estas análises são fundamentais no processo de transporte entre regiões no contexto de missões espaciais e no estudo de sistemas naturais do Sistema solar.

Nesta tese estudamos algumas regiões de aparente estabilidade no cinturão de asteróides e no cinturão de Kuiper, analisando a evoluçãao dinâmica dos objetos nessas regiões por intervalos de tempo muito longos, em geral, da ordem da idade do Sistema Solar. Centramos principalmente nossa atenção no estudo das populações de pequenos corpos ressonantes, analisando três exemplos diferentes: a ressonância 2/1 com Júpiter e seu entorno (falha de Hecuba), a ressonância 2/3 com Netuno (Plutinos), e a ressonância 1/1 com Júpiter (Troianos). Atacamos o problema com diferentes ferramentas numéricas e analíticas: integração numérica direta de modelos precisos, modelos estatísticos de caminhada aleatória, modelos semi-analíticos baseados no desenvolvimento assimétrico da função perturbadora, cálculo de expoentes de Lyapunov, análise de freqüências, determinação de elementos próprios e taxas de difusão, etc. Os resultados obtidos permitem elaborar conclusões sobre a possível origem e evolução dinâmica destas populações.<br>In this thesis, we study some regions of regular motion in the asteroid main belt and in the Kuiper belt. We analyze the dynamical evolution in these regions over time scales of the order of the age of the Solar System. We centered our study on the populations of resonant minor bodies, discussing three examples: the 2/1 mean motion resonance with Jupiter (Hecuba gap), the 2/3 resonance with Neptune (Plutinos), and the 1/1 resonance with Jupiter (Trojans). We attack the problem with several different tools, both analytic and numeric: integration of N-body models, random-walk statistical models, semi-analytical models based on the assymetric expansion of the disturbing function, calculation of the maximum Lyapunov exponent, frequancy analysis, estimates of the diffusion of proper elements, etc. The results allow to draw conclusions about the possible origin of these populations.

Neste trabalho, desenvolvemos um mapeamento simplético que nos permite estudar o comportamento dinâmico de ressonâncias asteroidais no âmbito do problema dos três corpos restrito, elíptico, espacial. Para obter este mapeamento, combinamos um esquema simplético similar ao desenvolvido por Hadjidemetriou (1986) junto com o desenvolvimento assimétrico da função perturbadora (Ferraz-Mello, 1987), que leva em conta as inclinações do perturbado e do perturbador como sendo referidas a um plano invariante (Roig et al., 1997). Este mapeamento é aplicado aos casos das ressonâncias asteroidais 2/1 e 3/2. Estudam-se um grande número de condições iniciais no espaço de fase, de forma a conseguir tirar conclusões de tipo estatístico sobre os processos envolvidos na geração de mecanismos difusivos que podem agir nessas ressonâncias.<br>In this work, we developed a symplectic mapping which allow us to study the dynamical behaviour of asteroidal resonances in the frame of the non-planar elliptic restricted three-body problem. To obtain such a mapping we combine a symplectic scheme similar to that of Hadjidemetriou (1986) together with an asymmetric expansion of the disturbing funtion (Ferraz-Mello, 1987) which takes into account the inclinations of both the perturber and the disturbed bodies (Roig et al., 1997). This mapping is applied to the 2/1 and 3/2 mean motion resonances in the asteroidal belt. We explore a wide range of initial conditions in the phase space in order to get a large number of results which allow us to make some statistical conclusions about the generation of diffusion mechanisms acting in these resonances.

Submitted by Edisangela Bastos (edisangela@ufpa.br) on 2015-05-25T19:49:44Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 22974 bytes, checksum: 99c771d9f0b9c46790009b9874d49253 (MD5) Dissertacao_AvaliacaoTecnicaEconomica.pdf: 5525031 bytes, checksum: 10c8c183fb8ff1b3da78bc7d5f937631 (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Ana Rosa Silva (arosa@ufpa.br) on 2015-05-26T15:54:28Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 22974 bytes, checksum: 99c771d9f0b9c46790009b9874d49253 (MD5) Dissertacao_AvaliacaoTecnicaEconomica.pdf: 5525031 bytes, checksum: 10c8c183fb8ff1b3da78bc7d5f937631 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-26T15:54:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 22974 bytes, checksum: 99c771d9f0b9c46790009b9874d49253 (MD5) Dissertacao_AvaliacaoTecnicaEconomica.pdf: 5525031 bytes, checksum: 10c8c183fb8ff1b3da78bc7d5f937631 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013<br>O presente trabalho apresenta uma avaliação técnica e econômica para a instalação de um sistema fotovoltaico conectado à rede (SFCR) para a eletrificação do Aeroporto Internacional Val-de-Cans, localizado na cidade de Belém – Pará - Brasil. Trata-se de da avaliação de implantação de um projeto piloto na Região Norte, onde estuda-se a implantação de um SFCR na cobertura do Terminal Aeroportuário, em uma área de aproximadamente 16.000 m2. A avaliação técnica foi realizada com auxílio dos dados meteorológicos e do consumo de energia elétrica referentes ao período de 2011 a 2012, da elaboração de duas opções de projeto de SFCR, sendo a primeira proposta com 191 subsistemas utilizando módulos de silício policristalinos, totalizando uma potência nominal de 2,3 MWp (nas condições padrões) e a segunda proposta com 82 subsistemas utilizando módulos de silício amorfo, totalizando uma potência nominal de 1,04 MWp (nas condições padrões). Na avaliação técnica utilizou-se também um software para simular o desempenho dos sistemas propostos durante um ano, destacando-se a avaliação de perfis de irradiância para um dia ensolarado e outro nublado. A avaliação econômica baseou-se nos projetos elaborados, sendo decisiva na escolha do sistema fotovoltaico mais indicado para a implantação, pois a proposta 1 possui um investimento inicial de R$ 14.970.089,48, estimando-se a redução da energia consumida da concessionária pelo terminal aeroportuário em no máximo 34%, referente ao mês com maior irradiação solar, e em 24% no mês com menor irradiação solar. A proposta 1 se pagará, sem o auxílio de outras fontes contribuintes, em aproximadamente 21 anos. Já a proposta 2 possui um custo de investimento inicial de R$ 10.067.826,13, reduzindo a energia consumida da concessionária pelo terminal aeroportuário em no máximo 15% no mês de maior irradiação solar, e em 11% no mês de menor irradiação solar, contudo, essa proposta não se pagará sem o auxílio de outras fontes contribuintes. Como resultado, pretende-se demonstrar o percentual de redução do consumo de energia elétrica fornecida pela concessionária, além de divulgar esta alternativa energética promissora e contribuir para a preservação do meio ambiente.<br>This work presents a technical and economic evaluation for the installation of a grid-connected photovoltaic system for the electrification of the International Airport Val-de-Cans, located in Belém - Pará - Brazil. This is a pilot project in the Northern Region of Brazil to be deployed on the roof of the Airport Terminal, in an area of approximately 16.000 m2. The technical evaluation was performed with the aid of meteorological data and that of electrical energy consumption for the period from 2011 to 2012, the design of two options of grid-connected photovoltaic systems (GCPS), the first proposal with 191 subsystems using polycrystalline silicon modules that will generate maximum power of 2.3 MWp in standard conditions, the second proposal with 82 subsystems using amorphous silicon modules that will generate a power maximum of 1.04 MWp in standard conditions. A software is used to simulate the performance of these proposed systems, showing the irradiance and active power profiles for a sunny day and cloudy day. The economic evaluation was based on the designed systems, being decisive for choosing the most suitable photovoltaic system for deployment given that the proposal 1 has an initial investment of R$ 14.970.089,48, reducing the energy consumed in the airport terminal in a maximum of 34% in the month that has the sunniest days, and 24% in the month that has the cloudiest days. This proposal will be payed for itself, in approximately 21 years, without any other contribution sources. Proposal 2 already has an initial investment cost of R$ 10.067.826,13, reducing the energy consumed in the airport terminal in a maximum of 15% in the month that has the sunniest days, and 11% in the month that has the cloudiest days. This proposal won’t be payed for itself, without any other contributing sources. As a result, it is intended to reduce the consumption of energy provided by the electricity utility, to disclose this promising energy alternative and help preserve the environment.

Examensarbetet utförs under sista årets energiingenjörsstudier vid Mälardalens högskola. Med hjälp av Ramböll Västerås utfördes en energiuppföljning av energiförbrukningen vid Hälleborgs äldreboende beläget på Bäckby i Västerås åt Västerås stad. Hälleborgs äldreboende stod klart och var fullt inflyttat våren 2015. Boendet byggdes för att möta det ökade behovet av vårdplatser i Västerås kommun. Vid byggnationen ställde kommunen ett byggkrav på 60 kWh/(m2,år) köpt energi vilket var hårdare än de gällande byggkraven som gällde i Sverige vid dåvarande tidpunkt. Under projekteringen av byggnaden ändrades kravet till 70 kWh/(m2,år) viktad energi där fjärrvärmen viktas med 1 och elen med 2.  Ändringen uppkom efter att behovet av kyla kunde lösas med ett borrhålslager vilket ger möjlighet att ta tillvara på värmen som kyls bort via värmepumpar. Byggnadens värmebehov tillgodoses av både värmepumpar och fjärrvärme vilket innebär olika energikrav enligt BBR, viktningen görs för att få ett mellanting mellan kraven för byggnad med el uppvärmning och byggnad utan eluppvärmning. Examensarbetet går ut på att utreda om byggnadens energianvändning går att följa upp efter ett år i drift. Genom att försöka beräkna förbrukningen och på den vägen upptäcka problem som behöver åtgärdas till 2 årsuppföljning 2017. Det har under arbetets gång visat sig att anläggningens mätsystem inte fungerar som tänkt vad det gäller överföring mellan fastighetens mätssystem och Västerås stads mätdata hanteringssystem Momentum. Men även när mätdatainformationen skulle hämtas manuellt visades sig att det endast fanns för ett fåtal datum vilket gjorde det omöjligt att ställa upp en årsenergi. För att kontrollera att mätningen fungerade som det skulle ställdes en sammanställning upp för perioden 2015-02-22 och 2016-03-24 vilket visade att all elproduktion inte registreras i de interna mätarna. Fjärrvärmen var enda energienhet som kunde verifieras då den förbrukningen hämtades från fjärrvärmeleverantören Mälarenergi AB. Fjärrvärmeförbrukningen uppgick till 29 kWh/ kWh/(m2,år) mot projekterade 11.7 kWh/ kWh/(m2,år). För att kunna utföra en korrekt energiuppföljning och visa tappvarmvatten förbrukningen behöver fastigheten uppdateras med fler mätare. Dels behövs en mätare som mäter levererad fjärrvärmeenergi till tappvarmvattnet och det rekommenderas även att registrera en flödesmätare på tappvarmvattnet till verksamheten. Det bör även undersökas vilka elförbrukningar som inte omfattas av internmätning för att kunna skilja verksamhets- och fastighetsenergi åt. Elenergin för undermätarna var 555 406 kWh för perioden 2015-02-22 och 2016-03-24 och motsvarnade 924 025 kWh för nätägaren Mälarenergi i perioden 2015-05-01 till 2016-04-30. För att kunna utföra en balans ska undermätarna uppgå till samma förbrukning som huvudmätaren för samma mät period. Byggnaden uppfyller idag inte förutsättningar för att kunna göra en korrekt energiuppföljning.<br>In order to reach the 20/20 goals (meaning 20% lower energy consumption until 2020) the energy requirements on buildings must get tougher and tougher. The city of Västerås has from year 2011 set its own energy requirements on all sold estates to 60 kWh/(m2,year). When the city needed to build the new Hälleborgs elderly care center, their aim was to reach this limited energy consumption. Soon, during the planning stage, they changed this requirement to 70 kWh/(m2,year) weighted energy. The reason for this was because they were using two heating systems, one was a electric heat pump and the second was district heating. Because of higher average age in the society, the need for more elderly care centers arise even in Västerås. In the spring 2015 Hälleborgs elderly care center was completed and occupied. 2 year after the building was complete, the contractor has to do an energy monitoring and see if the goal 70 kWh/m2 is reached. In this bachelor thesis all information will be tested and the aim is to try to make a energy monitoring and figure out what needs to be done to be able to performe the energy monitoring 2017. During the work the biggest problem has been to get the right information. The system that should keep all the measured data (Momentum) was found not to have the connection to the building. When we try to pick the data by hand from the building it was not complete. So the conclusion is that the building is not ready to energy monitoring jet. This is because the building needs more time to be stable and adjust the technical systems. It also needs more points of energy measurments and flowmeters in order to get the heating water consumption. In the electric system first the net owners energy meter is installed, then the building has own meters at each electric central to separate customers consumption from building consumption. When groups of energy is summarized, it is just half of the net owners consumption. This is because some of the energy in the building is not registered. One of the electric energy’s that not is registered is the commercial kitchen, but the difference is to big that it need to be evaluated what’s missed.

The project considers realization system, which will allow us to test six different operation modes on lifetime accumulators. The system will link to computer, which will execute measurement current and tension and switch betwencharging and discharging modes. The measured values will record in someone time intervals in to computer memory. After someone time will analise these measured valuer and will provide optional operation mode.

[spa] ANTECEDENTES: Las intervenciones psicológicas de baja intensidad aplicadas mediante tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TICs) constituyen una alternativa terapéutica eficaz y coste-efectiva en el tratamiento de la depresión. OBJETIVO: Evaluar la eficacia en Atención Primaria de una intervención de baja intensidad de estilo de vida saludable aplicada a través de TICs que ha mostrado previamente mejoras significativas en el tratamiento de la depresión leve y moderada en contextos clínicos especializados. MÉTODO: Ensayo clínico pragmático multicéntrico aleatorizado en 2 grupos paralelos. Se diseñó la intervención y se adaptó a dispositivos online y posteriormente se realizó el ensayo clínico controlado aleatorizado; se estudió a una muestra de N=120 pacientes con depresión leve a moderada reclutados en AP. Se les asignó aleatoriamente a a) programa psicoeducativo de estilo de vida saludable + Tratamiento Habitual mejorado (Improved Treatment As Usual, ITAU) o b) ITAU. El formato de las intervenciones fue de 1 sesión presencial y 4 módulos online. El diagnóstico de depresión se realizó con la entrevista psiquiátrica MINI. La variable principal de resultado fue la puntuación en el PHQ-9. También se administró el PANAS, (escala de afecto Positivo y Negativo), EuroQol (calidad de vida) y SF-12 Health Survey (estado de salud percibido). Los pacientes fueron evaluados en el momento basal, post, a los 6 y 12 meses post-tratamiento. Se realizó un análisis por protocolo y otro análisis por intención de tratar. RESULTADO: Valoramos la posible inclusión de 120 pacientes que estarían asignados aleatoriamente a una de las dos ramas de este estudio (estilo de vida vs. ITAU). Fueron reclutados 111. Se asignaron de forma aleatoria 54 pacientes (48.6% de la muestra) al grupo de estilo de vida y 57 al grupo control (51.4%). Incluimos únicamente quienes accedieron al programa y completaron los cuestionarios; 46 y 27 participantes respectivamente (65.77% del total). Tras acabar el tratamiento, continuaron en el estudio 58 de los 73 (79.46%). A los 6 meses eran 49 (67.1%), concluyendo el estudio a los 12 meses 46 participantes (63.02%). El perfil de la muestra fue de mujer (71.23% de casos) con una edad media de 45 años (desviación estándar 11.21), casada o emparejada (52.1%), viviendo en domicilio propio con su pareja y/o sus hijos (39.7%), con estudios secundarios completados (31.5%) y situación laboral de empleada (42.5%). Únicamente existió diferencia estadísticamente significativa en el estado civil. En el análisis por protocolo únicamente se obtuvieron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre ambos grupos en el PHQ-9 tras concluir el estudio (p= 0,012). En el análisis por intención de tratar se obtuvo diferencia estadísticamente significativa tras concluir el estudio en el PHQ-9 (p=0,00), PANAS afecto negativo (p=0,049) y en el SF-12 componente físico (p=0,029), no encontrando diferencias estadísticamente significativas transcurridos 6 y 12 meses. DISCUSION: Una aportación relevante hallada en el análisis es que, al existir mejoría clínica de los síntomas depresivos tras acabar la intervención, conseguimos acelerar el proceso de recuperación en relación al grupo control. Este hallazgo implicaría disminuir el notable impacto en la calidad de vida del paciente y de su entorno, así como el coste económico al reducir su productividad y actividad laboral. Sin embargo, no se puede obviar que una de las mayores dificultades para vincularse a la intervención en estos pacientes es la sintomatología que presentan. Por eso parece fundamental seguir motivándoles para que sean constantes en el cambio y reciban un feedback positivo que puede realizarse a través de los auto-registros o disponer de apoyo social, algo de lo que nuestro estudio carece. El estudio presenta varias limitaciones: mejora solo a corto plazo, escaso tamaño de la muestra estudiada, elevada tasa de abandonos y ausencia de registro de situación basal del paciente en relación a su estilo de vida, así como de qué forma ésta se ha podido implantar a lo largo del tiempo. CONCLUSIONES: Realizar una intervención de baja intensidad sobre el estilo de vida saludable a través de las TICs mejora más rápidamente los síntomas depresivos, disminuye el afecto negativo y acelera la mejora el estado de salud percibido al acabar la intervención. Sin embargo, la diferencia en la disminución de la sintomatología depresiva entre el grupo de intervención y el grupo control no se ha mantenido en el tiempo. Será necesario considerar para futuras investigaciones cómo favorecer la adherencia al tratamiento y disminuir la tasa de abandonos para poder beneficiar a un mayor número de pacientes.<br>[eng] BACKGROUND: Low intensity psychological interventions applied through information and communication technologies (ICTs) are an effective and cost-effective therapeutic alternative in the treatment of depression. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy in Primary Care of a low intensity intervention of healthy lifestyle applied through ICTs that has previously shown significant improvements in the treatment of mild and moderate depression in specialized clinical contexts. METHOD: Multicentric pragmatic randomized clinical trial in 2 parallel groups: a) healthy lifestyle + Improved Habitual Treatment (ITAU) or b) ITAU. The intervention was designed and adapted to be online and then the randomized controlled clinical trial was carried out. A sample of N = 120 patients with mild to moderate depression was recruited in Primary Care Settings. The diagnosis of depression was made with the MINI psychiatric interview. The main outcome variable was the score on the PHQ-9. PANAS was also administered (Positive and Negative Affect Schedule), EuroQol (quality of life) and SF-12 Health Survey (perceived health status). The patients were evaluated at baseline, post, at 6 and 12 months after treatment finished. An analysis by protocol and another analysis by intent to treat was performed. RESULTS: A total of 111 patients were recruited and randomly assigned to one of the two branches of this study. We include only those who accessed the program and completed the questionnaire. In the analysis by protocol, only statistically significant differences were obtained between both groups in the PHQ-9 after concluding the study (p = 0.012). In the intention-to-treat analysis, a statistically significant difference was obtained after concluding the study in the PHQ-9 (p = 0.00), PANAS negative affect (p = 0.049) and in the SF-12 physical component (p = 0.029), finding no statistically significant differences after 6 and 12 months. CONCLUSIONS: Performing a low intensity intervention on healthy lifestyle through ICTs improves the symptoms of depression more quickly. However, this difference has not been maintained over time. It will be necessary to consider for future investigations how to improve the adherence to treatment and decrease the dropout rate in order to benefit a greater number of patients.

The thesis is aimed on construction of solar panel powered datalogger of environmental values. The thesis begins by research of commercial dataloggers. Then the concept of datalogger was created. Then the electronics of datalogger was designed. Datalogger is built as a system driven by microcontroller. The microcontroller reads data from sensors, writes data to memory card and sends data to Czech radiocommunications cloud by LoRa technology. Then the data are resend to MySQL database. Program for microcontroller was made in C language. Configuration of datalogger is done through USB interface by PC application which was created in C# language. For visualisation of measured data ASP.NET Core application was created.

This master thesis is dedicated to system of water monitoring for use of alternative source power supply and GSM communication. The thesis carried out research on the possibilities to take measurements on watercourses, also detailed research of photovoltaic panel, available accumulators and their charging and a synopsis of similar systems. Furthermore, the master thesis also captures design and implementation datalogger device type with possibility to send measured data to the website.

Solar powered cars may never be practical. Nevertheless, in the 1996 World Solar Challenge the Honda Dream carried two people 3000km across Australia at an average speed of 90km/h, powered only by sunlight. You clearly don?t need a 2500kg machine powered by polluting fuels to get you to work and back each day. The Australian Aurora 101 solar powered car requires less than 2000W of power to travel at 100km/h. To achieve such high performance the car has high aerodynamic efficiency, motor efficiency greater than 98%, low rolling resistance tyres, and weighs less than 280kg with the driver in it. The energy used to propel the car is generated by high-efficiency photovoltaic cells Another key to achieving high performance is efficient energy management. The car has a small battery that can store enough energy to drive the car about 250km at 100km/h. Energy stored in the battery can be used when extra power is required for climbing hills or for driving under clouds. More importantly, energy stored while the car is not racing can be used to increase the average speed of the car. How should the battery be used? The motivation for this problem was to develop an energy management strategy for the Aurora solar racing team to use in the World Solar Challenge, a triennial race across Australia from Darwin to Adelaide. The real problem? with weather prediction, detailed models of the car and numerous race constraints?is intractable. But by studying several simplified problems it is possible to discover simple rules for an efficient energy management strategy. The simplest problem is to find a strategy that minimises the energy required to drive a car with a perfectly efficient battery and a constant drive efficiency. The optimal strategy is to drive at a constant speed. This is just the beginning of the solar car problem, however. More general problems, with more general models for the battery, drive system and solar power, can be formulated as optimal control problems, where the control is (usually) the flow of power from or to the battery. By forming a Hamiltonian function we can use Pontryagin?s Maximum Principle to derive necessary conditions for an optimal strategy. We then use these conditions to construct an optimal strategy. The strategies for the various simplified problems are similar: ? On a level road, with solar power a known function of time, and with a perfectly efficient drive system and battery, the optimal strategy has three driving modes: maximum power, speed holding, and maximum regenerative braking. ? If the perfectly efficient battery is replaced by a battery with constant energy efficiency then the single holding speed is replaced by two critical speeds. The lower speed is held when solar power is low, and the upper speed is held when solar power is high. The battery discharges at the lower speed and charges at the higher speed. The difference between the upper and lower critical speeds is about 10km/h. There are precise conditions for switching from one mode to another, but small switching errors do not have a significant effect on the journey. ? If we now change from a level road to an undulating road, the optimal strategy still has two critical speeds. With hills, however, the conditions for switching between driving modes are more complex. Steep gradients must be anticipated. For steep inclines the control should be switched to power before the incline so that speed increases before the incline and drops while the car is on the incline. Similarly, for steep declines the speed of the car should be allowed to drop before the decline and increase on the decline. ? With more realistic battery models the optimal control is continuous rather than discrete. The optimal strategy is found by following an optimal trajectory in the phase space of the state and adjoint equations. This optimal trajectory is very close to a critical point of the phase space for most of the journey. Speed increases slightly with solar power. As before, the optimal speed lies within a narrow range for most of the journey. ? Power losses in the drive system affect the initial power phase, the final regenerative braking phase, and the speed profile over hills. The optimal speed still lies within a narrow range for most of the journey. ? With spatial variations in solar power it is possible to vary the speed of the car in such a way that the extra energy collected more than compensates for the extra energy used. Speed should be increased under clouds, and decreased in bright sunlight. The benefits of ?sun-chasing? are small, however. ? Solar power is not known in advance. By modelling solar power as a Markov process we can use dynamic programming to determine the target distance for each remaining day of the race. Alternatively, we can calculate the probability of completing the race at any given speed. These principles of efficient control have been used successfully since 1993 to develop practical strategy calculations for the Aurora solar racing team, winner of the 1999 World Solar Challenge.<br>Thesis (PhD)--University of South Australia, 2000

碩士<br>南台科技大學<br>機械工程系<br>94<br>We present our results about the encapsulation technique of solar cells for solar cars. In order to fully make use of the efficiency of space used solar cells, we chose a special material – Dupont Tefzel. Thus, the encapsulation parameters have to be investigated anew. Therefore we compared the transmittens between PC and Tefzel films. Tefzel was used as surface cover to encapsulate several cells as test samples. Then, we measured their efficiency variation under high temperature and high humidity to study the influences of temperature and humidity on encapsulation. Experiments results showed that in contrast to PC films, Tefzel has higher transmittens in UV area and thus is suitable for encapsulating multi-juntion solar cells. However, its shrink coefficience is also higher than that of PC films so that its manufacture process, usage and maintance are also different from those of PC films. Our primary results showed that the best curing conditions were achieved under 155°C and 6 minutes.

Thesis (M.S.)--Universiteit Twente, 2006.<br>Title from title screen. "January 2006." "MSc report." Description based on contents viewed Dec. 28, 2006. Includes bibliographical references (p. 121-123).

碩士<br>南台科技大學<br>機械工程系<br>97<br>This study investigates the design of solar mobile body and analyzes the drag coefficient so that the power loss during moving can be reduced and the maximum power output of solar cells can be reached. Based on the solar mobile model “Phoenix II”, this work analyzes, simulates and evaluates the design of mobile body, compares the simulations with the solar mobile bodies of the German team, the Australian team, and the Belgium team so that rational and efficient fabricating rules can be established. This work includes three main parts. First, the model of a solar mobile body is established, including a draft, a surface curve of body, the real body, and a model of its flow over. Next, a model mesh is established. The completed model graphic is then loaded into Gambit© to generate the boundary conditions of mobile body and flow over meshes. Finally, simulations and analyses were run with Fluent©. In this work, Solidworks® was used to carry out the coating of mobile body model and flow over. Then, meshes and different boundary conditions were generated with Gambit©. Finally, the simulation and analyses of drag coefficient were carried out with Fluent© to understand the distribution of drag and pressure during moving so that the stability of the mobile can be predicted. The parameter analyses, simulation and discussion results in this work can be applied to further researches and developments of solar cars in the future.

碩士<br>國立虎尾科技大學<br>光電與材料科技研究所<br>100<br>Solar energy technology is one of the most important areas in these years. Many countries put plentiful resources and budgets in this industry. Lots of companies in Taiwan devoted to this area as well, and thus shaped a solar energy industry chain. Since most Taiwan companies in this industry focus on mass production, quality control is thus an important task for these companies. Lots of inspection tasks are included in the quality control process, we propose a system which automatically detects surface and internal defects in solar cell. The surface defect inspection system uses a CCD camera to take images of solar cells, recognizes fingers on the surfaces, and identifies defect positions. Experimental results show that defects such as Stains, spots, scratches, white spots, bad wiring, and breaks in fingers, are successfully detected by the proposed system. On inspecting internal defects, we propose to apply bias flow to the solar cell, captures emissions of solar cell, and processes captured image to recognize the internal defects in the solar cell. The experimental results show that the proposed system can successfully detect internal defects which can not be found by visual inspection.To further increase the inspection speed, we proposed parallel processing algorithms and implement them in graphic card. Experimental results show that the inspection speed is successfully increased by using parallel processing algorithms.

Com o aumento do envelhecimento da população, das demências e da desumanização dos cuidados é importante que o Solar de São Gião consiga desenvolver ferramentas para "trabalhar" em prol da Humanização das práticas. Para a realização deste trabalho optou-se por se realizar um caminho conceptual que conseguisse responder à seguinte pergunta de investigação: em que medida é que a Estrutura Residencial do Solar de São Gião tem presente na sua prática diária a questão da humanização dos cuidados? Deste modo, respondendo à questão, foi feita uma incursão pelos conceitos de Pessoa, Relação de ajuda e Cuidar, para alcançar a Filosofia de cuidados em Humanitude. A realização do trabalho de pesquisa consistiu em analisar as práticas de cuidados prestados aos idosos com demência sob as orientações da Humanização dos cuidados; identificar as principais dificuldades na prestação de cuidados, como as estratégias para minimizar as dificuldades e identificar os desafios encontrados, na definição dos princípios orientadores para a existência de uma prática humanizada e na formação de uma equipa centrada nos princípios de assistência à população idosa com demência. A metodologia incidiu numa lógica de investigação intuitiva, com recurso à abordagem qualitativa, através de entrevistas estruturadas a nove colaboradoras. Na análise e interpretação de dados recorreu-se à análise de conteúdo. Conclui-se, deste modo, que a equipa da Estrutural Residencial do Solar de São Gião tem realizado um esforço acrescido na tentativa de "humanização" e "dignificação" dos cuidados prestados aos seus idosos, apesar de existir ainda um longo caminho a percorrer.<br>With the increasing aging of the population, dementia, and the dehumanization of care, it is important that Solar de São Gião be able to develop tools to "work" in favor of the Humanization. In order to carry out this work, it was decided to carry out a conceptual path that could answer the following research question: To what extent does the Nursing Home of Solar de São Gião have the issue of humanizing care in its daily practice? In this way, answering the question, a foray was made on the concepts of Person, Relation of help and Caring, to reach the Philosophy of care in Humanitude. The research work consisted of analyzing the care practices provided to the elderly with dementia under the guidelines of the Humanization of care; identify the main difficulties in providing care, such as strategies to minimize the difficulties and identify the challenges encountered, in the definition of the guiding principles for the existence of a humanized practice and in the formation of a team focused on the principles of assistance to the elderly population with dementia . The methodology focused on an intuitive research logic, using the qualitative approach, through structured interviews with nine collaborators. In the analysis and interpretation of data, content analysis was used. In conclusion, the Nursing Home team at Solar de São Gião has made an increased effort in an attempt to "humanize" and "dignify" the care it provides to its elderly, although there is still a long way to go.