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1
Osman, Mohamed Farhiya. "Somaliland and Secession : Does the self-proclaimed state of Somaliland have a moral right to secede?" Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-341649.
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This paper aims to inquire whether Somaliland’s secession from Somalia is morally right considering Buchanans theories regarding secession. The paper analyses the notion of self-determination and secession from the perspective of Somaliland. Further the analysis also discusses the deficiencies when it comes to international law and secession. The analysis also inquires regarding the insubstantial criteria for the right to secede and the unwillingness from the outside world to shed light on the case of Somaliland. The material for this paper consists mainly of literature, published work and research from political scholars. The paper concludes that Somaliland does in fact have a moral right for secession and formal statehood. However, the absence of a negotiating partner (Somalia) and geopolitical location suppresses the chances for international recognition.
2
Ackley, Caroline. "Intimacy and morality in Hargeisa, Somaliland". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2018. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10049837/.
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In this thesis, I argue that the life course is an entanglement of moralities, time, and selves. Through analysis of women’s intimate relationships, I suggest that life course transformation is a complex process where the self is simultaneously being formed and being dissolved. More specifically, I explore women’s conscious deliberations into what it means to live an ethical life according to values that shift and evolve over time. Time in the life course may be experienced with a sense of forward motion, yet life is comprised of multiple, overlapping moments and is infinite in its nature. Women live the life of this world in order to enjoy the life of the other world; a life understood as one’s destiny and one that is infinite with the potential to do more, be more, and have more than the present moment. Ultimately this is a thesis that describes the complex substances of daily life.
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Mustaf, Aydid Farhan. "Demokratisering i Somaliland : En fallstudie om Somaliland som en nybliven nation och deras försök till en demokratiseringsprocess". Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för statsvetenskap (ST), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-88143.
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Abstract This study examines the new nation Somaliland democratization process since 1991. The research is based on Somaliland conditions to begin a democracy process which is studied on the basis of the Robert Dahl democracy theory. Somaliland is a "hybrid democracy", which means there are democratic structures but the shortcomings in the system makes it impossible recognize Somaliland as a democracy. Somaliland has been influenced by blending Western democratic structures with their own traditional and cultural ways of steering. Somaliland promotes development in terms of democracy and politics. But the new nation faces challenges in the democratization process. Keywords: New nation, Dahl democracy theory, Hybriddemocracy, five criterias.
4
Nakagawa, Yoshito. "Deliberative peacebuilding in East Timor and Somaliland". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2016. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/deliberative-peacebuilding-in-east-timor-and-somaliland(86fa6d48-7993-4b91-b71e-bcc5ce630d92).html.
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This thesis is a theoretical and empirical inquiry into ‘deliberative peacebuilding’, seeking to explain the ‘failures’ and ‘successes’ of peacebuilding in East Timor and Somaliland. While warfare has increased globally since the end of the Cold War, the UN has made efforts to build peace (e.g. Boutros-Ghali 1992). While peacebuilding has become an internationally applied set of ideas and practices, one of the theoretical gaps is deliberation. This research thus conceptualises ‘deliberative peacebuilding’, and associates this with peacebuilding in the non-Western, post-colonial, and (post-)conflict context. This research identified East Timor and Somaliland as its case studies. Despite similarity in the ‘legitimation problem’ with vertical (state-society) and horizontal (‘modernity’-‘tradition’) inequalities/differences based upon cultural and historical backgrounds, East Timor and Somaliland undertook different approaches in a decade after the end of their civil wars. While East Timor accepted UN peace operations, Somaliland rejected them. Yet both experienced similar transitions to make political order between ‘failure’ (political de-legitimation/societal dissent) and ‘success’ (political legitimation/societal consent).Accordingly, this thesis poses two questions: 1) what caused the UN to have ‘failed’ (to prevent the ‘crisis’ from recurring in 2006) in East Timor, and 2) what caused East Timor and Somaliland to have experienced ‘equifinality’ (making similar progress along different paths) in building peace (in East Timor from 1999 to 2012 and in Somaliland from 1991 to 2005). Findings, among others, include different paths in transition: a ‘hybrid’ path with external intervention in East Timor and an ‘agonistic’ path without it in Somaliland. Asymmetry in power relations urged deliberative agencies to address the ‘legitimation problem’ differently.
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Walls, M. J. "State formation in Somaliland : bringing deliberation to institutionalism". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2011. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1302550/.
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There is and has long been great debate over the means and motivations necessary for societal organisation, and most particularly in relation to the establishment and maintenance of governance systems in the context of the nation state. One of the key fault-lines in this discourse lies in the role played by the individual against that of the collective. At the centre of the argument lies a disagreement on conceptions of justice and how these relate to acceptance by the society involved as to the legitimacy or acceptability of the state being established. This thesis aims to examine these arguments with respect to a case study which is at once both highly particular and unusually apposite for that analysis. The case is Somaliland, which is undergoing a transition from a kinship-based system that emphasises discursive democracy to the establishment of an increasingly viable system of representative democracy. That this process has occurred in the shadow of Somaliland’s southern neighbour, the erstwhile Republic of Somalia, a country of which the international diplomatic community still insists Somaliland is a part, yet one which is unable to establish a viable system of government itself, adds relevance to the analysis. One of the key periods in Somaliland’s transition began in 1990, just prior to the fall of the Siyaad Barre regime at the beginning of 1991, and 1997 when an interim constitution was adopted, ending a final period of conflict within Somaliland. While there remain small if vociferous sections of the population wedded to reunification with Somalia, the successful staging of a series of elections and the fact that renewed widespread conflict has failed to materialise attest to the evident fact that the accommodations reached between 1990 and 1997 enjoy the support of the vast majority of the population. In order to understand the 1990-97 period, though, it is also necessary to examine the complex links between Somalis and the political and social changes that have occurred over the years. This thesis therefore examines the changes wrought by shifting patterns of trade and pastoralism, and in particular those of the colonial era, and in that light examines the 1990-97 transition using a framework synthesised from the theories of the deliberative democracy of John Rawls and the Institutional Analysis of Elinor Ostrom and her colleagues at the Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis. It aims both to interrogate the synthesised conceptual framework and to refine it, in the process examining the case study and attempting to gain an understanding of some of the key elements that have permitted the emergence of a viable system of state.
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Lojková, Tereza. "Eritrea a Somaliland - komparace snah o získání nezávislosti". Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-4575.
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The aim of this thesis is to compare efforts of Eritrea and Somaliland to obtain independence and to find out why Eritrea was in independence obtaining succesful and Somaliland not. Chapter 1 offers a basic theoretical background concerning a question of international law and formation of a state. Based on basic international law documents regarding this topic it describes crucial terms and principles. Further it discusses a question of secession justifiability and it concerns also application of theoretical principles in reality. Chapter 2 includes basic geographical information and ethnical characteristics of population of both regions. Chapter 3 briefly describes history of both states from their emergence up to the beginning of fifties of the last century. The aim of this chapter is to describe international and internal influences which formed uniqueness of both regions within parent states which later supported the efforts to obtain independence. Chapter 4 is devoted to a concrete description of both areas' efforts to obtain independence in the second half of 20th century. It focuses mainly on international negotiations regarding future of both countries, formation and development of independence movements and the concrete course of independence declaration. Chapter 5 evaluates the course and results of independence struggle in both countries.
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Holzer, Georg-Sebastian. "Somaliland : ein Beispiel für erfolgreiche Staatsbildung in Afrika /". Frankfurt, M. Berlin Bern Bruxelles New York, NY Oxford Wien Lang, 2009. http://d-nb.info/997135077/04.
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Mohamed, Jama. "Constructing colonial hegemony in the Somaliland protectorate, 1941-1960". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1996. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/NQ50037.pdf.
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Woolner, Christina. "The labour of love songs : voicing intimacy in Somaliland". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/286359.
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This dissertation is about the work of love songs in Hargeysa, Somaliland. In a setting where music and expressions of love are conspicuously absent from public soundscapes, I explore the lives and labour of a genre as it moves and is moved across time and space, the singing and speaking voices that animate these songs, and the entanglement of love songs in the mediation of intimacy and the shaping of contested post-war soundscapes. What, I ask, is a love song? In a setting marked by war, where music-making and expressions of love are contested, what do love songs do? And how do they do what they do? In answering these questions, I take love songs in motion as my primary ethnographic object and investigate the "labour" of love songs in two senses: the intimate human labour by which love songs are made, circulated, heard, performed and put to assorted uses, and the social-aesthetic-affective labour that a genre itself performs. Based on eighteen months of field-research with poets, musicians, singers, music-lovers and love-suffering audiences in Hargeysa, I track love songs through various stages of their multi-faceted lives: as they first come into the world through the collaboration of a poet and his muse, a musician and a singer; as they circulate and are re-animated alongside stories of singers and stories of encounters; as they are re-figured by the ears and voices of attentive listeners; as their sounding is learned by musicians; and as their live performance is negotiated and received in contested urban terrain. I show the primary labour of love songs to be the distillation, performance and creation of intimate social relations: intimate relations predicated on "dareen-wadaag" ("feeling-sharing") that transcend everyday cleavages and prohibitions, and that have the power to shape both individuals' personal intimate lives and the socio-political worlds in which songs move and do their work. I argue that love songs' ability to distill and open space for intimacy rests on an ideology of voice that figures the voice as a deeply personal mode of self-expression and the simultaneously multi-vocal practices of voicing by which love songs are animated. In other words, the "voice" is made - and made intimate - by its multi-faceted multi-vocal sociality. In so doing, this dissertation contributes to understandings of the workings and power of popular culture in Africa and beyond, recent anthropological efforts to hold together the sonic and social dynamics of the "voice", and broader anthropological conversations about the mediated, multi-vocal making of persons and social worlds.
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Lochery, Emma. "Generating power : electricity provision and state formation in Somaliland". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:0d386359-b711-4137-bd3c-0aeb78a12c39.
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The dissertation uses the lens of electricity provision to examine processes of state formation in Somaliland, an unrecognized, self-declared independent state in the northwest of the former Somali Republic. The dissertation focuses on Hargeisa, the capital city at the heart of Somaliland's state-building project. After the collapse of the Somali state in 1991, private companies arose from the ruins of Hargeisa and turned the lights back on, navigating a fragmented post-war landscape by mobilizing local connections and transnational ties. However, being dependent on the political settlement that engendered the peace necessary for business, emerging private power providers were tied into a state-building project. The dissertation analyses the resulting tensions at the heart of this project, by examining the struggle to define the role, extents and limits of an emerging state in an interconnected world. Based on interviews in Somaliland and a survey of news media and grey literature, the dissertation has three aims. First, it provides a view into how social order and service provision persist after the collapse of the state. Secondly, it investigates how patterns of provision emerging in the absence of the state shape subsequent processes of state formation. Finally, it discusses how patterns of provision affect the interaction of state-building and market-making. In order to fulfil these aims, the dissertation examines how people invest in the project of building a state, both materially and discursively. The chapters present a narrative history of the electricity sector, explaining the attempts of both private companies and the government to claim sovereignty over the market and shape statehood in their own interests. The struggles shaping Somaliland's economic order reveal the contemporary significance of transnational connections, interconnected systems of capital flows, and the rise of corporate business actors. At the same time, they underline the abiding power of social structure, local identities, and historical memory.
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Öberg, Mattias. "Why Peace Where War Prevails? : Comparing Puntland and Somaliland". Thesis, Umeå universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-175172.
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For long the discipline of peace studies have investigated causes of war, rather than causes of peace, in an African context. In the northern peripheries of Somalia, a nation ravaged by civil war and conflict, two apparent peace zones have emerged following the complete state collapse of 1991: Somaliland and Puntland. The study explores whether or not these two realities of peace can be defined and characterised as Zones of Peace, or sanctuaries, amidst a civil war. Utilising the analytical tools of Zones of Peace – hitherto applied on conflictual contexts elsewhere but the Horn of Africa – this study suggests that both Somaliland and Puntland are, despite the territorial conflict between them, peace zones granting shelter from the civil war. Suggestively, peace has prevailed in both Puntland and Somaliland due to Somalia’s deteriorated situation, not in spite of it. The study concludes that in order to optimise research concerning Somaliland’s and Puntland’s peace(s), the framework of Zones of Peace can offer in-depth insights on local everyday milieus. The framework partially explains why these local peace(s) has lasted despite lacking external attention and allow for thorough comparison between two homogenous cases. Lastly, both Puntland’s and Somaliland’s inviolability and durability remain unchallenged and rigorous, possibly because of the civil war’s status quo, and since the international community’s foci on south- and central Somalia persists.
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VITTURINI, ELIA. "The Gaboye of Somaliland: Legacies of Marginality, Trajectories of Emancipation". Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/180856.
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A partire da una ricerca etnografica condotta tra il 2014 ed il 2015 nella città di Hargeisa, capitale della Repubblica del Somaliland (Somalia), la tesi illustra la traiettoria storica di trasformazione di una forma di marginalizzazione socio-politico-economica di cui sono oggetto i Gaboye, un agglomerato di gruppi minoritari locali. Tale marginalizzazione veniva descritta da autori di epoca coloniale (viaggiatori, studiosi, funzionari coloniali) come segregazione di “casta”. L’oggetto in questione apre squarci analitici sia su importanti snodi storici di mutamento sociale che hanno interessato l’area – quali i processi migratori che determinarono l’espansione urbana nell’area ed altre trasformazioni del tessuto economico occorse a partire dall’epoca coloniale – sia su temi e strumenti concettuali su cui antropologi e storici si interrogano in relazione ad altri contesti africani (e non solo), quali la relazione tra status ascritti, segregazione professionale, esclusione dagli scambi matrimoniali e stratificazione sociale.Drawing on fieldwork conducted in 2014 and 2015 in Hargeysa, the capital of the Republic of Somaliland (Somalia), the dissertation presents the historical and ethnographic reconstruction of the social position held by a cluster of minority groups. They have a much lower population than the other Somalilander genealogical groups and are instantly identified as being subject to certain forms of discrimination such as marriage segregation and being associated with occupational tasks despised by the rest of society. The most common denomination applied to them, across all Somali territories, is Gaboye. The main objectives of this research are to define the dynamic contours of this form of marginality and to reconstruct how it gradually lost the attributes of a social institution. Scholars and travellers of the colonial period defined this institution in terms of ‘caste’ because it implied the integration of ascribed status, notions of ritual impurity, occupational and marriage segregation. The analysis examines the trajectories of emancipation and the plastic ways of being at the ‘margins’ of political institutions and of economic networks that have affected the lives of the Gaboye from the colonial period until today. This historical and ethnographic investigation encompasses a range of aspects of the social, political and economic life of the people of the north-western Somali territories, the first of which is the urbanisation waves that started in the 1920s in the British Protectorate of Somaliland, and their implications for local populations. The subsequent ones are the transformations of ‘traditional’ institutions such as the co-contribution to blood compensation and the establishment of their genealogical group leadership, the different forms of inhabiting urban areas in the post-colonial and the post-civil war periods, the transformations of urban based businesses intended either as economic sectors or objects of social representations and finally the connections between contemporary forms of transnational migration and the reproduction of economic vulnerability.
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Richards, Rebecca. "Challenging the ideal? : traditional governance and the modern state in Somaliland". Thesis, University of Bristol, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.503876.
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Increasing attention paid to state-building and reconstruction of post-conflict states has highlighted significant deficiencies in the practice of state-building, largely brought on by a lack of knowledge and expertise, but also because of a narrow and intrusive view of what a state can and should be. By examining assumptions underlying much of the literature on weak, fragile and failed states, the myth of the 'ideal' state is highlighted; through this it is possible to understand, and also critique. the expectations for state formation or state-building and what a state 'should be.' An idea case study for this, and thus the focus of this thesis, is Somaliland, an unrecognised state in the Horn of Africa. For all pretences, Somaliland is a separate entity from its southern neighbour, and is often referred to as the 'model' of state formation in Africa.
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Sandstrom, Karl. "Modes of mobilisation : socio-political dynamics in Somaliland, Somalia, and Afghanistan". Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2088.
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This thesis provides a framework for viewing socio-political contexts and how these relate to interventionist projects. The framework draws on and combines strands from international relations and sociological perspectives of social interaction. The central question becomes how intervention and existing social contexts interact to produce unintended outcomes. It applies the analysis to two separate wider contexts: Afghanistan and Somalia, with a particular focus on the self-declared independent Somaliland as an internally generated and controlled transformational process. Unlike abstract directions of theoretical development the framework seeks to provide a platform that sets aside ideological assumptions and from which interventionist projects can be observed and evaluated based on literature, field observations and interviews. Drawing on such diverse influences as fourth generation peace and conflict studies, Morphogenetics, and social forces theory, the framework explores conditions and interest formations to capture instances of local agency that are part of a continuity of local realities. It views social interaction without imposing Universalist value assumptions, but also without resorting to relativism or raising so many caveats that it becomes impractical. It exposes the agency of local interest formations hidden beneath the discourses of ideologically framed conflicts. These social agents are often dismissed as passive victims to be brought under the influence of for example the state, but are in reality able to subvert, co-opt, constrain or facilitate the forces that are dependent on them for social influence. In the end, it is the modes of mobilisation that emerge as the most crucial factor for understanding the relevant social dynamics.
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Tahir, Abdifatah I. "Urban governance, land conflicts and segregation in Hargeisa, Somaliland : historical perspectives and contemporary dynamics". Thesis, University of Sussex, 2017. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/70417/.
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This thesis offers an explanation for why urban settlement in Somaliland's capital city of Hargeisa is segregated along clan lines. The topic of urban segregation has been neglected in both classic Somali studies, and recent studies of post-war state-building and governance in Somaliland. Such negligence of urban governance in debates over state-making stems from a predominant focus on national and regional levels, which overlooks the institutions governing cities. Yet urban governance can provide key insights into the nature and quality of interaction between people and the local state, and the processes of making and unmaking of Somali urban spaces. Given the rapid urban growth in the Somali populated territories, I propose a shift in focus to explore city spaces, as a means of deepening understanding of Somali social, political and spatial organisation. In advancing this proposed shift, the thesis scrutinises the nexus between governance and segregation in Hargeisa, drawing on urban ethnographic methods, interview and archival sources. I argue that segregation in the city can be understood as the spatial manifestation of governance practices across colonial and postcolonial periods, in intersection with bottom up processes, particularly the quest for security and peacebuilding in what is largely characterised as a hybrid order. The concept of hybrid governance – while capturing important aspects of control over city space - is often insufficiently historicised and politicised to convey the complex intersection of state institutions, clan and sub-clan allegiance and traditional authorities. My analysis thus situates recent urban governance and conflicts over land in a longer history of municipal governance, urban land administration and conflict adjudication. This historical perspective is important for the understanding of how segregation has been reproduced over time, and adds a new dimension to the understandings of the drivers and dynamics of Hargeisa's spatial character.
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Rehnberg, Manglaris Anton, Gustav Blom y Henrik Svensson. "Att skapa välbefinnande i internationella samarbeten : - En kvalitativ studie baserad på diskurser i Somaliland". Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-29210.
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Syftet med denna uppsats är att med utgångspunkt i de diskurser politiskt aktiva personer i Somaliland beskriver studera hur internationella möten påverkar dessa individers välbefinnande utifrån ett pedagogiskt perspektiv. Baserat på dessa diskurser kan studien bidra till en bredare förståelse kring hur kopplingen mellan pedagogik och välbefinnande i internationella samarbeten ser ut och är därför av värde att studera. Frågeställningar som är kopplat till syftet är följande: Vilka faktorer, tolkat utifrån diskurserna, bör internationella möten bygga på för att välbefinnande hos mötesdeltagarna ska uppstå? Utifrån diskurserna, hur bör deltagarna i internationella möten agera utifrån ett pedagogiskt perspektiv för att välbefinnande inom mötesgruppen ska uppstå? Undersökningen i den här studien är av det kvalitiva slaget och bygger på semi-strukturerade intervjuer med öppna frågor. Urvalsgruppen bestod av sex politiskt aktiva personer från Somaliland som är deltagande inom internationella samarbeten. Intervjuerna har analyserats med hjälp av en kvalitativ innehållsanalys och delas upp i olika teman som i detta fall är de diskurser som uppstått. Dessa teman synliggjordes i resultatet som diskurserna status och makt, socialt samspel, kommunikation och interaktion. Resultatet analyserades med hjälp av fyra teorier: Empowerment har uitgångspunkten att varken individer eller samhälle kan uppnå en god hälsa/folkhälsa utan själva kontrollera och styra över de förhållanden som bestämmer över vår hälsa. Samarbetshälsa är en term benämner hur sociala och känslomässiga reaktioner uppstår i interaktion och samarbete med andra. Det sociokulturella perspektivet behandlar hur människor samspelar med varandra redan i början av livet. Rollteorin handlar om hur människors beteenden styrs i sociala sammanhang av olika former av roller som bestäms av individens uppfattningar. Av analysen av resultatet kunde tre stycken grundteman hittas som utgjorde diskurserna och dessa var Status och makt, Socialt samspel, samt Kommunikation och Interaktion. Resultatet visar att informanterna utifrån deras diskurs anser att känsla av egenmakt är av stor betydelse för välbefinnandet. Att samtidigt vara bidragande till utveckling ansågs också vara en punkt för ökat välbefinnande. Resultatet visar en tydlig positiv inverkan av att bidra på den internationella arenan och många informanter talar om respekt och öppen kommunikation som vägen till ett demokratiskt och jämnt fördelande i mötena. Diskurserna visade även att skapandet av goda relationer mellan deltagare i internationella samarbeten kan leda till vänskap vilket är något som informanterna vill uppnå och som i sin tur kan leda till välbefinnande.
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Ali, Nimo-ilhan. "The growth of higher education in Somaliland : implications to the higher education-development nexus". Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2016. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/23789/.
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Salah, A. A. "Epidemiological studies on camel trypanosomosis (surra) and its control and economic impact in Somaliland". Thesis, Salah, A.A. (2016) Epidemiological studies on camel trypanosomosis (surra) and its control and economic impact in Somaliland. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2016. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/36203/.
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Surra is a disease caused by the pathogenic trypanosome, Trypanosoma evansi, and is distributed throughout Africa, Asia and South America. The study outlined in this thesis was conducted to determine the epidemiology of trypanosomosis in camels, its economic impact on camels raised under a traditional pastoral production system and potential vectors that could transmit the disease between camels in Somaliland. Prior to this study there was limited information on the distribution and impact of surra in camels in Somaliland, although field reports indicated significant losses of production and consequently impact on the livelihood of pastoralists.
In this study 2,575 camels were sampled from 144 herds and tested with the CATT/T. evansi. The animal level test seroprevalence observed was 26.4% (95% CI 24.8, 28.2) (real prevalence after adjusting for test sensitivity and specificity was 38.2%; 95% CI: 36.0, 40.0). The seroprevalence varied significantly between regions (p < 0.05) with a higher level (37.2%) in Sahil than in Awdal (19.3%) or Waqoyi Galbed (17.4%).
A susceptible-infectious-subclinical (SIC) model was constructed in order to determine criteria for successful disease control by mass and targeted chemotherapy. This was used to simulate and estimate the economic benefits of four different control options against surra in camels. Adopting biannual treatment of all camels, monthly targeted treatment of clinically sick camels or biannual targeted treatment of seropositive camels was estimated to result in a benefit of US$141,431, 170,577 and 114,625 per village (80 camels) for a five year period in the study area, respectively.
The prevalence after five years of control was predicted to be 7.4, 6.4 and 6.7% for the biannual treatment of all camels, monthly targeted treatment of clinically sick camels or biannual targeted treatment of seropositive camels, respectively compared with 72.2% if no treatments were applied. The annual revenue lost in the studied camel herds was estimated at US$404,630 (20159 camels studied) if no treatment was administered. The greatest loss was associated with decreased milk yield (US$314,630).
As part of this research Nzi and biconical traps were set to trap tabanids responsible for transmitting trypanosomosis. Three genera of tabanids were trapped (Philoliche, Tabanus and Haematopota) and these flies were recognised as potential vectors of trypanosomosis in camels. Philoliche species were the most widely distributed and abundant biting flies in the area. The activity of the biting flies differed throughout the day, with the highest activity observed in the middle of the day and the lowest in the afternoon. There was a significant difference between the alighting sites of biting flies on camels, with the lower body and belly of camels being the preferred sites compared to the upper body (head, neck and hump). In this study on average 0.87 ± 0.34 flies of the Philoliche genus alighted on the lower body and belly of camels in the middle of the day.
The results of this study strongly support the need for implementation of surveillance and control programs for trypanosomosis in camel herds in Somaliland.
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Mandorff, Fanny. "State-building´s impact on Democratization : A case study of Somaliland´s Upper House of Parliament". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-347572.
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Haginour, Faisal. "The challenges of tax administration in Somaliland Ministry of Finance: a critical analysis of institutional perspective". University of the Western Cape, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6802.
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Masters in Public Administration - MPAThis research focuses on the challenges of tax administration in Somaliland Ministry of Finance (MOF). The study analyses existing challenges in the MOF-Tax Administration, causes of these challenges, the impact of these challenges on domestic revenue collection as well as the country’s economic growth and development. In order to obtain a desirable, comprehensive, and in-depth understanding of the research problem, the researcher applied a mixed method approach, thereby limiting the weaknesses of using the quantitative or qualitative research approach alone. The sample size consisted of 63 staff members. The research included 57 questionnaires for 57 employees and lower level managers as well as 6 interviews for top and middle-level managers in Somaliland Inland Revenue Department. The data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS), Ms. Excel, and conceptual analysis, where themes were developed and analyzed. The key findings of the research were that Somaliland tax administration faces immense challenges that can be broadly grouped into three categories: institutional challenges, attitudinal challenges as well as political and economic challenges. These challenges are mainly due to the absence of professional staff, the lack of taxpayers’ education, outdated tax laws, non-compliance behavior of taxpayers, rigidity of the tax system, and poor public trust amongst others. These challenges restrained tax revenue collection, public service provision, investments, and economic growth issues. Therefore, the recommendations, accordingly made in this thesis, include, amongst others, the need to establishing a professional training center for staff, automating tax procedure, implementing effective performance appraisal system, and the regular updating of tax policies to establish a transparent, accountable and equitable tax system in Somaliland.
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Nardone, Francesca. "Reworking Italian colonial rhetoric: the case of Italian newspapers and the Trust territory of Somaliland (1950-1960)". Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Institutionen för kultur och samhälle, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-38406.
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At the end of the Second World War Italy, contrary to what happened after the first one, found itself in the ranks of the defeated countries and this implied the loss of the African colonies. The research develops from the need to understand how Italian public opinion was actually involved in the national and international debate regarding the future of the former Italian colonies and how Italy's return to Somalia with the international mandate entrusted to it by the UN was reported, while the19th century concept of colonialism was said to be outdated. An analysis of the newspapers such as La Stampa, Corriere della Sera, l'Unità and Avanti! will reveal whether there was a continuity with the colonial rhetoric of the liberal and then fascist period and whether there was a difference between the narrative made by the national newspapers and the party newspapers.
22
Karlsson, Markus. "När gräsrötter blir eliter - En problematiserande studie av lokalt "bottom-up"-fredsbyggande och dess effekter i Somaliland". Thesis, Malmö högskola, Institutionen för globala politiska studier (GPS), 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-21595.
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Denna uppsats är en problematiserande studie av fredsbyggandet i Somaliland efter självständighetsutropet 1991, där fokus läggs på att undersöka huruvida detta fredsarbete var så lokalt förankrat och ”bottom-up” som man efter en första anblick kan ana i och med utvecklingen ’självständighetsutropande-fred-demokratisering’. För att studera detta har jag valt att bland annat titta på vilka strukturer som rådde gällande fredsarbetet, bland annat utifrån kvinnors roller och deltagande. Vidare görs en bedömning huruvida fredsbyggandet i efterhand kan sägas vara lyckat eller inte och effekten av Somalilands status som icke-erkänd kvasistat gällande fredsbyggande undersöks. Teoretiskt sett grundar sig uppsatsen bland annat på Lederachs tankar om fredsbyggande, och resultatet har framkommit utifrån en kvalitativ litteraturstudie där begreppshistorik utgjort en viktig del av metoden. Undersökningen har visat att även om fredsarbetet internationellt sett kan klassificeras som ”bottom-up” var det nationellt sett relativt elitistiskt då stora samhällsgrupper, däribland kvinnor trots deras viktiga fredsbyggande roller, uteslöts från till exempel fredsförhandlingar, samt att statusen som kvasistat inte enbart är negativ utan också bidrar till stabilitet. Nyckelord: Somaliland, fredsbyggande, ”bottom-up”, kvinnors roller i fredsarbetet, kvasistat, Somalia.This essay problemizes the peace building in Somaliland after the declaration of independence in 1991, with the main aim to research whether this peace building process was as local and bottom-up as one might think after a short glimpse of the development; ‘declaration of independence – peace – democratization’. To accomplish this, I have examined the structures surrounding the peace building efforts, among other things on the basis of women’s roles and participation. I also assess the outcome of the peace building process in order to be able to mark it as a success or not, and the effect on which Somaliland’s status as a non-recognized quasi-state has had on the peace building is looked upon. The essay is theoretically rooted in, among others, Lederach’s thoughts about peace building, and the conclusions made are a result of a qualitative text analysis where concept analysis plays a major role. The research shows that even if the peace process can be regarded as bottom-up from an international point of view, this is not the case from a national or local view since major parts of the society, including women and in spite of their major role in the peace process were excluded from, for example, negotiations. The research also shows that the status as a quasi-state isn’t exclusively negative since it also contributes to stability.
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Njeri, Sarah. "A Minefield of Possibilities: The viability of Liberal Peace in Somaliland, with particular reference to Mine Action". Thesis, University of Bradford, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/8101.
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The dominant liberal peacebuilding critiques tends to focus on ‘states’ and the failure of interventions in rebuilding them. Consequently, a standardised critique has emerged largely because the critics apply a broad brush across a diverse range of contexts, programmes, issues and activities as illustrated by the lack of scrutiny on mine action and emerging contexts such as Somaliland. The liberal peacebuilding critics critique the standardised ‘one size fits all approach’ employed by interveners, yet they take the same approach. I therefore argue for the need to broaden the critique to include other elements and contexts of peacebuilding. I demonstrate that as an intervention mine action has intrinsic peacebuilding potential. However, the way mine action is implemented both globally and in Somaliland reflects the same dominant characteristics of the liberal peacebuilding critique i.e.; it is externally led; uses technical and standardised formulaic approaches; disregards local context thus failing to secure local ownership. Attributes that the critics argue have led to the failure and/or limited success of peacebuilding interventions. I therefore contend with the critics and demonstrate how these attributes have contributed to the challenges of implementing mine action activities thereby limiting mine actions ‘peace-ability’ potential in Somaliland. However, beyond the implementation modalities there are other factors that further contribute to limiting this potential; these include the Sector Actors; the Somaliland context i.e. the historical and political context, and the perception of Somaliland people. Thus in conclusion I argue for a nuanced critique that acknowledges the challenging realities of implementing programmes in challenging post conflict environments.
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Odenwald, Michael. "The use of the stimulant khat, war-related trauma and psychosis in Somalia how changed use patterns of a traditional drug are related to psychiatric problems in a country in the transition from war to peace /". [S.l. : s.n.], 2006. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:352-opus-23510.
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Farah, Mohamed D. "Tension between the right to external self-determination and territorial integrity in Africa : Somaliland as a case study". Diss., University of Pretoria, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/16760.
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The concept of nation-state was imposed on the African continent.
The African state is not the product of natural growth of the African peoples from tribal societies to nations.The colonial masters brought to Africa a nation-state that was based on legal and philosophical principles evolved elsewhere in the world.These principles became the measurements against which any nation should be tested to qualify for statehood. Accordingly, African borders were drawn.
The two conflicting principles of self-determination and territorial integrity are amongst those principles.
The former entails the right to peoples to determine their destination both politically
and economically. The latter protects countries from fragmentation. The irony is how to ensure that all peoples achieve their right to self-determination and at the same
time, national states are protected from dissolution.Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2010.
A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervision of Dr. Magnus Killander of the Faculty of Law, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa. 2010.
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/
Centre for Human Rights
LLM
26
Wiuff, Moe Louise. "Towards alternative precepts of statehood in Africa : the role of traditional authorities in reconstituting governance and state in Somaliland". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1907.
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Thesis (MA (Political Science))--Stellenbosch University, 2009.In recent years it has become increasingly evident that the idea of the state as a universal (Western) type of governance structure, i.e. a set of bureaucratic institutions headed by a central government with the capacity and interest to govern all of its territory, is incongruent with realities on the ground, particularly within the African continent. The 1990s has been a critical period in the evolution of African statehood, during which old strategies of state control have broken down. While this has given rise to a debate on the ‘failure’ of African statehood, it has also led to attempts to revise and expand theories and concepts of statehood and set off a search for more indigenous and empirically viable alternatives to the state as it was devised by the European colonizers. This thesis aims at contributing to the debate on the challenges and potentials of contemporary African statehood by investigating the case of de facto statehood in Somaliland emerging on the backdrop of state failure in Somalia. The collapse of the de jure state of the Republic of Somalia in 1991 provided an opportunity for Somaliland to fundamentally redefine the pillars of statehood and governance. This entailed the combining of modern institution building with traditional practices of governance, to in this way bolster the capacity and legitimacy of the new de facto state in the north of what is formally recognized as Somalia. Drawing on the analytical framework of ‘mediated state’ provided by Ken Menkhaus, this thesis explores Somaliland’s self-reliant path to state formation as well as the governance structures which underpin its contemporary statehood. Particular attention is given to the role of traditional authorities as driving forces behind state formation and as a means of complementing the under-capacitated state institutions. The study thus relates to the debate on the resurgence of traditional leadership in Africa. The resurgence of traditional leadership within governance is a tendency which is part of a broader development of the reconfiguration of the state in Africa since the early 1990s – a tendency which introduces new possibilities, as well as new risks, in terms of reconstituting new viable governance structures. The study concludes that Somaliland’s approach to state formation demonstrates an impressive indigenous alternative to externally driven top-down attempts to revive centralized statehood, and that the case also challenges the perception that the breakdown of old strategies of state control necessarily leads to generalized anarchy. The study, however, also points out some risks involved in the exercise of the state and the traditional authorities ‘converting’ different forms of power between different realms of governance, and concludes that collaboration between the state and traditional authorities does not per se counteract undemocratic governance practices. On this basis the study suggests that the new ambiguous roles of traditional authorities within governance in Africa merit more academic attention.
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Balthasar, Dominik. "State-making in Somalia and Somaliland : understanding war, nationalism and state trajectories as processes of institutional and socio-cognitive standardization". Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2012. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/572/.
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Although the conundrums of why states falter, how they are reconstituted, and under what conditions war may be constitutive of state-making have received much scholarly attention, they are still hotly debated by academics and policy analysts. Advancing a novel conceptual framework and analysing diverse Somali state trajectories between 1960 and 2010, this thesis adds to those debates both theoretically and empirically. The core issues examined are why and how Somaliland managed to establish state-run structures of governance, how far its development paralleled or diverged from past Somali state trajectories, and under what conditions violent conflict advanced or abridged the polities’ varied state-making projects. Drawing on diverse strands of literature on state-building, nationalism and warfare, the thesis develops an original analytical frame to better understand processes of state-making and state-breaking. It argues not only for the need of ‘bringing the nation back in’, but proposes to conceptualize state trajectories in terms of changing levels of institutional and socio-cognitive standardization. Scrutinizing received wisdom, the empirical research presented finds, amongst others, that Somali state trajectories have been less unique than commonly claimed, and proposes that Somaliland’s alleged state-making success between 1991 and 2010 hinged at least as much on autocratic governance, top-down policies and coercive means as on frequently emphasized elements of grassroots peace-making, ‘traditional’ reconciliation and ‘home-grown’ democracy. Conceptually, the project is located at the intersection of political-economy and historical and institutional approaches to state-making. Applying qualitative research framed in comparative case studies the thesis not only advances the theoretical debate surrounding issues of state fragility and state-making, but also offers novel insights into Somalia’s history and presents new empirical findings on the frequently romanticised case of Somaliland. Yet, the research results are significant beyond Somali boundaries as they provide relevant insights for our general understanding of state trajectories and the role of conflict in statemaking and state-breaking.
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Sheik, Mohamedamin. "Fredsbyggande från insidan : En jämförande kvalitativ studie om interna partiska- och externa neutrala-medlare i fredsbyggandeprocesser i Somalia". Thesis, Umeå universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-155791.
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Medling är ett viktigt verktyg i verktygslådan för hantering av konflikter. Mycket av forskningen har fokuserat på externa aktörer som kommer från utanför konflikten och som är neutrala till konfliktparterna och sammanhanget, men interna aktörer som är partiska har mindre uppmärksamhet i medlingslitteraturen. Baserat på detta syftar studien till att förstå effekterna av olika typer av medlare, nämligen medling av extern-neutrala och interna-partiska medlare och effektivitetensom dessa medlare kan ha i fredsavtal. Baserat på detta är studiens forskningsfråga, Vilken medling är effektivaste för att nå ett hållbart fredsavtal i bräckliga stater, Inter-partisk eller Extern-neutral medling? För att svara på forskningsfrågan använder studien den kvalitativa metoden av fokuserad och strukturerad jämförelsemetod. Empirisk analys, som omfattar perioden 1991–1998, baserad på medlingsprocesserna i de två fallen av studien, nämligen södra Somalia och den självdeklarerade republiken Somaliland (norra Somalia) används. Studiens hypotes är att interna-partiska medlare är mer sannolikt att generera ett hållbart fredsavtal vilket bygger på förhandlingsteori där trovärdiga bärare av information kan förhindra informationsproblem och därmed skapa hållbar fred. Det empiriska resultatet av studien stödjer denna hypotes.
29
Mehrabi, Wais. "Politics of International Recognition: The Case of Aspirant States". Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1546318678351285.
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Ali, Hassan Zaynab. "Vad krävs för att en presumtiv stat ska få ett de-jure erkännande? : En komparativ studie om att erkänna stater med fokus på fallen Eritrea och Somaliland". Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för lärande, humaniora och samhälle, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-44921.
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What determines that states receive a de-jure recognition is not clear today. The three worlddominant theories constitutive theory, declarative theory and secession-theory all claim different criteria' that a state must meet in order to have the right to be recognized. The purpose of the thesis is to understand if there is a theory that is decisive. The thesis analyses two states, one of which has received international recognition while the other one has not. The thesis concludes that all three theories have the necessary conditions that can lead to recognition. The conditions in the secession theory on having a referendum have proved to be one of the crucial requirements for recognition, at the same time it is fundamental for a new state to meet the declarative theory requirements to have the possibility of recognition at all. However, it is a theory that argues for the decisive criteria, and it is the constitutive theory that claims that recognition from other states, such as the central state, is the main factor in succeeding in obtaining de-jure recognition. Although the criteria's in the other theories are met, it is only after recognition by the central government that membership of the UN can be achieved.Vad som avgör att utbrytarstater erhåller ett de-jure erkännade är idag inte tydligt. De tre världs dominerande teorierna konstitutiva teorin, deklarativa teorin och secession-teorin hävdar alla olika kriterier som en stat måste uppfylla för att ha rätt att erkännas. Syftet med uppsatsen är att förstå vad som krävs för en stat att kunna erhålla ett internationellt erkännande. För att kunna genomföra undersökningen har två stater analyserats där den ena fått ett internationellt erkännande och den andra inte. Uppsatsens slutsats är att alla tre teorier har nödvändiga villkor som kan leda till erkännande. Secession-teorins krav på att ha en folkomröstning visar på en enorm drivprocess till att erkännas, samtidigt så är det grundläggande för en nybliven stat att uppfylla den deklarativa teorin krav för att överhuvudtaget ha möjligheten till erkännande. Däremot kan man finna de avgörande villkoren i den konstitutiva teorin som menar att erkännande från andra stater, såsom central är den främsta faktorn till att lyckas erhålla ett dejure erkännande. Även om kriterierna i den resterande teorin är uppfyllda leder ett erkännande av centralstaten till ett medlemskap i FN som är varje utbrytarstats mål med att avskiljas
31
Hersi, Mohamed Farah. "The possibilites of international prosecution against the former Somali militry regime for human rights abuses in Somaliland from 1981 - 1991: establishing individual criminal and civil responsibility under international law". Diss., University of Pretoria, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/8055.
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Since the aftermath of the brutal civil war in Somaliland, no one has systematically considered the human rights atrocities committed by one of the most brutal regimes in sub-Saharan Africa.
Therefore, it is the objective of this study, firstly, to throw light on the international rules which govern those crimes committed in Somaliland during the military regime. Secondly, the study will apply those rules to the case of Somaliland, based on the available evidence. Thirdly,
the study will establish a case for the international prosecution of those who bear the greatest responsibilities for the human rights atrocities that occurred in Somaliland. Fourthly, this study will investigate which international mechanism provides the best chance of serving as an adequate prosecutorial mechanism. Finally, the study will analyse the role of individual criminal responsibility under international criminal lawThesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2008.
A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervision of Prof. Frans Viljoen of the Faculty of Law, University of Pretoria
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/
Centre for Human Rights
LLM
32
Le, Gouriellec Sonia. "Régionalisme, régionalisation des conflits et construction de l'État : l'équation sécuritaire de la Corne de l’Afrique". Thesis, Paris 5, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA05D015.
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En dépit de sa complexité analytique, la situation sécuritaire de la Corne de l’Afrique peut être soumise aux outils de la Science politique afin de mieux comprendre les interactions entre les différents acteurs. Cette recherche s’efforce d’analyser les ressorts d’une équation sécuritaire qui peut paraître insoluble : le régionalisme est-il aujourd’hui un prérequis à l’émergence d’une paix régionale ? Pour répondre à cette question il est nécessaire de comprendre quels rôles jouent les processus sécuritaires régionaux (régionalisation et régionalisme) dans la construction des États de la Corne de l’Afrique. Cette étude s’efforce d’étudier les interactions entre le régionalisme, fondement de l’architecture de paix et de sécurité continentale, la régionalisation des conflits, qui semble à l’oeuvre dans cette région, et les processus de construction/formation de l’État. Les rapports entre les trois termes de l’équation dépendent du contexte et des interactions entre les différentes entités composant la région (États, acteurs non étatiques qui se dressent contre eux ou négocient avec eux et acteurs extérieurs). Deux types de dynamiques sont mises en évidence au terme de cette étude : l’une endogène, l’autre exogène. Dans la première, nous constatons que les conflits participent à la formation de l’État. Ils sont en grande partie des conflits internes et montrent qu’il existe une crise dans l’État. Ces États dominent le processus de régionalisme qui tente de réguler la conflictualité régionale avec un succès relatif puisque les organisations régionales cherchent à renforcer ou reconstruire l’État selon les critères idéalisés de l’État wébérien vu comme source d’instabilité. Le processus exogène se caractérise par le rôle des conflits régionaux dont l’existence sert de justificatif au développement et au renforcement du régionalisme, perçu comme la réponse la plus appropriée à ces problèmes de conflictualités. Cette conflictualité a pour source l’État car celui-ci est perçu comme faible. Le régionalisme permettrait de renforcer les États et diminuerait leurs velléités de faire la guerreIn spite of its analytical complexity, the security context in the Horn of Africa may be submitted to the Political Science’ tools in order to better understand the complex interactions between the various actors. The present research thus seeks to analyze the mechanism underlying what appears as an unsolvable security problem: is regionalism a prerequisite for the emergence of a regional peace? In order to answer this question, it is necessary to understand the role of regional security processes (regionalization and regionalism) in the state formation and state building of the Horn of Africa’s states. This study endeavours to explore the interactions between regionalism, which are inherent in the creation of an African peace and security architecture, the regionalization of conflict, which seems at work in this area, and construction/formation state process. The relationship between the three terms of this equation depends on the context and interactions between the various entities that make up the region (states, non-state actors that stand against them or negotiate with the states and external actors). This study thus reveals two kinds of dynamics at play: an endogenous process and an exogenous one. In the first one conflicts are involved in the formation of the state and are largely internal conflicts. It demonstrates that there is a crisis in the state States dominate the regionalism process which tries to regulate regional conflit with relative success because regional organizations seek to strengthen or rebuild the state according to the idealized criteria of the Weberian State seen as a source of instability. The exogenous process is characterized by the role of regional conflicts whose very existence serves to justify the development and the strenghtening of regionalism thus perceived as the most appropriate answer to those security problems. States are the source of conflicts because they are perceived as weak. Regionalism would strengthen states and reduce the inclination of states to make war
33
Blaha, David Ryan. "Pushing Marginalization: British Colonial Policy, Somali Identity, and the Gosha 'Other' in Jubaland Province, 1895 to 1925". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/76774.
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Throughout the 19th century, large numbers of enslaved people were brought from southeastern Africa to work on Somali plantations along the Benadir Coast and Shebelle River. As these southeast Africans were manumitted or escaped bondage, many fled to the west and settled in the heavily forested and fertile Gosha district along the Juba River. Unattached, lacking security, and surrounded by Somalis-speaking groups, these refugees established agricultural communities and were forced to construct new identities. Initially these riverine peoples could easily access clan structures and political institutions of surrounding Somali sub-clans, which in pre-colonial Jubaland were relatively fluid, open, and—in time—would have allowed these groups to become assimilated into Somali society. British colonial rule however changed this flexibility. Somali identity, once porous and accessible, became increasingly more rigid and exclusive, especially towards the riverine ex-slave communities—collectively called the Gosha by the British—who were subsequently marginalized and othered by these new "Somali." This project explores how British colonial rule contributed to this process and argues that in Jubaland province a "Somali" identity coalesced largely in opposition to the Gosha.Master of Arts
34
Noor, Asha Davood. "Internationellt erkännande : En studie utifrån Syd Sudan och Somalilands självständighetssökande". Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för statsvetenskap (ST), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-34999.
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The intention of this study is to investigate why some regions, which choose to secede from their parent country, are internationally recognized and others are not. The case studies of this study are South Sudan and Somaliland. South Sudan is as of now the world’s newest state, and Somaliland is a break-away state that is considered a part of Somalia by the International community. There are conditions that have to be fulfilled, before existing nations recognize the break-away state, such as an agreement between the seceded state and the parent country, which was the case for South Sudan and Sudan. Somaliland, on the other hand, has yet not been recognized despite its search for recognition for 23 years. Somaliland was declared independent, in 1991, after fall of Siad Barre’s regime. However, due to the current state of Somalia and its inability to form a working government, it is difficult for Somaliland to reach an agreement of possible sovereignty with Somalia. This study is a comparative case study and by using theories concerning secession, the idea is to draw a conclusion regarding the conditions of international recognition.
35
Rader, Anna C. "Verification and legibility in Somaliland's identity architecture". Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2016. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/23653/.
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Ahmed, Hassan Suleiman. "An analytical understanding of how external sources inform and impact upon Somaliland’s national education and teacher education policy making processes". Thesis, Brunel University, 2009. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/3986.
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This thesis investigates how external sources inform and impact Somaliland’s national teacher education policy making processes. In this research, external factor is mainly constituted by INGOs that are helping Somaliland’s education and teacher education re-construction which are considered to be part of wider global-national interactions. The conceptual frameworks of policy making processes, policy transfer, lesson drawing and policy learning are used to develop the theoretical perspectives that inform the research question. Constructivist’s qualitative research approach which utilises critical discourse analysis as the principle methodology has been used to gain an understanding of the discursive construction of meaning about Somaliland’s education reforms and analyse the discourses of teacher education and teacher professionalism that are evident in three contemporary education reform policy documents and interview data. This thesis considered policy making processes as a contested, dynamic and multidimensional phenomena and has acknowledged the centrality of power and resources in policy making processes. The analysis of the research data constructed Somaliland’s education reforms as a discourse of human capital. This had implications for the strategies for managing change, quality and improvement perception, and reconceptualisations of teacher education and teacher professionalism. The thesis concludes with concerns about the contextual visibility to implement the new discourses of education and teacher education and calls for increased policy learning, capacity building, resource increase and modernisation of institutions as well as change of the culture of work.
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Jhazbhay, M. Iqbal D. "Somaliland: post-war nation-building and international relations, 1991-2006". Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/4942.
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Abstract
This thesis is intended to explore the international relations of emerging nation-building in the Somali coast, with particular reference to the un-recognised Republic of Somaliland in the north-western Horn of Africa region. This study focuses on the international relations of Somaliland’s international quest for recognition, linked to its own culturally-rooted internal reconciliatory post-war nation-building efforts. Informed by written as well as first-hand research interviews, particular focus is placed in this study on the interplay of internal and external forces in shaping a strategy by Somaliland’s elites for acquiring international recognition and national selfdetermination.
These are placed within the broader regional and international context of attempts to resuscitate the Somali state, an endeavour offering a fitting assessment of different modalities of African nation-building within the greater Somali environment. In relative analytic terms, the competitive international relations of nation-building in Somaliland and state reconstitution in southern Somalia informs the underlying hypothesis of this thesis: Somaliland’s example as a study in the efficacy of the internally-driven,
culturally-rooted ‘bottom-up’ approach to post-war nation-building and regional
stability, and the implications this holds for prioritising reconciliation between
indigenous traditions and modernity in achieving stability in nation-building. By
contrast, the internationally-backed ‘top-down’ approach to reconstituting a
Mogadishu-based Somali state remains elusive. Yet, the international status quo
regarding the affording of diplomatic recognition to what are normally considered
secessionist ‘break-away’ regions of internationally recognised states, complicates Somaliland’s culturally rooted ‘bottom-up’ modalities. It also challenges the African Union (AU) during the ‘good governance’ era of the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD), a context within which Somaliland fits comfortably as a good citizen of the international community.
The international relations of the Somaliland nation-building enterprise is approached from a ‘quadrilateral framework’ of interactive elements to the Somaliland experience: Reconciliation, Reconstruction, Religion and Recognition. This framework informs the four core chapters of the thesis.
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Dahir, Mustafe Mohamed H. "Non-recognition of Somaliland in international law and its legal implications for foreign investment". Diss., 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/30124.
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Lavoie, Samuel. "Komparativní analýza neúspěšných strategií k získání mezinárodního uznání: Somaliland, Podněstří a Náhorní karabach". Master's thesis, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-415630.
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Author Samuel Lavoie Thesis Diplomacy and Diplomatic Institutions of Unrecognized De Facto States Somaliland, Transnistria and Artsakh (2020) Abstract As a topic, international recognition has been increasingly studied over the past twenty years, particularly since Kosovo's unilateral declaration of independence from Serbia in 2008. This thesis attempts to advance our understanding of the underlying causes of the inability to gain political recognition by examining several factors that have been omitted from the academic literature. Specifically, it examines several key aspects of the diplomatic institutions, personnel, and approaches of three unrecognized de facto states that meet most of the criteria for statehood under international law, but have so far received no recognition recognized states. These entities are Somaliland, Transnistria, and Artsakh. This paper also draws on partially recognized states and finds that geopolitical and ideological factors generally prevail over diplomatic ones as the main drivers of political recognition. This is especially true when an entity is located in an area of fierce rivalry for influence, such as the PMR and the Republic of Artsakh. However, while remaining a secondary factor, diplomacy becomes more important for international recognition when the interests of...
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Schlegel, Lisa. "Afrikas neue soziale Räume in der globalen Ordnung: Die Politik der Europäischen Union gegenüber Somalia und Somaliland". 2016. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A70945.
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Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit der Reaktion der Europäischen Union (EU) auf den so wahrgenommenen Zerfall des somalischen Staates. Sie nimmt sowohl den dominierenden Diskurs zu Somalia als auch die politische Praxis der EU gegenüber Somalia sowie gegenüber Somaliland und Puntland, die hier als neue soziale Räume bzw. De-facto-Staaten diskutiert werden, in den Fokus. Es werden Kerndokumente der EU-Somalia-Politik und Aussagen des mit Somalia betrauten Personals im Hinblick auf Raum- und Territorialitätsbezüge diskursiv analysiert. Die empirische Untersuchung hebt darauf ab, den internationalen Umgang mit Somalia – insbesondere im Hinblick auf das Politik- und Handlungsfeld der Entwicklungskooperation und seine Akteure – innerhalb eines spezifischen Spannungsfelds zu analysieren. Dieses Spannungsfeld ist durch politische Kontinuität in Form staatszentrierter Politikansätze auf der einen Seite und pragmatische Anpassungen an veränderte räumliche Realitäten in der politischen Praxis auf der anderen Seite gekennzeichnet.
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Šůcha, Václav. "Rozdělení Súdánu: Možný scénař pro další africké země?" Master's thesis, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-333243.
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The aim of diploma thesis ,,Split of Sudan: Possible scenario for other African countries?" is to analyze internal and external causes of South Sudan's secession and to find out, if these causes have secessionist potential in the cases of Somaliland in Somalia and Biafra in Nigeria. Among the internal causes, we can find for example nationalism or human rights abuses, while the external causes are represented primarily by the role of international community. After South Sudan's declaration of indendence, many scholars what African countries were going to follow Sudan's scenario. For the same purpose, this thesis is aimed at analyzing the cases of Somalia and Nigeria or Somaliland and Biafra to be more precise. Somaliland has been de facto independent from Somalia since 1991 but it hasn't been recognized by any country yet. Although Biafra only exists on the paper, the local secessionist movement has been seeking an actualization of this political unit existing in the 1960s for many years now. First partial goal of this thesis is to analyze the secession of South Sudan according to set theories of secession and to create a hypothesis about suitable condiditons for other secessions. The rest of the thesis is dedicated to testing given hypothesis in the cases of Somaliland and Biafra.
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Rochambeau, Mathieu. "Udržování zmrazených konfliktů de facto státy pro získání mezinárodního uznání: případové studie Podněstří a Somalilandu". Master's thesis, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-396730.
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This thesis has for major aim to present the de facto state through another approach, by placing their intrinsic frozen conflict situation as a rational choice rather than a symptom of the lack of recognition. To do so, the case studies of Transnistria and Somaliland have been chosen since, the de facto state's academic field had, so far, focus more on the Caucasus' cases - therefore lack of similar comparisons. It appears indeed that, both these cases possess numerous similarities - such as not basing their identity on ethnicity or religion. Thus, through an empirical research, it has been possible to approach the establishment of these two de facto states and the reason behind the lack of international recognition; but also the role and influence of the frozen conflict within their internal evolution as well as their role in its perpetuation; and finally, the place of their parent state and the international community in the continuation of the status quo. It seems thus that, if it remains unlikely to find out if Somaliland and Transnistria do use the frozen conflict as a political tool to reach their political goals - namely international recognition but also identity building -, it appears that all actors involved in these conflicts do benefit from the perpetuation of such status quo.
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Klich, Sebastian Tadeusz. "Normative Standing: De Facto State Identity and International Legitimation". Phd thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/154271.
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This thesis makes an original contribution to the field of de
facto state studies. The robustness and durability of de facto
states in the post-Cold War era has defied scholars’ earlier
predictions of likely impermanence. In the de facto states
literature that followed, a focus on rational choice approaches
permeated the analysis of these states’ international
engagement, however the concept of de facto state identity and
how it shapes the relationship with international society has yet
to be fully explored and analysed. A recent trend towards
examining the legitimation strategies of de facto states has been
restricted by an under-conceptualisation of the social system
that they inhabit, restricting the explanatory utility of
legitimacy as an analytical lens.
Rather than an abnormality, non-recognition has been the norm in
the relationship between de facto states and international
society. A stasis has formed. The under-conceptualisation of the
relationship has remained a partial void that has limited the
understanding of a phenomenon that continues to challenge central
concepts in the discipline of International Relations. The core
objective of this thesis is to address that conceptual need by
synthesising constructivist and English School approaches to
build a conceptual framework of normative standing that enables a
clearer articulation of the relationship between de facto states
and international society. It employs a constructivist
methodology to examine the recognition narrative of de facto
states, in order to conduct constitutive analysis of their state
identities, and to build the foundations of a theory of normative
standing.
Three case studies, with varying degrees of international
engagement and parent state relationships, were selected for the
examination of the application of the conceptual framework.
Together, they provide for an effective generalisation across the
spectrum of de facto states. The three case studies ― Nagorno
Karabakh, Somaliland, and the Kurdistan Region of Iraq ― were
informed by fieldwork interviews conducted in situ. The theory of
normative standing proposed by this thesis proves to be a useful
tool to explain de facto states' endurability, how de facto
statehood has itself become a role identity in the international
system, and the stasis of the relationship between de facto
states and international society.
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Trojan, Wojciech. "Od Czeczenii do Somalilandu. Idea ochrony uchodźców w kontekście kultury organizacyjnej i prawnej urzędu Wysokiego Komisarza ds. Uchodźców". Doctoral thesis, 2017. https://depotuw.ceon.pl/handle/item/2503.
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