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1
Ujvari, Beata, Hee-Chang Mun, Arthur D. Conigrave, Claudio Ciofi y Thomas Madsen. "Invasive toxic prey may imperil the survival of an iconic giant lizard, the Komodo dragon." Pacific Conservation Biology 20, n.º 4 (2014): 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc140363.
Resumen
Although invasive species constitute a major threat to global biodiversity, the introduction of toxic prey into naïve predator faunas may become particularly destructive. An example of such an introduction was the deliberate release of the highly toxic cane toad (Bufo marinus) to the toad-free Australian continent in 1935. Naïve large Australian varanid lizards have recently been shown to suffer a massive increase in mortality (> 95%) when attempting to feed on this toxic amphibian. The high susceptibility of Australian varanids to toad toxin is caused by minor mutations in the sodiumpotassium- ATPase enzyme. In the present study we show that Komodo dragons (Varanus komodoensis) have similar mutations within this enzyme as observed in Australian varanids demonstrating that dragons are extremely susceptible to toad toxin. During the last decade the black-spined toad (Bufo melanostictus) has been able to invade areas close to the five toad-free islands constituting the habitat of Komodo dragons. An invasion of highly toxic black-spined toads into dragon habitats may therefore cause similar dramatic increase in dragon mortality as recorded in Australian varanids imperiling the long-term survival of this giant and iconic lizard.
2
Mo, Matthew. "Asian Black-spined Toads (Duttaphrynus melanostictus) in Australia". Reptiles & Amphibians 24, n.º 3 (1 de diciembre de 2017): 155–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17161/randa.v24i3.14197.
Resumen
With increasing numbers of Asian Black-spined Toads (Duttaphrynus melanostictus) found at Australian seaports and airports since 1999, this species could become Australia’s second invasive toad. Introductions of D. melanostictus have already occurred in other countries, with inadvertent stowaways the principal cause. Three recent incursions have been documented in suburban areas of Sydney and Melbourne.
3
Renoirt, Matthias. "Unusual lack of reproduction in toad populations from agricultural habitats". Herpetological Journal, Volume 31, Number 4 (1 de octubre de 2021): 197–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.33256/31.4.197200.
Resumen
Anthropogenic alterations of habitats can have detrimental consequences for biodiversity. Documenting these effects require monitoring in multiple sites that vary in the degree of alterations over long temporal scales, a task that is challenging. Yet, simple naturalist observations can reveal major ongoing events affecting wild populations, and serve as a basis for further investigations. We quantified breeding parameters of spined toad (Bufo spinosus) populations from forested (preserved) and agricultural (altered) habitats. We found that reproduction did not occur at the sites surrounded by agriculture, while it occurred successfully in ponds from forests. Males were present at all sites, but females, amplexus, egg strings and tadpoles remained absent from agricultural sites. Observations made at the same sites indicated that breeding occurred during previous years. Our observations of habitat- and sex-specific lack of reproduction may have critical consequences for the persistence of populations of a widespread amphibian species in agricultural areas.
4
Skorinov, Dmitriy V., D. S. Bolshakova y D. Donaire. "Karyotypic Analysis of the Spined Toad, Bufo spinosus Daudin, 1803 (Amphibia: Bufonidae)". Russian Journal of Herpetology 25, n.º 4 (30 de octubre de 2018): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.30906/1026-2296-2018-25-4-253-258.
5
Skorinov, Dmitriy V., D. S. Bolshakova y D. Donaire. "Karyotypic Analysis of the Spined Toad, Bufo spinosus Daudin, 1803 (Amphibia: Bufonidae)". Russian Journal of Herpetology 25, n.º 4 (30 de octubre de 2018): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.30906/1026-2296-2019-25-4-253-258.
6
Trujillo, Tania, Jorge Gutiérrez-Rodríguez, Jan W. Arntzen y Iñigo Martínez-Solano. "Morphological and molecular data to describe a hybrid population of the Common toad (Bufo bufo) and the Spined toad (Bufo spinosus) in western France". Contributions to Zoology 86, n.º 1 (14 de febrero de 2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18759866-08601001.
Resumen
The use of hyper-variable markers across species is often hindered by low cross-species amplification success, a reduced level of polymorphism or a high frequency of null alleles. However, optimizing sets of reliable and informative markers that can be consistently amplified and scored across taxa is key to address questions about patterns of genetic diversity and structure, hybridization and speciation. Here we present 14 newly developed microsatellite markers in the Spined toad (Bufo spinosus), assess their polymorphism in two Iberian populations and test for cross-species amplification in the closely related Common toad (Bufo bufo). We then use the 12 loci co-amplifying in both species to the study of a morphologically intermediate population (Moyaux) from the contact zone in northwest France as well as reference populations of the two species from both sides of the contact zone. Individuals from Moyaux had mtDNA haplotypes of the two species and were identified as hybrids in analyses with software NewHybrids. These results provide solid evidence for ongoing hybridization between B. bufo and B. spinosus, with no apparent restrictions to gene flow.
7
Arntzen, Jan W., Jacob McAtear, Roland Butôt y Iñigo Martínez-Solano. "A common toad hybrid zone that runs from the Atlantic to the Mediterranean". Amphibia-Reptilia 39, n.º 1 (2018): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685381-00003145.
Resumen
We document the distribution of the common toadBufo bufoand the spined toadB. spinosusat their contact zone across France with data from a mitochondrial DNA RFLP assay, complementing similar work including nuclear markers in the northwest and southeast of France and in Italy. We also reconstruct geographical clines across the species’ contact zone in central France.Bufo bufois found in the north-eastern half of France.Bufo spinosusis found in the south-western complement. The contact zone they form runs from the Atlantic coast near Caen, France, to the Mediterranean coast near Savona, Italy, and has a length of over 900 km. In central FranceB. bufoandB. spinosusengage in a hybrid zone with a unimodal genetic signature. Hybrid zone width is ca. 10 km at mitochondrial DNA and averages at 61 km for four nuclear loci. The hybrid zone is distinctly asymmetric with a signature ofB. spinosusinB. bufoand not the other way round. We attribute this observation toB. bufomoving southwards at the expense ofB. spinosus, with introgression in the direction of the advancing species. We noted substantial geographic variation in characters for species identification. Morphological species identification performs well in France, but breaks down in Italy. Mitochondrial DNA is inconclusive in south-eastern France and Italy. The nuclear genetic markers perform consistently well but have not yet been applied to the zone in full. Possible, but surely heterogeneous ecological correlates for the position of the hybrid zone are mountains and rivers.
8
Vences, Miguel, Jason L. Brown, Amy Lathrop, Gonçalo M. Rosa, Alison Cameron, Angelica Crottini, Rainer Dolch et al. "Tracing a toad invasion: lack of mitochondrial DNA variation, haplotype origins, and potential distribution of introduced Duttaphrynus melanostictus in Madagascar". Amphibia-Reptilia 38, n.º 2 (2017): 197–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685381-00003104.
Resumen
The black-spined toad, Duttaphrynus melanostictus, is widespread in South and South-East (SE) Asia, although recent molecular analyses have revealed that it represents a species complex (here called the D. melanostictus complex). Invasive populations of this toad have been detected in Madagascar since, at least, 2014. We here trace the origin of this introduction based on mitochondrial DNA sequences of 340 samples. All 102 specimens from Madagascar have identical sequences pointing to a single introduction event. Their haplotype corresponds to a lineage occurring in Cambodia, China, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, and some locations of eastern Myanmar and northern Malaysia, here named the SE Asian lineage. Within this lineage, specimens from one location in Cambodia and three locations in Vietnam have the same haplotype as found in Madagascar. This includes Ho Chi Minh City, which has a major seaport and might have been the source for the introduction. Species distribution models suggest that the current range of the Madagascan invasive population is within the bioclimatic space occupied by the SE Asian lineage in its native range. The potential invasion zone in Madagascar is narrower than suggested by models from localities representing the full range of the D. melanostictus complex. Thus, an accurate taxonomy is essential for such inferences, but it remains uncertain if the toad might be able to spread beyond the potential suitable range because (1) knowledge on species-delimitation of the complex is insufficient, and (2) the native range in SE Asia might be influenced by historical biogeography or competition.
9
Cheron, Marion, Frédéric Angelier, Cécile Ribout y François Brischoux. "Clutch quality is related to embryonic development duration, hatchling body size and telomere length in the spined toad (Bufo spinosus)". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 133, n.º 1 (25 de marzo de 2021): 135–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blab035.
Resumen
Abstract Reproductive success is often related to parental quality, a parameter expressed through various traits, such as site selection, mate selection and energetic investment in the eggs or progeny. Owing to the complex interactions between environmental and parental characteristics occurring at various stages of the reproductive event, it is often complicated to tease apart the relative contributions of these different factors to reproductive success. Study systems where these complex interactions are simplified (e.g. absence of parental care) can help us to understand how metrics of parental quality (e.g. gamete and egg quality) influence reproductive success. Using such a study system in a common garden experiment, we investigated the relationships between clutch hatching success (a proxy of clutch quality) and offspring quality in an amphibian species lacking post-oviposition parental care. We found a relationship between clutch quality and embryonic development duration and hatchling phenotype. We found that hatchling telomere length was linked to hatching success. These results suggest that clutch quality is linked to early life traits in larval amphibians and that deciphering the influence of parental traits on the patterns we detected is a promising avenue of research.
10
Li, WEI, ZHAO Lihua, MA Xiaohao, FAN Xiaoli, MA Xiaomei y LIN Zhihua. "Advertisement Call Variability in the Black-spined Toad Bufo melanostictus (Anura: Bufonidae) during the Breeding Season in Lishui, Zhejiang, China". Asian Herpetological Research 3, n.º 2 (7 de agosto de 2012): 157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1245.2012.00157.
11
Othman, Siti N., Yi-Huey Chen, Ming-Feng Chuang, Desiree Andersen, Yikweon Jang y Amaël Borzée. "Impact of the Mid-Pleistocene Revolution and Anthropogenic Factors on the Dispersion of Asian Black-Spined Toads (Duttaphrynus melanostictus)". Animals 10, n.º 7 (8 de julio de 2020): 1157. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10071157.
Resumen
Divergence-time estimation critically improves the understanding of biogeography processes underlying the distribution of species, especially when fossil data is not available. We hypothesise that the Asian black-spined toad, Duttaphrynus melanostictus, expanded into the Eastern Indomalaya following the Quaternary glaciations with the subsequent colonisation of new landscapes during the Last Glacial Maximum. Divergence dating inferred from 364 sequences of mitochondrial tRNAGly ND3 supported the emergence of a common ancestor to the three D. melanostictus clades around 1.85 (±0.77) Ma, matching with the Lower to Mid-Pleistocene transition. Duttaphrynus melanostictus then dispersed into Southeast Asia from the central Indo-Pacific and became isolated in the Southern Sundaic and Wallacea regions 1.43 (±0.10) Ma through vicariance as a result of sea level oscillations. The clade on the Southeast Asian mainland then colonised the peninsula from Myanmar to Vietnam and expanded towards Southeastern China at the end of the Mid-Pleistocene Revolution 0.84 (±0.32) Ma. Population dynamics further highlight an expansion of the Southeast Asian mainland population towards Taiwan, the Northeastern edge of the species’ range after the last interglacial, and during the emergence of the Holocene human settlements around 7000 BP. Thus, the current divergence of D. melanostictus into three segregated clades was mostly shaped by Quaternary glaciations, followed by natural dispersion events over land bridges and accelerated by anthropogenic activities.
12
Cheron, Marion, Léa Raoelison, Akiko Kato, Yan Ropert-Coudert, Xavier Meyer, Andrew J. J. MacIntosh y François Brischoux. "Ontogenetic changes in activity, locomotion and behavioural complexity in tadpoles". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 134, n.º 1 (16 de junio de 2021): 165–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blab077.
Resumen
Abstract Metamorphosis is a widespread developmental process that involves considerable changes in morphology, habitat use, ecology and behaviour between early developmental (larval) stages and adult forms. Among amphibians, anuran larvae (tadpoles) undergo massive morphological and ecological changes during their development, with early stages characterized by somatic growth, whereas more conspicuous changes (i.e. metamorphosis) occur later during development. In this study, we examined how locomotor and behavioural traits covary with morphology (body size) and metamorphosis (hindlimb and forelimb development) across developmental stages in spined toad (Bufo spinosus) tadpoles. As expected, we found that locomotion and behaviour undergo significant changes during tadpole development. These changes are curvilinear across developmental stages, with a phase of increasing activity and locomotion followed by a phase of stasis and/or reduction in locomotion and behavioural complexity. All the metrics we investigated indicate that the peak of activity and associated behaviour is situated at a pivotal stage when somatic growth decreases and significant morphological changes occur (i.e. hindlimb growth). Future studies that aim to investigate determinants of locomotion should include developmental stages as covariates in order to assess whether the sensitivity of locomotion to environmental variables changes across developmental stages.
13
Hou, Yinmeng, Shengchao Shi, Daming Hu, Yue Deng, Jianping Jiang, Feng Xie y Bin Wang. "A new species of the toothed toad Oreolalax (Anura, Megophryidae) from Sichuan Province, China". ZooKeys 929 (22 de abril de 2020): 93–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.929.49748.
Resumen
The toad genus Oreolalax is widely distributed in southwest China and northern Vietnam. A new species of the genus is described from Sichuan Province, China. Phylogenetic analyses based on the mitochondrial 12S rRNA and 16S rRNA gene sequences supported the new species as an independent clade clustered into the clade also containing O. nanjiangensis and O. chuanbeiensis. The new species can be distinguished from its congeners by a combination of the following characters: body size moderate (SVL 51.2–64.2 mm in males); head broad; tympanum hidden; interorbital region with dark triangular pattern; belly with marbling; male lacking spines on lip margin; spiny patches on chest small with thick sparse spines in male; nuptial spines thick and sparse; tibio-tarsal articulation reaching beyond nostril when leg stretched forward; toe webbing at base.
14
MENEGON, MICHELE, SEBASTIANO SALVIDIO, WILIRK NGALASON y SIMON P. LOADER. "A new dwarf forest toad (Amphibia: Bufonidae: Nectophrynoides) from the Ukaguru Mountains, Tanzania". Zootaxa 1541, n.º 1 (2 de agosto de 2007): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1541.1.3.
Resumen
A new species of Nectophrynoides from the Ukaguru Mountains, Eastern Arc Mountains Tanzania, is described. The new species is diagnosed by the presence of large prominent spines with keratinized tips, positioned on the dorsum, head and limbs. In addition, the combination of the following characters presence of large tympanum and annulum, foot longer than tibia, the lack of parotoid glands and advertisement call features, allow this species to be distinguished from all other species in the genus. The new species adds to our understanding of the relatively undersampled and poorly understood, amphibian fauna of the Ukaguru Mountains.
15
PADIAL, JOSÉ M., STEFFEN REICHLE, ROY McDIARMID y IGNACIO DE LA RIVA. "A new species of arboreal toad (Anura: Bufonidae: Chaunus) from Madidi National Park, Bolivia". Zootaxa 1278, n.º 1 (3 de agosto de 2006): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1278.1.3.
Resumen
A new arboreal species of the Chaunus veraguensis group is described for the humid montane forest of Madidi National Park, in northern Bolivia. The new species differs from other species in the group by the combination small size, long and slender extremities, webbed hands, conspicuous tympanic membrane, well developed parotoid glands, absence of large glands on dorsum and extremities, nuptial excrescences of males composed of pungent spines on dorsal surface of thumb, greenish-brown coloration on dorsum with red warts in life, and green iris. It is only known from two nearby localities in the Serranía Eslabón, Department La Paz. An operational key for species in the C. veraguensis group is provided.
16
Brischoux, François y Marion Cheron. "Osmotic ‘cost’ of reproduction in breeding male toads". Biology Letters 15, n.º 11 (noviembre de 2019): 20190689. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2019.0689.
Resumen
Shifts between habitats during reproduction can induce costs that are independent of the reproductive effort and that often apply to both sexes. Such shifts can also illustrate physiological costs complementary to those involving energetic currencies. In this study, we investigated osmotic consequences of reproduction in a context where reproduction induces a shift from terrestrial habitats to freshwater environments. During reproduction, toads migrate to breeding ponds where males remain for several weeks, while females leave shortly after egg-laying. We assessed plasma osmolality of male spined toads during the whole reproductive period (approx. 30 days) in conjunction with markers of individual condition. We found that osmolality decreases during the protracted period of immersion in freshwater during reproduction, presumably through water influx as indicated by body mass changes. Hormonal markers of metabolism and sexual activity were positively correlated with osmolality. Recent research has highlighted hydric ‘costs’ of reproduction when access to water is limited. Our study adds to this growing field of investigation, yet with an opposite perspective, where water availability linked to reproduction provokes hyperhydration rather than dehydration.
17
Kehr, Pierre. "Alexander R. Vaccaro and Todd J. Albert (Eds.): Spine surgery". European Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery & Traumatology 28, n.º 2 (28 de noviembre de 2017): 333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00590-017-2091-9.
18
Prissel, Tabb C., Stephen W. Parman y James W. Head. "Formation of the lunar highlands Mg-suite as told by spinel". American Mineralogist 101, n.º 7 (julio de 2016): 1624–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2138/am-2016-5581.
19
Chinchilla-Barboza, Maripaz, Siam Chiquillo-Vergara, Valeria Delgado-Álvarez, Susan Gutiérrez-Gutiérrez, Johnny Steven Mora-Aleman, Jonathan Gerardo Páez-Padilla, Jorge Sanchez-Bermudez y Andréia Passos-Pequeno. "An Anatomical and Radiographic Study on the Vertebral Column of the Two-Toed Sloth (Choloepus hoffmanni)". Ciencias Veterinarias 39, n.º 2 (27 de junio de 2021): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15359/rcv.39-2.2.
Resumen
The Choloepus Hoffmani is a mammal belonging to the Xenarthra superorder; xenarthrans are distributed from North to South America. It is common for these animals to require medical attention at wildlife rescue centers after being attacked by domestic animals or run over by cars. A proper understanding of this species’ anatomy is vital in order to be able to offer them a proper level of clinical attention. This publication aims to describe the spine’s anatomical and radiographic characteristics of the Choloepus Hoffmani. Four individuals were used in this research; the spine bones were cleaned by boiling and maceration. In the results, it was possible to observe how the postcranial axial skeleton in the sloths is made up by five of distinctive vertebra types. In the spine were found: six cervical vertebrae, a variable number of thoracic vertebrae, xenarthrous lumbar vertebrae, and a fusion between the sacrum and coxal bone. Finally, four underdeveloped caudal vertebrae were also identified in a small stump-like tail. Radiographically, no pathologies were observed in the alignment or structure of the spine. In conclusion, the present study described both the osteology alongside the anatomical radiography of the vertebral column of the Choloepus hoffmani, highlighting the particularities that are not found in domestic mammals and other members of the Xenarthra superorder. Information of this kind is relevant for forensic wildlife analysis, alongside aiding the treatment of animals in this species who suffered lesions in their spine.
20
Cameron M., HUDSON, HE Xianjin y FU Jinzhong. "Keratinized Nuptial Spines Are Used for Male Combat in the Emei Moustache Toad (Leptobrachium boringii)". Asian Herpetological Research 2, n.º 3 (11 de octubre de 2011): 142–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1245.2011.00142.
21
Su, Haijun, Shengchao Shi, Yanqing Wu, Guangrong Li, Xiaogang Yao, Bin Wang y Shize Li. "Description of a new horned toad of Megophrys Kuhl & Van Hasselt, 1822 (Anura, Megophryidae) from southwest China". ZooKeys 974 (7 de octubre de 2020): 131–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.974.56070.
Resumen
A new species of the genus Megophrys is described from Guizhou Province, China. Molecular phylogenetic analyses supported the new species as an independent clade nested into the Megophrys. The new species could be distinguished from its congeners by a combination of the following characters: body size moderate (SVL 49.3–58.2 mm in males); vomerine ridges present distinctly, vomerine teeth present; tongue feebly notched behind; tympanum distinctly visible, oval; two metacarpal tubercles in hand; toes with one-third webbing and wide lateral fringes; heels overlapped when thighs are positioned at right angles to the body; tibiotarsal articulation reaching the level between tympanum and eye when leg stretched forward; an internal single subgular vocal sac present in male; in breeding male, the nuptial pads with large and sparse black nuptial spines present on the dorsal bases of the first two fingers.
22
Kehr, Pierre y Alain G. Graftiaux. "Todd J. Albert and Alexander R. Vaccaro: Physical examination of the spine". European Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery & Traumatology 28, n.º 3 (28 de noviembre de 2017): 529. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00590-017-2094-6.
23
Xu, Ning, Shi-Ze Li, Jing Liu, Gang Wei y Bin Wang. "A new species of the horned toad Megophrys Kuhl & Van Hasselt, 1822 (Anura, Megophryidae) from southwest China". ZooKeys 943 (22 de junio de 2020): 119–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.943.50343.
Resumen
A new species of the genus Megophrys is described from Guizhou Province, China. Molecular phylogenetic analyses based on mitochondrial DNA and nuclear DNA sequences all strongly supported the new species as an independent clade sister to M. minor and M. jiangi. The new species could be distinguished from its congeners by a combination of the following characters: body size moderate (SVL 43.4–44.1 mm in males, and 44.8–49.8 mm in females; vomerine teeth absent; tongue not notched behind; a small horn-like tubercle at the edge of each upper eyelid; tympanum distinctly visible, rounded; two metacarpal tubercles on palm; relative finger lengths II < I < V < III; toes without webbing; heels overlapping when thighs are positioned at right angles to the body; tibiotarsal articulation reaching the level between tympanum and eye when leg stretched forward; in breeding males, an internal single subgular vocal sac in male, and the nuptial pads with black spines on dorsal surface of bases of the first two fingers.
24
Özdemir, Oya, Sina Yasrebi y Yeşim Gökçe Kutsal. "Evaluation of Concordance between Hip and Spine T Scores in the Diagnosis of Osteoporosis in Men Over Age of Fifty". Türk Osteoporoz Dergisi 21, n.º 3 (5 de diciembre de 2015): 105–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4274/tod.22448.
25
Brischoux, François, Olivier Lourdais, Alexandre Boissinot y Frédéric Angelier. "Influence of temperature, size and confinement on testosterone and corticosterone levels in breeding male spined toads (Bufo spinosus)". General and Comparative Endocrinology 269 (diciembre de 2018): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2018.08.017.
26
DING, GUO-HUA, ZHI-QIANG CHEN, YUN TANG, WEI-CHENG ZHENG y XIANG JI. "The advertisement call of the moustache toad Leptobrachium liui Pope, 1947 (Anura: Megophryidae) from eastern China". Zootaxa 4732, n.º 4 (14 de febrero de 2020): 585–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4732.4.8.
Resumen
The Leptobrachium genus is currently composed of 36 species distributed in Southern China, India, islands of the Sunda Shelf, and the Philippines (Frost 2019). In China, 11 species of the genus Leptobrachium are currently known (AmphibiaChina 2019), of which, the following nine are Chinese endemic: L. bompu (Sondhi & Ohler 2011), L. boringii (Liu 1945), L. guangxiense (Fei, Mo, Ye & Jiang 2009), L. hainanense (Ye & Fei 1993), L. huashen (Fei & Ye 2005), L. leishanense (Liu & Hu 1973), L. liui (Pope 1947), L. promustache (Rao, Wilkinson & Zhang 2006) and L. tengchongense (Yang, Wang & Chan 2016). These species have different morphologies, narrow distribution areas, and their taxonomy is subject to controversy (AmphibiaChina 2019). The megophryid genus Leptobrachium was considered to contain two subgenera Vibrissaphora and Leptobrachium (Matsui et al. 2010). Five Leptobrachium species, L. ailaonicum, L. boringii, L. leishanense, L. liui, and L. promustache, were originally classified as Vibrissaphora, based on adult males bearing spines on the upper lip (Fei & Ye 2016). However, recent phylogenetic studies showed that Vibrissaphora was not a subgenus and placed within the genus Leptobrachium (Zheng et al. 2008; Matsui et al. 2010).
27
Kehr, Pierre. "Todd J. Albert, Joon Yung Lee, Moe R. Lim (eds): Cervical spine surgery challenges diagnosis and management". European Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery & Traumatology 20, n.º 5 (13 de marzo de 2010): 433. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00590-010-0602-z.
28
Jithin, V., A. Devarajan y J. Dharmaraj. "Predation on Asian Common Toad, Duttaphrynus melanostictus (Lütken, 1864) (Anura: Bufonidae), tadpoles by a Fish-eating Spider, Nilus sp. (Araneae: Pisauridae)". Reptiles & Amphibians 28, n.º 1 (13 de mayo de 2021): 56–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17161/randa.v28i1.15312.
29
Nyakatura, J. A. y M. S. Fischer. "Functional morphology and three-dimensional kinematics of the thoraco-lumbar region of the spine of the two-toed sloth". Journal of Experimental Biology 213, n.º 24 (26 de noviembre de 2010): 4278–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.047647.
30
Princivalle, F., A. Della Giusta, A. De Min y E. M. Piccirillo. "Crystal chemistry and significance of cation ordering in Mg-Al rich spinels from high-grade hornfels (Predazzo-Monzoni, NE Italy)". Mineralogical Magazine 63, n.º 2 (abril de 1999): 257–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1999.063.2.11.
Resumen
AbstractTwo Mg-Al spinels (FAS1 and FAS2) in high-grade hornfels from the Toal de Mason skarn (Predazzo Monzoni, NE Italy) were investigated by means of single crystal X-ray diffraction and electron microprobe analysis in order to evaluate the last intra-crystalline closure temperature.The evidence provided by crystal chemical data from the investigated spinels, compared with that for two other spinels from a websterite dyke and a chlorite schist (TS2 and SP78a, respectively) with similar chemical characteristics, yielded a new empirical geothermometer. This allowed estimation of intra-crystalline temperatures as low as c. 400°C and indicates that the closure temperature of FAS1 and FAS2 is c. 500°C i.e. 150–200°C lower than the spinel crystallisation temperature.
31
Hurlbert, John. "MASTER CASES SPINE SURGERY. 2001. By Alexander R. Vaccaro and Todd J. Albert. Published By Thieme. 552 pages. C$219.03". Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 29, n.º 1 (febrero de 2002): 104–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s031716710001934x.
32
Bajwa, Navkirat S., Jason O. Toy, Ernest Y. Young y Nicholas U. Ahn. "Is congenital bony stenosis of the cervical spine associated with lumbar spine stenosis? An anatomical study of 1072 human cadaveric specimens". Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 17, n.º 1 (julio de 2012): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2012.3.spine111080.
Resumen
Object Congenital cervical and lumbar stenosis occurs when the bony anatomy of the spinal canal is smaller than expected, predisposing an individual to symptomatic neural compression. While tandem stenosis is known to occur in 5%–25% of individuals, it is not known whether this relationship is due to an increased risk of degenerative disease in these individuals or whether this finding is due to the tandem presence of a congenitally small cervical and lumbar canal. The purpose of the present study was to determine if the presence of congenital cervical stenosis is associated with congenital lumbar stenosis. Methods One thousand seventy-two adult skeletal specimens from the Hamann-Todd Collection in the Cleveland Museum of Natural History were selected. The canal area at each level was calculated using a formula that was verified by computerized measurements. Values that were 2 standard deviations below the mean were considered to represent congenitally stenotic regions. Linear regression analysis was used to determine the association between the sum of canal areas at all levels in the cervical and lumbar spine. Logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios for congenital stenosis in one area if congenital stenosis was present in the other. Results A positive association was found between the additive area of all cervical (that is, the sum of C3–7) and lumbar (that is, the sum of L1–5) levels (p < 0.01). A positive association was also found between the number of cervical and lumbar levels affected by congenital stenosis (p < 0.01). Logistic regression also demonstrated a significant association between congenital stenosis in the cervical and lumbar spine, with an odds ratio of 0.2 (p < 0.05). Conclusions Based on the authors' findings in a large population of adult skeletal specimens, it appears that congenital stenosis of the cervical spine is associated with congenital stenosis of the lumbar spine. Thus, the presence of tandem stenosis appears to be, at least in part, related to the tandem presence of a congenitally small cervical and lumbar canal.
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Yıkmış, Seydi, Kübra Sağlam y Adem Yetim. "The examination of spices used in the Ottoman palace cuisine". Journal of Human Sciences 14, n.º 1 (31 de marzo de 2017): 1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.14687/jhs.v14i1.4508.
Resumen
The human being has a vital prescription to eat and drink as much as the day-to-day process. This vital point constitutes the foundation stone of gastronomic tourism. In our globalized world, nations that express or offer their own values have become more successful. Therefore, the culture of Turkish food and nutrition refers as the key of national culture. Therefore, it is very important to examine the characteristics of the Ottoman cuisine to introduce food culture. Traditionally Ottoman cuisine, soups, meat dishes, olive oil vegetables, salads and spices used in desserts are important. Nowadays, people want to learn not only the sense of hunger but also the history of gastronomy (all components depending on cultural and environmental influences). It gives us great opportunities when it is told and applied to the history of that cultural gastronomy. These opportunities are making economic difference by strengthening the functions of gastronomic tourism. Due to the literature obtained in the study, it is thought that the inclusion of the spices in the Ottoman cuisine destinations in Turkey, which has a high potential for gastronomy tourism, will support sustainable development. In the study, was given informations about the characteristics of the spices used in Ottoman cuisine.
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Kafka, Ben. "Human, Also Human". October 166 (noviembre de 2018): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/octo_a_00333.
Resumen
The first time you hear a patient's unconscious, I mean really hear it in all of its immediacy and intimacy, there's a shock—no matter how much Freud you've read, how much analysis you've had, how prepared you think you are. My first patient was an eleven-year-old boy. We met two or three times a week at his school, a middle school for bright children from poor, mostly black and brown families. There we were in one of our sessions, which were held in the principal's office, the closest thing the overcrowded school had to a private space. I was listening to him explain how, in different countries, there are different gestures for “fuck you.” He was pretty clearly enjoying the opportunity to use the forbidden word and make the forbidden gesture in my presence. In the United States it's the middle finger, he told me; then showed me. In China, it's the index and pinkie fingers. He paused for a moment over this gesture, which had triggered an association: Spider-Man. My patient then began to spin one of those vivid, violent daydreams that took up most of our sessions for the year and a half we worked together: Spider-Man is in China, he tries to shoot his web, but the people think he's gesturing “fuck you” at them. So they cut off his fingers. He tries to shoot the web from his mouth, so they cut off his mouth. He tries to shoot it from his butt—by now the patient was laughing hard—they cut off his butt. Defeated, Spider-Man returns home to find his mother. He gets into bed with her. She gets pregnant and has a baby. When Spider-Man realizes what's happened, somebody—it's not clear who—cuts out his eyes. Spider-Man dies.
35
YANG, JIAN-HUAN, JIAN WANG y YING-YONG WANG. "A new species of the genus Megophrys (Anura: Megophryidae) from Yunnan Province, China". Zootaxa 4413, n.º 2 (23 de abril de 2018): 325. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4413.2.5.
Resumen
We describe a new horned toad species of the genus Megophrys from Yingjiang County of Yunnan Province, China. The new species, Megophrys feii sp. nov., can be distinguished from its congeners by a combination of the following characters: (1) body slender and small (SVL 24.3–25.1 mm in four males, 28.2–28.9 mm in two females); (2) head length about equal to head width (HDL/HDW 0.97–0.99); (3) tympanum circular and distinct; (4) maxillary teeth present; (5) vomerine ridges and vomerine teeth absent; (6) tongue round, slightly notched posteriorly; (7) tibia long (TIB/SVL 0.48–0.52 in four males, 0.54–0.55 in two females), shanks overlapping when thighs are held at right angles to the body; (8) dorsal skin distinctly granular and densely covered with small tubercles; (9) lower flanks and lateral sides of belly scattered with small but prominent, white, tubercles; (10) webbing between toes rudimentary; (11) lateral fringes on toes moderate to wide; (12) breeding males without nuptial pads and spines on fingers; (13) protruding projection posterior to cloaca present in both sexes; (14) groin and ventral thigh coloration in life not contrasting with surrounding regions; (15) the presence of an indistinct and small horn-like tubercle at the edge of the eyelid; and (16) an advertisement call with a dominant frequency of 4.74–4.91 kHz (at 18 ˚C). To date, the new species has only been found at its type locality in stream areas in montane evergreen broadleaf forests between 700–1200 m elevation.
36
Alexander, R. McNeill. "Dinosaur biomechanics". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 273, n.º 1596 (3 de abril de 2006): 1849–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.3532.
Resumen
Biomechanics has made large contributions to dinosaur biology. It has enabled us to estimate both the speeds at which dinosaurs generally moved and the maximum speeds of which they may have been capable. It has told us about the range of postures they could have adopted, for locomotion and for feeding, and about the problems of blood circulation in sauropods with very long necks. It has made it possible to calculate the bite forces of predators such as Tyrannosaurus , and the stresses they imposed on its skull; and to work out the remarkable chewing mechanism of hadrosaurs. It has shown us how some dinosaurs may have produced sounds. It has enabled us to estimate the effectiveness of weapons such as the tail spines of Stegosaurus . In recent years, techniques such as computational tomography and finite element analysis, and advances in computer modelling, have brought new opportunities. Biomechanists should, however, be especially cautious in their work on animals known only as fossils. The lack of living specimens and even soft tissues oblige us to make many assumptions. It is important to be aware of the often wide ranges of uncertainty that result.
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Epstein, Nancy E. "Case Report (Precis): Patient with MR-Documented Large Lateral Cervical Disc Misdiagnosed as Neurodegenerative Disease". Surgical Neurology International 11 (25 de septiembre de 2020): 312. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/sni_585_2020.
Resumen
Background: Patients who present to neurologists with cervical radiculopathy typically undergo initial MR scans. If reports show “abnormal” findings they, and other physicians, should review the studies with the interpreting radiologists/neuroradiologists. When patients’ neurological deficits progress, neurologists should review their electromyographic (EMG) findings (i.e. especially if documenting neurodegenerative disease), the initial “abnormal” MR scans/reports (i.e. review with radiologists/neuroradiologists), and obtain spinal surgical consultations to rule out “surgical” disease. Case Description: A middle aged patient presented several months previously to a neurologist with the chief complaint of unilateral neck/arm pain, accompanied by focal weakness, and numbness in a specific distal cervical nerve root distribution. The patient’s initial MR showed a large lateral disc herniation in the lower cervical spine on the symptomatic side. However, as the neurologist interpreted the EMG as consistent with a neurodegenerative syndrome, the patient was not referred to a spine specialist. Frustrated by progressive worsening, the patient ultimately referred himself for a spinal surgical consultation. By this time, he had developed severe unilateral upper extremity motor weakness (3/5), pin loss, atrophy, and fasciculations in the nerve root distribution that correlated with the location of the distal cervical disc seen on the original MR. When the repeat MR confirmed the same large distal lateral disc herniation, the patient successfully underwent an anterior cervical discectomy/fusion (ACDF). Conclusion: This Case Report (Precis) highlights two “teachable moments”. First, physicians, including neurologists and spinal surgeons, who order MR studies that show “abnormal” findings should review these studies with the interpreting radiologists/neuroradiologists. This is particuarly true if patients continue to demonstrate progressive neurological deterioration. Second, before patients are told that they have neurodegenerative syndormes, repeated review of the MR reports and/or repeating these studies, and obtaining spinal surgical consultations are warranted to rule out “surgical” disease.
38
Allison, John. "Violetta's Further Predicament: La traviata under Apartheid". Cambridge Opera Journal 31, n.º 2-3 (julio de 2019): 273–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954586720000051.
Resumen
Long before opera was first heard in South Africa, and even longer before it took root there, the country had its own operatic figure. But Adamastor was not introduced to the rest of the operatic world until 1865 and the premiere of Meyerbeer's L'Africaine, where in Nélusko's Act III ballade the terrifying story is told of the Titan whose body, legend has it, formed the rocky spine of the Cape Peninsula and barred sailors from rounding the ‘Cape of Storms’ and opening up the sea route to the East. The literary invention – perhaps via Rabelais – of Luís Vaz de Camões, the great Portuguese Renaissance poet who himself was the first European artist to round the Cape, Adamastor appears in Canto V of Os Lusíadas (1572) and has exercised a considerable fascination over South African artists and writers. But to whom does Adamastor belong? This is a question that some, increasingly, have sought to answer, re-examining Camões's myth from an indigenous perspective – for example, André Brink in his postmodernist novella The First Life of Adamastor, imagining how that meeting with the Portuguese fleet would have looked from the landward side, and the artist Cyril Coetzee in his huge T'kama-Adamastor painting commissioned for the University of the Witwatersrand.
39
Glazer, Paul A. "SURGICAL APPROACHES TO THE SPINE. Edited by Todd J. Albert, Richard A. Balderston, and Bruce E. Northrup. Illustrations by Philip M. Ashley. Philadelphia, W. B. Saunders, 1997. $125.00, 224 pp." Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery 80, n.º 4 (abril de 1998): 611. http://dx.doi.org/10.2106/00004623-199804000-00023.
40
Harjodh Singh y Sonali Chalakh. "Application of Gunja (Abrus precatorius Linn.) Beeja lepa: An Ayurvedic protocol for the treatment of Gridhrasi (sciatica)". International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, SPL4 (21 de diciembre de 2020): 1485–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11ispl4.4327.
Resumen
The most common musculoskeletal disorder affecting the movement of legs is low back pain. Among the affected patients, 40% have ridiculer pain, and these cases can be classified under the umbrella of the sciatic syndrome. Low back pain is extraordinarily common, frequently resulting from degenerative arthritis of the lumbosacral spine. The annual prevalence of disc-related sciatica in the general population is estimated at 2.2%. Sciatica is characterised by constant aching pain which felt in the lumbar region may radiate to the buttock, thigh, calf and foot. Acharaya Charaka explained Gridhrasi in eighty types of nanatmaja Vata vikara. The present study is aimed at evaluating the effect of Gunja (Abrus precatorius Linn.) Beeja lepa in the management of Gridhrasi (Sciatica) and thereby assessing the changes in quality life. The present study is designed as a Non-randomized controlled clinical study, in which a minimum of 30 patients will be enrolled. Gunja beej lepa will be administered external application two times in a day with lukewarm water. Assessment will be recorded on the 3rd, 5th, 7th, 14th and 28th day. Changes will be observed in subjective parameters such as Ruk (pain) Toda (pin pricking sensation) Stambha (Stiffness), Spandana (Fasciculation) and objective parameters such as measuring the changes in the angle of elevation of the leg by SLR Test, Sciatica Bothersomeness Index and Sciatica Frequency Index before and after the treatment. Suitable conclusion will be drawn post completion of the trial.
41
Petruț, Andrei Flavius. "Povești despre strigoi". Anuarul Muzeului Etnograif al Transilvaniei 34 (20 de diciembre de 2020): 187–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.47802/amet.2020.34.10.
Resumen
"Stories about ghosts/undeads The present text brings into discussion the supernatural beings that still haunt the collective mentality of the inhabitants of the land of Zarand. Ghosts, because it’s them we are talking about, are still part of the stories of the elderly who remember their encounters with them. Unwanted in the village world and blaming them for the various misfortunes facing the community, people have developed practices to help them identify these beings, but also to remove them. Thus, since the birth of certain children who have a malformation of the spine, it is believed that they are undead. Sometimes, during life, because of curses or pacts with the devil, people lose their souls, so that, after death, they do not find their peace and continue to come to haunt those who are alive. People told us about these meetings, presenting the practices by which undeads are removed: through witchcraft, with the help of priests or through divine intervention. People do not want these returns of dead people, even if they are their beloved ones. Once dead, man loses his human status, these returns disturbing the peace of the village, and can cause strong imbalances: disease, famine, death of people and animals. Only after these beings are defeated, the life of the villagers’ returns to normal, keeping only the memory of the events that disturbed the peace. Keywords: Undeads, supernatural beings, dead alive, witchcraft, pact with the devil "
42
Kiran Khandare, Pradnya Ghormode, Rahatsaba S.Sayyed y Alok Kumar Diwedi. "Effect of Ashwini Mudra as an adjuvant on pain in post-operative cases of ano-rectal diseases - An Ayurvedic management protocol". International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, n.º 4 (21 de diciembre de 2020): 7999–8003. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.4726.
Resumen
Ano-rectal disorders refer to the illness of the anal canal and rectum. Fissure in ano, Fistula in ano and haemorrhoids are among the most common ano-rectal conditions. In these cases, symptoms like pain, itching, burning, bleeding and swelling can significantly affect a patient's lifestyle. In Today’s Era, for pain management in post-operative cases of ano-rectal diseases, yoga plays an important role in pain management. Yoga is a way of living that aim towards a healthy mind in a healthy body. Ashwini mudra is a tantric practice used to generate and move prana (life force energy) upward along the spine, via the main energy channel of the subtle body known as sushumna nadi. The practice involves contracting the anal sphincter in a rhythmic way, thereby generating and containing intense energy within the lower body before pumping it upwards As the ano-rectal disease require long term conservative treatment and also surgical intervention. Due to this patients are suffering for long term problems. To minimize the side effects of medicine in post-operative cases, certain measures are needed. Yoga is a way of living that aims towards a healthy mind in a healthy body. Sushruta and Vagbhata have described that the total length of Guda is 4½ Angula only. Vagbhata had also told measurement of Guda as Atmapanitala (palm of hand) Ashwini mudra is very easy to perform and can be done during any time and by any age group.
43
Jackson, Virginia. "Who Reads Poetry?" PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 123, n.º 1 (enero de 2008): 181–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2008.123.1.181.
Resumen
My title is meant to pose a real question. It's an old question, but it is worth asking why the anxiety betrayed by the question has been around for so long, and especially why it has spiked in recent years. The question expresses a worry that nobody reads much poetry, or that few people do, or that the right people don't at the right times or in the right ways. So it's a real question to which it's difficult to give a real answer, since the sane response to such anxiety tends to be either “You're right to worry, since nobody reads poetry these days” or “Don't worry; lots of people do. You just haven't noticed.” In her 2006 address as outgoing president of the MLA, Marjorie Perloff gave a little of both responses. “Out in the world beyond the academy, individual poets are warmly celebrated …,” Perloff told her audience (654). Don't worry, in other words. On the other hand, do worry, since that “beyond” means that those gathered—that is, literary critics, members of the MLA, all of us in that room or reading this journal—have not noticed such warm popular celebrations because we are the ones who don't read poetry these days or who don't read it in the right ways. “A specter is haunting the academy, the specter of literature,” Perloff warned us, turning worry into revolutionary foreboding (658). We sat back in our seats, reassured. Oh good, we thought, poetry is about to make a comeback.
44
Tsai, Tsung-Ting. "Answer to the Letter to Editor of N. Todd concerning “Symptomatic epidural hematoma after lumbar decompression surgery” by Kao FC et al., Eur Spine J (2014), doi:10.1007/s00586-014-3297-8". European Spine Journal 24, n.º 3 (28 de diciembre de 2014): 622–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00586-014-3743-7.
45
A. A., Lawal, Mustapha S. y Oyerinde A. A. "Incidence of Predators and Anthropogenic Activities Affecting Beekeeping in Nigeria". Journal of Advance Research in Food, Agriculture and Environmental Science (ISSN: 2208-2417) 7, n.º 2 (28 de febrero de 2021): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.53555/nnfaes.v7i2.959.
Resumen
This study evaluated the incidence of predators and anthropogenic activities affecting beekeeping in Nigeria. Questionnaires were administered in Oyo, Ogun and Osun States in the Forest Vegetation and Kaduna, Niger and Kano States in the Savanah vegetation zones of Nigeria. Data obtained were analyzed with parametric statistical tool of mean. The result showed that the largest populations of beekeepers were Bachelor Degree and National Certificate in Education NCE holders (25.0% each), MSc (8%), National Diploma ND (8%) and Postgraduate Diploma PGD (9%). Assessment of human activities that were harmful to beekeeping identified by respondents in the forest vegetation zones revealed indiscriminate use of pesticide (16.67%), theft (33.33%) and herdsmen activity (cattle rearing) (31.82%) while savannah vegetation zones had the following record, indiscriminate use of pesticide (25.00%), theft (35.33%) and herdsmen activity (35.71%). Avoidance of scattering honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) combs around the apiary was found as the most effective method in preventing spread of insect pests. Other methods include: hive sanitation, hive positioning, handpicking of insects, the use of spent engine oil, regular weeding, fencing of apiary and use of bee pen. The hives painted with green coloured paint was reported by respondent to control wasp, spider, termites and lesser wax moth. Beekeepers reported weeding as the most effective method used in controlling predators as it was noted that apiaries regularly weeded controlled the following predators with their respective incidence level: rat (8.33%), snake (12.50%), toad (29.7%), frog (20.83%) and ghecko (37.50%) while the most significant was lizard incidence which was 54.17%. Report from respondents on traditional methods to detect apiary problems categorized into predator and human activities include: decreasing size of colony, majority of bees staying outside the hive, sighting of pests in the apiary and abscondment of bees while human interference was noticed with dead bees found in and outside the hive, inactive bees, trace of burnt grasses and shrubs in the apiary and felled hives from stands.
46
Sell, Philip. "Reply to the letter to the editor of N. V. Todd concerning “Cauda Equina Syndrome treated by surgical decompression: the influence of timing on surgical outcome” by A. Qureshi, P. Sell (2007) Eur Spine J 16:2143–2151". European Spine Journal 18, n.º 9 (29 de mayo de 2009): 1393. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00586-009-1040-7.
47
Russo, Sabrina E. "Linking seed fate to natural dispersal patterns: factors affecting predation and scatter-hoarding of Virola calophylla seeds in Peru". Journal of Tropical Ecology 21, n.º 3 (mayo de 2005): 243–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467405002312.
Resumen
Natural seed deposition patterns and their effects on post-dispersal seed fate are critical in tropical tree recruitment. Previous research showed that the key dispersal agent of the neotropical tree, Virola calophylla, is the spider monkey (Ateles paniscus). Spider monkeys generate a heterogeneous seed deposition pattern because they scatter-disperse seeds diurnally, whereas they clump-disperse seeds at their sleeping sites. The recruitment consequences of this pattern were investigated using manipulative experiments and observations. Scatter-hoarding by spiny rats (Proechimys spp.) caused little rearrangement of the initial seed deposition pattern because they moved seeds only short distances. Seed survival to the seedling stage depended negatively on conspecific seed density and positively on the distance from the nearest adult V. calophylla female. These effects were likely mediated by two important seed predators, spiny rats and beetles (Scolytidae). Furthermore, spider monkeys' seed deposition patterns influenced seed survival. Scatter-dispersed and experimentally dispersed seeds had the highest survival. Conversely, clump-dispersed seeds at sleeping sites, which are far from V. calophylla females, and non-dispersed seeds had equally low survival, suggesting that conspecific density- and distance-dependence acted independently and did not explain all variation in seed survival. Instead, other characteristics of the seed deposition pattern, such as the multi-specific assemblage of seeds at sleeping sites, also affected post-dispersal seed fates.Resumen: La conexión entre el patrón natural de dispersión de semillas con el destino después de la dispersión es clave para el reclutamiento de árboles tropicales. Mediante experimentos y observaciones se investigó esta conexión utilizando el árbol neotropical Virola calophylla (Myristicaceae). Ateles paniscus (maquisapa), el principal dispersor de sus semillas, genera un patrón de deposición heterogéneo. Durante el día las semillas son depositadas de manera esparcida mientras que en los dormitorios las semillas son depositadas de manera agregada. En este estudio se encontró que los roedores espinosos (Proechimys spp.) almacenaron semillas individuales debajo de la hojarasca, sin embargo estos no alteraron el patrón de dispersión ya que las semillas fueron transportadas distancias cortas y la tasa de predación fue alta. Se encontró que la tasa de sobrevivencia hasta la etapa de plántula tuve una relación negativa con la densidad de las semillas y una relación positiva con la distancia al árbol hembra de V. calophylla mas cercano. Estos efectos sucedieron por medio de roedores espinosos y coleópteros (Scolytidae), predadores importantes de las semillas de V. callophylla. Adicionalemente, el patrón de deposición de los maquisapas influenció la sobrevivencia de las semillas. Tanto las semillas dispersadas por los maquisapas como las dispersadas experimentalmente tuvieron la tasa de sobrevivencia más alta. Por el contrario, tanto las semillas depositadas en los dormitorios, usualmente lejos de hembras de V. calophylla, como las semillas que cayeron debajo del árbol hembra tuvieron bajos niveles de sobrevivencia. Estos reultados sugieren que tanto la densidad como la distancia tuvieron efectos independientes y no explicaron toda la variación observada en la sobrevivencia de semillas. Por el contrario, otras características de la deposición de semillas tales como la riqueza de especies de la comunidad de semillas en los dormitorios también afectaron el destino de las semillas después de dispersadas.
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Álvarez García, Adriana Marcela y Alejandro Botero Carvajal. "Dificultades del aprendizaje en el déficit de atención e hiperactividad en preescolares: una revisión exploratoria de literatura". Poiésis, n.º 42 (20 de abril de 2022): 63–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21501/16920945.3848.
Resumen
Antecedentes: las dificultades del aprendizaje son la causa más común por la que niños en edad escolar reciben educación especial, sin embargo, la etiología de las dificultades del aprendizaje aún es desconocida. Por ello, se quiere determinar si una posible etiología de las dificultades de aprendizaje puede ser el trastorno de déficit de atención e hiperactividad, debido a que este último es uno de los trastornos más prevalentes en el contexto educativo. Por tal razón, el propósito del presente estudio es la revisión de literatura para determinar qué proporción de preescolares que reciben un diagnóstico de déficit de atención e hiperactividad puede esperar tener dificultades en el aprendizaje. Metodología: revisión exploratoria de literatura para identificar toda la bibliografía relevante en las bases de datos Scopus, Science Direct, PubMed y Google Scholar, relacionada con preescolares entre 2 y 5 años, que reciben diagnóstico de déficit de atención e hiperactividad y que evalúen dificultades del aprendizaje. Los tipos de artículos buscados fueron: ensayos clínicos, estudios de cohortes, estudios de casos y controles, porque permiten comprender la relación entre las dificultades del aprendizaje y los pacientes diagnosticados con déficit de atención e hiperactividad (TDAH). La estrategia de búsqueda se representa en el diagrama de flujo PRISMA 2009; la revisión tuvo en cuenta el modelo SPIDER. Resultados: no se encontraron estudios con las evidencias requeridas a nivel metodológico, pero sí estudios observacionales. 4 de los 6 artículos señalan que el TDAH afecta negativamente el aprendizaje; los 2 restantes no fueron concluyentes, debido a que los síntomas del TDAH pueden confundirse con comportamientos normales de la edad preescolar. Conclusiones: el TDAH en preescolares requiere diseños metodológicos que permitan calidad del dato para evaluar la proporción de niños entre 2 y 5 años que desarrollará una dificultad de aprendizaje. Así como la estandarización de un proceso diagnóstico del TDAH en edad preescolar.
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Wandurraga, Edwin Antonio, Lisseth Fernanda Marín Carrillo, Annie Katherine Natera Melo, Claudia Milena Gómez Giraldo y Juan Camilo Mendoza Díaz. "Evaluación de causas secundarias de baja masa ósea en mujeres colombianas con osteoporosis posmenopáusica". Revista Colombiana de Endocrinología, Diabetes & Metabolismo 3, n.º 4 (13 de marzo de 2017): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.53853/encr.3.4.5.
Resumen
Introducción: La osteoporosis posmenopáusica puede coexistir con otras entidades que aumentan la pérdida ósea.Objetivo: Determinar la frecuencia de causas secundarias de baja masa ósea en mujeres con osteoporosis posmenopáusica en una población colombiana.Diseño: Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo.Población: Mujeres mayores de 50 años con diagnóstico reciente de osteoporosis posmenopáusica antes de iniciar tratamiento.Mediciones: Se incluyeron variables demográficas, densitométricas y bioquímicas como hemoglobina, fosfatasa alcalina, transaminasas, creatinina, 25-hidroxivitamina D, calcio, fósforo, magnesio, calciuria en 24 horas, PTH y TSH.Resultados: Se incluyeron 129 mujeres con edad promedio de 67+/-8,8 años. Cuarenta y nueve mujeres (36%) presentaban antecedente de fractura por fragilidad. En el 86,8% se encontró al menos una alteración bioquímica asociada con pérdida de masa ósea, documentándose insuficiencia de vitamina D en 71,8%, hiperparatiroidismo normocalcémico en 18,1% e hipercalciuria en 6,4%. Las mujeres con antecedente de fractura presentaron valor promedio de fosfatasa alcalina superior (111,6 +/- 61,3 vs 87,1 +/- 30,4 U/L, p= 0,0143) y promedio de hemoglobina inferior (12,9 +/- 1,2 vs. 14,2 +/- 1,2gr/dl, p<0,0001) al compararse con las mujeres sin fractura. Se encontró correlación inversa entre los niveles de fosfatasa alcalina y la densidad mineral ósea de la columna lumbar (p<0,001) y la cadera (p=0,003).Conclusiones: Las causas secundarias de baja masa ósea en mujeres con OPM son frecuentes en nuestro medio. Con base en una frecuencia de alteraciones mayor al 5%, sugerimos la evaluación de toda mujer con OPM con hemoglobina, calcio, calciuria en 24 horas, 25-hidroxivitamina D, AST, PTH y TSH.Abstract Introduction: Postmenopausal osteoporosis can coexist with other entities that increase bone loss. Aim: To determine the frequency of secondary causes of low bone mass in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis in a Colombian population. Materials and methods: A retrospective descriptive study was conducted, including women over 50 years with newly diagnosed postmenopausal osteoporosis without treatment. Demographic, densitometric and biochemical variables such as hemoglobin, alkaline phosphatase, transaminases, creatinine, 25 hydroxivitamin D, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, calciuria in 24 hours, PTH and TSH were evaluated.Results: 129 women with a mean age of 67 +/- 8,8 years were included. 49 patients (36%) had history of fragility fracture. At least one biochemical disorder associated with bone loss was reported in 86,8% of cases, vitamin D insufficiency was documented in 71,8%, normocalcemic hyperparathyroidism in 18,1% and hypercalciuria in 6,4%. Women with history of fracture showed higher average value of alkaline phosphatase (111,6 +/- 61,3 vs 87,1 +/- 30,4 U/L, p=0,0143) and lower mean hemoglobin (12,9 +/- 1,2 vs 14,2 +/- 1,2 gr/dl, p<0,0001) compared with women without fracture. Inverse correlation was found between levels of alkaline phosphatase and bone mineral density of lumbar spine (p<0,001) and hip (p=0,003). Conclusions: Secondary causes of low bone mass in women with PMO are frequent in our clinical practice. Based on a frequency of laboratory abnormalities greater than 5%, we suggest that all women with PMO should be studied with hemoglobin, serum calcium, urinary calcium in 24 hours, 25 hydroxivitamin D, AST, PTH and TSH. Keywords: ; ; etiology;; .
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Villafuerte, Cesar V. "Total Thyroidectomy From A Patient’s Perspective". Philippine Journal of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 32, n.º 2 (24 de julio de 2018): 62–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.32412/pjohns.v32i2.93.
Resumen
Dear Editor,
Thyroidectomy is a common surgical procedure performed by us otolaryngologists on our patients. Quite often, we make our post-operative rounds on them, not knowing that the patient may have a lot of concerns regarding his or her operation that we somehow take lightly or worse, do not take seriously. I would like to share with other Ear Nose Throat (ENT) surgeons how it was to be a patient who underwent total thyroidectomy.
My journey began in the mid- 1990s with an incidental finding of thyroid nodules when I underwent a Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of the cervical spine. It was then when I started medical suppression and yearly thyroid ultrasound examinations. However as the years passed, the nodules became more numerous involving both lobes and enlarging. It was last July when ultrasonography revealed that 2 of the nodules were solid and large. I then underwent ultrasound guided Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy of the thyroid nodules for which the result was Bethesda 1 (the biopsy was non-conclusive). It was unanimously decided by the endocrinologist and my ENT surgeons, Dr. Alfredo Pontejos Jr. and Dr. Arsensio Cabungcal, that I would undergo total thyroidectomy.
I had myself admitted at the Manila Doctors Hospital (MDH) on September 18, 2017 and underwent the surgical procedure on September 19, 2017. Pre-operatively, I told the ENT chief resident, Dr. Catherine Oseña my special “bilins”: 1) that I had a cervical spine problem so I could not hyperextend the neck; 2) that I was allergic to Penicillin; 3) that I had ceased antiplatelets (Clopidogrel, Aspirin) and fish oil omega for one week; 4) I had allergies to some non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs); 5) if possible the suturing be subcuticular so that there wouldn’t be any need to remove any stitches post-op; and 6) the superior thyroid artery be ligated 2 times and the end of the stump sealed by harmonic scalpel. I had some anxieties regarding the surgery: losing my voice, undergoing tracheostomy for bilateral abductor paralysis since both thyroid lobes would be removed, having a malignant histopathologic result and hypocalcemia.
DAY 0: “This is it”, I said to myself, when the nurse fetched me from my room at 6:00 AM to be brought to the operating room (O.R.) for my 7:00 AM schedule. At the O.R., everybody who saw me greeted me with phrases such as “Ikaw pala ang pasyente, kaya mo yan,” “Good luck” and “God bless.” Here I saw one of my surgeons, Dr. Cabungcal enter the OR suite. It was then when I saw my anesthesiologists, Dr. Ariel La Rosa and Dr. Greg Macasaet. The last memory I had pre-op was that of Dr. La Rosa inserting an intravenous (I.V.) line in my right wrist and that was the last thing I remembered.
I woke up, already in the Post-Anesthesia Care Unit (PACU) or Recovery Room (RR) when I felt severe pain in my neck (surgical area). I also wanted to fix the pillow at the back of my head, but I did not want to cause any strain on my anterior neck. It was also here when I was very happy to hear my own voice. It was then I said that the surgeons preserved my voice. “Whataguys!” I said to my self, “Thank God.” It was very painful then, I remember the PACU nurse injecting something thru my I.V. line. I felt the medication run thru the I.V. line towards my arm and throughout my body and this made me sleep again (later I found out that it was nalbuphine). I recognize seeing my wife Lil, my son Vinci and the ENT resident, Dr. Dindo Retreta at the PACU. The medication I was given made me sleep again. I woke up again and heard that I was being wheeled out of the PACU to be brought to my room. I only learned later that I slept about an hour after the nalbuphine was given.
In my hospital room, the pain in the neck was really painful (9/10) and I had difficulty expelling the phlegm from my trachea. Each time I swallowed my saliva, I could feel my trachea move up with accompanying pain. When the resident-on-duty (ROD) visited, I was given N-acetylcysteine effervescent tablet BID (Ed: bis in die; twice a day) that was very helpful as it made my expectoration easier. I could feel the pressure dressing over my neck, which was now stiff due to dried blood.
I had my first meal at around 4:00 PM. I remember it was a tuna sandwich and cold water which I drank using a straw from the hospital plastic cup. Every bite and swallow was painful in the neck and throat. I could not detect whether the pain was coming from the throat or from the surgical site. My antibiotic was given I.V. and so was the pain reliever parecoxib, paracetamol and tranexamic acid. I still did not resume the blood thinners to prevent any post-op bleeding.
I tried to get up after dinner to walk around but warm serosnguinous fluid came out of the drain soaking my hospital gown. I then had the nurse call the ENT ROD to change my thyroid dressing. In a few minutes, a new fluffy gauze pressure dressing was applied by the ROD and my hospital gown was replaced. I had a good sleep with some pain still at the surgical site and throat.
DAY 1: The day started with Holy Communion in my room, a good breakfast and my usual morning breakfast pills (thyroxine, nevibolol and folic acid). The residents came and changed the dressing. The resident “milked” the neck trying to see if there was any accumulated blood or serum at the surgical site. This was the most painful of the whole surgical experience (10/10), and it was good news that there was no hematoma in the operative site. They then mobilized the drain by a few centimeters. The dressing was still replaced with less fluffy dressing. I have allergic rhinitis, and the act of sneezing caused recurrent pain in the surgical site, so I asked for an antihistamine tablet. My neck and throat were still painful on Day 1 (8/10) but relieved every time the I.V. analgesic was given. In the afternoon, I had a sponge bath given by the nurse on duty with me lying in bed. I still had throat phlegm but thanks to the acetylcysteine effervescent tablet it was easier to expectorate. Every time the ROD made rounds, he checked for hypocalcemia-- fortunately I did not have it.
DAY 2: The day again started with Holy Communion and breakfast in my hospital room. My main attending surgeon, Dr. Pontejos made his rounds late morning and he changed the dressing and removed the drain. I was here that I realized that the superior and inferior flaps including the incision were all numb. There was no pain on drain removal as well as on tying of the standby suture to close the drain site. They were all numb. At this point, I realized that in all our patients, this removal of the drain and the tying the standby suture were painless. After a bath in the mid-afternoon before discharge, I was then feeling better but the pain was still there (7/10). On the way home, I bought some sterile gauze, plaster, mupirocin ointment and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) for my neck wound dressing at home.
DAY 3. The pain was less (5/10), and I did not have to take any analgesic from hereon. Bathing became a problem, but I devised a way to bathe that I adopted for the following days. In the shower, I first shampooed by hair with my head and face facing down with my wife holding the telephone shower and focusing it where it was needed. After this I dried my head and hair with a clean towel then bathed the rest of the body in standing position with the telephone shower targeting the area needing to be rinsed. I did this method of bathing for a week until I decided that I could now bathe without my head looking down. I was at rest at home for 2 weeks.
DAY 6: It was one of the best days of my life when the chief resident told me that the histopathologic result was multinodular goiter and no malignancy. Yehey! Thanks to God! God is really good!
To summarize some of the things I want to share with other thyroid surgeons:
I didn’t realize that the post-op pain was really painful, so I can now understand my patients if they experience pain post-operatively.
It was difficult to expel throat phlegm and the N-acetylcysteine effervescent tablet was a big help in liquefying the phlegm.
The whole area is numb (superior and inferior flaps), thus the removal of the drain and sutures would not cause any pain on the patient.
The “milking” of the site was painful and this procedure should be gently done.
If the patient has nasal allergy, cover the patient with an antihistamine to prevent sneezing and unnecessary pain.
Teach your patient the way I bathed and order a sponge bath on Day 1 and 2.
I hope this sharing of experience will benefit all your patients who will undergo the same procedure- thyroidectomy.
I would like to thank my surgeons (Dr. Alfredo Pontejos Jr. and Dr. Arsenio Cabungcal), the anesthesiologists (Dr. Ariel La Rosa and Dr. Greg Macasaet), the surgical assistants (MDH ORL residents – Drs. Catehrine Elise Oseña and Dindo Retreta), my endocrinologist Dr. Robert Mirasol and my Cardiologist Dr. Rogelio Tangco, for the excellent job, well done.
I would like to thank my family-- Lil my wife, Vinci, Ericka, Raymond for their love and support and for taking care of me.
I would like to thank the MDH ORL Residents for taking care of me and for a job well done as well. I would also like to thank all the nursing staff at the MDH tower 1 and the OR, PACU nurses for taking care of me as well.
Sincerely yours,
Cesar V. Villafuerte Jr. MD, MHA