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1
Al Alawneh, Samer I., Thabit A. Odat y Ahmed E. Khatatbeh. "Corneal Metallic Foreign Bodies among Jordanian Soldiers". Journal of the Royal Medical Services 20, n.º 3 (septiembre de 2013): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.12816/0001036.
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Welland, Julia. "Violence and the contemporary soldiering body". Security Dialogue 48, n.º 6 (25 de octubre de 2017): 524–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0967010617733355.
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This article asks what is the significance of making the soldiering body (hyper)visible in war. In contrast to the techno-fetishistic portrayals of Western warfare in the 1990s, the recent counterinsurgency campaign in Afghanistan witnessed a re-centring of British soldiering bodies within the visual grammars of war. In the visibility of this body, violences once obscured were rendered viscerally visible on the bodies of British soldiers. Locating the analysis in the War Story exhibition at the Imperial War Museum, London, the article details two moments of wartime violence experienced and enacted by British soldiers, tracking how violence was mediated in, on and through these hypervisible soldiering bodies and the attending invisibility of ‘other’ bodies. The article argues that during the Afghanistan campaign, soldiers’ bodies became not just enactors of military power but crucial representational figures in the continuance of violent projects abroad and their acceptance back home.
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Imy, Kate. "Fascist Yogis: Martial Bodies and Imperial Impotence". Journal of British Studies 55, n.º 2 (11 de marzo de 2016): 320–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jbr.2016.1.
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AbstractBetween the First and Second World Wars, two retired British military officers, Francis Yeats-Brown and J. F. C. Fuller, embraced fascism and yoga. In their publications and lecture tours, they used their past experiences as soldiers in India to encourage strength, discipline, and virility. While Fuller believed that yoga could teach men to be strong and powerful leaders, Yeats-Brown celebrated yoga as a part of “Aryan” racial inheritance. This article examines both Fuller's and Yeats-Brown's published accounts and archival trails in order to understand the development of global masculinities within individual British lives. It reveals that their engagement with yoga was a defensive effort to appropriate the “regeneration” of martial masculinity encouraged by Indian nationalists. Claiming yoga for “great men” and “Aryan” audiences became a way to rewrite their own histories of service to the British Empire. They erased the weakness and fragility of imperial life, and replaced it with idealized bodies that were strong, disciplined, and virile. In so doing, they attempted to save imperial soldiers from political and cultural irrelevance. This reimagining used imperial hierarchies of gender and racial difference to encourage a “universal” model of martial masculinity that could restore the power of the British Empire.
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Tetuev, Alim. "HISTORICAL MEMORY OF THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR IN NARRATIVE SOURCES." History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus 16, n.º 3 (1 de noviembre de 2020): 620–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.32653/ch163620-638.
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The article examines the memory of the Great Patriotic War in letters, memoirs and literary sources of front-line soldiers and workers of the rear of Kabardino-Balkaria. The state of historiography and sources of the studied problem is analyzed, its relevance is substantiated.
The experience of party political and propaganda work of the Main Political Administration of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army and local party and Soviet bodies for educating the Red Army and home front workers in the spirit of Soviet patriotism, national unity, hatred of the German occupiers and belief in victory will be summarized.
The letters and addresses of front-line soldiers to relatives and friends, home front workers, and local party and Soviet authorities were identified and investigated.
The letters and appeals of relatives and friends, home front workers, and local party and Soviet government bodies to front-line soldiers are examined.
The reflection of war in the literary sources of the front-line soldiers, which are dedicated to the people of the front and rear, is considered.
The analysis of the problem under study showed that the tasks of rallying and mobilizing all forces to achieve victory were characteristic of the consciousness of front-line soldiers and rear in an extreme situation.
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Weiss, Meira. "Forensic medicine and religion in the identification of dead soldiers' bodies". Mortality 13, n.º 2 (mayo de 2008): 119–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13576270801954500.
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Uzelac, Gordana. "Legitimacy of Death: National Appropriation of the Fallen". Nationalities Papers 47, n.º 4 (22 de abril de 2019): 647–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/nps.2018.3.
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AbstractMany influential theorists of nationalism see war as a social conflict that to a great extent homogenizes and unifies the nation. Nowhere is that unity more clearly expressed than in war memorials and cemeteries. This article considers the examples of Britain and the USA during the aftermath of World War I in order to examine how the state legitimized its ownership of the bodies of its dead soldiers. It argues first that in an internal dispute, when all sides share a normative ideology, nationalism cannot offer an effective basis for legitimacy. Second, it shows that during the aftermath of World War I, the bodies of dead soldiers were not symbols. This article concludes that in order to transform a dead body into a symbol, the body first has to be “de-individualized.”
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Dawney, Leila. "Figurations of Wounding: Soldiers’ Bodies, Authority, and the Militarisation of Everyday Life". Geopolitics 25, n.º 5 (11 de octubre de 2018): 1099–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14650045.2018.1490271.
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Giniatullina, Luiza Midakhatovna. "Adaptation of Demobilized Soldiers and the Problem of their Employment in Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic during the First Postwar Years". Общество: философия, история, культура, n.º 9 (25 de septiembre de 2020): 113–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.24158/fik.2020.9.18.
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In connection with the increase in military conflicts and the deterioration of the geopolitical situation in the world, the study of the history of the Eastern Front of World War II and its consequences is more relevant than ever. In the first postwar years it was a difficult task for the state to solve the problems of front-line soldiers with employment and material conditions. The adaptation of demobilized soldiers was primarily associated with the economic and political state of the country. The paper examines the issues of adaptation and employment of demo-bilized soldiers of Bashkiria during the first postwar years. The author pays attention to then-existing problems and measures taken by the Soviet bodies of the republic. The postwar life of front-line soldiers of Bashkiria during the first postwar years has both great scientific and social significance. In the course of the study, the features of the postwar situation in the country as a whole and in the republic were studied, which determined the conditions for the adaptation of front-line soldiers and its results.
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Smith, Susan L. "Mustard Gas and American Race-Based Human Experimentation in World War II". Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 36, n.º 3 (2008): 517–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2008.299.x.
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During World War II, scientists funded by the United States government conducted mustard gas experiments on 60,000 American soldiers as part of military preparation for potential chemical warfare. One aspect of the chemical warfare research program on mustard gas involved race-based human experimentation. In at least nine research projects conducted during the 1940s, scientists investigated how so-called racial differences affected the impact of mustard gas exposure on the bodies of soldiers. Building on cultural beliefs about “race,” these studies occurred on military bases and universities, which became places for racialized human experimentation.
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S., Soundarya M. "MEASUREMENT OF BODY PARAMETERS UNDER CRITICAL CONDITIONS (SMART SHIRT)". International Journal of Students' Research in Technology & Management 3, n.º 3 (27 de septiembre de 2015): 307–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/ijsrtm.2015.339.
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This device which we have developed, is a microcontroller based project where we have used GSM & GPS technology and this will be fixed with the soldier and it keeps on monitoring their heart rate, blood pressure, their body temperature and their blood loss. It also tracks their latitude and longitude position by which we get their location. This information’s are send to the control room, where they get the information about all the soldiers and they analyze about the same. When they recognize that there is an emergency they order the rescue team to take up the required steps. By this we are able to recover the injured soldiers and bring them to the military camp to hospitalize them and also to recover the bodies of the dead soldiers.
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Pouget, Benoît. "‘I am here and I am here to stay’: the death and burial of soldiers with cholera during the Crimean War (1854–56)". Human Remains and Violence 5, n.º 2 (octubre de 2019): 56–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.7227/hrv.5.2.5.
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Based on a study of intersecting French archives (those of the Val de Grâce Hospital, the Service Historique de la Défense and the Archives Diplomatiques), and with the support of numerous printed sources, this article focuses on the handling of the bodies of French soldiers who died of cholera during the Crimean War (1854–56). As a continuation of studies done by historians Luc Capdevila and Danièle Voldman, the aim here is to consider how the diseased corpses of these soldiers reveal both the causes and circumstances of their deaths. Beyond the epidemiological context, these dead bodies shed light on the sanitary conditions and suffering resulting from years of military campaigns. To conclude, the article analyses the material traces left by these dead and the way that the Second Empire used them politically, giving the remains of leaders who died on the front lines of the cholera epidemic a triumphant return to the country and a state funeral.
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Pratt, William John. "Prostitutes and Prophylaxis: Venereal Disease, Surveillance, and Discipline in the Canadian Army in Europe, 1939-1945". Journal of the Canadian Historical Association 26, n.º 2 (9 de agosto de 2016): 111–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1037228ar.
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The wastage of Canadian manpower due to venereal disease (VD) during World War II was an ongoing problem for the Canadian Army. Military authorities took both medical and disciplinary measures in attempt to reduce the number of soldiers that were kept from regular duties while under treatment. The study of the techniques employed to control sexual behaviour and infection places the Canadian Army in a new historical perspective as a modern institution which sought to establish medical surveillance and disciplinary control over soldiers’ bodies. This study also explores Canadian soldiers’ sexual behaviour overseas, showing their engagement in a broken system of regulated prostitution, and with European women who were coping with war’s destabilization and strain by participating in the sex trade. Agents of the Canadian Army overseas extended their disciplinary and surveillance functions from soldiers to their sexual partners. VD rates were low when formations were in combat, but rose to alarming rates when they were out of the line, suggesting that individual agency and sexual choice trumped the efforts of modern discipline.
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Polnar, Stanislav. "Investigation and Political Processes with Soldiers in Czechoslovakia (1948–1989)". Czech-polish historical and pedagogical journal 12, n.º 1 (2020): 108–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cphpj-2020-010.
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The basic approach of the author was to place issues into the context of the political development of Czechoslovakia after the events of February, 1948. The applied research confirmed the theory that political delinquency of member of military personnel formed a unique class. The worst crimes of the founding period were the core of the author’s focus. This period can be characterized by political trials made as thought-out systems of illegalities organized by the bodies of military justice. Afterwards, the persecutions continued but only in an individual and more selective way. The author used original historical sources which are common for contemporary history.
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Fahy, Thomas. "Enfreaking War-Injured Bodies: Fallen Soldiers in Propaganda and American Literature of the 1920s". Prospects 25 (octubre de 2000): 529–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0361233300000752.
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With P. T. Barnum's purchase of the American museum in 1840, freak shows became an organized and profitable institution that systematically used juxtaposition, innovative advertising, and questions of truth and humbug to entice audiences. Along with “scientifically” sanctioned pamphlets and cartes de visite, exhibits such as wild savages from around the world, human-animal hybrids, hermaphrodites, and armless and legless wonders played with the boundaries between self and other. Audiences could gaze safely without compunction about the displayed body as long as these distinctions were maintained within the confines of the show. But as social anxieties about difference intensified in the first few decades of the 20th century, a greater need to solidify the boundaries between black and white, male and female, and abled and disabled made this type of entertainment more disturbing and, at times, even dangerous. These concerns marked the beginning of the end for freak shows. By the 1920s, their popularity was not only threatened by changing attitudes in medical science and the rise of the film industry, but also by the aftermath of World War I.
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Edwards, Louise. "Drawing Sexual Violence in Wartime China: Anti-Japanese Propaganda Cartoons". Journal of Asian Studies 72, n.º 3 (20 de junio de 2013): 563–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021911813000521.
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During the War of Resistance against Japan (1937–45), China's leading cartoon artists formed patriotic associations aimed at repelling the Japanese military. Their stated propaganda goals were to boost morale among the troops and the civilian population by circulating artwork that would ignite the spirit of resistance among Chinese audiences. In keeping with the genre, racialized and sexualized imagery abounded. The artists created myriad disturbing visions of how militarized violence impacted men's and women's bodies differently. By analyzing the two major professional journals, National Salvation Cartoons and War of Resistance Cartoons, this article shows that depictions of sexual violence inflicted on Chinese women were integral to the artists' attempts to arouse the spirit of resistance. By comparing their depictions of different types of bodies (Chinese and Japanese, male and female, soldiers' and civilians') the article argues that the cartoonists believed that the depiction of sexually mutilated Chinese women would build resistance and spur patriotism while equivalent depictions of mutilated male soldiers would sap morale and hamper the war effort. The article concludes with a discussion about the dubious efficacy of propaganda that invokes a hypersexualized, masculine enemy other.
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Gregory, Thomas. "Dismembering the dead: Violence, vulnerability and the body in war". European Journal of International Relations 22, n.º 4 (26 de julio de 2016): 944–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354066115618244.
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On 15 January 2010, two soldiers killed an unarmed boy in the Afghan village of La Mohammad Kalay before dismembering his body and posing for photographs with his corpse. Although the soldiers were eventually sentenced to prison for their involvement in this attack and two other incidents, very little has been said about the nature of the violence they inflicted on the bodies of their victims. Drawing on the work of the Italian feminist philosopher Adriana Cavarero, this article will explore the violence inflicted by the so-called Afghan Kill Team, focusing particular attention on the ethical questions posed by a violence that ‘overshoots the elementary goal of taking a life and dedicates itself to destroying the living being as a singular body’ (Cavarero, 2011: 12). I will argue that this level of violence is no longer concerned with questions of life and death, but seeks to destroy the body as body, challenging the ways in which we have traditionally conceptualised the pain and suffering caused by war. This argument will refocus our attention on the constitutive vulnerability of the body, as well as the processes of dehumanisation that leave certain bodies more vulnerable than others.
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Danek, Magdalena. "Pamięć konstruowana". Politeja 17, n.º 2(65) (30 de abril de 2020): 219–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/politeja.17.2020.65.16.
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Built Memory. ‘Cursed Soldiers’ in the Narratives of Polish Opinion-Forming Weeklies
The activity of the anti-communist underground was for many years a marginalised element both in historical education and public discourse. However, we have noticed a significant turn in this matter recently. This process is manifested by specific ‘acts of remembrance,’ such as honorary funerals of the exhumed cursed soldiers’ bodies. What is crucial is that in the background we can observe an extremely important action of constructing memory about the activists of the Polish underground, in which several separate narratives can be distinguished. Mass media play a key role in this process. They create interpretative schemes using among others the ‘post-memory’ testimonies and influence on constructing social memory and post-memory itself. The aim of this article is to recreate interpretative schemes concerning the life and activity of the cursed soldiers in the following Polish weeklies: Gość Niedzielny, Polityka, Newsweek Polska and wSieci. My selection was determined by their current sales results. The method used in the study is framing analysis.
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Deahl, Martin P., Adrian B. Gillham, Janice Thomas, Margaret M. Searle y Michael Srinivasan. "Psychological Sequelae Following the Gulf War". British Journal of Psychiatry 165, n.º 1 (julio de 1994): 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.165.1.60.
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BackgroundThe aim was to study the effect of brief counselling and psychological debriefing following a trauma on subsequent morbidity.MethodWe investigated psychological morbidity in 62 British soldiers whose duties included the handling and identification of dead bodies of allied and enemy soldiers during the Gulf War. Of these soldiers, 69% received a psychological debriefing on completion of their duties. The subjects completed by post a demographic questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) and the Impact of Events Scale.ResultsAfter nine months 50% had evidence of some psychological disturbance suggestive of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD); 18% had sought professional help; 26% reported relationship difficulties. Neither prior training nor the psychological intervention appeared to make any difference to subsequent psychiatric morbidity. Morbidity at nine months was more likely in those with a history of psychological problems and those who believed their lives had been in danger in the Gulf.ConclusionsThese findings show that a psychological debriefing following a series of traumatic events or experiences does not appear to reduce subsequent psychiatric morbidity and highlights the need for further research in military and civilian settings.
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VERMEESCH, GRIET. "War and garrison towns in the Dutch Republic: the cases of Gorinchem and Doesburg (c. 1570–c. 1660)". Urban History 36, n.º 1 (mayo de 2009): 3–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926808005956.
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ABSTRACTThis article examines three important aspects of how the Dutch Republic organized warfare during the Dutch Revolt. The regulations for the billeting of soldiers, the building of fortifications and the collection of direct taxes are analysed in two garrison towns, namely, Gorinchem and Doesburg. The billeting of soldiers and the collection of taxes usually caused troubles in neighbouring countries. In comparison to more centralized neighbouring countries, the Dutch polity's decentralized nature, in which cities held positions of strong power, entailed better arrangements for billeting and higher tax compliance. Yet this decentralized nature did not hamper the emergence of central administrative bodies for co-ordinating and organizing the building of fortifications. The Dutch account of organizing warfare challenges existing views about the role of cities in state building within a context of protracted warfare.
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Goudaillier, Jean-Pierre. "14-18: Wounded bodies - argotic names of death machines and the injuries they caused". Linguistica 58, n.º 1 (13 de marzo de 2019): 33–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/linguistica.58.1.33-50.
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This study is part of a series of research studies relating to the terms and expressions that French soldiers used at the front during the period 1914-1918. In World War I, the first large-scale mechanised war, intensive use of previously known as well as new weapons took place. To these weapons, as well as to other death machines of the time, correspond both old designations and neologisms used by the soldeirs. In this article, the names of military devices are presented along with the trems referring to injuries caused by them.
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Munir, Muhammad. "Suicide attacks and Islamic law". International Review of the Red Cross 90, n.º 869 (marzo de 2008): 71–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1816383108000040.
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AbstractSuicide attacks are a recurrent feature of many conflicts. Whereas warfare heroism and martyrdom are allowed in certain circumstances in times of war, a suicide bomber might be committing at least five crimes according to Islamic law, namely killing civilians, mutilating their bodies, violating the trust of enemy soldiers and civilians, committing suicide and destroying civilian objects or properties. The author examines such attacks from an Islamic jus in bello perspective.
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Salikhova, Leila B. "Formation of Provisional Government Bodies in Dagestan". Bulletin of Kemerovo State University 21, n.º 2 (8 de julio de 2019): 365–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2078-8975-2019-21-2-365-374.
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The study features the formation of the Provisional Government bodies in Dagestan during the revolutions and Civil War, such as the Provisional Regional Executive Committee and the Commissars of the Dagestan region. The research was based on the principles of historicism and objectivity, which allowed the authors to determine the reliability of the used historical sources. The consequences of the February revolution in Russia affected the Dagestan region. During this period, various organizations struggled for power: the Council of Workers' Deputies, the Council of Soldiers' and Officers' Deputies, religious societies, Muslim committees, millicommittees, etc. However, the military governor was rep-laced by the Provisional Government, which had existed until April-May 1918. The Provisional Regional Executive Committee was formed in March 1917. Subsequently, it transformed several times. New commissars replaced former chiefs in the districts of the Dagestan region. The population of the region, which initially distrusted the elections, gradually began to get involved in the political process. The bodies of the Provisional Government included the Commissars of the Dagestan region. They had a lot of internal conflicts, as well as an open political confrontation with the Provisional Regional Executive Committee. These disagreements prevented effective work. The results of the research can be used in further study of the issue, in general studies on the matter, in a course of Dagestan history, or special courses on the history of the revolution and the Civil War.
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Douglas, Katherine. "War Gothic and Bodily Decay: Reshaping Identity in All Quiet on the Western Front". Gothic Studies 22, n.º 2 (julio de 2020): 183–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/gothic.2020.0048.
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Confronting mutilated and decaying bodies on a mass scale is both shocking and traumatic. As such, decay as an aesthetic element of the Neogothic genre can be utilised as an analytical tool to explore relations of existence, reality, and authority. This article investigates the Gothic landscape of decay presented in Eric Maria Remarque's All Quiet on the Western Front (1929) as the protagonist is disturbed and haunted by his surroundings and the rotting and decomposing bodies of the dead soldiers of the trenches. Focusing on these encounters with human decay wrought by warfare not only continues Paul's disillusionment with the Great War, it elucidates the manner in which the protagonist's experience shapes and directs his perception of mortality, purpose, and his relations with authority.
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Roberts, A. "THE CIVILIAN IN MODERN WAR". Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law 12 (diciembre de 2009): 13–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1389135909000026.
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AbstractThere is a widespread view that civilians are worse off in today' wars than ever before. Civilians are often deliberately targeted by belligerents or are victims of ‘collateral damage’. They form the majority of victims of landmines. They are used as human shields. They are displaced from their homes, even from their country. They are affected, often more than soldiers, by the pestilence, famine and displacement that wars bring in their wake. They are often particularly vulnerable in the types of war that are most prevalent in the world today – including civil wars and asymmetric conflicts. Children are forced to become soldiers. How can it be that the lot of civilians in war remains so dire, when so much attention has been paid to the protection of civilians in war – not just in international treaties, but in the work of international organizations and also that of numerous humanitarian bodies?
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Yamanaka, Y., R. Iwata y S. Kiriyama. "Cannibalism associated with artificial wounds on the bodies of Reticulitermes speratus workers and soldiers (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)". Insectes Sociaux 66, n.º 1 (14 de septiembre de 2018): 107–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00040-018-0661-4.
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Gregory, Thomas. "Dangerous feelings: Checkpoints and the perception of hostile intent". Security Dialogue 50, n.º 2 (21 de febrero de 2019): 131–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0967010618820450.
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Between 2006 and 2007 an average of one Iraqi civilian was killed or injured at a coalition checkpoint each day. In many cases, civilians were shot because soldiers had misinterpreted their behaviour as hostile or as a demonstration of hostile intent. In other words, the soldiers responsible thought that they were acting in self-defence against an imminent threat. Some analysts have argued that these killings can be explained by ambiguities in the rules of engagement, but such explanations wrongly assume that the decision to kill is a purely rational calculation. Drawing upon the work of Sara Ahmed, William Connolly and George Yancy, I will argue that the interpretation of hostile intent and the decision to use lethal force are affective judgements rather than purely conscious decisions and, as such, are shaped by feelings, moods and intuitions. Moreover, I will argue that these judgements are never entirely neutral but clouded by a set of pre-existing assumptions that mark certain bodies as dangerous before they even have a chance to act. Drawing upon an archive of incident reports filed in the aftermath of these shootings and interviews with former soldiers, this article will show how seemingly innocuous behaviours were so readily mistaken for hostile acts with decidedly deadly consequences for the local population.
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Simonenko, E. S. "MATERIAL PROVISION OF CANADIAN VOLUNTEERS’ FAMILIES DURING WORLD WAR I". Вестник Пермского университета. История, n.º 1(52) (2021): 158–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2219-3111-2021-1-158-167.
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The article analyzes the Canadian government policy of social protection and support for soldiers’ dependents during World War I. The description of events begins when Canada entered the war (August 4, 1914) and ends when the North American Dominion switched to the system of compulsory military service (conscription) (August 29, 1917). The reconstruction of the details of the material support for soldiers’ dependents during the war helps reveal the details of the functioning of the Canadian government’s social policy in the early 20th century. The article is based on the legislative acts of the Dominion Government, official records of the debates in the Canadian parliament, and the Provincial press publications. It examines the institutional foundations of providing financial assistance to soldiers’ dependents using the example of the creation and activities of special state and non-state institutions (the Canadian Patriotic Fund, the Board of Pension Commissioners, and the Separation Allowance Board). It studies the process of forming the legislative base of social security for dependents of soldiers serving in the Canadian Expeditionary Forces and the Canadian Navy. The author traces the assignment and payment of social benefits to wives, children, parents and other dependents. The Canadian laws enacted during the war provided social assistance to military dependents in the form of state maintenance benefits and survivor’s pensions. The low rate of government benefits was offset by donations raised by charities. The process of creating special state bodies was very slow, and their activities were not always effective. Against this background, the work of the Canadian Patriotic Fund looked more fruitful.
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BAULINA, Elizaveta I. y Vladimir A. USKOV. "Doctor of souls and bodies: patriot, participant of Great Patriotic War Archbishop Luka". SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC PHENOMENA AND PROCESSES, n.º 2 (2020): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/1819-8813-2020-15-2(109)-105-112.
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The purpose of the study is an attempt to give an objective picture of the relationship between the party-states of the AUCP(b)-USSR and the Russian Orthodox Church during the Great Patriotic War. We support the principle that history is a Man in it, focuse attention on the fate and activities of Archbishop Luke of Tambov and Michurinsk (V.F. Voyno-Yasenetsky). The study used methods of content analysis, comparison and research of processes from “themselves”. This allowed to form a picture of the relationship between the Archbishop of Tambov and Michurinsk Luka with the party-state of the AUCP(b)-USSR during the Great Patriotic War on the basis of archival documents and the memoirs of eyewitnesses. We made an attempt to understand the difficult position of the patriot shepherd, who fulfilled his duty as a doctor of souls and bodies in the conditions of World War II with the enemy external and the struggle against the ideological, internal – ruling party-state. Archbishop Luke was an opponent of the party-Soviet system in the USSR during the first half of the 20th century and at the same time a patriot of his homeland, an effective participant in the Great Patriotic War. This allows us to draw the following conclusions: a) in the conditions of a military alternative, the patriot Archbishop Luka performed the feat of a doctor and a shepherd for the benefit of Victory; b) the tragedy of the Motherland and flock led him to give up personal accounts with the party-state of the AUCP(b)-USSR in the name of Victory; c) the participation in this war of Archbishop Luka – thousands of saved Soviet soldiers on the operating table and huge financial donations to the Victory fund; d) the son of his homeland, he tried in every possible way to protect the spirituality of his flock from the ideological and organizational pressure of militant atheism; e) the humanism of Archbishop Luke was in his execution of the oath of Hippocrates, when he healed captured soldiers and officers of the enemy army.
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Brouwer, C. G. "A Hazardous Item: The International Tobacco Trade of the Red Sea Port of al-Mukhâ, Reflected in Seventeenth-Century Dutch Records". Itinerario 32, n.º 2 (julio de 2008): 39–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300001984.
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When, early in August 1538, the lifeless bodies of the Sultan 'Âmir ibn Dâwûd and six of his confidants, by order of Sulaymân Bâshâ al-Khâdim, swung from the mainyard of the Turkish Admiral's galley for three days, not only the fate of the Tâhirid dynasty hung by a thread, but also that of the city of Aden. Afterwards, the Ottoman conquerors transformed this prospering port, a junction in the commercial network encompassing the Indian Ocean, into a military bastion. Merchants were driven away by soldiers. The entry to the Red Sea was cordoned off by guns for Portuguese intruders.
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Korsak, A. I. "Military Burials of the Great Patriotic War on the Territory of the Belarusian-Latvian- Russian Border in the Soviet Practice of Immortalization of Memory". Modern History of Russia 11, n.º 1 (2021): 174–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu24.2021.111.
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Using archival materials from the National Archive of the Republic of Belarus, the State Archive of Vitebsk region, the Polotsk Zonal State Archive, and the Daugavpils Zonal State Archive of the National Archive of Latvia, as well as published documents of Russian archives and works of historians, this article examines the process of preserving the memory of the fallen soldiers of the Red (Soviet) Army on the territory of the Belarusian- Latvian-Russian border in the post-war Soviet period. The main conclusion is the correctness (incorrectness) of decision making by Soviet authorities at the level of districts and cities in relation to immortalization of the memory of fallen soldiers of the Red (Soviet) Army and partisans. One example of the primary analysis of a common grave in the village of Shevelevo in the Palkinskiy district of the Pskov region. The comparative analysis of the policy of preserving the memory of those who died during the Great Patriotic War, by taking into account military burials and their further memorialization at the Belarusian-Latvian-Russian border in the post-war period, gives us the opportunity to ascertain the specifics of the Soviet republics in this direction. The actions of the Soviet leadership depended on the time of liberation of the territory from the Nazis, as well as the quality of work of the “funeral teams” that were to perform the function of burial of the bodies of the Red (Soviet) Army soldiers after the end of the battle.
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Weitzman, Steven. "Forced Circumcision and the Shifting Role of Gentiles in Hasmonean Ideology". Harvard Theological Review 92, n.º 1 (enero de 1999): 37–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017816000017843.
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One way in which ancient rulers proclaimed their power over war captives and slaves was to inscribe their bodies with a distinctive mark of ownership. For instance, according to Herodotus, the Persian king Xerxes ordered “royal marks” inscribed on Theban soldiers who had deserted to his side. To cite an example closer to the world of Judaism,3 Macc2.29 reports that the Hellenistic ruler Ptolemy Philopator ordered an ivy-leaf shaped “mark of Dionysus” branded onto Jews. Generally speaking, the mark of circumcision served a very different social role in antiquity, serving in many (though not all) contexts as a sign distinguishing Jews from others. There is reason to believe, however, that circumcision too could serve as a “rite of domination” marking Jewish power over Gentile bodies. Several sources refer briefly to incidents during the second and first centuries BCE when Jewish rulers forcibly circumcised Gentile peoples after subduing them in battle.
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Coleman, Bradley Lynn. "The Remains of War: Bodies, Politics, and the Search for American Soldiers Unaccounted for in Southeast Asia (review)". Journal of Military History 70, n.º 2 (2006): 563–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jmh.2006.0085.
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Szymoniczek, Joanna. "Materialne ślady zbrodni. O „obcych” grobach i cmentarzach wojennych". Rocznik Polsko-Niemiecki, n.º 24/2 (29 de abril de 2016): 214–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.35757/rpn.2016.24.17.
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The construction of war cemeteries always evokes emotions. After the end of an armed conflict, each of which brings death of civilians and soldiers, people continue to think about the fallen and those who fought on their side. When conducting exhumations, inhumations and identification of bodies after the war, the authorities must also deal with the problem of the burial of enemy soldiers. The final resting place of the fallen is usually where they perished. Sometimes these are impressive cemeteries, maintained by local authorities, population and the state for whom the dead soldiers sacrificed their lives. Another time, it is only a forgotten place, somewhere near a dirt road or in the woods, where someone may light a candle. It may also be a mass grave overgrown with long grass, or covered by a newly built park. No one even knows who is buried there. The states on whose territory the grave sites of victims of wars and totalitarian violence are located are required to ensure their legal protection. War graves and cemeteries are now managed by municipalities, associations or social organizations. In order to minimize the controversy surrounding these sites, efforts are taken to preserve the neutral appearance of erected monuments, which are usually limited to simple grey crosses. The construction of war cemeteries always evokes emotions. These places are designed to remind the living of the past and confront them with the consequences of wars and violence. It seems that European societies are now mature enough to ensure that humanitarian reasons are stronger than prejudice and a sense of injustice.
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WEBSTER, ANDREW. "The Transnational Dream: Politicians, Diplomats and Soldiers in the League of Nations' Pursuit of International Disarmament, 1920–1938". Contemporary European History 14, n.º 4 (noviembre de 2005): 493–518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777305002730.
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The pursuit of disarmament was central to the work of the League of Nations throughout its existence, but it was a relatively small and consistent set of national representatives who sat on the many bodies created to deal with the issue. Unfortunately, the gradual development of a sense of ‘transnational’ community among these delegates was never able to overcome the more powerful imperatives of national self-interest. Disarmament was always tied too closely to the issue of security for the individual governments of the major powers to view it from anything other than a strictly national strategic perspective.
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Wong, Leonard. "Book Review: The Remains of War: Bodies, Politics, and the Search for American Soldiers Unaccounted For in Southeast Asia". Armed Forces & Society 33, n.º 2 (enero de 2007): 296–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095327x06294617.
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Tradii, Laura. "‘Their dear remains belong to us alone’ soldiers’ bodies, commemoration, and cultural responses to exhumations after the Great War". First World War Studies 10, n.º 2-3 (2 de septiembre de 2019): 245–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19475020.2020.1779777.
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SINGH, GAJENDRA. "Throwing Snowballs in France: Muslimsipahisof the Indian Army and Sheikh Ahmad's dream, 1915–1918". Modern Asian Studies 48, n.º 4 (13 de febrero de 2014): 1024–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x13000188.
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AbstractThe arrival of Indiansipahis(or ‘sepoys’) to fight alongside soldiers of the British Expeditionary Force in France in October 1914 was both a victory and a source of concern for the British Raj. It proved to be the zenith of martial race fantasies that had been carefully codified from the 1890s, and birthed fears about the effects that Europe and the rapidly intensifying conflict on the Western Front would have upon the ‘best black troops in the world’. The situation resulted in the appointment of a special military censor to examine the letters sent to and from Indiansipahisand compile a fortnightly summary of Indian letters from France for the duration of the First World War. This paper investigates a portion of the letters contained in these reports. More particularly, it investigates the life of a single chain letter and the effect its chiliastic message had upon Muslim troops of the Indian Army during the First World War. As the letter was read, rewritten, and passed on, it served as a rejoinder to missionary efforts by theAhmadiyyaMovement, reinterpreted as a call for soldiers to purify their own bodies and oppose interracial sexual relationships, before, finally, being used as a critique of the British war effort against the Ottoman empire.
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Barnes, Nicole Elizabeth. "Disease in the Capital: Nationalist Health Services and the ‘Sick [Wo]man of East Asia’ in Wartime Chongqing". European Journal of East Asian Studies 11, n.º 2 (2012): 283–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700615-20121108.
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The Chongqing Bureau of Public Health, established shortly after the Nationalists relocated to the wartime capital, faced frequent air raids, rampant inflation, and acute personnel shortages. Still it accomplished an astonishing amount of work, demonstrating its commitment to public health as a barometer of modernity, national stability, and political fitness. The Bureau also treated male and female bodies differently, institutionalizing gender roles through its public health administration. This paper illustrates differences between medical care for men and women, arguing that Chongqing health officials’ myopic focus on maternal issues when discussing women’s healthcare, their failure to address highly skewed gender ratios in the patient reports and vaccination statistics that their office received on a monthly basis, and the relatively late opening of the city’s most substantial maternal health facilities, all point to male-centric priorities within the administration. Military health took priority not only because of the war, but because soldiers’ health conditions and facilities were so appallingly dismal. Thus, wartime health conditions reveal the continued haunting of modern China’s great specter, the “Sick Man of East Asia,” and two types of disease in the wartime capital: the Nationalist state, politically diseased, failed to protect its civilians and soldiers from common diseases.
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Морозов, Дмитрий y Dmitriy Morozov. "Beautification and preservation of the sites of memory of World War I in West Belarus in 1921-1939". Services in Russia and abroad 9, n.º 5 (16 de marzo de 2015): 210–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/17475.
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This article describes the process of preservation and beautification of military cemeteries and memorials of World War I on the territory of Western Belarus in 1921-1939. Aspects of cooperation between state bodies and public organizations are discussed. The author relies on the legislative acts and periodicals of that period, as well as modern literature and Web-sites of specialized public organizations. The article considers the main legislative acts that manage activities for protection and arrangement of sites of memory of World War I. The questions of the relation of the different people to memory of the victims of Great World are raised; examples of particular actions for its preservation on the territory of the Western Belarus in 1921-1939 are given.
The author determines the role of World War I in the history of Belarus and its heritage. The article contains information about key battles on Eastern front, and also about features of burial of soldiers of the Imperial Russian Army. The special attention is paid to joint military burials where Russian and German soldiers were buried and which are symbols of posthumous reconciliation of hostile sides.
Various ways integration of sites of memory of Great War´s to modern military patriotic routes, which are urged to inform new generations about this grandiose conflict of the XX century, are considered.
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Novotny, Jennifer. "To 'take their place among the productive members of society': Vocational rehabilitation of WWI wounded at Erskine". Wellcome Open Research 2 (17 de enero de 2017): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.10581.1.
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In 1916, the foundation of the Princess Louise Scottish Hospital for Limbless Sailors and Soldiers (still in existence today as Erskine), on the banks of the River Clyde in Scotland, was a direct response to the need for specialised medical facilities to deal with the unprecedented number of injured service personnel returning from the Great War. At the hospital, the West of Scotland medical and industrial communities came together to mend broken bodies with prosthetic technology, as well as physical and mental rehabilitation to prepare the limbless to re-enter the job market. This paper explores the establishment of manual therapy workshops at Erskine and how such programmes of vocational rehabilitation were culturally informed by the concerns and anxieties of both the military and civilian populations of the First World War-era.
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SEARLE, Alaric y Yi ZHANG. "“Soldiers with stiff bodies”: rumors, stereotypes and the Chinese image of the British army during the First Opium War (1839-1842)". Journal of Modern Chinese History 14, n.º 1 (2 de enero de 2020): 86–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17535654.2020.1759307.
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Mears, John A. "The Thirty Years' War, the “General Crisis,” and the Origins of a Standing Professional Army in the Habsburg Monarchy". Central European History 21, n.º 2 (junio de 1988): 122–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938900012711.
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One of the most striking features of seventeenth-century state building was the formation of standing armies. Kings and princes throughout Europe, responding to conditions of almost constant strife, were compelled to transform ineffective feudal levies and unruly bands of mercenaries into regularized bodies of professional troops, making ever larger and more costly military establishments instruments of rational foreign policy rather than the preserves of the old nobility or freebootingcondottieri. In building armies of the new type, European monarchs had to surmount determined opposition from two sources: the local representative bodies (estates) which were reluctant to grant rulers the powers of taxation necessary for the maintenance of permanent troops, and the mercenary colonels who were expected to relinquish their rights as independent recruiting masters and subordinate themselves to the state. By the middle decades of the seventeenth century, various territorial sovereigns were successfully mastering this opposition to their political authority and were able to take an essential step in the direction of true standing armies by routinely keeping strong military forces under their command at the conclusion of a campaign, thereby diminishing their reliance on contingents approved by the provincial estates or soldiers hastily raised by private entrepreneurs to meet specific emergencies.
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Mornet, Patrick y Giller Cole. "History Page: Leaders in MSK Radiology". Seminars in Musculoskeletal Radiology 24, n.º 05 (octubre de 2020): 608–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1701500.
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AbstractBorn in 1869, Gaston Contremoulins began his career as a painter. Fascinated by photography and discovery of X-rays by Roentgen in 1895, our ingenious self taught engineer joined the laboratory of microphotography in the faculty of medicine in Paris. He published in 1896 studies in the use of X-rays associated with a compass for research and anatomical localization of foreign bodies in the skull. This work was awarded by the Montyon prize of the French Academy of Sciences in 1897. Appointed chief of radiological laboratories in Paris Hospital in 1898, despite the fact that he was not doctor, he developed his method named metro radiography for localization, then extraction of foreign bodies in all organs mainly during World War 1. He developed with surgeons osteosynthesis and prothesis for wounded soldiers. Early awareness of radiation hazards for physicians, hospital staff and also the neighborhood of the radiological installation, Contremoulins developed ways of protecting source and also promoted the shielding of walls and floors, despite the opposition of some of the radiologists. Retired from the Necker Hospital in 1934, he exercised his talents in the Saint-Germain-en-Laye Hospital for another 16 years. He ended his days in 1950 after he was diagnosed with inoperable cataracts.
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McGaughey, Jane. "Dismemberment at Windmill Point". Ontario History 110, n.º 1 (6 de abril de 2018): 35–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1044325ar.
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Drawing on personal letters, published memoirs, and court martial records, this article investigates the gendered and ethnic implications of the Battle of the Windmill in November 1838. While this invasion of Upper Canada by the Hunter Patriots has often been seen as the final chapter of the 1837 Canadian Rebellions, it was also an episode imbued with Irish fraternal societies, Irish politics, notions of Irish manliness, and the attempts of Irish settlers to earn their place within “respectable” Upper Canadian society. The scandalous castration of an Irish officer and the mistreatment of dead soldiers’ bodies stood in direct contrast to the value each force placed on heroic martial manliness. Despite the relatively small size of the battlefield, the legacy of the battle itself significantly impacted how Irish settlers were treated in Upper Canadian society at the end of the 1830s.
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Toronyi, Zsuzsanna. "The Story of a Budapest Garden". Images 7, n.º 1 (2 de diciembre de 2013): 56–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18718000-12340025.
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The barely one-thousand-square meter garden next to the Dohány Street synagogue, enclosed by a row of arcades, is a symbolic place in the history of the Hungarian Jewry. The site became a public space in 1896 when the house two down from the synagogue (where Theodor Herzl was born) was demolished during the re-planning of the city. The development of the plot only started after World War I, when the Heroes’ synagogue, intended as a memorial to Jewish soldiers, and the park were built. At the end of World War II, the buildings and the garden became part of the Budapest ghetto. When the ghetto was liberated, the dead bodies of thousands of Jews were found in the streets. 2283 of these were buried in the garden, and are still there. The article examines the story of the cemetery-garden, and its uses as a memorial place.
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Jarymowycz, Christina Olha. "Guardians and Protectors: The Volunteer Women of the Donbas Conflict". Feminist Review 126, n.º 1 (22 de octubre de 2020): 106–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0141778920944373.
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How does war reconfigure women’s social roles and status? This article investigates how women’s volunteering during conflict can challenge gendered divisions within society and transform the binary of masculine protector and feminine protected. When the Donbas conflict erupted in Ukraine in 2014, women assumed central roles as civilian volunteers who aided populations affected by violence. They gained a high level of social status in the context of a weak state, distrusted by its populace. Based on ten months of fieldwork and eighty-two interviews with civilian volunteers, this article argues that volunteering became a space of gendered negotiations over women’s position alongside wartime binaries of home/front and protector/protected. Ultimately, certain types of wartime volunteering created more opportunities for blurring these gendered divisions, enabling volunteer women to be framed as protectors of both soldiers and civilians. Moreover, age intersected with gender, as volunteer women’s life stage influenced their ability to become leaders within volunteer groups and their bodies were interpreted alongside gender roles within the family.
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Goerisch, Denise. "Operation Thin Mint: Popular Geopolitics of Care and Post-9/11 Girlhood". YOUNG 27, n.º 2 (29 de abril de 2018): 108–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1103308818769747.
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In response to the events of 9/11, the Girl Scouts of San Diego created a service programme within the annual Girl Scout cookie sale called Operation Thin Mint, which sends cookies to soldiers serving overseas. Representations of American patriotism and national identity are featured prominently throughout the cookie sale as girls come to embody America’s role in overseas military conflicts, an embodiment of everyday geopolitical processes that frame the US military as protector of American innocence, ideals and values. Scouts come to engage with political and economic systems that position them beyond their communities as they ‘sell the nation’ to consumers as a form of care, blurring the boundaries between the public and private spheres as well as the local and global. Based on an in-depth ethnographic study on the Girl Scout cookie sale, this article will examine the complex gendered relationship between the American military, girls’ bodies and care.
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Guice, George L., Michael R. Ackerson, Robert M. Holder, Freya R. George, Joseph F. Browning-Hanson, Jerry L. Burgess, Dionysis I. Foustoukos, Naomi A. Becker, Wendy R. Nelson y Daniel R. Viete. "Suprasubduction zone ophiolite fragments in the central Appalachian orogen: Evidence for mantle and Moho in the Baltimore Mafic Complex (Maryland, USA)". Geosphere 17, n.º 2 (5 de febrero de 2021): 561–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/ges02289.1.
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Abstract Suprasubduction zone (SSZ) ophiolites of the northern Appalachians (eastern North America) have provided key constraints on the fundamental tectonic processes responsible for the evolution of the Appalachian orogen. The central and southern Appalachians, which extend from southern New York to Alabama (USA), also contain numerous ultramafic-mafic bodies that have been interpreted as ophiolite fragments; however, this interpretation is a matter of debate, with the origin(s) of such occurrences also attributed to layered intrusions. These disparate proposed origins, alongside the range of possible magmatic affinities, have varied potential implications for the magmatic and tectonic evolution of the central and southern Appalachian orogen and its relationship with the northern Appalachian orogen. We present the results of field observations, petrography, bulk-rock geochemistry, and spinel mineral chemistry for ultramafic portions of the Baltimore Mafic Complex, which refers to a series of ultramafic-mafic bodies that are discontinuously exposed in Maryland and southern Pennsylvania (USA). Our data indicate that the Baltimore Mafic Complex comprises SSZ ophiolite fragments. The Soldiers Delight Ultramafite displays geochemical characteristics—including highly depleted bulk-rock trace element patterns and high Cr# of spinel—characteristic of subduction-related mantle peridotites and serpentinites. The Hollofield Ultramafite likely represents the “layered ultramafics” that form the Moho. Interpretation of the Baltimore Mafic Complex as an Iapetus Ocean–derived SSZ ophiolite in the central Appalachian orogen raises the possibility that a broadly coeval suite of ophiolites is preserved along thousands of kilometers of orogenic strike.
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Noknoy, Royto, Sakone Sunantaraporn, Atchara Phumee, Padet Siriyasatien y Sunisa Sanguansub. "Parasitism of Soldiers of the Termite, Macrotermes gilvus (Hagen), by the Scuttle Fly, Megaselia scalaris (Loew) (Diptera: Phoridae)". Insects 11, n.º 5 (21 de mayo de 2020): 318. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11050318.
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Termites of the genus Macrotermes (Termitidae: Macrotermitinae) are serious agricultural and structural pests, which also play vital roles in ecosystem functioning, and are crucial for the maintenance of tropical biodiversity. They are widely distributed, mainly in Southeast Asian countries; however, the parasitism of termites has been little researched. This research was conducted to identify and study the ecology of the parasitoids of termites at Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand. Macrotermes gilvus (Hagen) soldier termites were collected from 25 mounds. In four of the 25 mounds, scuttle fly larvae were found inside the bodies of the soldier termites, and adult flies were found in all of the mounds. Some of the larvae successfully developed to pupae under laboratory conditions. The percentages of parasitized major soldier termites collected from the four mounds were 43.79%, 47.43%, 0.86%, and 3.49%, respectively, and the percentages of parasitized minor soldier termites were 0.64%, 0.00%, 0.21%, and 0.00%, respectively. Larvae, pupae, and adult flies were identified using both morphological and molecular identifications. Molecular identification used the partial nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) gene. The results of both identification methods identified the parasitic Diptera as the scuttle fly, Megaselia scalaris (Loew) (Diptera: Phoridae). The phylogenetic analysis of the 23 scuttle fly samples (11 larvae, 7 pupae, and 5 adults) classified them into two clades: (1) Those closely related to a previous report in India; (2) those related to M. scalaris found in Asia and Africa. This is the first discovery of M. scalaris in M. gilvus. Further investgation into termite parasitism by M. scalaris and its possible use in the biological control of termites is needed.
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Salvante, Martina. "The Wounded Male Body: Masculinity and Disability in Wartime and Post-WWI Italy". Journal of Social History 53, n.º 3 (2020): 644–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jsh/shz127.
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Abstract This article examines the variety of ways in which Italian soldiers responded to the experience of incurring a permanent physical disability during the First World War. It also describes the potentially unsettling presence of soldiers’ disabled bodies in Italian society, where they were perceived as being disruptive to cultural understandings of male embodiment and hegemonic masculinities. By analyzing different intimate and social exchanges, as well as emotional bonds, this article attempts to disentangle historically the intersection between masculinity and disability. In so doing, it will expose the implications of normative expectations of masculinity, the anxiety that arose from attempts to challenge these norms, and the relevance of context and life phase in understanding the impact of disability on male identity. Drawing on both theories of masculinity and literature on disability, this article will ultimately illustrate how and to what extent disabled veterans in post–First World War Italy negotiated and shaped their gendered identities. It will conclude by considering the role of Fascism in promoting a model of hegemonic masculinity, to which the war disabled could also conform. “Will you still want me if I come back like Vincenzo Bellu?” “With only one arm? Of course, because they’ll give you the Order of Vittorio Veneto and I’ll be your lady! [. . .]” “I’m not joking. Would you still want me if I was a cripple? Deafened by a grenade or with no legs like Luigi Barranca?” “I’d want you back in any condition, as long as you’re still alive. [. . .]” “Maybe you can imagine having me back as a worm, but I’d rather die full of life ten times over than have to live ten years like a dead man. If that happens to me I shall do what Barranca did and shoot myself.”1