Tesis sobre el tema "Sole trader"
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Jullian, Nadège. "La cession de patrimoine". Thesis, Rennes 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REN1G019.
Texto completoThe transfer of estate is a recent institution in French substantive law. It was established under Law N° 2010-658 of 15 June 2010 (The Limited Liability Sole Trader [EIRL] Act) and provides for inter-vivos transfers of estates. However, the concept comes into direct conflict with AUBRY and RAU’s famous late 19th century subjective theory of estates, according to which an estate issues from a person. Because an estate cannot be dissociated from the person who holds it, the link between the person and his or her estate cannot be severed, even by way of a transfer. The question thus arises as to how the very notion of transfer of estate could find its way into French law. The introduction of the transfer of estate into French law is actually an invitation to review the theory of estates, in order to understand how something that so far could not be achieved in a person’s lifetime has now become possible. It thus appears that under some conditions a person may willingly dispose of his or her whole estate without any prior liquidation. As the transfer is essentially a universal transaction, it may take several forms such as that of a sale or a gift of property (Part I : Establishing the transfer of estate in French law).The establishment of a legal framework for such a new concept was a delicate matter. Parliament was initially overtaken by the disruption it had caused and what were for all intent and purposes unforeseen (if not inforeseeable) implications. It did organise the transfer of estate as applied to Limited Liability Sole Traders [EIRL] but the resulting framework was both defective and incomplete. If one is to correct and complete the existing framework, one should not devise legal rules ex nihilo but rather draw from existing rules, particularly those that already govern some forms of universal transfers of estate, such as the law of mergers and acquisitions and the law of successions. Still, these rules must be adapted to the specificities of the transfer of estate, namely inter-vivos gifts and, now that French law recognises the plurality of estates, the possibility for the transferee to hold the estate separately from his own assets (Part II : Setting the rules for the transfer of estate)
Bubeníková, Edita. "Podnikatelský plán". Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-113077.
Texto completoPonthieu, Marie. "Spéciation des éléments traces métalliques dans les sols et les solutions des sols : du modèle au terrain". Aix-Marseille 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003AIX30059.
Texto completoNowadays, environmental problems related to soil pollution with heavy metals are numerous, therefore, it is important to understand metals behavior in soils and to appreciate their transfer. The fate of the metals in the environment is closely related to their interactions with the major reactive soil compartments (organic matter, iron and manganese oxides, clays). The objective of this work is to develop an approach based on the combination of several model to study metal ion speciation in the soil and the soil solution. Models used to describe the interactions of metals with the main reactive phases in the soil are CD-MUSIC (amorphous and crystallized iron oxides), NICA-Donnarf (organic matter and manganese oxides), cationic ion exchange model (clays). First, this work implies the definition of generic parameters to describe the interactions of the studied metals (Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) with iron and manganese oxides, a part of this information is missing in the literature. Then, after the validation of the approach by comparison with analytical results, this multi-surface model is applied to two contaminated soils located in the North of France (atmospheric deposits) and in Brittany (intensive pig manure applications)
Tolu, Julie. "Spéciation et mobilité du sélénium présent dans les sols à l’état de traces : contribution aux prévisions à long terme". Thesis, Pau, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PAUU3002/document.
Texto completoA radioactive isotope of selenium was shown to be among the most critical radionuclide forsafety assessment of high level and long lived nuclear waste repository in case of hypotheticalsoil contamination. A methodology was thus developed to determine Se species (speciation)present in soils at trace level (μg kg-1; radiological context) in assessing their leaching andretention phases (distribution). Combined to a 77Se(IV) tracer, kinetically limited processes were shown to be involved in Se retention and chemical transformations in soils, suggesting that native Se behavior is particularly relevant for its long term mobility assessment and modeling. The investigation of native Se speciation and distribution in 29 soils has finally highlighted that soil organic matter impact the nature of Se species susceptible to be leached (organic and colloidal compounds) and the Se mobility (Se stabilization in solid phase via organo-mineral associations)
Jacobs, Arnaud. "Phytoextraction du cadmium et du zinc de sols urbains :optimisation de la culture de Noccaea caerulescens". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/277908.
Texto completoDoctorat en Sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Roulier, Stéphanie. "Caractérisation hydro-dispersive in situ de sols non saturés par infiltration d'eau et de soluté : cas de sols structurés et de sols hétérogènes". Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1999. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00802313.
Texto completoVarrault, Gilles. "Étude cinétique de l'extraction des métaux traces des sols : application à l'évaluation de l'efficacité de techniques de réhabilitation in situ". Paris 7, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA077156.
Texto completoLévèque, Thibaut. "Biomonitoring environnemental et sanitaire des sols pollués par les éléments traces métalliques". Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014INPT0093/document.
Texto completoIn a context where environmental health concerns are globally increasing. Improve understanding of the mechanisms and bioavailability (eco) toxicity of persistent metals pollutants is a priority, especially because of their observed omnipresence in ecosystems in relation to their compartmentation and speciation. The earthworm is used to assess soil quality; moreover this soil organism through its bioturbation activities affects biogeochemical cycles. Ecotoxicity tests under controlled circumstances on earthworms have been conducted with different soils and worms’ species. Then an impact study on earthworms’ communities was conducted on a polluted site showing a concentration gradient. The influence of earthworms’ bioturbation on phytoavailability of pollutants was studied through experiments in mesocosms and Rhizotest. Finally, in vitro measures of pollutants bioavailability were performed on polluted soils and plants in different contexts: brownfields, gardens, sports field. The objective is to study the link between bioavailability for humans, soil characteristics, context of pollution and toxicity. Two complementary approaches have been developed: scientific research related to the mechanisms and development of tools, practical procedures which could be used by managers and risk assessors. Ecotoxicity of metals and metalloid (denoted ETM) on earthworms is not simply governed by their total concentrations, but strongly depends on the physico-chemical characteristics of soils. Furthermore, analysis of earthworm communities from a contaminated site can evaluate the quality of soil since seen an impact on the abundance, diversity and rate of juvenile worms. In addition, earthworms’ bioturbation significantly increases the bioavailability of ETM for vegetable plants such as lettuce. Finally, the human bioaccessibility of ETM is governed by many factors, in particular the context of pollution. The bioaccessible fraction of ETM is directly responsible for their cytotoxicity on intestinal cells. These results were complemented by mechanistic studies (IR, EXAFS, XANES, μ-XRF)
Joubert, Antoine. "Etude de l’effet de facteurs environnementaux sur les processus biogéochimiques de mobilisation du Pb, Zn, Cd, As et Hg dans les sols : Modélisation empirique de la mobilité et phytodisponibilité des ETM". Thesis, Nancy 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008NAN10019/document.
Texto completoPollution induced by trace elements in soils is a major environmental problem because, compared to atmospheric and water pollution, the soil environment is much less resilient. Few studies have been conducted on the effect of environmental factors on trace elements mobility. The different empirical models expressing trace elements solubility and distribution coefficient in soils don’t take into account the effect of these factors. The thesis study the effect of global-change-sensitive factors on Cd, Pb, Zn, As and Hg mobility in soils, using a 24-1 fractional factorial design. Eleven soil samples representative of the 3 industrial and agricultural studied sites of the Meuse and Ebro basins have been studied in the framework of the European AQUATERRA project. As behaviour is not significatively linked to intrinsic nature of soil samples but to the temperature increase and to an anaerobic condition. These factors stimulate microbial activities involved in As solubilisation processes such as microbial dissolutive reduction of Fe oxyhydroxydes and As(V) reduction. The strong influence of microbial activity allow to model As mobility as a function of environmental factors for the whole 11 soil samples. On the contrary, Cd, Pb and above all Zn behaviour, are correlated very significatively to the nature of soil samples like soil pH. Finally, Cd, Pb, Zn and As phytoavailability have been assessed thanks to a compartment system and modelled empirically which aims to better estimate of soil-plant transfer processes
Abdul, Rida Abdul Motalibe Mohammad. "Biosurveillance de la contamination du sol : apport de l'étude des lombriciens à l'évaluation des risques liés aus éléments traces". Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20124.
Texto completoZahaby, Mohamed El. "Contribution à la définition d'une norme des sites pollués : élaboration d'une méthodologie pour l'évaluation de la contamination d'un sol par éléments tracés". Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998INPL045N.
Texto completoLucisine, Pierre. "Fonctionnement des sols contaminés". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0195/document.
Texto completoBrownfield soils are multi-polluted areas, which cover an increasing surface and thus present serious socio-economical challenges. A better understanding of the ecological functioning of these sites is mandatory for their restoration. In addition to the high pollution found at these sites, brownfields are characterized by a specific soil structure and occasionally also by particular nutrient contents. Despite these constraints, several brownfield are well colonized by plants, fauna and microorganisms. The capacity of these new communities to uphold main ecosystem function remains to be evaluated based on the measurement of one or several ecosystem functions. Leaf litter decomposition is critically important in driving carbon and nutrient biogeochemical cycles. This function depends on decomposition actors (fauna and microorganisms) but also on leaf litter quality. By that, leaf litter decomposition integrates effects of soil pollution on plant, animal and microorganism communities. Thus, leaf litter decomposition is a relevant indicator to evaluate pollution effects on the functioning of soil ecosystems. The main objective of this thesis was to study brownfields soil function by focusing on the impairment of soil pollution on the leaf litter decomposition. The main hypothesis was that soil pollution could negatively affect leaf litter decomposition by two different ways. (1) By direct effects, resulting from adverse effects of soil pollution on decomposition actors, and (2) by indirect effects, assuming that soil pollution will induce modifications of the plant’s physiology, resulting in changes in leaf litter quality and subsequent effects on the decomposition. Our results revealed the absence of direct negative effects for eight highly polluted sites, despite a disturbance of decomposer actors, specifically the increase in abundance of detritivores and a modified microbial colonization of the leaf litter at the polluted sites. These results are in favor of a sufficient functional redundancy of decomposer actors in the local communities, which allowed the maintenance of the decomposition process. We also showed a positive indirect effect of soil pollution on the decomposition. This effect resulted from the improvement of litter quality produced at the polluted sites. This induced, at least for some sites, an increase of the decomposition rate, possibly due to a higher activity of decomposer actors. Furthermore, we also observed pollutants accumulation in these litter, especially Cd and Zn. These pollutants could potentially impair decomposition actors. Whatever, presence of these pollutants in litter did not impair litter consumption by some detritivores. Numerous perspectives can be developed from this study. Among them it seems specifically important to evaluate: 1) which are the (physiological) mechanisms behind the increase in leaf litter quality at polluted sites? 2) How can different communities assure the same decomposition rates at polluted sites? and 3) Are there negative effects observed on the performance and physiology of detritivores when consuming leaf litter from polluted sites ?
Latrille, Christelle. "Localisation des éléments traces métalliques dans les sols. Application au fonds géochimique naturel". Nancy 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998NAN10057.
Texto completoBlanchard, Claire Moszkowicz Pierre. "Caractérisation de la mobilisation potentielle des polluants inorganiques dans les sols pollués". Villeurbanne : Doc'INSA, 2001. http://docinsa.insa-lyon.fr/these/pont.php?id=blanchard.
Texto completoMassoura, Stamatia. "Spéciation et phytodisponibilité du nickel dans les sols". Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004INPL009N.
Texto completoThis thesis relates to the study of parameters which influence the dynamic of nickel and its radionuclide 63 Ni in soils. At the Saille time, the study of the chemical and biological characteriza- tion of these elements availability in the soils is done. The available pool of Ni and 63 Ni (chemical estimation) was measured by chemical and isotopic methods and soil incubations; by evaluating the interest and limits of each roethod. The factors which influence the mobility of metal in soils were thus determined. With through this study, we showed that the bio- and phyto-availability of Ni depend on the soil mineralogy, on the soil weathering, on the type of metal associations with the mineraIs, and on the quantitative presence of these mineraIs. The transfer of Ni and 63 N i from the soil to the plant depends on the metal availability in the soil and on the roots behaviour to the soil offe1, in relation to the strategies of hyperaccumulation, accumulation or exclusion of N z. Plants are able to modify the metal availability in soils by influencing the sorption processes of Ni from the solid phase to the soil solution. They are also able to change the speciation of Ni in solu- tion however the majority form of Ni in the soil solution was N i2+. Hyperaccumulators regulate Ni and 63 N i concentration in soil solution and their migration to the ground water. If the physico-chemical properties of soils, the pollutant availability and the choice of the hyperaccumulators are taken into account, the se plants are able to decrease and control durably the ecotoxicological effects of trace elements and radionuclides contamination in soils
Lebourg, Annie. "Etude de l'extraction des métaux en traces de sols pollués en vue de la détermination de leur biodisponibilité". Lille 1, 1996. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/1996/50376-1996-244.pdf.
Texto completoPelfrène, Aurélie Grimaud Daniel. "Spéciation des métaux traces (Cd., Cu, Pb, Zn) dans les eaux d'un Planosol non pollué (Massif Central, France)". Tours : SCD de l'université de Tours, 2008. http://theses.abes.fr/2008TOUR4008.
Texto completoTiecher, Tales. "Fingerprinting sediment sources in agricultural catchments in southern Brazil". Thesis, Poitiers, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015POIT2255/document.
Texto completoThe knowledge of the main diffuse sources of sediment production can enhance efficiency in the use of public resources invested in management strategies that seek to mitigate sediment transfer. Conventional fingerprinting methods based on geochemical composition are timeconsuming and require critical preliminary sample preparation. In this sense, spectroscopic methods can be less labor-intensive, cheap, and viable alternative for this purpose. The present study aimed to evaluate the sediment sources in agricultural catchments from Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, and to evaluate the potential use of spectroscopy measurements as a low cost and easy alternative to fingerprinting sediment sources. The total area of the study includes five catchments as Arvorezinha, Júlio de Castilhos 1, Júlio de Castilhos 2, Conceição, and Guaporé with areas of 1.19, 0.80, 1.43, 804.3, and 2,027.2 km², respectively. Sediment sources evaluated were crop fields, grasslands, unpaved roads, and stream channels. Sediment sampling strategy included time-integrated samplers, fine-bed sediments, and storm-event sediments. The total concentrations of several geochemical tracers were estimated in sediment and source samples. Spectral measurements were made for ultraviolet-visible, near-infrared, and mid-infrared ranges only for the Arvorezinha catchment. Source ascriptions obtained by alternative methods based on spectroscopy analysis were in agreement with ascriptions from classical fingerprinting method based on geochemical composition. Spectral information can be as precise as the geochemical tracers. Besides, combining visible-based-colour to geochemical tracers was a rapid and inexpensive way to enhance discrimination between source types and to improve precision of sediment sources apportionment. Findings of sediment source apportionment demonstrate that other factors than proportion of land use, such as distribution of croplands, forests, and unpaved roads in the landscape; play an important role in sediment production. Riparian forests seems to be a key factor for stream channel erosion. Unpaved roads seems to be strongly scale-related and dependent upon the number of points were roads across directly the stream network. The crop fields, even when cultivated with no-tillage, are still the main source of sediment in agricultural catchments in southern Brazil. The amount of sediment yielded from crop fields per unit of area that actually reaches the stream outlet ranged from 0.06 to 3.95 ton ha-1 yr-1. These variations are attributed partly to the relief and slope, but land use and soil management mostly influences them. The amount of sediment originated from crop fields are still too high for low susceptible areas with no-till, as Conceição catchment (1.30 ton ha-1 yr-1), indicating that further efforts are still necessary to further reduce soil erosion. Therefore, there is an urgent need to better plan land use and occupation in these catchments, inasmuch as the soil management systems used by farmers are still inefficient to reduce runoff and erosion in areas with crops in southern Brazil
O conhecimento das principais fontes difusas de sedimentos pode aumentar a eficiência de utilização dos recursos investidos em estratégias de gestão que visem mitigar a transferência de sedimentos aos cursos d'água. Métodos convencionais baseados na composição geoquímica ainda tem alto custo, são onerosos e demandam preparação preliminar crítica das amostras. Dessa forma, métodos espectroscópicos podem ser uma alternativa menos trabalhosa, mais rápida e viável para esse propósito. Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho avaliar a contribuição das fontes de sedimentos em bacias hidrográficas agrícolas do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, e avaliar o potencial uso da espectroscopia como uma alternativa para traçar a origem dos sedimentos. As áreas de estudo são representativas dos principais impactos da agricultura nos recursos hídricos no estado. A área total das bacias hidrográficas de Arvorezinha, Júlio de Castilhos 1, Júlio de Castilhos 2, Conceição e Guaporé é de 1,19, 0,80, 1,43, 804,3 e 2.031 km², respectivamente. As fontes de sedimento avaliadas foram lavouras, pastagens, estradas e canais da rede de drenagem. A estratégia de amostragem de sedimentos incluiu coleta com amostradores do tipo integrador no tempo, sedimento de fundo e sedimento coletado durante eventos pluviométricos. A concentração de vários traçadores geoquímicos foram estimados nas amostras de sedimento e das fontes. Análises espectroscópicas foram realizadas na região do ultravioleta-visível, infravermelho próximo e infravermelho médio na bacia hidrográfica de Arvorezinha. A contribuição das fontes estimadas pelos métodos espectroscópicos foram similares às obtidas com traçadores geoquímicos. Além disso, a combinação de parâmetros de cor derivados da faixa espectral do visível pode ser uma alternativa rápida e de baixo custo para melhorar a discriminação das fontes e aumentar a precisão das predições. Os resultados demonstram que outros fatores além da proporção do uso do solo são importantes na produção do sedimento, como a distribuição das lavouras, florestas e estradas na paisagem. As florestas ripárias exercem um fator chave na erosão dos canais de drenagem. As estradas parecem ser fortemente dependentes da escala e do número de pontos em que cruzam os canais de drenagem. As lavouras, mesmo cultivadas sob plantio direto, ainda são as principais fontes de sedimentos nas bacias hidrográficas rurais do sul do Brasil. A quantidade de sedimento produzida nas lavouras que atinge a rede fluvial variou de 0.06 a 3.95 ton ha-1 ano-1. Essa variação é devida em parte às condições naturais intrínsecas de relevo e fortemente influenciada pelo uso e manejo do solo. A quantidade de sedimento erodida das lavouras ainda são muito elevadas para áreas de baixa susceptibilidade à erosão manejadas sob plantio direto, como na bacia hidrográfica do Conceição (1.30 ton ha-1 ano-1), indicando que maiores esforços ainda são necessários para reduzir a erosão do solo. Existe uma necessidade urgente de planejar a utilização e ocupação da terra nessas bacias, uma vez que os sistemas de manejo do solo utilizados pelos agricultores ainda são ineficientes para reduzir a erosão nas lavouras no sul do Brasil
Qasim, Bashar Hussein. "Détermination, spéciation et biodisponibilité des éléments traces métalliques dans les sols contaminés et technosols". Thesis, Orléans, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ORLE2069/document.
Texto completoThis thesis dealt with the determination and study of the ecodynamics of trace metals in technosols highly contaminated in metals and metalloids in the context of natural revegetalisation or phytoremediation. Two sequential extraction schemes were used jointly with selective extractions in parallel with the determination of the total metals concentration in soils, the total dissolved metals concentration in the soil pore water, the metals labile pool (DGT) and germination tests with dwarf beans to investigate the speciation, mobility and phytoavailability of (Zn, Pb, Cd, As and Sb) for technosols of two post-mining (La Petite Faye) and industrial (Mortagne du Nord) sites. Additionally, young plants of P. euramericana Dorskamp were cultivated in rhizobox on Mortagne du Nord technosols to investigate the rhizospheric effect on the mobility of metals. Moreover, the effect of nitrogen addition under nitrate and ammonium on the behavior of these metals has been investigated for P. euramericana Dorskamp for the same soils. Despite the high total metals and metalloids concentration in the La Petite Faye soils, the mobility of these potentially toxic elements is limited because of their association with the residual fraction. The phytoavailability is also limited and correlated with the labile pool of technosols. The culture of P. euramericana Dorskamp generated a rhizospheric effect characterized by an increase of the pH and concentration of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the soil pore water and a decrease in the total dissolved concentration of metals (Zn, Pb et Cd) in the soil pore water. The addition of nitrogen under nitrate or ammonium respectively increased and decreased the soil pore water pH and in the case of ammonium the DOC also increased and stabilized metals in the rhizosphere in comparison to control soils
Pédrot, Mathieu. "Colloïdes et compositions élémentaires des solutions de sols". Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00533848.
Texto completoMahdavi, Chahrokh. "Analyse probabiliste du comportement des sols et des ouvrages. Evaluation des risques dans les études géotechniques de traces de remblais sur sols mous". Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, 1985. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00523281.
Texto completoBedel, Léa. "Approche isotopique pour tracer la dynamique des éléments dans deux écosystèmes forestiers du plateau lorrain, développés sur des sols polycycliques". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0074/document.
Texto completoTwo forest ecosystems in Lorraine, France (Clermont-en-Argonne CA and Azerailles AZ) developed on polycyclic soils have a complex functioning due to the presence of two different materials within the soil profile, leading to an abrupt disruption in soil texture. Indeed, they have low exchangeable Ca and Mg stocks in the silty soil upper layers (with a greater poverty in CA than in AZ), and very large stocks in deep clayey layers. These differences in upper soil fertility between the studied sites can be partly explained by a weaker aggregation in CA than in AZ (with aggregates poor in organic matter and clays). The CA soil then holds less nutrients than AZ one, despite higher atmospheric inputs and more rapid mineralization of litter. The richness of the deep soil layers in both sites, cannot be explained by the two conventional inputs i.e. atmospheric deposition and mineral weathering, A third un-expected source was identify using Sr, Ca and Mg isotopes, i.e. a mineralized groundwater table, which allows the CEC recharging of the deep clay layers by simple ion exchange when its invades the subsoil during the winter period. Trees have developed an uptake strategy into these Ca and Mg rich clay layer, to overcome the relative poverty of the upper soil layers. However the consequence of the Mg limititation of the soil upper layers in CA is visible through the increase in the internal Mg-translocation before leaf senescence
Iqbal, Muhammad. "Impact de l'occupation des sols agricoles contaminés sur la disponibilité des éléments trace : Mise en évidence du role des matières organiques dans le cas de cultures annuelles et cultures pérennes à vocation énergétique". Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00811413.
Texto completoParat, Corinne. "Effets à long terme de l'apport répété de déchets organiques sur l'évolution de la matière organique et des éléments traces métalliques dans un sol sableux acide (Couhins, 33)". Dijon, 2002. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01556412.
Texto completoYOUSFI, ISABELLE. "Etude physico-chimique de la reactivite des elements-traces de sols pollues dans differentes conditions". Paris 7, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA077262.
Texto completoHernandez, Laura. "Dynamique des éléments traces métalliques dans les sols de différents écosystèmes forestiers français : origine, distribution physique et chimique et facteurs de contrôle". Toulouse 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003TOU30067.
Texto completoCaboche, Julien. "Validation d'un test de mesure de bioaccessibilité : application à quatre éléments traces métalliques dans les sols : as, Cd, Pb et Sb". Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009INPL049N/document.
Texto completoThe management of contaminated soil is based on the assessment of exposure of pollutants. The review shows that the direct routes of exposure, including soil ingestion for children, generate the highest risk levels. Currently, based on the total pollutant concentration in soil, risk assessment tends to be overestimate because only a fraction of the substance may penetrate into the body. The aim of the study is to demonstrate that in vitro UBM test (Unified Method Barge) is relevant to estimate the bioavailable fraction of metals in the soil by estimating the bioaccessible fraction. For this, it is necessary to show that the solubilization of contaminants in the gastrointestinal tract is a limiting step in oral bioavailability process and that bioaccessibility is correlated to bioavailability. For 15 soils selected on three different sites, the study shows that bioavailability is highly variable for lead (8% to 82%), cadmium (12% to 91%) and arsenic (3 % to 78%). For antimony, the relative bioavailability and bioaccessibility values are very low independently of the different soil characteristics (values <20%). Thus, these conditions do not allow to validate in vitro test for antimony. The results of correlations, for the three other contaminants, show that bioaccessibility is the limiting step in the bioavailability process and that UBM test is relevant to estimate the bioaccessibility. Our study also highlights the impact of the soil matrix on the variation of bioaccessibility values. Thus, it was shown that the distribution of contaminants in the different bearing phases of soil is a major and robust parameter to explain the variations of bioaccessibility for all soils studied. The results of the study highlight that the in vitro UBM test is a promising alternative to in vivo investigations to measure the exposure levels of metals after soil ingestion
Zhong, Xueqian. "Modélisation des bilans et des flux de métaux en traces dans les sols sous agriculture urbaine". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LORR0051.
Texto completoConsumption of vegetables grown in a soil contaminated by trace metals and direct soil inhalation pose a risk to human health. In order to maintain the sustainability of urban gardens, predicting the evolution of metals in soils should allow to identify risks related to metal contamination of soil, and thus to apply practices to better preserve the functions rendered by garden soils and target a more efficient rehabilitation of contaminated soils. We used a mass balance model to simulate the evolution of soil metals under the different gardening practices over time. The mass balance was improved to make it more applicable to vegetable gardens by considering the regular and intensive use of organic waste amendments. Leaching and plant uptake are the main flows of metals loss in soils. We incorporate the RothC and VSD+ models to simulate the changes in soil carbon and pH over time, respectively. Specific values of plant uptake factor for over 60 vegetable species have been collected from literature to simulate metal loss via plant uptake. Metal input flows are associated to chemical fertilizers, organic waste amendment, pesticides and atmospheric deposition. Soil tillage depth and crop rotation have also been considered in the model. We predicted the evolution of soil metal (Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) concentrations in 104 French vegetable gardens over the next 100 years. If current gardening practices are maintained, an increase in soil Cd (35% on average), Cu (183%), and Zn (27%) contents should occur after a century. Soil Pb concentration should not vary consistently. The model has also been used to simulate the historical and future trends of soil metal concentrations in the King’s Vegetable Garden (Potager du Roi) in Versailles, which has more than 300 years of gardening practices since its creation in 1683. Simulated soil pH and OM by the integrated RothC and VSD+ modules are very close to measured values, with variation less than 10%. Soil Zn contents have been well simulated comparing to measured values, with a variation range of 3% to 25% in different scenarios. Less accurate results were found in the historical trend simulations of Cd, Cu and Pb content in soils. In the future trend simulations, the soil metal contents will increase by 39% for Cd, 20% for Cu, 5% for Pb, and 32% for Zn for the next century, while the current gardening practices will be maintained in King’s Vegetable Garden. Green waste compost contributes over 70% of the total input and output metal flows. Moreover, there would be a chronic over-exposure to Cd and Pb for people who would only consume vegetables grown in the King's Vegetable Garden in the future. According to the results of the simulations, current gardening practices can lead to accumulation of metals in French vegetable garden soils. A standard for gardening practices should be developed to prevent/mitigate soil metal contamination in order to ensure food safety
Salvia, Marie-Virginie. "Développement d’outils analytiques et méthodologiques pour l’analyse et le suivi de composés vétérinaires et stéroïdes hormonaux à l’état de traces dans l’eau et le sol". Thesis, Lyon 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO10036/document.
Texto completoSeveral chemical products are dispersed in the environment and the consequences can be sometimes harmful for humans and the ecosystems. Among these substances appear the antibiotics and the hormonal steroids. Nowadays, only few data are available on the presence and the fate of these substances in the environment in particular for solid matrices, mainly due to a lack of methodologies. Consequently, methods to analyze traces of « emergent » contaminants in water and soil were carried out. Therefore, multi-residues and inter-families procedures based on LC-MS/MS analysis were established. Concerning the aqueous samples, 23 analytes are extracted with the SPE technique (OASIS HLB). MLQs are between 0.09 and 34 ng/L. For the solid matrix, the extraction procedure of 31 compounds is inspired from the method called QuEChERS and followed by a purification step. This methodology was validated and MLQs between 0.013 and 3 ng/g were obtained. Two antibiotics families, tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones, were studied separately as they have specific physical/chemical properties and are therefore difficult to extract from soil with an inter-families method. Then, the method developed for the soil matrix allowed a statistic study which showed the impact of the soil parameters on the recoveries and matrix effects. Finally, the methodologies were applied to a soil column study which allowed obtaining data on the transfer, accumulation and degradation of the substances in soil
Coutelot, Fanny. "Étude de la lixiviation des Éléments Traces en zone non saturée : application à la réhabilitation des sites contaminés". Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BOR30021/document.
Texto completoThis work contributes to the knowledge of the mechanisms and factors controlling the transfer of trace elements, particularly in the soil- groundwater pathway. Extensive soil contamination with potentially toxic traces elements from various industries has in many industrialized countries received significant attention over the last two decades. Mass fluxes of trace elements in soils to groundwater are important input parameter for predicting the fate of pollution of aquifers and thus to assess the potential for contamination of drinking water resources. The objective of this study was to propose a method for measuring the fluxes in laboratory to simulate the natural conditions. For this, we have developed an unsaturated soil column. This column was then tested in various leaching conditions (compared to standardized leaching methods and tested under conditions of immobilization of trace elements). At first, the laboratory column reduces the error in the estimation of flux. And allows to highlight sorption, desorption and complexation of trace elements on the substrates. In a second step we evaluate the effect of mineral amendments on the mobility of trace elements in two contaminated soils (extraction), the study their location on the newly formed minerals (microscopy coupled with X-ray fluorescence spectrometers) and finally the leaching of these. The addition of hydroxyapatite (HA) and Steel Shot (GA) have significantly reduced the concentrations of Cd, Zn and As (in the case of the contribution of GA). In contrast, the addition of HA and GA in soils significantly increases the release of As (in the case of HA) and Pb following the addition of GA and HA). Mineral phases carrying these trace elements have been well characterized and the mechanisms responsible for the retention or release have been identified
Bellora, Cecilia. "Échanges internationaux en agriculture : changements d'utilisation des sols, biodiversité et durabilité environnementale". Thesis, Cergy-Pontoise, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CERG0697.
Texto completoThis thesis analyses both theoretically and empirically some of the issues that emerge when applying environmental policies to the agricultural sector in a trade context. In a first part, focus is on crop biodiversity, which is known to maintain agricultural productivity under a large range of environmental conditions. Chapter II empirically confirms this positive impact using a large dataset on South African agriculture. It also shows that biodiversity can reduce the exposure of farmers to production risks and downside risks. At a first glance, crop biodiversity could therefore be integrated in sustainable agricultural policies. Nevertheless, interactions between crop biodiversity effects, environmental policies and trade are complex. Indeed, specialisation induced by trade plays against biodiversity: the composition effect of trade, following comparative advantages, tends to reduce the number of crops cultivated by a given country. One of the mechanisms through which crop biodiversity improves production stability is by participating in the resilience to pests. Then, to face higher pest attacks, farmers use pesticides. But since pesticides harm environment and human health, governments regulate their use. An environmental policy on pesticides can thus have a strategic aspect: allowing the use of more pesticides can lead to gain larger agricultural market shares. Chapter III represents these interactions in a ricardian trade model. It shows that, because not in my backyard effects are larger than strategic impacts, the optimal environmental policy is more stringent under trade than under autarky. Furthermore, because of this stringency, production volatility is generally higher under trade. This could explain part of the background volatility observed on agricultural markets, which have been historically more volatile than those of manufactured products. In a second part of the thesis, chapter IV illustrates the possible leakage effects of environmental policies implemented unilaterally. A computable general equilibrium model is used to quantify the indirect global environmental impacts of a greening of European agriculture through a large shift to organic farming. Organic farming is known for its local environmental benefits, especially on water and soil quality, biodiversity and greenhouse gas emissions. However, organic yields are on average 25% lower than those of conventional farming. We calibrate organic production technologies using micro-level data and find that using organic production techniques on 20% of the European area cultivated with maize, rapeseed, sunflower and wheat results in a large negative productivity shock. This shock affects global markets and induces production and demand displacements, unless the yield gap is reduced. The resulting land use changes are assessed, as well as the corresponding changes in greenhouse gas emissions, chemical inputs use and biodiversity. The negative indirect effects on the environment appear limited compared to the local benefits of adopting greener forms of agriculture in the EU. However, in the case of greenhouse gases, the indirect emissions more than offset the local benefits of organic agriculture. In the case of chemical pollution and biodiversity, results show that indirect effects deserve to be accounted for in life cycle analyses. These findings should not be used to point a finger on organic farming, a large variety of policies and consumption patterns have greater land use change impacts. Nevertheless, they rise some issues, especially on the need for more systematic sustainability assessments, even for environmental polices, the importance of research and development in organic farming to reduce yield gaps and of public policies to help to remove economic factors that could limit the increase of organic yields, such as the relative cost of production factors
Caurel, Chloé. "Etude expérimentale de la mobilité d'éléments traces (Cr, Cu, Pb, As) à l'échelle d'un système poral bimodal : importance et localisation de l'activité microbienne". Thesis, Orléans, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ORLE2004.
Texto completoMany questions remain about the role of microbial activity in the mobility of trace elements in soils. These questions concern both the location of this activity within the porosity and the way it is affected by the saturation or unsaturation conditions of the porosity, or the way in which it affects differently trace elements. Direct and non-destructive methods for macro-microscopic observation are still not widely applied, as is the monitoring of the activity of microbial communities at different scales in the soil. Non-invasive techniques such as X-ray micro-tomography are increasingly used for soil characterization, but biofilm viewing requires more complex image processing. Understanding the development of biofilms and their in situ activity remains limited, but new experimental and observation capacities are emerging thanks to the development of micro fluidic devices such as "lab on chip" or geological lab on chips « GLoCs ». The objective of the present PhD is to better understand the conditions of establishment of microbial "hotspot" habitats in heterogeneous porous media, saturated or not, and their effects on their micro-environment as well as on the mobility of trace elements in contaminated soils. Two experimental devices were used on the basis of a configuration of complementary scales: small centimetric-sized columns and "lab-on-a-chip" sub-centimeter dimensions, the two devices having a simplified bimodal porous structure, properties mimicking the structure of a heterogeneous natural soil. Water transfer experiments in biotic and abiotic conditions were carried out to observe the impact of biofilms on the bio-geochemistry of small-scale environments under saturated and unsaturated water conditions, similar to the conditions of a real soil. The set of geochemical parameters monitored on the experimental system defines four geochemical environments, consistent with natural water percolation conditions. The monitoring of the redox potential, not often monitored on this type of experimental system, has made it possible to highlight the importance of biological activity on their geochemical microenvironments. Unlike natural soils containing more organic matter than technosols of industrial sites, the evolution of the redox potential is governed by the biological activity with respect to Fe and Mn and not by the oxidation of the organic matter and the availability in oxygen. The hydric parameter governs the installation of biofilms and seems to lead indirectly to a differentiation or selection of the populations present in the microbial consortium. The biological activity was higher under saturated conditions, and the processes appear to be more active in transition zones in terms of pore size, as observed by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray micro-tomography, via observations on lab-on-chip and via carbon concentrations in different particle size fractions. Under the two distinct hydric conditions, biofilms control the geochemical system and the redox potential leading to the immobilization of Cu, Pb and As, but also to the release of Cr in its most toxic form. The simplification of the system by percolation on sands made it possible to reproduce conditions close to technosols of industrial sites,which are generally poor in organic matter
Kister, Philippe. "Mobilité des éléments géochimiques dans un bassin sédimentaire clastique, du Protérozoi͏̈que à nos jours : le bassin Athabasca (Saskatchewan, Canada)". Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003INPL062N.
Texto completoIn order to understand the mechanisms of migration and deposition of ore elements, it is essential to determine the timing, source, and destination of the geochemical element mass transfers and/or transportation on a scale encompassing the great sedimentary basins. The purpose of this study is to trace and to date the element migrations that occurred during the history of a Paleoproterozoic clastic sedimentary basin, the Athabasca Basin, which hosts the world's largest and richest uranium deposits. As this geological environment was proved to be efficient to preserve high grade ore deposits for over more than one billion years, it provides an opportunity to study some natural analogues of deep geological nuclear waste storage
Blanchard, Claire. "Caractérisation de la mobilisation potentielle des polluants inorganiques dans les sols pollués". Lyon, INSA, 2000. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2000ISAL0021/these.pdf.
Texto completoThe specific objective of this study is to characterize metal mobility from contaminated soils through laboratory tests. The literature work consisted in a complete review of leaching/extraction tests in collaboration with French association for normalization. Lab work consisted in carrying out previously chosen leaching tests (sequential extractions, single extractions, column test and Compact Granular Leach Test) over an artificially contaminated soil (fresh and aged) and an industrial soil containing As, Cr, Pb , Zn. Results) comparison allowed to set up a method assessing metal potential mobilization from contaminated coifs
Soubrand-Colin, Marilyne. "Localisation, distribution et mobilité des ETM dans des sols développés sur roches basaltiques en climat tempéré". Limoges, 2004. http://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/dc748927-4074-49be-a246-c087bcc555a1/blobholder:0/2004LIMO0046.pdf.
Texto completoSix soils from the French Massif Central, submitted to different microclimatic environments, have been studied in order to determine the distribution and speciation of metallic trace elements (MTE) in the solid fraction of soils developed on weathered basalts and basanites. The tertiary basaltic rocks, and their subsequent developed soils, present high Cr (248-455 mg/kg) and Ni (126-237 mg/kg) contents. These soils are all andic soils, rich in organo - complexes but presenting no allophane. Three different approaches were combined to study the fate and the mobility of the MTE during supergene alteration. The mineralogical study of the unweathered rocks pointed out that MTE are present in the chromiferous spinels, the titanomagnetites and in the ferromagnesian silicates (forsterite and augite). The hydrolysis of the ferromagnesian silicates as well as the spinels resistance to alteration are the two main parameters respectively controlling the released of the MTE and their retention in clays associated to the authigenic iron oxides. Isovolumic balance and enrichment factor are the two quantitative methods carried out to evidence the pedological and lithological roles of these parameters involved in the MTE distribution in the three soils developed on basalts. This study confirmed the mineralogical control on the Cr and Ni distribution whereas the Cu and Zn distribution is related to organic matter and organo - minerals complexes. Despite the alteration strength of the mineralogical carriers, Cr and Ni tend to be partially released from the leaching of andosols in colder and higher rainfall conditions on the contrary to the andic cambisols environments where Cr and Ni are preserved. The organic components role is evidenced by the immobilisation of Cu and Zn whereas the major elements (Na, Mg, Ca, Si) are highly released. The selective extractions confirmed the main association of Cu with the soil organic components. This study highlight the low potential mobility of the MTE in mountainous temperate climate on the contrary to previous works carried out in warmer climate environments
Coynel, Alexandra. "Erosion mécanique des sols et transferts géochimiques dans le bassin Adour-Garonne". Bordeaux 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005BOR13014.
Texto completoGraouer, Bacart Mareen. "Devenir et transfert de polluants émergents issus du secteur de la santé dans les compartiments sol et eau de l’environnement - Influence de la présence d’éléments traces métalliques". Thesis, Reims, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014REIMS008.
Texto completoThe overall objective of this project is to provide a better knowledge of pharmaceuticals fate in the environment, more particularly at water/soil interfaces, in order to follow the consequences of their use and disposal. The long-term issues concern the protection of the environment and public health. This work focuses on the characterization of retention properties of five pharmaceuticals in calcareous soils of the Champagne-Ardenne region in order to evaluate their potential transfer to water compartments. Various parameters having an influence on their retention were identified. The retention of enrofloxacin is highly affected by pH and ionic strength, diclofenac retention by CaCO3 and organic matter contents of soils which have antagonistic effect on its adsorption, the retention of sulfamethoxazole and carbamazepine is low on a calcareous soil, and iopamidol adsorption is negligible. Moreover, the influence of metal cations, ubiquitous pollutants in soils, on pharmaceuticals retention was also studied. Co-adsorption experiments indicated that the presence of copper and zinc modifies significantly enrofloxacin retention, leading to an increase of adsorbed amounts on the soil via the formation of a ternary surface complex, thus highlighting the importance to take into account the interaction between metals and pharmaceuticals for a better understanding of their behavior in soils. However, no noticeable impact of the presence of copper on other pharmaceuticals retention has been noticed
Zampella, Mariavittoria. "Distribution et disponibilité biologique des éléments traces métalliques dans les sols et les sédiments de la vallée du torrent Solofrana, Italie Méridionale". Poitiers, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006POIT2253.
Texto completoThe aim of this research was to study trace elements contamination of soils and sediments from the Solofrana river valley. The area was characterised by intensive agriculture and industrial activity. Numerous tanning plans caused in the past river water and sediment contamination. The results showed that the Solofrana valley soils flooded or irrigated with polluted water were contaminated by Cr and Cu. Chromium derived by deposition of Cr contaminated sediments on the soil surface and was bound mainly to organo-mineral complexes. Copper derived by agricultural practices and was mainly bound to organic matter. The soil and sediment <2. 0µm fraction was composed by quartz, feldspathes, carbonates, kaolinite, halloysite, illite, smectites, vermiculites, chlorites, amorphous Fe oxides; the <0. 1µm fraction was mainly made of proto-halloysite. A progressive incorporation of sediments in the soil matrix, the translocation of fine particles to depth and the translocation of trace elements bounds to the fine particles in the first centimetres of the soil profile were observed. Chromium and Cu concentrations were very high in the <2. 0 and <0. 1µm fractions. Results suggest a possible transfer of metal-rich colloids along soil pore network associated with soil water movement
Pagotto, Christelle. "Etude sur l'émission et le transfert dans les eaux et les sols des éléments traces métalliques et des hydrocarbures en domaine routier". Poitiers, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999POIT2321.
Texto completoTruphéme-Maisonnave, Virginie. "Caractérisation des éléments traces métalliques dans les amendements et dans les complexes amendements-sols et étude des transferts". Toulouse, INPT, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000INPT015C.
Texto completoMatotoka, Mashilo Mash. "In vitro pharmacological and synergistic effects of herbal concoctions sold in Ga Maja, Limpopo Province". Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/2916.
Texto completoInformal street traders and traditional health practitioners at Ga Maja (Limpopo Province) primarily offer consumers semi-processed herbal concoctions that are indicated to have blood-cleansing, immune-boosting, detoxifying, antidiarrheal, antiHIV/AIDS and pain-relieving therapeutic properties. The focus of this study was to validate the pharmacological effects and safety of these herbal concoctions as indicated by the traders. Five herbal concoctions and their medicinal plant recipies used for their preparation were purchased from five independent traders. A laboratory concoction was prepared according to the traders’ instructions. Possible microbial contaminants were identified using Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-offlight mass spectrometry and VITEK 2. Nutritional content of the concoctions was determined by a plasma atomic emission spectrophotometer. Qualitative phytochemical analysis was determined using standard chemical tests and thin layer chromatography. Total polyphenol content was quantified calorimetrically. Antioxidant activity was quantified using 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing power assays. Antimicrobial activities were determined using a broth micro-dilution assay and bioautography. Anti-HIV-1 reverse transcriptase activity was used to determine the antiviral potential of the concoctions. Anti-inflammatory activity was determined using the cyclooxygenase inhibition assays and possible cytotoxic effects of the concoctions were evaluated using MTT cell viability assay. Growth on potato dextrose and nutrient agar plates indicated heavy microbial contamination. Sodium, potassium and zinc were most abundant in the concoctions. The concoctions had similar phytochemical profiles, and together with plant decoctions consisted primarily of polyphenolic constituents. Generally, some plant decoctions had higher antioxidant (EC50: 15.71 – 40.87 µg/mL) and antibacterial (MIC: 0.04 – 0.63 mg/mL) activities. The antimicrobial activities of the concoctions were as a result of synergistic effects of the compounds because no single compound was observed to have antimicrobial activities on the bioautograms. Combination studies showed that the combination of crude decoctions from different plant species resulted in reduced antioxidant, antibacterial and antifungal activities. The laboratory concoction had higher anti-HIV reverse transcriptase activity (EC50: 2.90 µg/mL) than the positive controls used (EC50: 36.65 – 40.90 µg/mL). The concoctions also demonstrated considerable antiinflammatory activity. The lack of standardisation of phytomedicines reduces their xxi pharmacological potential and consistency. However, this study validated the ethnopharmacological use of the different plant species and herbal concoctions towards the treatment of human immune-deficiency virus, pain caused by inflammation, infectious diarrhoea and for immune-boosting. This study also highlighted the complexities associated with combinations of aqueous extracts and the importance of appropriate knowledge on which plant species are to be mixed to enhance their therapeutic properties. Although the concoctions did not exhibit cyctotoxic effects, toxicities may arise from endotoxins produced by the microbial contaminants. Hygienic processing and packaging are essential to ensure that consumers receive quality products that are safe to consume.
Lopareva-Pohu, Alena. "Intérêt de la phytostabilisation aidée pour la gestion des sols pollués par des éléments traces métalliques (Cd, Pb, Zn)". Littoral, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011DUNK0296.
Texto completoSustainable management of contaminated soils with trace elements (TE) is a real challenge, more particularly around the former lead smelter Metaleurop Nord, in Northern France. This in situ study aimed at evaluating the long-term efficiency of aided phytostabilisation on former agricultural soils highly contaminated with cadmium, lead and zinc. Soils were amended with two fly ashes (Fas) : a silico-aluminos (FA1) and sulfo-calcic FA (FA2). Nine years after experiment start, the trees development induced a progressive shift of land use from agriculture field to forest ecosystem. Taking in account plant development and TE accumulation, data suggested that, among studied species, Alnus glutinosa, Acer pseudoplatanus and Robinia pseudoacacia were suitable for phytostabilisation of the experimental site. The afforestation induced soil physico-chemical parameters’ modifications. In particular, an increase of organic matters contents and a beginning of acidification were observed. This alteration of soils parameters could modify TE mobility and bioavailability. Our results indicated that the two studied FA buffered natural soil acidification, through a huge input of carbonates. This limited TE mobility and their accumulation in the studied above ground plant organs. Sulfo-calcic ash (FA2) is more efficient in decreasing TE soil mobility and accumulation by plants than silico-aluminous ash (FA1). In consequence, soil amendment with FA2 appears to be the wisest option to manage the contaminated soils surrounding the former smelter. Before recommending this aided phytostabilisation on larger polluted areas, further research is needed to answer several questions raised by this work
Sterckeman, Thibault. "Caractérisation du fond géochimique en éléments en traces dans les sols issus de roches sédimentaires du Nord de la France". Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004INPL022N.
Texto completoSurface and deeper horizons developed in 22 parent materials were sampledin the agricultural and forest soils of Northern France. Total contents of 18 trace elements and two major elements (AI, Fe) were determined in 758 horizon samples, together with the pedological characteristics. Ln the deep horizons, the positive linear correlations of the less mobile trace elements (Bi, Co, Cr, Cu, ln, Ni, Pb, Sn, TI, V, Zn) contents with lutum(particles < 2μm), AI and Fe contents suggest that trace elements are closely associated to alumino-silicates and iron oxi-hydroxides of the finest solid phase. These correlations are close and are common to the deeper horizons of ail the parent materials, whatever their age and type. The processes of the sedimentary rock genesis, including ancient pedogenesis, did not cause any major segregation of the less mobile elements. The mobile elements (As, Cd, Hg, Mn, Mo, Sb Se) show less close relationship with the minerai phase, except Cd and As which seem particularly associated to Mn and Fe respectively. Mercury, Mn and Se show strong links with the organic matter in the deep horizons. Soit parent materials often show an enrichment with the mobile elements. Most of the calcareous rocks are enriched with Cd. Enrichments with ail trace elements, except with Co, Cr and Ni, were found in the surface horizons
Bellezoni, Rodrigo Augusto [UNESP]. "Caracterização de impacto ambiental no solo em um aterro de pequeno porte". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/98292.
Texto completoCoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
A disposição de resíduos sólidos no solo gera frequentes preocupações ambientais, sociais e de saúde pública. Os aterros sanitários de pequeno porte são uma alternativa sugerida por órgãos ambientais no Estado de SP para que pequenos municípios possam destinar seus resíduos de forma ambientalmente segura, a custos reduzidos. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar, sob a análise de aspectos físicos e geofísicos, se este mecanismo possui capacidade em conter os líquidos percolados das colunas de resíduos, evitando riscos de contaminação no solo e águas subterrâneas. Para tanto, características físicas da área de influência do aterro foram determinadas com auxílio de mapas, assim como as características físicas foram determinadas através de ensaios padrão. O método da Eletrorresistividade foi empregado para caracterizar o solo em subsuperfície e estimar sua capacidade na atenuação de contaminantes. Os resultados mostraram o potencial de aplicação deste método, através da relação entre elevada carga iônica e baixa resistividade elétrica, definindo com clareza o limite das plumas de contaminantes. O chorume ocorre em grande parte das valas mais recentes, devido à etapa de decomposição. Valas antigas apresentaram tendência de aumento na resistividade, significando queda na geração de chorume, concomitante ao aumento do tempo de resistividade dos resíduos. Assim, a zona de influência dos resíduos limitou-se à 20 m da área de disposição no plano horizontal e até 8,5 em profundidade. As propriedades físico-químicas do solo argiloso local influenciaram o comportamento da pluma de contaminantes, visto a redução destas ao longo do tempo. Destacam-se o mineral de argila e a granulometria como os possíveis principais responsáveis pela atenuação natural dos contaminantes. Em alguns...
The disposal of solid waste in the soil often creates environmental, social and public health concerns. Small landfills are an alternative suggestion by environmental agencies in the State of São Paulo so small cities direct their waste in an environmentally safe manner, at costs. This research is aimed to evaluate, under the analysis of physical and geophysical concepts, if this mechanism has the capacity to contain lanchated liquid from the columns of waste, avoiding risks of contamination in soil and groundwater. Thus, physical characteristics of landfill catchment area were determined with the aid of maps, as well as the physical characteristics of the local soil were determined by standard assays. The Electrical Resistivity method was employed to characterize the subsoil and to estimate its ability to attenuate contaminants. The results showed the potential application of this method through the relationship between hhigh ionic charge and low resistivity, defining clearly the limits of contaminant plumes. Leachate occurs largely in the more recent dithes, due to the decomposition phase. Older ditches tended to increase in resistivity; it means decrease of leachate generation, as well the increase of waste time residence. Thus, the waste influence zone was limited to 10 m of the disposal area in the horizontal plane and up to 8.5 m in depth. The physicochemical properties of the clay soil spot have influenced the contaminants plume behavior, to reduce it along the time. Emphasizing this are the clay mineral and grain size held as possible primary accountable for natural attenuation of contaminants. At some ponts, it is estimated that the layer of unsaturated soil under the ditches be less that one meter, it does not comply the criteria for exemption of additional waterproofing, established in NBR 15.849:2010 Municipal solid waste... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Bellezoni, Rodrigo Augusto. "Caracterização de impacto ambiental no solo em um aterro de pequeno porte /". Bauru : [s.n.], 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/98292.
Texto completoBanca: Ana Silvia Palcheco Peixoto
Banca: Vagner Roberto Elis
Resumo: A disposição de resíduos sólidos no solo gera frequentes preocupações ambientais, sociais e de saúde pública. Os aterros sanitários de pequeno porte são uma alternativa sugerida por órgãos ambientais no Estado de SP para que pequenos municípios possam destinar seus resíduos de forma ambientalmente segura, a custos reduzidos. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar, sob a análise de aspectos físicos e geofísicos, se este mecanismo possui capacidade em conter os líquidos percolados das colunas de resíduos, evitando riscos de contaminação no solo e águas subterrâneas. Para tanto, características físicas da área de influência do aterro foram determinadas com auxílio de mapas, assim como as características físicas foram determinadas através de ensaios padrão. O método da Eletrorresistividade foi empregado para caracterizar o solo em subsuperfície e estimar sua capacidade na atenuação de contaminantes. Os resultados mostraram o potencial de aplicação deste método, através da relação entre elevada carga iônica e baixa resistividade elétrica, definindo com clareza o limite das plumas de contaminantes. O chorume ocorre em grande parte das valas mais recentes, devido à etapa de decomposição. Valas antigas apresentaram tendência de aumento na resistividade, significando queda na geração de chorume, concomitante ao aumento do tempo de resistividade dos resíduos. Assim, a zona de influência dos resíduos limitou-se à 20 m da área de disposição no plano horizontal e até 8,5 em profundidade. As propriedades físico-químicas do solo argiloso local influenciaram o comportamento da pluma de contaminantes, visto a redução destas ao longo do tempo. Destacam-se o mineral de argila e a granulometria como os possíveis principais responsáveis pela atenuação natural dos contaminantes. Em alguns... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The disposal of solid waste in the soil often creates environmental, social and public health concerns. Small landfills are an alternative suggestion by environmental agencies in the State of São Paulo so small cities direct their waste in an environmentally safe manner, at costs. This research is aimed to evaluate, under the analysis of physical and geophysical concepts, if this mechanism has the capacity to contain lanchated liquid from the columns of waste, avoiding risks of contamination in soil and groundwater. Thus, physical characteristics of landfill catchment area were determined with the aid of maps, as well as the physical characteristics of the local soil were determined by standard assays. The Electrical Resistivity method was employed to characterize the subsoil and to estimate its ability to attenuate contaminants. The results showed the potential application of this method through the relationship between hhigh ionic charge and low resistivity, defining clearly the limits of contaminant plumes. Leachate occurs largely in the more recent dithes, due to the decomposition phase. Older ditches tended to increase in resistivity; it means decrease of leachate generation, as well the increase of waste time residence. Thus, the waste influence zone was limited to 10 m of the disposal area in the horizontal plane and up to 8.5 m in depth. The physicochemical properties of the clay soil spot have influenced the contaminants plume behavior, to reduce it along the time. Emphasizing this are the clay mineral and grain size held as possible primary accountable for natural attenuation of contaminants. At some ponts, it is estimated that the layer of unsaturated soil under the ditches be less that one meter, it does not comply the criteria for exemption of additional waterproofing, established in NBR 15.849:2010 Municipal solid waste... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Schneider, Arnaud. "Comportement et mobilité des éléments traces métalliques dans des sols environnant une usine de seconde fusion du plomb. Approches expérimentales et modélisation". Thesis, Reims, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REIMS043/document.
Texto completoThe soil contamination by trace elements (TE) is a major environmental issue which mainly lies in their potential transfers from soils to surface and ground waters and/or to food chain.The main objective of this study was to understand the behaviour of TE in impacted soils located in the vicinity of a lead-acid battery recycling plant (Ardennes, France). In a 17 ha surrounding area, the spatial distribution of TE was performed using portable X-ray fluorescence. It indicated that the soils were mainly contaminated by Pb and, to a lesser degree, by Cd, Cu, Ni, Sb, Sn and Zn. A geostatistical approach enabled to discriminate the natural or anthropogenic sources of most of these TE.Based on the TE mapping, the soil type and the land cover, the behaviour of the TE was studied along six soil profiles. The calculated partition coefficients highlighted a high mobility of the TE which is related to the acidic soil conditions (pH 4-5). Regardless of the studied soil profile, Cd exhibited the highest mobility, followed by Zn, Ni, Pb and Cu. A combined experimental (soil-column Donnan membrane technique) and modelling approach helped to specify that Cd, Ni and Zn occurred as free ions, Pb mainly occurred as free ion and associated to fulvic acids and Cu was mainly associated to fulvic acids in the soil solutions. The distribution of Pb among the soil components of upper soil horizons was also determined using chemical methods (sequential extraction), physical methods (SEM-EDS, Raman microspectroscopy) and modelling. Lead was mainly associated with soil organic matter and to a lesser extent with manganese oxides. None of the Pb-bearing phases potentially emitted by the recycling plant were identified, suggesting a remobilization of Pb in the studied soils after smelter particles deposition. This work emphasizes the importance of studying the soil and its solution to better understand the behaviour of TE, to assess the environmental risks and to suggest remediation strategies
Salvador-Blanes, Sébastien. "Déterminisme de la distribution spatiale des éléments majeurs et traces dans les sols en contexte métamorphique : plateau d'Aigurande, nord du Massif central, France". Tours, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOUR4014.
Texto completoValin, Hugo. "Changements d'usage des sols, marchés agricoles et environnement". Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AGPT0011/document.
Texto completoLand use change is estimated to have generated 17% of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in the 2000s, a large part coming from deforestation. The main driver of these emissions is expansion of agricultural activities, for the need of local development in tropical regions. However, they have also been caused by the dynamics of globalisation which has stimulated agricultural trade flows. Thus, today, there are new concerns with respect to how agricultural policies are influencing land use changes in other parts of the world through international market responses. In this work I consider three concrete illustrations of where these effects can be of significant magnitude: i) agriculture intensification in developing countries, ii) trade agreements, and iii) biofuel policies. I find that for each of these policies, market responses are likely to play a significant role in the final greenhouse gas emission balance. Mitigation of emissions through agricultural intensification could have quite beneficial outcomes, but the rebound effect on the demand side would offset a large part of greenhouse gas emission savings attributable to the land sparing effect. With the example of a possible EU-MERCOSUR trade agreement, I also show the adverse effect of liberalising certain specific agricultural products closely connected to land use change dynamics without adequate accompanying measures. Last, the indirect land use change effect of biofuels is likely to offset a large part of their alleged GHG emission savings. Land use change responses depend on many behavioural parameters, however, and providing precise estimates constitutes a challenge. I use different modelling approaches to quantify their magnitude and extensively explore the level of confidence on the basis of current state of econometric findings.New approaches should be elaborated to take account of this externality in public policy assessments, together with an appropriate consideration of the uncertainty ranges associated with these effects
Hattab, Nour. "Ecodynamique des éléments traces et caractérisation de l'exposition des sols contaminés : expérimentation et modélisation par les réseaux de neurones artificiels". Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01069449.
Texto completoHattab, Nour. "Ecodynamique des éléments traces et caractérisation de l’exposition des sols contaminés : expérimentation et modélisation par les réseaux de neurones artificiels". Thesis, Orléans, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ORLE2020/document.
Texto completoSoils contaminated with potentially toxic trace elements (PTTE) often have serious consequences for terrestrial ecosystems. Several phytoremediaction have been developped to reclaim contaminated soils; however the efficiency and capacity of these techniques to reduce excessive concentrations of trace elements or their (phyto) availability in contaminated soils have to be assessed. The present work is focused on studying the effectiveness of two phyoremediation options such as phytostabilisation and phytoextraction assisted by organic and inorganic amendments to remediatethe high concentrations of PTTE in contaminated natural soils and technosoils. Total PTTE concentrations were determined in soil pore water (SPW) sampled by Rhizon soil moisture samplers. The soil exposure intensity was assessed by DGT (diffusive gradient in thin films) probes. The PTTE phytoavailability was characterized by growing dwarf beans on potted soils and analyzing their foliar PTTE concentrations. Then a model of artificial neural network was applied to understand the factors most relevant for the variability on the phytoavailability of trace elements. Both options were found to be able to reduce the concentrations or phytoavailability of PTTE in the presence of amendments. The artificial neural network has been very effective to predict missing results and to determine the control parameters of the variability of the PTTE phytoavailoability from the soil parameters