Tesis: "Spirulina"

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Carvajal, Juan Carlos Letelier. "Caracterização e modificações químicas da proteína da microalga spirulina (Spirulina máxima)". Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2009. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/4006.

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Maximum Spirulina is an unicellular microalga, that she has form of helical filament and that she grows in waters strongly alkaline; she belongs to the cianobacterial group, cianofíceas or algae green-blued and they have been used since times many old. The microalgae presented a biomass growth in summer of 1,07 g/L and a 23,63% of rental. Present a high contend of proteins (54.93%) and low oils content (6,84%) and ashes (13,05%), this content of proteins rises in the flour degreased for 61,14%. being Fractioned the proteins was obtained majority incomes of albumins (36,61%), basic glutelina (31,29%) and globulin (21,03%), and minority of prolaminas (3,95%) and acid glutelina (0,29%). In the obtaining of the isolated proteic, the index in extracted total protein in the three extractions was 54,36%, the index of precipitation isoelectric in the extract of pH 10,0 was 46,81% and the index of total protein in the isolated proteic was of 95,44% in pH 10,0. the analysis of the molecular weight of the proteins of the flour in PAGE-SDS - she revealed from 8 to 13 bands. The subunidades of 16,21 and 15,74 kDa appeared prominent in the sample. The term-stability (Td, ºC) and the variation entálpica (H, KCal/g), examined by DSC, respective the degreased flour and isolated proteic were of 104,58°C and 102,47°C and 0,65 Kcal.g-1 and 0,59 Kcal.g-1, respectively. The nutritional characterization of the protein of maximum Spirulina, they demonstrated a content of tannins of 17,5 mg.g-1 and absence of the lectina inhibitors and tripsina. The composition of amino acids revealed her witnesses of all of the essential amino acids in superior amounts to the pattern FAO/WHO/UNU, with predominance of the leucina (3,96g/100g protein), fenilalanina (2,92 g/100g proteins) and valina (2,71 g/100 g proteins). The results of the chemical modifications revealed that the acetilation was shown more it executes than the succinylation in the different modification degrees (1; 2.5; 5; 10 and 15%). the solubility of the isolated not modified indicated a point isoelectric (low solubility) in pH 5,0, for the isolated ones modified the point isoelectric was observed in the pH 4,0. the solubility increased with the chemical modification, being observed a larger increase in the succinylation. The capacity of absorption of water was influenced positively with the chemical modification, being observed a larger increase in the acetilation in relation to succinylation. In the same way the capacity of oil absorption increases with the modification, being observed a larger increase of the capacity in the acetilation. The emulsion capacity increased with the chemical modification in all of the modification degrees, being observed a light increase in the succinylation. The emulsion activity was increased with the chemical modification, being observed a light increase in the succinylation. The stability of the emulsion increased with the chemical modification, being observed a larger increase in the succinylation. The relative viscosity of the isolated modified proteic increased with the concentration of the protein solution, with to room temperature and with the heating (90ºC), in the measure that increases the modification degree, it also increases the viscosity. The floaming capacity increased with the chemical modification, being observed a larger index in the succinylation, in the espumação stability is noticed that the decrease in the stability was less accentuated in the acetilation than in the succinylation, in all of the analyzed times and all of the modification degrees tested. The protein of maximum Spirulina presented a chemical and nutritional characteristic satisfactory in relation to minimum demands established by the international organisms.
A Spirulina maxima é uma microalga unicelular, que tem forma de filamento helicoidal e que se desenvolve em águas fortemente alcalinas; pertence ao grupo de cianobactérias, cianofíceas ou algas verde-azulada e têm sido utilizados desde tempos muitos antigos. A microalga apresentou um crescimento de biomassa durante o verão de 1,07 g/L e um 23,63% de rendimento. Apresenta um elevado teor de proteinas (54.93%) e baixo conteúdo de lipídeos (6,84%) e cinzas (13,05 %). Este conteúdo de proteinas elevou-se na farinha desengordurada para 61,14%. Fracionando-se as proteinas obteve-se rendimentos majoritários de albuminas (36,61%), glutelina básica (31,29%) e globulina (21,03%), e minoritário de prolaminas (3,95%) e glutelina ácida (0,29%). Na obtenção do isolado protéico, o índice em proteina total extraída nas três extrações foi 54,36%, o índice de precipitação isoelétrica no extrato de pH 10,0 foi 46,81% e o índice de proteina total no isolado protéico foi de 95,44% em pH 10,0. A análise do peso molecular das proteinas da farinha em PAGE-SDS-bMe revelou de 8 a 13 bandas. As subunidades de 16,21 e 15,74 kDa apareceram proeminentes na amostra. A termoestabilidade (Td, ºC) e a variação entálpica (DH, Kcal por g), examinadas por DSC, respectivas a farinha desengordurada e isolado protéico foram de 104,58°C e 102,47°C, 0,65 Kcal.g-1 e 0,59 Kcal.g-1, respectivamente. A caracterização nutricional da proteina da Spirulina máxima, demonstrou um conteúdo de taninos de 17,5 mg.g-1 e ausência dos inibidores de lectina e tripsina. A composição de aminoácidos revelou a presencia de todos os aminoácidos essenciais em quantidades superiores ao padrão FAO/WHO/UNU, com predominância da leucina (3,96g por 100g proteina), fenilalanina (2,92 g por 100g proteinas) e valina (2,71 g por 100 g proteinas). Os resultados das modificações químicas revelaram que a acetilação se mostrou mais efetiva que a succinilação nos diferentes graus de modificação (1; 2.5; 5; 10 e 15 %). A solubilidade do isolado não modificado indicou um ponto isoelétrico (mínima solubilidade) em pH 5,0, para os isolados modificados o ponto isoelétrico se observou no pH 4,0. A solubilidade aumentou com a modificação química, detectando-se um maior aumento na succinilação. A capacidade de absorção de água foi influenciada positivamente com a modificação química, observando-se um maior aumento na acetilação em relação a succinilação. Da mesma forma a capacidade de absorção de óleo aumentou com a modificação, observando-se um maior aumento da capacidade na acetilação. A capacidade de emulsão aumentou com a modificação química em todos os graus de modificação, detectando-se um leve aumento na succinilação. A atividade de emulsão foi aumentada com a modificação química, observando-se um leve aumento na succinilação. A estabilidade da emulsão aumentou com a modificação química, detectando-se um maior aumento na succinilação. A viscosidade relativa dos isolados protéicos modificados aumentou com a concentração da solução de proteina, com a temperatura ambiente e com o aquecimento (90ºC), na medida que aumenta o grau de modificação, também aumenta a viscosidade. A capacidade de espumação aumentou com a modificação química, observando-se um maior índice na succinilação, na estabilidade de espumação percebe-se que o decréscimo na estabilidade foi menos acentuado na acetilação do que na succinilação, em todos os tempos analisados e todos os graus de modificação testados. A proteina da Spirulina máxima apresentou uma característica química e nutricional satisfatória em relação a exigências mínimas estabelecidas pelos organismos internacionais.

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DONATO, Nilcimelly Rodrigues. "Secagem de spirulina (spirulina platensis) e utilização na produção de biscoitos". Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, 2015. http://dspace.sti.ufcg.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/riufcg/970.

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As microalgas possuem substâncias químicas e nutricionais de relevância na evolução humana, destacando-se a Spirulinapor sua alta concentraçãode proteínas e compostos nutracêuticos. A pesquisa se propôs a verificar, entre três métodos de secagem, o que melhor preserva as propriedades nutritivas da Spirulina. Entre a secagem convectiva, liofilização e aspersão, selecionou-se a biomassa secada com melhores propriedades químicas e nutricionais e se desenvolveram biscoitos tipo cookiesadicionados com Spirulina. Para esta pesquisa foram realizadas análises de controle dequalidade, incluindo parâmetros físicos, químicos, físico-químicos e microbiológicos da Spirulinain natura e seca. Além disso, fez-se o ensaio do armazenamento durante 60 dias em temperaturas de 30 e 40 ºC do melhor pó determinado de acordo com as análises citadas anteriormente. Por fim, desenvolveram-se formulações com diferentes concentrações de Spirulinade biscoitos tipo cookies, as quais foram submetidas a análises físicas, químicas, microbiológicas e sensoriais. A Spirulinain natura apresentou alto teor de água (86,79%), alto valor de atividade de água (0,985), baixa concentração de proteínas (5,87%) e alto valor de ácido ascórbico (60,67 mg/100 g). O melhor modelo ajustado às curvas de cinética de secagem convectiva em três temperaturas diferentes (40, 50 e 60 °C) foi o de Midilli. A observação das imagens por meio da microscopia eletrônica de varredura mostrou que as partículas da biomassa gerada pelos métodos de secagem em estufa e liofilização não apresentaram uniformidade quando comparadas às partículas secadas por aspersão. O modelo que melhor se ajustou aos dados experimentais das isotermas de adsorção, a 20, 30, e 40 ºC, da biomassa, foi o de Peleg. As isotermas foram classificadas como do tipo II e III. As análises físico-químicas realizadas com biomassa sinalizaram que o método que melhor conservou os nutrientes foi por liofilização tendo em vista que apresentou maior concentração de proteínas, lipídios, ácido ascórbico, fibras e aminoácidos, e melhores resultados nas isotermas, nos três modelos matemáticos. A biomassa obtida por este método foi armazenada por 60 dias e demonstrou estabilidade quanto ao teor de água, aumento discreto na atividade de água, diminuição na luminosidade e intensidade de amarelo além de aumento na intensidade deverde. Todas as análises microbiológicas apresentaram resultados que estiveram dentro da legislação nacional vigente. Nos biscoitos, com o aumento do percentual de Spirulinana formulação, houve um aumento no percentual proteico do biscoito além de incremento em minerais, quando comparado ao biscoito produzido apenas com a farinha refinada. As análises sensoriais demonstraram que as maiores notas foram atribuídas ao biscoitopadrão com farinha de trigo refinada. O biscoito padrão e o biscoito com 5% de Spirulinaforam preferidos com a mesma intensidade. Conclui-se que o melhor método de secagem para conservação dos nutrientes da Spirulina foi a liofilização. A caracterização de enriquecimento se dá ao biscoito adicionado de 15% de Spirulinacuja adição de 5% de Spirulinaem biscoito poderá ser aceita pela população.
Microalgae have chemical and nutritional substances of relevance in human evolution, there is the Spirulinafor its high concentration of proteins and nutraceutical compounds. The research proposed to verify, between three drying methods, which one best preserves the nutritional properties of Spirulina. Between the convective drying, freeze drying and spray drying, was selected the dried biomass, with better chemical and nutritional properties and developed cookies added with Spirulina. For this study, quality control analyses were performed including physical, chemical, physico-chemical and microbiological parameters of the different forms of presentation of Spirulina, fresh and dry. In addition, a study was made of the best powders stored for 60 days in the temperatures of 30 and 40 °C determined according to the analysis mentioned above. Finally, it was developed cookies with different concentrations of Spirulina, which were subjected to analyses: physical, chemical, physico-chemical, microbiological and sensory. It was found in investigations that fresh Spirulinahas a high moisture content (86.79%) and water activity (0.985); low concentration of proteins(5.87%) and high value of ascorbic acid (60.67 mg/100 g). The best method adjusted to kinetics curves of convective drying at three different temperatures (40, 50 and 60 °C) was Midilli. The observation of images by scanning electron microscopy showedthat the biomass particles generated by drying methods in greenhouses and lyophilisation are not uniform when compared to the dried particles by spray drying. The model that best fit the experimental data of moisture adsorption isotherms to biomass, at 20, 30, and 40 °C, was Peleg. The isotherms were classified as type II and III. The physicochemical analyses with biomass showed that the method that best preserved the nutrients was by lyophilisation in view that presented the highest concentration of proteins, lipids, ascorbic acid, fiber and amino acids, and better results in the isotherms in the three mathematical models. Biomass obtained by this method was stored for 60 days and demonstrated stability for in terms of moisture content, a slight increase in water activity, reduction in brightness and yellowness, as well as increase in greenness. All microbiological analysis showed results that were within the existing national legislation. In the cookies, with the increase in the percentage of Spirulinain the formulation, there was an increased percentage of protein cookie, and mineral increase when compared to the biscuits produced only with the refined flour. Sensory analysis showed that the highest scores were attributed to the standard cookie with refined wheat flour. Standard cookie and cookie with 5% Spirulinawere preferred with the same intensity. It was conclude that the best drying method for conservation of Spirulina nutrients was lyophilisation. The characterization enrichment takes the biscuit added 15% Spirulinawhich the addition of 5% Spirulinacookie may be accepted by the public.

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Muhling, Martin. "Characterization of Arthrospira (Spirulina) strains". Thesis, Durham University, 2000. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/1198/.

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A culture collection of clonal, axenic cultures of 35 Arthrospira strains and five strains, which were duplicate subcultures of the original isolates, was established. In addition, eight morphological mutants were isolated from cultures of these strains. All strains are different from those belonging to the genus Spirulina as concluded from TEM and PyMS studies. All Arthrospira strains, duplicates and different morphotypes were screened for variation in morphological, ultrastructural, physiological and biochemical characters for taxonomic purposes. Special emphasis was put on the analysis of factors which influence the morphology of the trichome helix, as this is the feature most characteristic forArthrospira strains. For example, the orientation of coiling was found to be influenced by genetic drift or the growth temperature, but can also be reversed by mechanical impact. Studies were also made on the ability to utilize sugars for growth. None of the strains grew on sucrose, but many grew on glucose and/or fructose. Growth in the presence of sucrose under photoheterotrophic conditions required an adaptation process, though sucrose is not being utilized for growth. Analysis of fatty acid composition of all strains revealed quantitative differences between strains, most markedly in the unsaturated fatty acid fraction. Repeat experiments showed the same results each time, indicating the value of this approach for identification purposes. Similarly, lectin-binding to cell surface structures proved to be a useful approach for differentiation between strains. Analysis of the whole cell composition by pyrolysis mass spectrometry (PyMS) did not confirm the clusters based on other phenotypic characters, but showed that there is a high similarity between duplicate strains or different morphotypes derived from the same stock. Numerical analysis of the data for 28 characters resolved the helical strains in two phenotypic clusters which show a high correlation to the two molecular clusters based on ARDRA of the ITS of the same set of strains. The helical trichome morphology of the strains showed the highest correlation to either of the clusters. Comparison of species descriptions and morphological characters of the strains, as determined in the presented work, indicate, that phenotypic cluster I is composed of Arthrospira maxima, A. fusiformis and A. indica, while A. platensis forms phenotypic cluster II

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Tian, Feng. "Etude et optimisation des systèmes d'éclairage pour la croissance des plantes en milieu contrôlé". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30248/document.

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Les systèmes d'éclairage artificiels sont couramment utilisés pour la croissance des plantes en serre ou environnement contrôlé (culture hydroponique, hors sol, etc...). Leur principale fonction est d'améliorer la qualité et la quantité de la production agricole indépendamment des saisons et de l'ensoleillement. L'utilisation d'une source de rayonnement artificielle pour plantes (PARS pour "Plant Artificial Radiation Sources") signifie que la lumière du soleil n'a pas été l'unique source de lumière pour la production agricole, mais qu'elle a été remplacé ou complété par une source artificielle (PARS). Les serres ou les complexes de culture hydroponique avec éclairage artificiel (Plant Factory with Artificial Lighting, "PFAL"), notamment à LED, sont une technologie innovante pour l'agriculture moderne susceptible de changer fondamentalement certains concepts. Cependant, certaines difficultés persistent avec ces nouvelles techniques. Tout d'abord, par manque de formation ou d'information, certaines personnes ne comprennent pas les caractéristiques techniques des sources de lumière artificielle moderne. Deuxièmement, les mécanismes de photobiologie sous différents spectres sont encore mal définis en fonction des espèces de plantes. Troisièmement, le secteur agricole est une grande entité qui présente également une grande complexité de part la variabilité des cultures. En conséquence, les "PARS" ont généralement une faible efficacité et présentent une consommation énergétique élevée, ce qui devient le principal obstacle pour leur application. Les PARS et leurs systèmes sont la technique de base pour développer l'horticulture contrôlée, en particulier dans la culture hydroponique qui n'utilisent que les sources d'éclairage artificielle. Toutefois, la consommation d'énergie et les défauts de conception deviennent des difficultés rédhibitoires à leur mise en oeuvre. Par conséquent, la sélection d'une source de lumière efficace et l'optimisation des systèmes d'éclairage sont d'une grande importance. Connaître le type de spectre optimal pour une variété de plante ou d'algue nécessite donc des études plus approfondies. Les diodes électroluminescentes (LED) pour l'éclairage constituent une source de lumière de dernière génération compatible avec les puissances lumineuses nécessaires à la croissance de plantes. Par rapport aux sources traditionnelles, elles présentent des avantages incomparables tels qu'un rendement élevé, une longue durée de vie, un rayonnement relativement simple à contrôler par rapport aux sources de lumières classiques, une lumière dite "froide" (pas d'émission infra-rouge), de petite taille, robuste, etc. En outre, les systèmes d'éclairage à LED ("LED Lighting Systems", LLS) utilisent une alimentation en courant continu, ce qui est plus fiable et plus facile à contrôler. Par conséquent, les "LLS" deviennent de plus en plus populaire pour les chercheurs, ingénieurs, fabricants, biologistes et industriels du secteur agronomique. En particulier, les applications des LEDs pour la production agricole suscitent une vive attention dans le monde ces dernières années. Les sources de lumière à LED sont connues comme étant le choix idéal en horticulture sous conditions contrôlées (notamment vis-à-vis de leur faible consommation énergétique)
Artificial lighting systems can be used for plant growth in protected horticulture. Their main function is to improve the quality and quantity of agricultural products. Plant factory and greenhouse with supplemental lighting are the concrete manifestation of protected horticulture. The applications of Plant Artificial Radiation Sources (PARS) mean that the sunlight has not been the unique light source for agricultural production but can be replaced by PARS. Especially, Plant Factory with Artificial Lighting (PFAL) is an innovative technology for modern agriculture that fundamentally change the concept of farming. However, there are some problems for this new technique. First, some people do not understand well the characteristics of artificial light source. Second, photobiology mechanism under different spectra is not clear enough for all the species. Third, agricultural field is a large system of great complexity. As a result, the PARS usually have low efficiency and high energy consumption, which become the main obstacles for plant applications. PARS and their systems are the core technique to develop protected horticulture, especially for plant factory that can only use PARS for photosynthesis and agricultural production. However, the high energy consumption and design flaws become the bottleneck problems. Therefore, how to select the light sources and optimize the lighting systems are of great importance. Which kind of spectrum is optimal for plants or algae needs further study. Light emitting diode (LED) is the fourth (the latest) generation light source. Compared with traditional light sources, it has unparalleled advantages such as high efficiency, long lifetime, flexible spectrum, cool light, small size, robust, etc. Besides, LED lighting systems (LLS) use DC power supply, which is more reliable and easier to control. Therefore, LLS become more and more popular to the researchers, engineers, manufacturers and biologists. Particularly, LED applications for agricultural production also attract broad attention in the world in recent years. LED is known as the ideal choice to spread in the protected horticulture

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Cheung, Suk-man. "The growth characteristics of Spirulina platensis under photoautotrophic and mixotrophic conditions /". Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2000. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B21490168.

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Niangoran, N'goran Urbain Florent. "Optimisation de la culture de la spiruline en milieu contrôlé : éclairage et estimation de la biomasse". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30378/document.

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L'agriculture en milieu contrôlé, et notamment la culture sous serre, est une des réponses possibles aux besoins alimentaires d'une population mondiale en constante croissance. Elle permet aussi d'optimiser les terres cultivables et d'éviter les pesticides néfastes à l'Homme. Afin de s'affranchir des cycles des saisons et d'avoir une production annuelle continue, l'éclairage artificiel a été introduit dans les serres. L'éclairage horticole a suivi l'évolution des technologies d'éclairage pour arriver aujourd'hui jusqu'à la LED. Cet éclairage donne certes des résultats corrects mais il peut être amélioré tant au niveau de la quantité que de la qualité spectrale de lumière. De ce point de vue, les LEDs présentent deux grands avantages : la possibilité de recomposer un spectre idéal à partir de différentes longueurs d'ondes et de moduler l'intensité de la lumière. Ainsi, elles permettent de fournir un éclairage adapté aux besoins de la plante et ce, en fonction du stade de sa croissance. L'objectif de ce travail de thèse est de proposer un système d'éclairage optimal pour la croissance des plantes en milieu contrôlé. A partir du rendement photosynthétique moyen des plantes, nous avons donc établi des modèles de systèmes d'éclairage à LEDs optimisés pour les plantes. Ces modèles sont basés sur la combinaison de plusieurs LEDs monochromes obtenues à partir de la décomposition de la courbe RQE par des fonctions de Pearson VII. Nous avons appliqué ces résultats théoriques à la culture d'une algue bleue-verte : la Spiruline Platensis. Le choix de cette plante-bactérie repose sur plusieurs critères : cycle de culture court, applications en cosmétique, en médecine et forte valeur nutritionnelle. Ainsi, nous avons pu étudier l'influence de paramètres de culture tels que l'intensité lumineuse, la photopériode, la température sur sa croissance. Par ailleurs, nous avons mis en œuvre deux méthodes basées sur la réflectance optique pour quantifier la biomasse produite par la spiruline
Agriculture in a controlled environment, and in particular greenhouse cultivation, is one of the responses to the food needs of a growing population. It also makes it possible to optimize the surface of arable land and avoid pesticide and fertilizer releases harmful to man. In order to free of the cycles of the seasons and annual production, artificial lighting was introduced greenhouses since decades. Horticultural lighting followed the evolution of lighting technologies to arrive today up to LED. This lighting gives correct results, but it can be improved both in terms of quantity and spectral quality of light. From this point of view, LEDs have two main advantages : the possibility of recompose an ideal spectrum from different wavelengths and modulate the intensity of the light. Thus, they provide adapted lighting to the needs of the plant and this, in depending on the stage of its growth. The objective of this thesis is to propose an optimal lighting system for the growth of plants in a controlled environment. From the yield photosynthesis of plants, we established models of LED lighting systems optimized. These models are based on the combination of several monochrome LEDs obtained from the decomposition of the curve RQE by Pearson VII functions. We applied these theoretical results to the cultivation of a blue-green algae, the Spirulina Platensis. The choice of this plant-bacterium is based on several criteria : short crop cycle, applications in cosmetics, medicine and high nutritional value. Thus, we were able to study the influence of culture parameters such as light intensity, photoperiod, temperature on its growth. In addition, we have implemented two methods based on optical reflectance to quantify the biomass produced by spirulina

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McCarthy-Johnson, Morgan Alyssa. "Effects of Spirulina on Inflammation and Fatigue". The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1397780605.

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Stefanini, Philippe. "La spiruline : essai anthropologique sur le processus de conversion éthique des agriculteurs varois en quête de sens". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM5010.

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Aujourd'hui dans le Var, certains agriculteurs produisent dans des eaux saumâtres une bactérie alimentaire appelée : spiruline. En se formant à cette culture atypique, ces agriculteurs ne visent pas uniquement une production d'avenir, car leur identité est en jeu. Dès lors, leur vision du monde a commencé à changer. Le but de ce travail est d'étudier comment la culture de la spiruline et sa consommation peuvent déclencher notamment par ses représentations et ses pratiques un processus de « conversion éthique » sur ces agriculteurs en quête de sens. Afin de restituer au mieux, une étude anthropologique, nous avons choisi d'investir deux groupes cibles : des agriculteurs qui suivent une formation professionnelle afin de devenir des producteurs de spiruline et des producteurs formés à cette culture. Le protocole ethnographique employé s'attache à récolter les données par des entretiens libres inscrits dans une méthode compréhensive et une observation participante. Cette approche novatrice, mettant en œuvre l'étude de producteurs/consommateurs de spiruline s'avère pertinente. Elle a permis de mettre en évidence une véritable conversion de mes groupes cibles qui ont basculé progressivement d'une singularité biologique à une singularité sociale ancrée dans l'éthique. L'échec professionnel et la crise identitaire qu'ils vivaient, ont été le démarrage de leur démarche introspective et la préparation consciente ou inconsciente à leur rencontre avec la spiruline
Today in the Var some farmers produce in brackish waters a food bacterium called spirulina. By training in this atypical cultivation, these farmers do not only aim at a future turned production: their identity is at stake. From then on, their vision of the world has begun to change. The purpose of this work is to study how spirulina cultivation and its consumption can activate, in particular by its representations and its practices, a process of "ethical conversion" on these farmers in search of meaning sense. To restore at best, an anthropological study, we chose to induct two target groups: Farmers attending a professional training course to become spirulina producers and producers trained in this cultuvation. The applied ethnographical protocol attempts to collect data during free discussions fitting a comprehensive method and a participating observation. This innovative approach, involving spirulina producers /consumers in a study turns out to be relevant. It allowed to bring to light a real conversion of my target groups which gradually swinged from a biological peculiarity to a social peculiarity fixed in the ethics. Their professional failure and the identity crisis they endured turned to be the starting point of their introspective processes, preparing consciously or not their minds for their encounter with spirulina. Then, by learning about the culture of this food and about its consumption, these farmers changed steadily their representations, their behavior and their practices, to finally restructure their life and identity

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張淑雯 y Suk-man Cheung. "The growth characteristics of Spirulina platensis under photoautotrophic and mixotrophic conditions". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31222365.

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Tölg, Aros Constanza Isabel. "Determinación de fenoles totales y actividad sobre la 15-lipoxigenasa de extractos de Arthrospira platensis producidos con captura de CO2". Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2014. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/129918.

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Memoria para optar al título de Químico Farmacéutico
Autor no autoriza el acceso a texto completo de su documento hasta diciembre de 2015
La espirulina (Arthrospira platensis), es una microalga cuyos estudios han demostrado que posee actividad antioxidante, antiviral, antihistamínica, antiinflamatoria e inmunoestimulante, además de presentar efectos antianémicos, anticancerígenos, anticoagulantes, antigenotóxicos, antihepatotóxicos, antiparasitarios, hipoglicemiantes e hipolipidémicos. Dentro de los estudios de la actividad antinflamatoria de esta microalga, no se encontró ningún antecedente que demuestre su efecto inhibitorio sobre la 15-lipoxigenasa. En esta memoria se realizó un estudio comparativo entre distintos cultivos de A. platensis utilizando dos fuentes de CO2 en distintas concentraciones. Las variables comparadas fueron: crecimiento y producción de biomasa de los cultivos, rendimiento y perfil cromatográfico por cromatografía en capa fina y por CLAE-DAD de los diferentes extractos, contenido total de fenoles, así como también la actividad inhibitoria de la 15-lipoxigenasa de soya de los extractos etanólicos que fueron los que presentaron una mayor cantidad de compuestos fenólicos. El crecimiento y producción de biomasa resultó mayor para los cultivos a los que se le adicionaron CO2, ya sea proveniente de Indura o de la viña Miguel Torres, respecto a los cultivos controles, que no recibieron aporte extra de CO2. El rendimiento de los extractos etanólicos de los cultivos que recibieron aporte de CO2 fueron los que alcanzaron un mayor valor. El CO2 produjo un cambio en la cantidad de compuestos fenólicos, los cuales aumentaron hasta un 50%, lo cual se evidenció mediante el ensayo de Folin-Ciocalteau. Se comprobó la ausencia de ácido gálico, ácido cafeico y ácido ferúlico por CLAE-DAD, utilizando los patrones correspondientes. Dos extractos etanólicos Bv y Cv (obtenidos desde la biomasa cultivada con 2,5 y 5,0 % de CO2 provenientes del gas de fermentación de la viña Miguel Torres) presentaron un porcentaje significativo de inhibición de la 15-lipoxigenasa de soya de un 29,5 ± 6,2 y un 48,5 ± 1,1 μg/mL respectivamente. Dichos porcentajes de inhibición son menores a los obtenidos con el compuesto de referencia (ácido cafeico)
Spiruline (Arthrospira platensis), is a microalgae whose studies shows that it has antioxydant, antiviral, antihistaminic, antiinflammatory and inmunoestimulant activity, further, effects such as antianemic, anticancerous, anticoagulant, antigenotoxic, antihepatotoxic, antiparasitic, hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic were also reported. Within the studies of the antiinflammatory activity of this microalgae, there are no antecedents of it’s inhibitory effect on 15-lipoxigenase. On this work, a comparative study from distinct cultures of A. platensis using two sources of CO2 in several concentrations was performed. The compared variables were: growth and production of biomass of the cultures, yield and cromatography profile by thin layer cromatography and for HPLC-DAD of the different extracts, total content of phenols, and inhibitory activity of soy 15-lipoxigenase of the ethanolic extracts that presented a higher content of phenolic compounds. The cultures that presented a higher cellular growth rate and a higher production of biomass were the cultures with addition of CO2, either from Indura or Miguel Torres vineyard, in regard of the control cultures that does not received additional CO2. The yield of the ethanolic extracts of the cultures that received additional CO2 showed the highest value. CO2 addition produced a change in the amount of phenolic compounds, increasing it’s concentration in 50%, which was evidenced through Folin-Ciocalteau test. The absence of gallic acid, caffeic acid and ferulic acid was proved by HPLC-DAD, using the corresponding patterns. Two ethanolic extracts, Bv and Cv (extracted from biomass cultivated with 2,5 and 5,0 % of CO2 from fermentation gas from Miguel Torres vineyard) exhibit a significant inhibition percentage of soy 15-lipoxigenase of 29,5 ± 6,2 and 48,5 ± 1,1 μg/mL respectively. These percentages of inhibition are smaller compared with the reference compound (caffeic acid)
Proyecto FIA

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11

Sattayakawee, Sarawut. "Glucosylglycerol : a compatible solute in Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis". Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.555388.

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Glucosylglycerol was identified as the major compatible solute in Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis LB 2340 and the accumulation of glucosylglycerol was dependent on external salt concentration. An alternative method of measuring glucosylglycerol content was developed using acid hydrolysis. Glycerol produced from the acid hydrolysis was a first order chemical reaction. The maximum glycerol concentration was calculated and converted to original glucosylglycerol concentration. The ggps gene, that encoded the enzyme GGPS (glucosylglycerol-phosphate synthase) in glucosylglycerol biosynthesis pathway, was successfully isolated from the A. platensis genome. The nucleotide sequence of 1509 bp and the translated amino acid sequence of 502 aa were determined. The protein sequence was identical to the GGPS amino acid sequence of Arthrospira maxima CS-328. Computer analysis of the isolated amino acid sequence revealed the possibility of positively charged amino acid residues involved in phosphate binding at the active site of GGPS enzyme. The expression of ggps gene was directly proportional to external salinity. The effect of external salinity on accumulation of glucosylglycerol showed the same correlation. The maximum concentration of glucosylglycerol accumulated intracellularly was 200.58 mM. The compatible solute acted as an enzyme stabiliser and in addition, 0.5 mM of exogenous glucosylglycerol (almost the same amount to the maximum intracellular concentration) showed a positive effect on growth and the rate of photosynthesis. Accumulation of exogenous glycine betaine and trehalose were studied in A. platensis cells, but they showed no significant effect. _________________________.

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12

Misiūnas, Vladas. "Melsvadumblio Spirulina platensis įtaka karvių pieno sudėties rodikliams". Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2014~D_20140519_092557-85814.

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Tyrimo problema: Pienininkystei Lietuvoje plėtoti sąlygos yra palankios, pienas žemės ūkio produkcijos struktūroje užima beveik ketvirtadalį, o pieno produktų eksportas sudaro apie penktadalį šalies žemės ūkio ir maisto produktų eksporto. Lietuvoje karvių produktyvumas artimas Lenkijos ir Latvijos karvių produktyvumui, tačiau nuo kitų Europos Sąjungos šalių karvių produktyvumas atsilieka 15 – 20 proc. Todėl norint konkuruoti pasaulinėse rinkose būtina atrasti patikimų būdų gerinti karvių pieno kokybės rodiklius, taip pat didinti primilžį. Darbo tikslas: ištirti melsvadumblio Spirulina Platensis įtaką pieno sudėties rodikliams. Šiam tikslui įgyvendinti keliami tokie darbo uždaviniai: 1. Ištirti Spirulina Platensis papildo vartojimo įtaką primilžiui. 2. Ištirti Spirulina Platensis papildo vartojimo įtaką pieno sudėties rodikliams. 3. Ištirti Spirulina Platensis papildo vartojimo įtaką somatinių ląstelių skaičiui piene. Atlikę bandymą 8-iuose Lietuvos rajonų ūkiuose nustatėme, kad karvių šėrime panaudojus Spirulina Platensis papildą, iš bandomosios grupės karvių per parą primelžta vidutiniškai 2,44 kg arba 14,2 proc., pieno daugiau, nei iš kontrolinės grupės karvių (p<0,05). Vartojant Spirulina Platensis papildą bandomosios karvių grupės pieno riebumas buvo nustatytas vidutiniškai 0,27 proc., mažesnis, nei kontrolinės karvių grupės (p<0,05), tačiau iš bandomosios karvių grupės per parą gaunama 0,07 kg daugiau pieno riebalų. Pieno baltymingumas bandomosios karvių grupės piene... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
Research problem: The conditions of the dairy development are favorable in Lithuania. The milk production takes up nearly a quarter of the whole agriculture production and the export of dairy products is about one-fifth of the country agricultural and food export. Lithuanian cow productivity is close to the Polish and Latvian cow productivity, but is about 15 – 20 percent lower than in other European Union countries. Therefore, in order to compete in global markets, it is necessary to find ways to improve the quality of milk, as well as to increase the milk yield. Research purpose: To investigate the influence of the blue-green algae (Spirulina platensis) on the milk composition parameters. For this purpose there are the following tasks: 1. Investigationoftheinfluenceof Spirulina platensis onthemilkingyield. 2. Investigationoftheinfluenceof Spirulina platensis onthemilkcompositionparameters. 3. Investigationoftheinfluenceof Spirulina platensis ontheamountofsomaticcellsinmilk. After tests in eight Lithuanian farms, it was found that the use of Spirulina platensis additives in cow feeding increases the average of milk yield of about 2.44 kg or 14.2 percent in compare with the control group (p<0,05). Although the additives of Spirulina platensis reduces the fatness of cow milk of about 0.27 percent, but absolute amount of the milk fat increases of about 0.07 kg pro day. In the similar way, the milk protein in the test group was lower of about 0.14% than in the control groups... [to full text]

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13

Yamaguchi, Shana Kimi Farias 1988, Lisiane Fernandes de 1980 Carvalho, Carolina Krebs de 1979 Souza y Universidade Regional de Blumenau Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Química. "Desenvolvimento de iogurte liofilizado enriquecido com microalga Spirulina". reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações FURB, 2017. http://www.bc.furb.br/docs/DS/2017/362888_1_1.pdf.

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Orientador: Lisiane Fernandes de Carvalho.
Coorientador: Carolina Krebs de Souza.
Dissertação (Mestrado em Engenharia Química) - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Química, Centro de Ciências Tecnológicas, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Blumenau.

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14

Ciccone, Marianna. "Microincapsulazione mediante spraizzazione di ficocianina estratta da Spirulina". Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021.

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La C-ficocianina (C-PC) è un pigmento blu naturale che si ricava dalla Spirulina, una microalga che, oltre ad essere usata come integratore sotto forma di compresse e polveri, viene incorporata direttamente in alcune matrici alimentari, sfruttandone al meglio le proprietà nutraceutiche e funzionali. La C-ficocianina che ha proprietà antiossidanti può essere utilizzata in alternativa ai coloranti sintetici. Tuttavia, a causa della sua sensibilità alle alte temperature, alla luce, al pH e all’ossigeno, è un composto instabile e le sue applicazioni negli alimenti risultano essere limitate. Una soluzione a questo problema è la tecnica della microincapsulazione, che permette di incapsulare diversi ingredienti aumentandone la durabilità e la volatilità. Lo scopo principale del presente lavoro è stato quello di studiare la stabilità di microincapsulati di ficocianina ottenuti mediante la tecnica dello spray-drying, al fine di dimostrare il loro potenziale utilizzo nello sviluppo di nuovi alimenti. Le microcapsule ottenute sono state valutate in termini di umidità, attività dell’acqua ed igroscopicità, tenendo conto delle caratteristiche degli agenti incapsulanti, quali maltodestrina e trealosio. Per valutare la stabilità delle microcapsule durante lo stoccaggio, la determinazione dell’igroscopicità è stata integrata con l’analisi termica delle polveri. La temperatura di transizione vetrosa è stata determinata mediante un calorimetro differenziale a scansione (DSC) e le isoterme di assorbimento delle microcapsule sono state determinate utilizzando un analizzatore di assorbimento dinamico di vapore acqueo (Vapor Sorption Analysis-Q5000SA). Dal punto di vista della microincapsulazione, si sono ottenuti ottimi risultati con entrambi i supporti incapsulanti ed entrambe le polveri sono risultate essere stabili a temperatura ambiente e sotto il 30% di UR.

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Boligon, Caroline Schardong. "Spirulina platensis e marcadores inflamatórios em humanos : uma revisão sistemática". reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/132154.

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Objetivo: revisar sistematicamente os efeitos da Spirulina platensis em marcadores inflamatórios em humanos. Métodos: foi realizada busca por ensaios clínicos randomizados, realizados em humanos adultos com o objetivo de verificar os efeitos da Spirulina Platensis sob marcadores inflamatórios. A busca foi efetuada até outubro de 2015 nas bases de dados Medline via Pubmed, Cochrane Central, Clinical Trials, Scielo, LILACS, banco de teses da CAPES, assim como em bancos de grey literature. Resultados: Identificados vinte e oito estudos dos quais foram elegíveis três ensaios clínicos randomizados. A amostra foi constituída de 34 a 78 participantes, de ambos os sexos, com idade variando de 18 a 87 anos. Os marcadores inflamatórios avaliados foram: IL-2, IL-6, e TNF- e a intervenção foi feita com cápsulas de Spirulina platensis versus placebo. A IL-2 foi avaliada em dois estudos porém, não foi possível realizar a metanálise, pois um dos artigos não descrevia os valores encontrados em seu grupo controle. A IL-6 ao ser analisada em conjunto, não demonstrou diferença significativa com o uso da Spirulina platensis [-0,36 (IC95%: -0,90 a 0,18), com I2=0%]. Quanto ao TNF- não houve diferença significativa com o uso da Spirulina platensis [-0,03 (IC95%: -0,42 a 0,37)] com teste de inconsistência mostrando moderada heterogeneidade e insignificância estatística [I2= 31%, P= 0,23]. Conclusão: A informação disponível sobre o tema proposto é escassa e o efeito da Spirulina platensis sobre os marcadores inflamatórios se mostrou inconsistente. Ensaios clínicos randomizados adicionais com maior número de participantes e melhores avaliações dos marcadores são necessários para verificar o real papel anti-inflamatório da Spirulina platensis.
Objective: Perform a systematic review on the anti-inflammatory effects of Spirulina platensis in humans. Methods: A search was conducted in Medline via PubMed, Cochrane Central and Clinical Trials until October 2015 and dissertations published in CAPES, and gray literature banks for randomized controlled trials performed in adults to assess the anti-inflammatory effects of Spirulina platensis. Results: The search identified twenty eight articles. Only three randomized clinical trials were elegible for this study. The sample ranged between 34 and 78 participants, both genders, with the age ranged from 18 to 78 years. The measurements of inflammatory outcome were assessed through IL-2, IL-6, and TNF-. The intervention was capsules of Spirulina platensis versus placebo. The IL-2 was evaluated in two studies but it was not possible to evaluate the results together through meta-analysis because one of the articles did not describe the values in the control group. IL-6, when analyzed together, showed no significant difference between Spirulina platensis and placebo [-0.36 (95% CI: -0.90 to 0.18), with I2 = 0%]. Regarding the TNF- no significant difference was found [-0.03 (95% CI: -0.42 to 0.37)]. The inconsistency test showed moderate heterogeneity and no statistical significance [I2 = 31%, P = 0.23]. Conclusion: The available information on anti-inflammatory effects of S. platensis is scarce. Spirulina platensis presented no significant effect on the inflammatory markers. Additional randomized clinical trials, with more participants and better markers assessments are needed to verify the real anti-inflammatory role of Spirulina platensis.

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Barbieri, Francesca. "Effects of the inclusion of microalgae spirulina (Spirulina platensis) in the diet of Gilthead Sea bream (Sparus aurata) on growth and metabolism". Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/13402/.

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In gilthead seabream aquaculture, the feed supplies in the market is very expensive due to its high content of animal protein. In this respect, spiruline appears to be a valuable substitute to animal and vegetable protein. In this study we performed two experiments. The scope of the first one was to determine the effect of the inclusion of Spirulina platensis hydrolyzed on the physiological state and growth in juveniles of Sparus aurata. A total of 180 individuals were fed for 128 days with three different feeds: control diet, diet with 2% of hydrolyzed microalgae (Sp2), and diet with 4% of hydrolyzed microalgae (Sp4).The experimental groups were tested in triplicate (except control group that was in duplicate). Biometric parameters were registered every two or three weeks. At the end of the experiment blood samples were collected to analyze plasma metabolites. After this we tried to evaluate the anti-oxidant response in animals remained from the first experiment using a toxicological assay with sodium nitrite lasting three days. Fish were divided into control, Spi 2% and Spi 4%, all them with and without NaNO2. Even then, the plasma metabolites data were collected after 24h and 72h. At the end of the first experiment the administration of S. platensis appeared to have a negative impact on growth of S. aurata respect the control feed. Furthermore, the lactate content registered showed a significant difference between the control and the spiruline administration. In the second experiment the spiruline feed showed a glucose and a lactate content with significant differences after 72h of exposition to nitrites respect the control group due to the interaction between nitrites and treatment. S. platensis hydrolyzed 2% and 4% do not seems a good substitution for S. aurata both as a growth enhancer and improver of health metabolic pathways. Its role as a good antioxidant has not been confirmed in these experiments.

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Montalvo, Grecia Esthefany Barriga. "Discovery of novel bioactive peptides from spirulina (arthrospira) maxima". Universidade Federal do Tocantins, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11612/964.

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In the last years, the interest by the bioactive peptides Spirulina sp. (Arthrospira) is increasing, because of its Generally Regarded as Safe (GRAS) status, and their potential health benefits. These peptides can be used in different functional foods, for medical purposes, cosmetic and nutraceuticals, due to biological properties such as antihypertensive, antioxidative, anti-hyaluronidase and others. In the present investigation, Spirulina maxima were produced through of three hydrolyses process. After, the peptides fractions were purified through tangential filtration (membrane of 2 μM and 10kDa), and the fragments obtained below 10 kDa were partially characterized and determinate their antioxidant (radical scavenging, iron-chelating), antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anti- collagenase. The peptide fraction obtained from the first hydrolyzed (PHA) presented antioxidant activity by capturing the DPPH radicals with a value of IC50 21.25 μg/ml and ABTS with IC50 9.5 μg/ml and TEAC 465.7 Trolox μM/μg sample, iron-chelating showed inhibition of 97.3% and IC50 6.99 μg/ml. Meanwhile, the peptide fraction obtained from the second hydrolyzed (PHP) presented antimicrobial activity with the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) 0.34 mg/ml and 0.63 mg/ml (Bacillus subtilis), IC50 and MBC 0.62 mg/ml and 0.63 mg/ml (Staphylococcus aureus), IC50 and MBC 0.99 mg/ml and 1.25 mg/ml (Salmonella typhi), IC50 and MBC 0.94 mg/ml 1.25 mg/ml (Escherichia coli). The peptide fraction obtained from the two enzymes (PHS) showed antioxidant activity by capturing the DPPH radicals with a value of IC50 17.93 μg/ml and ABTS with IC50 8.6 μg/ml and TEAC 540.7 Trolox μM/μg sample, anti-inflammatory with inhibition of 39% and IC50 0.92 mg/ml, and anti-collagenase with inhibition 92.5% and IC50 32.49 μg/ml. The results indicated that protein isolate from Spirulina maxima can be a source for obtaining of peptides fractions (PHA, PHP and PHS) with activity antioxidants, iron-chelating, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatories and anti-collagenase.
Nos últimos anos o interesse pelos peptídeos bioativos de Spirulina sp. (Arthrospira) tem aumentado enormemente devido a seu estado Geralmente reconhecido como seguro (GRAS) e seus potenciais benefícios para a saúde. Essa microalga pode ser utilizada em diferentes alimentos funcionais, para fins médicos, cosméticos e nutracêuticos devido às suas propriedades biológicas como anti-hipertensivas, antioxidantes, anti-hialuronidase e outras. No presente trabalho de investigação, as fracções de peptídeos de Spirulina maxima foram produzidas através de três processos diferentes de hidrólises, utilizando duas proteases diferentes. Em seguida os extratos foram submetidos a um processo de purificação pelo método de filtração tangencial (membranas de 2 μM e 10 kDa), e os fragmentos obtidos no permeado de 10 kDa foram parcialmente caracterizados e avaliadas suas capacidades antioxidantes (sequestro de radicais, atividade quelante de ferro, antimicrobiana, anti-inflamatória e anticolagenase. Fração de peptídeos obtido do primeiro hidrolisado (PHA) apresentou atividade antioxidante capturando aos radicais DPPH com um valor de IC50 21,25 μg/ml e ABTS com IC50 9,5 μg/ml e TEAC 465,7 Trolox μM/μg de amostra, e atividade quelante mostrou uma inibição de 97,3% e um IC50 6,99 μg/ml. Fração de peptídeos obtido do segundo hidrolisado (PHP) apresentou atividade antimicrobiana com concentração inibitória media (IC50) e concentração bactericida mínima (CBM) de 0,34 e 0,63 mg/ml (Bacillus subtilis), IC50 e CBM 0,62 e 0,63 mg/ml (Staphylococcus aureus), IC50 e CBM 0,99 e 1,25 mg/ml (Salmonella typhi), IC50 e CBM 0,94 e 1,25 mg/ml (Escherichia coli). Fração de peptídeos obtido das duas enzimas (PHS) apresentou atividade antioxidante capturando aos radicais DPPH com um valor de IC50 17,93 μg/ml e ABTS com IC50 8,6 μg/ml e TEAC 540,7 Trolox μM/μg de amostra, anti-inflamatória com inibição da enzima hialuronidase 39% e IC50 0,92 mg/ml, e anticolagenase com uma inibição 92,5% e IC50 32.49 μg/ml. Os resultados permitem concluir que isolado proteico de Spirulina pode ser uma fonte para obtenção de extratos peptídicos (PHA, PHP e PHS) com atividade antioxidante, quelante, antimicrobiana, anti-inflamatória, anticolagenase.

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Gopi, Vishali. "Potential of Cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis for Eutrophic Water Restoration". Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/41844.

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Around 70% of the world is covered with water but only 2.5% of it is freshwater and even less is available for the ecosystem and humanity. The limited available fresh water is facing increasing challenges from water pollutions and eutrophication is one of the major concerns worldwide. The reason of eutrophication is the presence of excessive amounts of phosphorus and nitrogen in water bodies, which may cause algal blooms and a variety of harms to aquatic ecosystem in association with algal blooms. Among these two components, phosphorus plays a major role in eutrophication control and recovery since atmospheric N2 can be fixed by biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) processes and is therefore of little meaning to control. In this study, we investigated for the first time the potential of using controlled growth of algae and, in particular, filamentous cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis, for eutrophic water restoration. This study investigated the algal cell growth, algal by-product production, and removal of phosphate by S. platensis at different phosphate levels in artificial wastewaters and eutrophic waters. Results indicate that S. platensis could remove 90.17% of phosphorus from artificial wastewaters containing 10 mg/L phosphate in a 16-day cultivation period. When tested for eutrophic water restoration, S. platensis was able to convert hypo-eutrophic, eutrophic, and meso-eutrophic waters to oligotrophic water. It was shown that by using 100- micron nylon mesh cloth we could keep biomass concentration to be lower than 0.30±0.02 g/L. In the meantime, light/dark tests indicate that the dissolved oxygen level would not go below the hypoxic level, i.e., 4 mg/L after a 12-hour dark period at biomass concentration up to 1 g/L. These results indicate that it is possible to use S. platensis for both control of point source discharge and eutrophic water restoration.

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Kawata, Yoshikazu. "Studies on recombinant DNA techniques for cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis". Kyoto University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/144086.

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Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・論文博士
博士(農学)
乙第11848号
論農博第2602号
新制||農||929(附属図書館)
学位論文||H18||N4160(農学部図書室)
24390
UT51-2006-J545
(主査)教授大東肇, 教授井上國世, 教授村田幸作
学位規則第4条第2項該当

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Dotto, Guilherme Luiz. "Biossorção de corantes alimentícios utilizando nanopartículas de Spirulina platensis". reponame:Repositório Institucional da FURG, 2012. http://repositorio.furg.br/handle/1/6076.

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Neste trabalho foi verificado o potencial de aplicação de nanopartículas de S. platensis para a remoção de três corantes alimentícios de soluções aquosas pelo processo de biossorção. Primeiramente, as nanopartículas foram preparadas, caracterizadas e tiveram seu potencial de biossorção comparado com micropartículas de S. platensis. Em seguida, a biossorção dos corantes pelas nanopartículas foi avaliada em diversas condições experimentais mediante estudos sequenciais de isotermas de equilíbrio, termodinâmica, otimização estatística e cinética. Por fim, foram elucidados o mecanismo de transferência de massa do processo e as interações entre as nanopartículas e os corantes. Os resultados mostraram que as nanopartículas podem ser preparadas pela técnica de agitação mecânica utilizando taxa de agitação de 10000 rpm por 20 min. Nestas condições foram obtidas nanopartículas, estáveis, monodispersas com diâmetro médio de 215,6 nm e forma elipsoidal-esférica. As nanopartículas de S. platensis apresentaram potencial superior em relação às micropartículas para a biossorção dos três corantes. O estudo das isotermas mostrou que a biossorção foi favorecida em meio ácido e temperatura de 25 °C, sendo o modelo de Sips o mais adequado para representar os dados experimentais. A biossorção dos três corantes pelas nanopartículas foi um processo espontâneo, favorável e exotérmico. As condições ótimas para a biossorção foram pH 2, 400 rpm e 100 min para os corantes amarelo tartrazina e azul brilhante, e pH 2, 225 rpm e 100 min para o corante vermelho n° 40. Nestas condições, as capacidades de biossorção foram, respectivamente, 228,2, 1653,0 e 400,3 mg g-1 , para os corantes amarelo tartrazina, azul brilhante e vermelho n° 40. O modelo cinético de Avrami foi o mais adequado para representar a biossorção dos três corantes pelas nanopartículas. A transferência de massa externa e a difusão intrapartícula atuaram simultaneamente na biossorção dos três corantes pelas nanopartículas, sendo que, o principal mecanismo difusivo intrapartícula foi a difusão superficial. A biossorção dos três corantes pelas nanopartículas de S. platensis, em condições ácidas, ocorreu principalmente por quimiosorção. Os grupamentos amina e hidroxila das nanopartículas foram responsáveis pela interação com os corantes. Os resultados apresentados nesta pesquisa mostram que as nanopartículas de S. platensis são um potencial nanobioadsorvente que pode ser utilizado no pós-tratamento de efluentes contendo corantes alimentícios.
In this work the potential of S. platensis nanoparticles to remove food dyes from aqueous solutions by biosorption was verified. Firstly, nanoparticles were prepared, characterized and had its biosorption potential compared with S. platensis microparticles. After, the dyes biosorption onto nanoparticles was evaluated under different conditions using equilibrium isotherms, thermodynamics, statistical optimization and kinetics. Finally, the mass transfer mechanism and the interactions between dyes and nanoparticles were elucidated. The results showed that the nanoparticles can be prepared by the mechanical agitation technique using stirring rate of 10000 rpm and time of 20 min. In these conditions, it was obtained stable, monodisperse, ellipsoidal-spherical nanoparticles with mean diameter of 215.6 nm. The S. platensis nanoparticles presented superior biosorption potential in relation the S. platensis microparticles. The isotherm study showed that the biosorption was favored under acid conditions and temperature of 25 °C, being the Sips model the more adequate to fit the experimental data. For the three dyes, the biosorption onto nanoparticles was a spontaneous, favorable and exothermic process. For FD&C yellow n° 5 and acid blue 9 dyes, the more appropriate conditions were pH 2, 400 rpm and 100 min, but, for the FD&C red n° 40 were pH 2, 225 rpm and 100 min. In these conditions, the biosorption capacities were, 228.2, 1653.0 and 400.3 mg g-1 , for the FD&C yellow n° 5, acid blue 9 and FD&C red n° 40, respectively. The Avrami kinetic model was the more appropriate to fit the biosorption experimental data. The external mass transfer and intraparticle diffusion occurred simultaneously in the biosorption, being that, the main diffusive mechanism was the surface diffusion. For the three dyes, the biosorption onto nanoparticles, under acid conditions, occurred mainly by chemisorption. The amine and hydroxyl groups of the nanoparticles were responsible for dyes binding. The presented results indicated that S. platensis nanoparticles are a potential nanobiosorbent, which can be employed in the pos-treatment of wastewater containing food dyes.

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SUASSUNA, Juraci Marcos Alves. "Espirulina (Spirulina platensis) na alimentação de ovinos em confinamento". Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 2014. http://www.tede2.ufrpe.br:8080/tede2/handle/tede2/7022.

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Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
Forty F1 Dorper x Santa Ines feedlot lambs [20 males and 20 females, initial weight (PI) average of 20.75 ± 3.19 kg] were used in a completely randomized block, in a 4 x 2 factorial design, to evaluate the effect of levels of Spirulina platensis (0.0; 0.6; 1.2 and 1.8% dry matter basis) and sex on weight gain, feed conversion, nutrient intake and the apparent digestibility coefficients of the nutrients. Were tested four complete diets, forage:concentrate ratio 40:60, balanced for an average weight gain of 250 g/day and two sex (male and female). There was no interaction between levels of spirulina and sex on any of the variables. There was no influence of spirulina (P>0.05) on performance and nutrient intake. The apparent digestibility coefficients also were not influenced by spirulina (P>0.05), except for the apparent digestibility of ether extract, which decreased with increased levels of spirulina. There was a significant difference (P<0.05) between both males and females for the final weight (36.68 vs 31.29 kg), total dry matter intake (63.16 vs 55.19 kg), total weight gain (15.18 vs 11.28 kg) and daily weight gain (0.251 vs 0.187 kg). Regarding nutrient intake, there was significant difference (P<0.05) between males and females only for the consumption total digestible nutrients (NDT). The males had higher (P<0.05) apparent digestibility of dry matter (MS), organic matter (MO), crude protein (PB), ether extract (EE), total carbohydrates (CT) and non-fiber carbohydrates (CNF) compared to females. Although Spirulina platensis did not influence the performance, nutrient intake and digestibility of nutrients, it could be used to feed sheep as a protein source. However, more studies should be conducted using large quantities of this algae, in order to obtain more conclusive answers.
Para avaliar a influência da espirulina (Spirulina platensis) e do sexo sobre o ganho de peso, conversão alimentar, consumo de nutrientes e sobre os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes de ovinos em confinamento, foram utilizados 40 cordeiros, F1 Dorper x Santa Inês (20 machos e 20 fêmeas com peso inicial (PI) médio de 20,75 ± 3,19 kg), distribuídos em blocos ao acaso num fatorial 4 x 2. Foram testados quatro níveis de inclusão de espirulina (0,0; 0,6; 1,2 e 1,8% base na MS) em dietas completas, relação volumoso:concentrado 40:60, balanceada para permitir um ganho de peso médio de 250 g/dia, e dois sexos (machos e fêmeas). Não houve interação entre os níveis de espirulina e o sexo em nenhuma das variáveis analisadas. Não houve influência da espirulina (P>0,05) sobre as variáveis de desempenho e consumo de nutrientes. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes também não foram influenciados pela espirulina (P>0,05), à exceção da digestibilidade aparente do extrato etéreo, que diminuiu com o aumento dos níveis de espirulina. Houve diferença significativa (P<0,05) entre machos e fêmeas para o peso final (36,68 vs 31,29 kg), consumo de matéria seca total (63,16 vs 55,19 kg), ganho de peso total (15,18 vs 11,28 kg) e ganho de peso diário (0,251 vs 0,187 kg). Com relação ao consumo de nutrientes, houve diferença significativa (P<0,05) entre machos e fêmeas apenas para o consumo de nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT). Os machos apresentaram maior (P<0,05) coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO), proteína bruta (PB), extrato etéreo (EE), carboidratos totais (CT) e carboidratos não-fibrosos (CNF) em comparação às fêmeas. A Spirulina platensis, até 1,8% da matéria seca da dieta, não influencia o desempenho, o consumo de nutrientes e a digestibilidade dos nutrientes em ovinos em confinamento. Os machos apresentaram melhor desempenho produtivo que as fêmeas, apresentando maior ganho de peso e melhor aproveitamento dos nutrientes da dieta.

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Prudencio, Antonio Jose. "Cultura de spirulina maxima em meio de crescimento constituido de cinza vegetal". reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFSC, 1992. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/76814.

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Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Centro de Ciencias Agrarias
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Foram realizadas sessenta culturas de Spirulina máxima em meios de crescimento alternativos constituídos de cinza de carvão vegetal e de palha de arroz. Em todos os experimentos, houve crescimento de Spirulina. O melhor rendimento de biomassa foi obtido em meio semi-natural a base de cinza de carvão vegetal, que alcançou 108,9% no sistema descontínuo em relação ao meio controle. A produtividade conseguida foi 0,30 mg/l/h. Foi determinada a composição química dos meios propostos. O melhor meio de cultura alternativo conseguido foi o meio semi-natural, constituído a base de cinza de carvão vegetal e nitrato de potássio.

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Dinh, Thi Kim Nhung y Thi Kim Ngoan Nguyen. "Influences of some ecological factors on bacterial cellulose (BC) membrane forming process in Spirulina medium". Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2017. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-227850.

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Formed by a kind of bacteria called Gluconacetobacter, bacterial cellulose (biocellulose, BC) membrane, compared to cellulose from plants, has superior properties for the strength, toughness, durability and elasticity. The subjects of this study are bacteria being able to produce Bacterial cellulose in Spirulina medium. The study aims to investigate the influences of some ecological factors on the Bacterial cellulose membrane forming process in Spirulina medium, and then find out appropriate nutritional media and conditions for the fermentation in Bacterial cellulose forming process. The study has some major findings: (1) Select two strains of bacteria: Gluconacetobacter xylinus T6 and Gluconacetobacter xylinus T9, which prove to be capable of producing cellulose membrane to be used in making nourishing face masks for its thinness, smoothness, toughness and uniformity; (2) Find out the appropriate medium for the formation of Bacterial cellulose membrane, including (NH4)2SO4: 0,5 (g), KH2PO4: 1 (g), glucose: 10 (g), algae powder: 20 (g), and distilled water: 1000 (ml). Successful fermentation for membrane production could be done in appropriate pH of 5 and appropriate temperature of 320C. The ratio of surface area per volume of fermentation (S/V) is 0.8, and the membrane can be collected after 5 days
Màng cellulose vi khuẩn (Bacterial cellulose; Biocellulose; BC) do vi khuẩn Gluconacetobacter tạo ra có những đặc tính vượt trội so với cellulose của thực vật về độ dẻo dai, độ bền, chắc khỏe và độ đàn hồi. Đối tượng: vi khuẩn có khả năng tạo màng Bacterial cellulose từ môi trường tảo xoắn Spirulina. Mục tiêu: Khảo sát ảnh hưởng của một số yếu tố đến quá trình tạo màng Bacterial cellulose trên môi trường tảo xoắn Spirulina, từ đó tìm ra được môi trường dinh dưỡng và điều kiện thích hợp cho quá trình lên men tạo màng Bacterial cellulose. Kết quả: tuyển chọn được 2 chủng vi khuẩn Gluconacetobacter xylinus T6 và Gluconacetobacter xylinus T9 có khả năng tạo màng cellulose có đặc tính mỏng, nhẵn, đồng đều, dai phù hợp với các tiêu chí làm mặt nạ dưỡng da. Xác định được môi trường thích hợp cho sự hình thành màng Bacterial cellulose gồm (NH4)2SO4: 0,5 (g), KH2PO4: 1(g), glucose: 10 (g), bột tảo: 20 (g), nước cất 1000 (ml) với thời gian thu màng là 5 ngày, pH thích hợp là 5 và nhiệt độ thuận lợi cho quá trình lên men tạo màng là 320C, tỉ lệ diện tích bề mặt trên thể tích lên men là S/V = 0,8

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Saboya, Jefferson Pablo de Sousa. "Teores de B-Caroteno e A-tocoferol presentes na microalga Spirulina (Arthrospira) Platensis cultivada com diferentes fotoperíodos". reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFC, 2010. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/18366.

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SABOYA, Jefferson Pablo de Sousa. Teores de B-Caroteno e A-tocoferol presentes na microalga Spirulina (Arthrospira) Platensis cultivada com diferentes fotoperíodos. 2010. 78 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Engenharia de Pesca, Fortaleza-CE, 2010
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The microalga cyanophyceae Spirulina platensis has been commercialized and studied due to its high nutritional value. It has shown to be a rich source of a great variety of vitamins, minerals, proteins, polyunsaturated fatty acids, carotenoids, phycobilins, and polysaccharides that exhibit potential therapeutic properties. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the content of -carotene and -tocopherol in S. platensis cultivated in laboratory under different conditions of photoperiods. S. platensis was cultivated within six 20-liter reservoirs under four different illumination conditions. The first culture was grown under 8- hour light (L) and 16-hour dark (D) photoperiod; the second, 12 L and 12 D photoperiod; the third, 16 L and 8 D photoperiod, and the forth cultivation condition was constant illumination. The reservoirs were placed side by side in two wood chambers, where room temperature was kept at 28 ± 2°C with a cooler (220 V). The water surface illumination of 78.1 μE cm-2 s-1 was supplied by two 40-Watt fluorescent lamps. The cultures were monitored by spectrometry at 680 nm and by counting microalga filaments (trichomes) under an optical microscope. The simultaneous analysis of carotenoids and tocopherols was performed by high performance liquid chromatography in a Waters Spherisorb-Hichrom S5 ODS-2 (4.6 x 250 mm) column using MeOH:THF (90:10, v/v) as mobile phase, delivered at 1.5 mL min-1. The detector was set at 450 nm and 292 nm for carotenes and tocopherols, respectively. For the extraction of both compounds, three portions of 0.1 g lyophilized Spirulina were suspended in 10 mL methanol:MiliQ water (90:10, v/v). The mixture was homogenized with a 7% potassium hydroxide aqueous solution, brought to a water bath at 70°C for 30 min, for saponification, followed of partitioning into n-hexane which was evaporated to dryness. The residues were suspended in 1 mL methanol, and 100 μL aliquots were manually injected in the chromatographic system. -Carotene was detected in the biomass obtained from all the cultures and a-tocopherol was detected only in 8 L and 16 D and 12 L and 12 D photoperiods cultures. -Tocopherol, on the other hand, was not detected. The content of -carotene varied with illumination intensity and in the cultivation performed under constant illumination both maximum productivity and highest -carotene content were reached rapidly
A microalga cianofícea Spirulina platensis tem sido comercializada e estudada devido ao seu alto valor nutricional, possuindo vitaminas, minerais, proteínas, ácidos graxos poli-insaturados, carotenóides, ficobilinas e polissacarídeos com propriedades terapêuticas. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar os teores de -caroteno e -tocoferol presentes na microalga S. platensis cultivada em laboratório com diferentes fotoperíodos. A microalga S. platensis foi cultivada em seis aquários de 20 L sob quatro condições diferentes de iluminação. Um cultivo foi submetido a um fotoperíodo de 8 horas de luz (L) e 16 de escuro (E), o segundo a 12 L e 12 E, o terceiro a 16 L e 8 E e o último exposto a 24 h de iluminação constante. Os aquários foram dispostos lado a lado em duas incubadoras de madeira, com temperatura ambiente de mantida em 28 ± 2°C com auxílio de um “cooler” (220 V) e iluminância na superfície da água em torno de 78,1 μ E cm-2 s-1 fornecida por duas lâmpadas fluorescentes de 40 W. Os cultivos foram monitorados por espectrofotometria a 680 nm e pela contagem dos filamentos (tricomas) microalgais utilizando um microscópio óptico comum. A análise simultânea dos carotenos e tocoferóis foi realizada por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência em uma coluna Waters Spherisorb-Hichrom S5 ODS-2 (4,6 x 250 mm) com uma fase móvel de MeOH: THF (90:10, v/v), fluxo de 1,5 mL min-1 e detecção a 450 nm e 292 nm, respectivamente. A extração de -caroteno foi realizada suspendendo-se 0,1 g de Spirulina liofilizada em 10 mL de metanol:água Milli-Q (90:10, v/v). Para a saponificação dos lipídios, a mistura foi homogeneizada com 7% de hidróxido de potássio, levada ao banhomaria a 70°C por 30 min e submetida à partição em n-hexano que foi evaporado. O resíduo foi suspenso em 1 mL de metanol e 100 μL foram injetados manualmente, em duplicata, no sistema cromatográfico. O -caroteno foi detectado na biomassa obtida de todos os cultivos e o -tocoferol apenas nos cultivos com fotoperíodos de 8 L e 16 E e de 12 L e 12 E, enquanto o -tocoferol não foi detectado. O teor de -caroteno variou de acordo com a intensidade luminosa e quando as culturas foram expostas a 24 h de iluminação constante, atingiram mais rapidamente a produtividade máxima e apresentaram o maior teor de -caroteno

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Lage, Luis Paulo Araújo. "Avaliação dos imunoparâmetros do camarão branco Litopenaeus vannamei submetido a banhos de imersão com polissacarídeos sulfatados de Spirulina platensis". reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFC, 2011. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/18477.

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LAGE, Luis Paulo Araújo. Avaliação dos imunoparâmetros do camarão branco Litopenaeus vannamei submetido a banhos de imersão com polissacarídeos sulfatados de Spirulina platensis. 2011. 66 f . : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Engenharia de Pesca, Fortaleza-CE, 2011
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Aquaculture is the food-producing activity that presented the fastest grow the worldwide and the cultivation of marine shrimps had the highest average growth rate over the past 50 years. The search for growing up the production, obtained through the increase on the density, carrying the animals on condition stress and the appearance of diseases. The use of immunostimulants on aquaculture, like the sulfated polysaccharides (SP), resulted in an enhancement of the animal’s resistance against pathogenic microorganism and stress situations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the SP of Spirulina platensis in post-larvae (PL's) and juvenile of the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannameithrou gh immersion baths. The administration of the SP to L. vannamei’s PL's was performedat concentrations of 0 (control), 50, 100 and 200 mg L-1, two hours before the evaluation of their resistance to the salt stress test. The juveniles of L. vannamei were exposed for three hours to the SP of S. platensisat concentrations of 0 (control), 60, 120 and 240 mg L-1 followed by a hemolymph collection for analysis of the following immune parameters: haemocytes total (THC) and differential (DHC) counts, serum protei n concentration, activity of phenoloxidase (PO), activity of α2-macroglobulin (α2-M) and serum hemagglutinating activity. After the salt stress test it was observed that the PL’s that were exposed to the SP at a concentration of 100 mg L -1 showed a tendency of a higher survival rate but there was not any significant difference between the treatments. Regarding the immune parameters, THC was reduced when the animals were exposed to the SP, while the exposure of shrimp to higher concentrations of PS resulted in normal values of the THC. However, no significant differen cebetween treatments and control. But, the significant difference(p≤0.05) was observed between the treatments that were exposed to PS. The number of granular haemocytes (GH) showed adownward trend in the concentration of 60 mg L -1 and, with increasing concentration of SP, the values of HG also tended to increase, but without significant differences compared to that of the control. However, significant differences were observed between the number of HG at concentrations of 60 and 240 mg L - 1. The PO activity was significantly reducedat a concentration of 60 mg L - 1 which may be related to the low value of THC as well as the high activity of the protease inhibitor α2 -M. The PO activity was again similar to that obtained in control with increasing concentration of SP to 120 mg L -1 and was further reduced in the highest concentration (240mg L-1). The activity of the protease inhibitor α2-M was significantly higher when the shrimps were exposed at concentrations of 60 e 240 mg L -1, while this activity was similar to that of control at a concentration of 120 mg L -1. Thus, there was no need for regulation of the proPO system, when the shrimp were exposed to an intermediate concentration of SP of S. platensis. The administration of SP of S. platensis to shrimps L. vannamei was able to modulate the immune response of these animals in different forms depending on the concentration used. So analyzing the results it is possibl e to conclude that the intermediate concentration of 120 mg L -1 was the most efficient, since it maintained the levels of circulating hemocytes and the basal activities of PO and α 2 -M.
A aquicultura é uma das atividades produtoras de alimento que mais cresce a nível mundial e o cultivo de camarões marinhos apresentou a maior taxa de crescimento média nos últimos 50 anos. A busca por produção, muitas vezes, requer um incremento na densidade utilizada, levando os indivíduos cultivados a condições de estresse e ao surgimento de doenças oportunistas. O uso de imunoestimulantes na aquicultura, entre eles os polissacarídeos sulfatados (PS), tem resultado em um aumento na resistência dos animais a patógenos e a situações de estresse. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito dos PS de Spirulina platensis em pós-larvas (PL’s) e juvenis do camarão branco Litopenaeus vannamei, por meio de banhos de imersão. A administração do PS para as PL’s de L. vannamei foi realizada nas concentrações de 0 (controle); 50; 100 e 200 mg L-1, duas horas antes da avaliação da resistência das mesmas ao teste do estresse salino. Os juvenis de L. vannamei foram expostos, durante três horas, aos PS de S. platensis nas concentrações de 0 (controle); 60; 120 e 240 mg L-1 seguida da coleta da hemolinfa para a análise dos seguintes imunoparâmetros: contagem total (CTH) e diferencial (CDH) de hemócitos, concentração protéica no soro, atividade da fenoloxidase (PO), atividade da α2-macroglobulina (α2-M) e atividade hemaglutinante do soro. Após o teste do estresse salino, foi observado que as PL’s expostas aos PS na concentração de 100 mg L-1 apresentaram uma tendência de maior sobrevivência, mas não houve diferença significativa entre os tratamentos. Com relação aos imunoparâmetros, a CTH foi reduzida quando os animais foram expostos aos PS e nas concentrações mais altas a CTH voltou aos valores normais. Porem, não houve diferença significativa entre os tratamentos e o controle. No entanto, a diferença significativa foi observada entre os tratamentos que foram expostos ao PS. O número de hemócitos granulares (HG) apresentou uma tendência de queda na concentração de 60 mg L-1 e, com o incremento da concentração de PS, os valores de HG também tenderam a aumentar, porém não houve diferenças significativas em relação ao controle. No entanto, foi observada diferença significativa entre as contagens de HG nas concentrações de 60 e 240 mg L-1. A atividade da PO foi significativamente reduzida na concentração de 60 mg L-1 o que pode estar relacionado ao baixo valor de CTH como também à elevada atividade do inibidor de protease α2-M. A atividade da PO voltou a ser semelhante à obtida no controle com o aumento da concentração de PS para 120 mg L-1 e foi novamente reduzida na maior concentração (240 mg L-1). A atividade do inibidor de protease α2-M foi significativamente elevada quando os animais foram expostos aos PS nas concentrações de 60 e 240 mg L-1, enquanto essa atividade se manteve semelhante ao controle na concentração de 120 mg L-1. Dessa forma, não houve necessidade de regulação do sistema proPO, quando os camarões foram expostos à concentração intermediária dos PS de S. platensis. A administração dos PS de S. platensis aos camarões L. vannamei foi capaz de modular a resposta imunológica desses animais de maneira diferente, dependendo da concentração utilizada. Com a realização deste experimento pode-se concluir que a concentração intermediária de 120 mg L-1 foi a mais eficiente, já que manteve os níveis de hemócitos circulantes e as atividades basais da PO e α2-M.

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26

Novak, Alessandra Cristine. "Evaluation of the cosmetic potential of the Cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis". reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFPR, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1884/30385.

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Abstract: Toiletry, Perfumery and Cosmetics Sector (TPCS) occupies a prominent place in modern society. The search for beauty and wellness, combined with increased life expectancy of the population, causes the intensive search to products that improve appearance, hygiene and health. Thus, the development of cosmetics is very stimulated. Another important feature is the continuously pressure from consumers and companies to this development of new and innovative products, raising competitiveness. Based on this, large sums are being annually invested in this area. Innovation is the world in cosmetic industry. One of the biggest sources of innovation are the additives, which play a role ranging from improvement sensory properties to protection of the skin against free radicals. With respect to these additives, most are of synthetic origin. Nowadays, their safety and the way they are obtained is being questioned, once negative effects of classical substances used through years are being founded. Thus, attempts to find natural substances capable of replacing these synthetic ingredients are being made, in association with principles of environmental sustainability. Therefore, developing biotechnological products has emerged as an important alternative for achieving efficient and safe additives for cosmetic use. This work fits in this context, aiming to study the potential application of Spirulina platensis biomass and exopolysaccharide (EPS) in cosmetic products. The general objective of this work is: ? Evaluate the effects of the cyanobacteria S. platensis biomass and EPS addition in cosmetics searching a new cosmetic formulation. The specific objectives were determined as: ? Promote microalgae growth and evaluate growth parameters, EPS production and biomass composition; ? Asses the phenolic compounds in S. platensis biomass and EPS and their antioxidant potential; ? Evaluate the rheological characteristics of the addition of biomass and EPS in a moisturizer for the face skin and propose a formulation; ? Assay cream stability through pH, color, odor, general aspect, spreadability, volatile acids and microbiology; ? Evaluate the new formulation for skin irritability in guinea pigs; ? Sensory analysis of the new formulation in panel members.

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27

Kalabegishvili, T., A. Faanhof, E. Kirkesali, M. V. Frontasyeva, S. S. Pavlov y I. Zinicovscaia. "Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles by Blue-Green Algae Spirulina Platensis". Thesis, Sumy State University, 2012. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/34969.

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The synthesis of gold nanoparticles by one of the many popular microorganisms – blue-green algae Spirulina platensis was studied. The complex of optical and analytical methods was applied for investigation of experimental samples after exposure to chloroaurate (HAuCl4) solution at different doses and for different time intervals. To characterize formed gold nanoparticles UV-vis Spectrometry, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy-dispersive analysis of X-rays (EDAX) were used. It was shown that after 1.5 – 2 days of exposure the extracellular formation of nanoparticles of spherical form and the distribution peak within the interval of 20-30 nm took place. To determine gold concentrations in the Spirulina platensis biomass neutron activation analysis (NAA) was applied. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/34969

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28

WU, BENRUI. "Etude du metabolisme lipidique chez une cyanobacterie filamenteuse : spirulina platensis". Paris 6, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA066682.

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Dans cette these la composition lipidique de la cyanobacterie spirulina platensis a tout d'abord ete etudiee. Ensuite, les voies de synthese de ces lipides ont ete determinees in vivo en suivant l'incorporation de trois precurseurs radioactifs: l'acetate, l'oleate et la linoleate. Les effets de la temperature, de la lumiere et du ph sur les activites de syntheses et de desaturations ont ete etudies. Un protocole a ensuite ete mis au point pour obtenir des spheroplastes qui pourraient etre utilises pour obtenir des fractions enzymatiques actives et notamment des desaturases. Il s'est revele extremement difficile d'obtenir des spheroplastes encore capables de photosynthese. En consequence, les activites de synthese lipidique et de desaturation sont extremement faibles dans les spheroplastes purifies. Nous avons donc porte notre effort sur le developpement de methodes permettant de restaurer la capacite des spheroplastes a effectuer la photosynthese, ce qui est un prealable indispensable a une synthese lipidique active

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Macedo, Ricardo Verthein Tavares de. "Estudo da influencia de diferentes teores de nitrogenio em dois niveis de temperatura na produção de lipidios e acido gama-linoleico por Spirulina maxima". [s.n.], 1999. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/322529.

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Orientador: Ranulfo Monte Alegre
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos
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Doutorado
Doutor em Engenharia de Alimentos

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30

Payne, Rosemary Anne. "Spirulina as a bioremediation agent : interaction with metals and involvement of carbonic anhydrase". Thesis, Rhodes University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003968.

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Heavy metal contamination from mining and other industrial operations is becoming an increasing problem with regards to the depleting water resources in South Africa. This study involved the investigation of the use of an algal biomass as a possible alternative to the traditional chemical means of removing these metals. When the toxic effects of metals were investigated, Spirulina was found to have a threshold level of about 30 μM for copper, zinc and lead. Copper and zinc appeared to have a direct effect on the photosynthetic pathway, thereby causing a rapid decline in cell growth. Lead on the other hand seemed to affect surface properties and hence took longer to cause deterioration in growth. Although relatively low concentrations of metal may have a toxic effect on the cyanobacterium, Spirulina may have potential as a precipitation agent. The role of Spirulina in the precipitation of heavy metals appears to be through its ability to maintain a high pH in the surrounding medium, possibly through the enzyme carbonic anhydrase. Subsequent studies therefore focused on the assay and isolation of this enzyme. Two different radiotracer assays, in which carbonic anhydrase converts radiolabelled bicarbonate to carbon dioxide, were investigated, but were found to have several problems. Results were insensitive and could not be reproduced. The standard Wilbur-Anderson method subsequently investigated also proved to be insensitive with a tremendous degree of variability. Although not quantitative, SDS-PAGE proved to be the most reliable method of detection, and was therefore used in subsequent procedures. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was the subject of initial enzyme isolation studies as these procedures are well documented. Although the published protocols proved unsuccessful, affinity chromatography of a membrane stock solution from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii yielded two relatively pure protein bands. These bands were presumed to represent two subunits of carbonic anhydrase, although Western blot analysis would be required to confirm their identity. Purification of carbonic anhydrase from Spirulina, however, proved unsuccessful and results obtained were very inconclusive. Hence, further analysis of Spirulina is required. The possibility of cloning CA from a genomic library was also considered, but suitable primers could not be designed from the aligned sequences.

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Voltarelli, Fabricio Azevedo [UNESP]. "Spirulina e exercício na recuperação de ratos submetidos à desnutrição protéica". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/100399.

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A desnutrição protéica é, ainda, hoje, grave problema médico-social nos países em desenvolvimento. Assim, é de grande interesse o desenvolvimento de procedimentos mais efetivos no seu tratamento. Isso inclui o emprego do exercício físico bem como de novas fontes de proteína na alimentação. O presente estudo visou avaliar os efeitos da spirulina como fonte protéica, associada ou não ao exercício físico, sobre o crescimento e o metabolismo protéico muscular de ratos em recuperação da desnutrição protéica. Foram utilizados ratos Wistar, jovens (30 dias), separados nos seguintes grupos, de acordo com a fonte e a quantidade de proteína na dieta: I- Caseína 17% dos 30 aos 150 dias de idade; II- Spirulina 17% dos 30 aos 150 dias de idade; III- Caseína 6% dos 30 aos 150 dias de idade; IV- Caseína 6% dos 30 aos 90 dias e Spirulina 17% dos 91 aos 150 dias de idade; V- Caseína 6% dos 30 aos 90 dias e Caseína 17% dos 91 aos 150 dias de idade. Aos 91 dias, metade dos animais de cada grupo foi submetida ao treinamento físico de natação, 1 hora/dia, 5 dias/semana, durante 8 semanas, com sobrecarga equivalente à transição metabólica aeróbio/anaeróbio determinada pelo teste do lactato mínimo. No músculo sóleo foram determinados peso e teores de proteína total e de DNA para inferir sobre o crescimento. Como índices do metabolismo protéico muscular, foram avaliadas as taxas de síntese (incorporação de 14C fenilalanina) e degradação (liberação de tirosina) de proteínas bem como a expressão da proteína miosina (western blotting). A spirulina provou ser uma fonte protéica adequada para animais submetidos ou não à desnutrição...
As we enter the 21st century and the new millennium, malnutrition remains the single most important factor impairing health and productivity of large human populations, mainly in the developing countries. For this reason, the exploration of alternative alimentary protein sources became a matter of generalized interest and may be, or not, associated to physical exercise. The present study verified the effects of the blue green alga spirulina as the dietary source of protein, associated or not to physical exercise, on growing and protein metabolism in skeletal muscle of young rats recovering from malnutrition. Young male wistar rats were separated into groups, according to diet protocol: Casein 6% from 30 to 150 days old; Spirulina 17% from 30 to 150 days; Casein 17% from 30 to 150 days; Casein 6% from 30 to 90 days and Spirulina 17% from 91 to 150 days and Casein 6% from 30 to 90 days and Casein 17% from 91 to 150 days. At 91 days, 50% of the animals of each group was submitted to swimming physical training, 1 hour/day, 5 days/week, during 8 weeks, supporting overload equivalent to aerobic/anaerobic metabolic transition determined by lactate minimum test. Spirulina proved to be an adequate protein source for animals submitted or not to protein malnutrition. This quality could be demonstrated by the maintenance of body length and weight of young animals fed the balanced diet containing spirulina. Considering the analysis of the muscle protein metabolism, the rates of protein synthesis and the expression... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

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32

Stander, Hendrik Barend. "Evaluation of spirulina on the performance and pigmentation of rainbow trout". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/20905.

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Thesis (MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: trout was conducted at the Jonkershoek trout research station of the Division of Aquaculture, University of Stellenbosch. Treatments consisted of ten experimental diets containing increasing levels of Spirulina (0%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.15%, 0.3%, 0.6%, 1.25%, 2.5%, 5% and 10%). The data was analyzed through means of a one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s pair wise comparison test for significant differences between treatments for the various parameters of flesh pigmentation and growth. The results indicates that the inclusion of Spirulina in the diets of rainbow trout will cause a undesirable yellowing of fillets, particularly at levels of inclusion at 5 percent and above, which may limit its use in diets for rainbow trout. There was an inconsistent increase in b* (yellowblue) and Chroma values with increasing levels of Spirulina inclusion, which may indicate the deposition of carotenoids (yellow-orange colour range) instead of the desired deposition of xanthophylls (pink-red colour range) in the flesh of the rainbow trout. This increase in b* (yellow-blue) values was significantly higher (P<0.05) at inclusion levels above 5 percent. Spirulina had no significant effect on weight gain of rainbow trout at any level of inclusion. No significant differences (P>0.05) were observed in any of the other production performance parameters (growth rate, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, viscerosomatic index, hepatosomatic index, and liver lipid content) that were evaluated. Low mortality rates were observed with no significant differences between treatments. A trend of decreased feed intake with increased levels of Spirulina inclusion became significant at the 2.5 percent level of inclusion, caused by deterioration in the palatability of the feed. A significantly higher dress-out percentage was observed at levels of Spirulina inclusion above 5 percent. A trend of decreased liver lipid content with increased Spirulina inclusion was observed, though not significant at any level of Spirulina inclusion. This observation justifies further investigation because of its potential to improved carbohydrate metabolism in carnivorous fish Results confirm that up to 10% Spirulina can effectively replaced soybean meal in the control diets for rainbow trout while simultaneously improving carcass dress-out at high inclusion levels.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: rantsoen van reënboog forel te evalueer. Die eksperiment is opgestel by die Akwakultuur Divisie, van die Universiteit van Stellenbosch, se navorsingstelsel in Jonkershoek, buite Stellenbosch. Reënboog forel (Oncorhynchus mykiss) vingerlinge van gemiddeld 20 gram is gebruik en ingedeel in 20 ronde tenks volgens kommersieële digthede (250 per tenk). Die rantsoene is gemeng met verskeie vlakke van Spirulina insluiting (0%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.15%, 0.3%, 0.6%, 1.25%, 2.5%, 5% en 10%). Twee herhalings van elke rantsoen is gevolg vir ‘n periode van 3 maande. Die vis is ad lib (volgens behoefte) gevoer, drie maal per dag. Daar was ‘n neiging tot ‘n verhoging in b* (geel-blou) en Chroma waardes met verhoogde insluitingsvlakke van Spirulina. Hierdie is wel ‘n aanduiding van die deponeering van karoteen, maar val in die geel-oranje kleur reeks en is nie die verlangde pienk-rooi (xantofil) kleur in die spier weefsel van die vis nie. Die verhoging in b* (geel-blou) waardes was statisties betekenisvol (P<0.05) bo die 5% insluitings vlak. In vergelyking met die kontrole (0%) rantsoen, was daar geen betekenisvolle massa toename na afloop van die proef tussen die verskeie behandelings nie. Behalwe vir ‘n verskil in voer inname, was daar geen statisties betekenisvolle verskil (P>0.05) waarneembaar tussen die verskillende behandelings ten opsigte van die verskeie produksie prestasie parameters nie. Daar was wel ‘n afnemende neiging in voer inname met verhoogde vlakke van Spirulina wat betekenisvol geraak het bo 2.5% insluitingsvlak. Smaaklikheid kan die moontlike rede hiervoor wees. Baie lae mortaliteite is ervaar by al die insluitings vlakke. Daar was ook ‘n neiging in hoër uitslag persentasie by verhoogde insluitingsvlakke van Spirulina wat betekenisvol geraak het bo 5 % insluiting. ‘n Afnemende vlak van lewer lipied inhoud is waargeneem maar was nie betekenisvol by enige van die insluitingsvlakke nie. Resultate van die proef dui daarop dat 10% Spirulina insluiting effektief kan dien as ‘n gedeeltelike plaasvervanger vir soyaboon meel in forel rantsoene. Die hoër uitslag persentasies hou belofte in. Die onverlangde vergeeling van die filette mag die gebruik van Spirulina beperk by reënboog forel rantsoene veral bo 5 % insluitings vlakke. Die verlaging in lewer lipied vlakke by ‘n verhoging van Spirulina insluiting regverdig vêrdere navorsing oor die potensiaal van Spirulina om die metabolisme van koolhidrate te verbeter by karnivoor visspesies.

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Jacome, Ana Lucia Morocho. "Estudo do reaproveitamento de meio no cultivo de Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis". Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9134/tde-10082015-105121/.

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Arthrosphira (Spirulina) platensis apresenta substâncias de interesse nas indústrias alimentícia, farmacêutica e cosmética. A produção industrial envolve uma quantidade muito grande de água e sua viabilidade deve contemplar o reuso do meio, visando uma diminuição de custos com nutrientes, bem como da poluição ambiental, tornando-se assim um processo sustentável. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo principal a avaliação do reaproveitamento do meio no cultivo de A. platensis usando tratamentos físico-químicos de floculação e adsorção. Para tanto, tal cianobactéria foi cultivada em fotobiorreator (FBR) tubular em processos de batelada alimentada e contínuo em intensidade luminosa de 120 µmol fótons m-2 s-1, sob controle de pH. Foram desenvolvidas técnicas de tratamento de meio de cultivo proveniente de processo descontínuo alimentado de A. platensis para a remoção de matéria orgânica (MO) e pigmentos (60 - 96 %), permitindo assim seu reuso em novos cultivos. A. platensis foi cultivada nos meios tratados utilizando frascos Erlenmeyer, com avaliação de parâmetros como concentração celular máxima (Xm), conteúdo de clorofila-a (Chl) e conteúdo de proteína na biomassa seca (PTN). No processo simultâneo de floculação e adsorção com carvão ativado em pó (CAP), foram testados dois agentes floculantes, cloreto férrico (F) e sulfato férrico (S) bem como diferentes tempos de contato. No processo simultâneo de floculação com F e adsorção com CAP, as condições ótimas foram: CAP = 24,4 mg L-1 e F = 20,3 mg L-1durante 30,4 min de tempo de contato; com obtenção de: Xm = 4893 ± 33 mg L-1, Chl = 24,3 ± 0,1 mg g-1, PTN = 36,1 ± 0,6 %. As condições ótimas de tratamento simultâneo de floculação com S e adsorção com CAP foram: CAP = 40,0 mg L-1 e S = 32,8 mg L-1 durante 36,1 min de tempo de contato, com obtenção de: Xm = 4863 ± 64 mg L-1, Chl = 24,5 ± 0,6 mg g-1, PTN = 60,1 ± 0,6 %. No processo sequencial de floculação com F seguido de adsorção com carvão ativado granulado (CAG), as condições ótimas foram atingidas com: CAG = 108,4 g e F = 10,0 mg L-1 durante 30,8 min de tempo de residência; obtendo-se: Xm = 3140 ± 77 mg L-1, Chl = 35,4 ± 0,2 mg g-1, PTN = 44,9 ± 0,0 %. Adicionalmente, os meios tratados nessas condições ótimas de cada tratamento, também foram testados em FBR tubulares, atingindo valores de Xm, Chl e PTN maiores do que os obtidos com meio padrão. Além disso, o processo simultâneo de cultivo celular em FBR tubulares e adsorção contínua do meio de cultivo exaurido em coluna de CAG removeu 51 - 79 % de MO e pigmentos. Foi demonstrado que uma proporção de 75 % de meio tratado no meio de alimentação não produz diminuição significativa de produtividade celular (PX) e os resultados foram: concentração celular em estado estacionário (Xs) de 1568 ± 15 mg L-1, PX = 941 mg L-1 d-1, PTN = 42,0 ± 0,6 %, com diminuição de 65 % no custo de meio de cultivo. Por fim, conclui-se que é viável a utilização de processos físico-químicos no tratamento de meio a ser reaproveitado no cultivo de A. platensis, inclusive em FBR tubulares, com apreciável incremento de clorofila-a e proteínas na biomassa obtida em meio tratado.
Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis have compounds of interest in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Industrial production involves high volumes of water and its viability should contemplate medium reuse, aiming to reduce not only nutrient costs, but also environmental pollution, thus becoming a sustainable process. This work had as main objective the evaluation of A. platensis culture medium reuse through the physicochemical treatments flocculation and adsorption. Thus, this cyanobacterium was cultivated in tubular photobioreactor (PBR) by fed-batch and continuous processes at light intensity 120 µmol photons m-2 s-1 under pH control. Treatment techniques were developed for culture medium from fed-batch process to properly removal of organic matter (OM) and pigments (60 - 96 %), thus allowing its reuse in new cultures. A. platensis was cultivated in treated medium using Erlenmeyer flasks, with the evaluation of parameters such as maximum cell concentration (Xm), chlorophyll content (Chl) and protein content in dry biomass (PTN). For simultaneous flocculation and adsorption with powdered activated carbon (PAC), two flocculants were used: ferric chloride (F) and ferric sulfate (S), as well as different contact times. In the simultaneous process of F flocculation and PAC adsorption, optimum conditions were: PAC = 24.4 mg L-1 and F = 20.3 mg L-1 for 30.4 min contact time; results were: Xm = 4893 ± 33 mg L-1, Chl = 24.3 ± 0.1 mg g-1, PTN = 36.1 ± 0.6 %. Optimal conditions in the simultaneous process of S flocculation and PAC adsorption were: PAC = 40.0 mg L-1 and S = 32.8 mg L-1 for 36.1 min contact time; results were: Xm = 4863 ± 64 mg L-1, Chl = 24.5 ± 0.6 mg g-1, PTN = 60.1 ± 0.6 %. In the sequential process of F flocculation followed by adsorption with granular activated carbon (GAC), optimal conditions were reached at GAC = 108.4 g and F = 10.0 mg L-1 for 30.8 min of residence time, at which Xm = 3140 ± 77 mg L-1, Chl = 35.4 ± 0.2 mg g-1 and PTNPTN = 44.9 ± 0.0 % were obtained. Moreover, medium treated at each optimal condition were also tested in tubular PBRs, reaching values of Xm, Chl and PTN higher than those obtained with standard medium. Furthermore, the simultaneous process of cell cultivation in tubular PBR and continuous adsorption of spent cultivation medium through GAC column removed 51 - 79 % of OM and pigments. It was showed that 75 % of treated medium in the feed medium does not cause significant decrease in cell productivity (PX) and results were: steady-state cell concentration (Xs) = 1568 ± 15 mg L-1, PX = 941 mg L-1 d-1, PTN = 42.0 ± 0.6 %, with 65 % reduction in medium price. At last, it can be inferred that the use of physicochemical processes in medium treatment is feasible for reuse in A. platensis cultivation, including that in tubular PBR, leading to considerable increase in chlorophyll and protein contents of the biomass obtained with treated medium.

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Gadelha, Ruth Gomes de Figueiredo. "Eficiência da microalga Spirulina platensis na alimentação do comarão Litopenaeus vannamei". Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2013. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/4058.

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Aquaculture has become one of the activities that most expands globally, with shrimp L. van-namei contributed to the breakthrough and growth of shrimp farming, especially in the North-east in Brazil. Feeding shrimp is one of the main aspects to be considered in its cultivation, representing costs up to 60% in production, it is important to use new alternatives that mini-mize the costs of fishmeal and pressure on fish stocks already limited. Was evaluated in three experiments, the phases of post-larvae and fattening marine shrimp in intensive system, the use of Spirulina platensis as a protein source in replacement of fishmeal and supplementation in artificial diets. In the first experiment, post-larvae of Litopenaeus vannamei (0.74 g) were fed exclusively on S. platensis in liquid form and concentrate, in the second experiment was also used post-larvae with the same initial weight, however the S. platensis in lyophilized form was added to experimental diets isoproteic (40%) and isoenergetic (3,200 kcal), with different levels of protein replacement of fishmeal by S. platensis (0, 25, 50 and 100%), both for a period of 30 days, and assessing the productive performance of prawns. In the third ex-periment, we used juvenile shrimp (1.42 g) for 45 days diets containing different proportions of S. platensis lyophilized (0%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40%), and also isoenergetic and isopro-teic (35% crude protein and 3.400Kcal), also evaluating the performance and proximate com-position of the muscle of the shrimp. In all experiments we used a control diet for comparison, being provided ad libitum. Were also evaluated in all experiments the physical and chemical variables of water considered of major importance in the cultivation (pH, temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen). The experiments were conducted at the Center for Research and Pro-cessing food -UFPB, with a completely randomized design with different replicates in each, using a system of rectangular tanks with a capacity of 30 liters and aeration still, filled with sea water mixed with drinking water (no chlorine) to obtain the desired salinity. The physical and chemical parameters of the water remained within the limits acceptable to the develop-ment of Litopenaeus vannamei at all stages of creation in the experiments, showing no signif-icant differences between the different treatments. The results, we observed a higher efficien-cy in productive performance of shrimp fed with S. platensis in all experiments, showing bet-ter growth rates with elevated survival in the reduction of fish meal by up to 25%, demonstrat-ing a better amino acid profile with supplementation of 40% in diets for shrimp, providing better results in protein and lipid composition in muscle tissue of shrimp without compromis-ing the level of cholesterol, demonstrating the influence of diet on the fatty acid profile in nutritional quality for human consumption.
A aquicultura tem se tornado uma das atividades que mais se expande mundialmente, tendo o camarão L. vannamei contribuído para o grande avanço e crescimento da carcinicultura, prin-cipalmente na região Nordeste no Brasil. A alimentação do camarão constitui um dos princi-pais aspectos a ser considerado na sua criação, representando custos de até 60% na produção, sendo importante a utilização de novas alternativas que minimizem a os custos com a farinha de peixe e a pressão sobre os estoques pesqueiros já limitados. Foi avaliado em três experi-mentos, nas fases de pós-larvas e de engorda do camarão marinho em sistema intensivo, o uso da microalga Spirulina platensis como fonte proteica, na substituição da farinha de peixe e na suplementação em dietas artificiais. No primeiro experimento, pós-larvas do Litopenaeus vannamei (0,74g) foram alimentadas exclusivamente com S. platensis na forma liquida e ra-ção comercial; no segundo experimento utilizou-se também pós-larvas com o mesmo peso inicial, entretanto a S. platensis na forma liofilizada foi adicionada em dietas experimentais isoproteicas (40%) e isoenergeticas (3.200 Kcal), com diferentes níveis de substituição da proteína da farinha de peixe pela S. platensis (0, 25, 50 e 100%), ambos por um período de 30 dias, e avaliando o desempenho produtivo dos camarões. No terceiro experimento, foi utiliza-do camarões juvenis (1,42g) durante 45 dias com dietas formuladas com diferentes propor-ções da S. platensis liofilizada (0%, 10%, 20%, 30% e 40%), sendo também isoproteicas e isoenergeticas (35% Proteína bruta e 3.400Kcal), avaliando também o desempenho zootécni-co e a composição centesimal do músculo do camarão. Em todos os experimentos utilizou-se uma ração controle para a comparação, sendo fornecidas ad libitum. As variáveis físicas e químicas da água foram avaliadas sendo consideradas de maior importância no cultivo (pH, temperatura, salinidade e oxigênio dissolvido). Os experimentos foram realizados no Núcleo de Pesquisa e Processamento de Alimentos-UFPB, com um delineamento casualizado apre-sentando diferentes repetições em cada um, utilizando um sistema de aquários retangulares com capacidade para 30 litros e aeração continua, abastecidos com água do mar misturada a água potável (sem cloro) até a obtenção da salinidade desejada. Os parâmetros físicos e quí-micos da água se mantiveram entre os limites aceitáveis para o desenvolvimento do Litope-naeus vannamei em todas as fases de criação nos experimentos, não apresentando diferenças significativas entre os diferentes tratamentos. Nos resultados obtidos, foi observada uma mai-or eficiência no desempenho produtivo dos camarões alimentados com a S. platensis em todos os experimentos, mostrando melhores taxas de crescimento com elevada sobrevivência na redução da farinha de peixe em até 25%, demonstrando um melhor perfil de aminoácidos com a suplementação de 40% nas rações para o camarão, proporcionando melhores resultados na composição proteína e lipídica no tecido muscular do camarão sem comprometer o teor de colesterol, demonstrando a influência da dieta no perfil de ácidos graxos na qualidade nutrici-onal para o consumo humano.

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Barros, Katharina Kardinele da Silva. "Produção de biomassa de Arthrospira platensis (Spirulina platensis) para alimentação humana". Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2010. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/4089.

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The Spirulina platensis has been studied by presenting high protein content (50 70% of its weight), essential amino acids, vitamins (especially B12), minerals, and pigments (carotenoids, phycocyanin and chlorophyll), polyunsaturated fatty acids, including omega-3 fatty acids and other biologically active compounds. The objective of the present study was to develop a food product like macaroni fortified with S. platensis biomass for human consumption, with microbiological stability and satisfactory organoleptic and nutritional characteristics. To prepare the macaroni, tests were made to obtain biomass in two situations: photobioreactor and tank cultivation; being these harvested in exponential growth and stationary phase and dry in freeze dryer and adiabatic dryer. After considering the produced biomasses, the biomass cultivated in tank and harvested in the exponential growth phase and dried in the adiabatic dryer was used to elaborate the macaroni in three concentrations: 5, 10 and 15%. Analyses were realized for microbiological and physical-chemical parameters of S. platensis biomasses and macaroni. The elaborated macaroni was evaluated sensorially by a panel of 58 untrained panelists who performed sensory tests for acceptance and purchase intent for selection of the best formulation. The results obtained in the physical-chemical analyses of the biomass grown in the three situations showed that there is no significant difference between the centesimal composition of S. platensis for the content of protein, lipids, carbohydrates and calories, cultivated in photobioreactor and in tank or when the produced biomass was dried in freeze dryer or hothouse. For the biomass harvested in the exponential growth or stationary phase, as to composition, it was shown that there is an increase in the percentage of carbohydrates, lipids and ash and decrease in protein and calories content when the cyanobacteria is in the stationary phase. Based on the analysis of the macaroni‟s composition, it was observed that increasing the concentration of S. platensis in the formulations resulted in an increase in protein and minerals, and consequent increase in nutritional value. According to the sensorial evaluation results, the products had good acceptance, providing the formulation with 5.0% S. platensis score of like slightly , the same was also obtained by the one containing 15.0% and the formulation with 10.0% had a score of like moderately . The highest percentage of overall assessment was presented by the macaroni enriched with 10.0% of S. platensis, obtaining 93.10% of positive assessments. Therefore is possible to develop food products, like the macaroni added biomass of S. platensis, becoming another alimentary alternative with better nutritional characteristics and able to promote health benefits to the consumer.
A microalga Spirulina platensis tem sido objeto de estudo por apresentar elevado valor protéico (50 70 % de seu peso), aminoácidos essenciais, vitaminas (especialmente B12), sais minerais, além de pigmentos (carotenóides, ficocianinas e clorofilas), ácidos graxos poliinsaturados, incluindo os ácidos graxos ômega-3 e outros compostos biologicamente ativos. A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo elaborar um produto alimentício do tipo macarrão enriquecido com biomassa de S. platensis, destinado ao consumo humano, com estabilidade microbiológica e características nutricionais e organolépticas satisfatórias. Para a elaboração do macarrão foram realizados testes para obtenção de biomassa cultivada em duas situações: fotobiorreator e tanque; sendo estas colhidas em fase de crescimento exponencial ou estacionária e secas em liofilizador ou secador adiabático. Após analise das biomassas produzidas, utilizou-se a biomassa cultivada em tanque, colhida na fase de crescimento exponencial e seca em secador adiabático para a elaboração do macarrão em três concentrações: 5, 10 e 15 %. Foram realizadas análises quanto aos parâmetros microbiológicos e físico-químicos da biomassa de S. platensis e do macarrão. O macarrão elaborado foi avaliado sensorialmente por um painel de 58 provadores não treinados que realizaram testes sensoriais de aceitação e intenção de compra para seleção da melhor formulação. Os resultados obtidos nas análises físico-químicas da biomassa cultivada nas três situações demonstraram que não há diferença significativa entre a composição centesimal da S. platensis para os teores de proteínas, lipídios, carboidratos e calorias, cultivada em fotobiorreator e em tanque ou quando a biomassa produzida era seca em liofilizador ou estufa. Para a biomassa colhida na fase exponencial de crescimento ou na estacionária, quanto à composição centesimal, demonstrou-se que ocorre um aumento do percentual de carboidratos, lipídeos e resíduo mineral fixo e diminuição de proteína e calorias quando a cianobactéria se encontra na fase estacionária. Com base nos resultados da análise da composição centesimal do macarrão foi possível observar que o aumento da concentração de S. platensis nas formulações resultou em aumento no teor de proteínas e minerais, e consequente aumento do valor nutricional. De acordo com os resultados da avaliação sensorial, os produtos tiveram uma boa aceitação, apresentando a formulação com 5,0 % de S. platensis o escore de gostei ligeiramente , o mesmo também foi obtido pela que continha 15,0% e a formulação com 10,0% apresentou o escore de gostei moderadamente . O maior percentual de avaliação global foi apresentado pelo macarrão enriquecido com 10,0% de S. platensis obtendo 93,10% de avaliações positivas. Logo, é possível o desenvolvimento de produtos alimentícios, como o macarrão adicionado de biomassa de S. platensis, tornando-se, mais uma alternativa alimentar com melhores características nutricionais e podendo promover benefícios à saúde do consumidor.

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Voltarelli, Fabricio Azevedo. "Spirulina e exercício na recuperação de ratos submetidos à desnutrição protéica /". Rio Claro : [s.n.], 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/100399.

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Orientador: Maria Alice Rostom de Mello
Banca: Eliete Luciano
Banca: Renato Rocha
Banca: Julio Wilson dos Santos
Banca: Ricardo José Gomes
Resumo: A desnutrição protéica é, ainda, hoje, grave problema médico-social nos países em desenvolvimento. Assim, é de grande interesse o desenvolvimento de procedimentos mais efetivos no seu tratamento. Isso inclui o emprego do exercício físico bem como de novas fontes de proteína na alimentação. O presente estudo visou avaliar os efeitos da spirulina como fonte protéica, associada ou não ao exercício físico, sobre o crescimento e o metabolismo protéico muscular de ratos em recuperação da desnutrição protéica. Foram utilizados ratos Wistar, jovens (30 dias), separados nos seguintes grupos, de acordo com a fonte e a quantidade de proteína na dieta: I- Caseína 17% dos 30 aos 150 dias de idade; II- Spirulina 17% dos 30 aos 150 dias de idade; III- Caseína 6% dos 30 aos 150 dias de idade; IV- Caseína 6% dos 30 aos 90 dias e Spirulina 17% dos 91 aos 150 dias de idade; V- Caseína 6% dos 30 aos 90 dias e Caseína 17% dos 91 aos 150 dias de idade. Aos 91 dias, metade dos animais de cada grupo foi submetida ao treinamento físico de natação, 1 hora/dia, 5 dias/semana, durante 8 semanas, com sobrecarga equivalente à transição metabólica aeróbio/anaeróbio determinada pelo teste do lactato mínimo. No músculo sóleo foram determinados peso e teores de proteína total e de DNA para inferir sobre o crescimento. Como índices do metabolismo protéico muscular, foram avaliadas as taxas de síntese (incorporação de 14C fenilalanina) e degradação (liberação de tirosina) de proteínas bem como a expressão da proteína miosina (western blotting). A spirulina provou ser uma fonte protéica adequada para animais submetidos ou não à desnutrição... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: As we enter the 21st century and the new millennium, malnutrition remains the single most important factor impairing health and productivity of large human populations, mainly in the developing countries. For this reason, the exploration of alternative alimentary protein sources became a matter of generalized interest and may be, or not, associated to physical exercise. The present study verified the effects of the blue green alga spirulina as the dietary source of protein, associated or not to physical exercise, on growing and protein metabolism in skeletal muscle of young rats recovering from malnutrition. Young male wistar rats were separated into groups, according to diet protocol: Casein 6% from 30 to 150 days old; Spirulina 17% from 30 to 150 days; Casein 17% from 30 to 150 days; Casein 6% from 30 to 90 days and Spirulina 17% from 91 to 150 days and Casein 6% from 30 to 90 days and Casein 17% from 91 to 150 days. At 91 days, 50% of the animals of each group was submitted to swimming physical training, 1 hour/day, 5 days/week, during 8 weeks, supporting overload equivalent to aerobic/anaerobic metabolic transition determined by lactate minimum test. Spirulina proved to be an adequate protein source for animals submitted or not to protein malnutrition. This quality could be demonstrated by the maintenance of body length and weight of young animals fed the balanced diet containing spirulina. Considering the analysis of the muscle protein metabolism, the rates of protein synthesis and the expression... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Tsibakhashvili, N. Ya, E. J. Kirkesali, D. T. Pataraya, M. A. Gurielidze, T. L. Kalabegishvili, D. N. Gvarjaladze, G. I. Tsertvadze et al. "Microbial synthesis of silver nanoparticles by streptomyces glaucus and spirulina platensis". Thesis, Sumy State University, 2011. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/20679.

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Microbial synthesis of nanoparticles has a potential to develop simple, costeffective and eco-friendly methods for production of technologically important materials. In this study, for the first time a novelactinomycete strain Streptomyces glaucus71 MD isolated from a soy rhizosphere in Georgiais for the first time extensively characterized and utilized for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) allowed observing extracellular synthesis of nanoparticles, which has many advantages from the point of view of applications. Production of silver nanoparticles proceeded extracellularlywith the participation of another microorganism, bluegreen microalgae Spirulinaplatensis (S. platensis). In this study it is shown that the production rate of the nanoparticles depends not only on the initial concentration of AgNO3 but also varies with time in a nonmonotonic way. SEM study of silver nanoparticles remaining on the surface of microalgae revealed that after 1 day of exposure to 1 mM AgNO3 nanoparticles were arranged as long aggregates along S. platensiscells strongly damaged by silver ions. However, after 5 days of exposure to silver S. platensiscells looked completely recovered and the nanoparticles were distributed more uniformly on the surface of the cells. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/20679

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38

Maart, Brenton Ashley. "The biotechnology of effluent-grown Spirulina, and application in aquaculture nutrition". Thesis, Rhodes University, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004111.

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The biotechnology of production and utilisation of the cyanobacterium Spirulina has been well documented. Research has centred mainly on application in human and animal nutrition, and has been motivated by the high protein, vitamin, fatty acid and growth factor contents. The main obstacle in realising the full potential of this feed source has been the high production costs associated with its mass culture in defined media. The observation of blooms of Spirulina in tannery effluent evaporation ponds in Wellington, South Africa, prompted this investigation into the harvesting, and nutritional and toxicological evaluation of this potentially low-cost production system, with the ultimate aim of using the product in aquaculture rations. An investigation of the chemical gradient along the evaporation cascade showed a positive correlation between the prevailing chemical conditions and the dominant species populations. A standing crop of 9.5 tonnes/ha of Spirulina was found to be present in the latter alkaline ponds, characterised by relatively lower organic and sulphur contents. Initial harvesting of the biomass was achieved by the design, construction and implementation of a small-scale screen harvest, which yielded a 25 kg (dry weight) crop. A scale-up model was then designed, and implemented in a technical scale harvest, yielding a crop of 250 kg (dry weight). Both these harvests utilised the bloom of surface-autoflocculated biomass. Concentrated cell slurries were sun-dried on muslin beds, and milled to a coarse powder. An evaluation of the harvest revealed a chemical content similar to other published reports of defined media cultures, with the exception of the protein and amino acid contents. The observed lower levels of the latter two are almost certainly due to the sun-drying method employed, known to reduce the protein content due to thermal denaturation. Legislation demands the strict toxicological evaluation of new protein sources, and because of the effluent-nature of the growth medium of this source of Spirulina, its viability lies only in the application as an animal feed or supplement. A range of toxicological tests were chosen that were targeted to elucidate the possible toxicological constraints of this effluentgrown source of protein in animal nutrition. The nucleic acid and pesticide contents of the harvested biomass were within the prescribed safety ranges. Atomic absorption showed minimal accumulation of minerals and heavy metals from the effluent. A bioassay with the brine shrimp Anemia salina showed that the biomass contained no toxicologically active water-soluble components. A short term feeding trial with new-born chicks showed that supplementation with Spirulina had no effect on the growth rates and feed conversion ratios of the different feeding groups. Pathological analyses showed that the liver was the only target organ to elicit a change in response to supplementation of the diets with Spirulina. A general decrease in liver weight was noted, with Cu, Ca, Fe and Zn being significantly accumulated. A histopathological examination however, showed no cellular and functional aberration from the control animals. The toxicological analyses gave the preliminary safe go-ahead for the evaluation of effluent-grown Spirulina in aquaculture nutrition. The South African abalone Haliotis midae, and the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss were chosen as representative species of edible cultured organisms. The technology for the culture of the perlemoen abalone is being established in South Africa, with the main area of research being the development of an artificial diet for high density culture. A 40 day growth trial demonstrated that lower concentrations of Spirulina supplemented to an agar-based fishmeal diet resulted in growth rates and feed conversion ratios similar to the control fishmeal and purified-casein diets, and thus has application potential in the nutrition of this high-cost marine delicacy. The aquaculture technology of freshwater rainbow trout is already well established. An eight week feeding trial with various concentrations of Spirulina showed that this effluent-grown protein source can partially replace fishmeal in semi-purified diets. Fish fed Spirulina did not exhibit decisive manifestations of toxicity, as determined in a histopathological study. In addition, Spirulina supplementation resulted in enhanced colouration of the skin and flesh, which may have implications in the aesthetic marketing of this sought-after table fish. The primary aim of this preliminary investigation thus concerned the determination of the biotechnological potential of this effluent-source of Spirulina. A technology transfer from the economically unfeasible defined-media culture was implemented. This project is ultimately aimed as a contribution towards the treatment of tannery wastewater, by the removal of contaminants from the effluent in the form of organic biomass.

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Guarienti, Cíntia. "Potencial antioxidante da microalga spirulina frente a condições de estresse oxidativo". reponame:Repositório Institucional da FURG, 2009. http://repositorio.furg.br/handle/1/2918.

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Dissertação(mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia e Ciência de Alimentos, Escola de Química e Alimentos, 2009.
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As propriedades nutricionais da microalga Spirulina têm sido relacionadas com possíveis propriedades antioxidantes, caracterizando-a no âmbito dos alimentos funcionais. Os antioxidantes são compostos que atuam inibindo e/ou diminuindo efeitos desencadeados pelo estresse oxidativo, conservando a harmonia entre a produção fisiológica de radicais livres e sua detoxificação. Objetivou-se avaliar o potencial antioxidante da microalga Spirulina e seu principal pigmento, a ficocianina, em situações de estresse oxidativo induzido. Foram realizados estudos com células da levedura Saccharomyces cerevisiae, submetidas a estresse oxidativo pela adição de 1,1´-dimetil-4,4´-bipiridilo (paraquat) nas concentrações 0, 10 e 15 mM, avaliando o potencial antioxidante da Spirulina através da sobrevivência celular (plaqueamento) e da lipoperoxidação (índice de substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico, TBA). Também foi avaliado o efeito protetor da Spirulina e/ou da ficocianina em córtex cerebral de ratos submetidos a estresse oxidativo por administração de glutamato monossódico ou por situação de pânico. No córtex dos animais foram avaliados os índices de TBA e a atividade específica das enzimas superóxido dismutase (SOD) e catalase (CAT). O uso do herbicida paraquat nas concentrações 10 mM e 15mM, diminuiu a sobrevivência celular da levedura em relação ao controle (39,4 % e 17,1%, respectivamente) e aumentou significativamente a lipoperoxidação (p≤0,05). O agente estressor glutamato monossódico provocou aumento significativo (p≤0,05) da lipoperoxidação e diminuição significativa (p≤0,05) das atividades específicas das enzimas SOD e CAT no córtex cerebral dos ratos. O estresse por situação de pânico também provocou alterações significativas (p≤0,05) no córtex dos ratos, aumentando a peroxidação lipídica e a atividade da enzima SOD e diminuindo a atividade da enzima CAT. O uso da Spirulina, bem como da ficocianina, atenuaram os efeitos deletérios decorrentes do estresse oxidativo induzido em células de leveduras e em córtex de ratos, mantendo os parâmetros dos grupos tratados com estressor e antioxidante estatisticamente iguais aos do grupo controle. Estes resultados contribuem com a caracterização da microalga no âmbito dos alimentos funcionais antioxidantes.
The nutritional properties of the microalgae Spirulina have been related with possible therapeutical properties, characterizing it in the scope of functional and nutraceutical foods mainly had its antioxidant potential. The antioxidant substances are composites that act inhibiting and/or decreasing the effect unchained of oxidative stress, conserving the balance between physiological production of free radicals and its detoxification. It was objectified to evaluatethe antioxidant potential of the microalgae Spirulina and its main pigment, the phycocyanin, in situation of oxidative stress induced. studies whit cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast had been carried, submitted oxidative stress for the addition of 1,1´-dimetil-4,4´-bipiridilo (paraquat) in concentrations 0, 10 and 15 mM, evaluating the antioxidant potential of the Spirulina throught the cellular survival and reactives substances index to the tiobarbituric acid (TBA). Also was evaluated the protective effect of the Spirulina and phycocyanin, in cerebral cortex of rats submitted to oxidative stress induced for glutamate monosodic administration or panic situation. In the cortex of animals the TBA index, and activity of enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) had been evaluated. The use of paraquat in concentrations 10 mM and 15mM, decreased yeast cellular survival in relation to the control (39.4% and 17.1%, respectively) and increased the lipoperoxidation significantly (p≤0,05). The estressor agent glutamate monossodic provoked significant increase (p≤0,05) in lipoperoxidation and significant reduction (p≤0,05) of enzymes SOD and CAT in the cerebral cortex of the rats. The oxidative stress for panic situation also provoked significant alterations (p≤0,05) in the cortex of the rats, increasing the lipidic peroxidation and the activity of enzyme SOD and diminishing the activity of enzyme CAT. The use of the Spirulina, as well as phycocyanin, had attenuated the decurrent deleterious effect of oxidative stress induced in cells of yeast and in cortex of rats, keeping the parameters of the groups dealt with statistical equal stressor and antioxidant substance to the ones of the group has controlled. These results contribute with the characterization of the microalgae in the scope of antioxidant functional foods.

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Marco, Paula Lobo. "Avaliação da biodisponibilidade de nutrientes em multimisturas acrescidas de Spirulina platensis". reponame:Repositório Institucional da FURG, 2008. http://repositorio.furg.br/handle/1/2540.

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Dissertação(mestrado)- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia e Ciência de Alimentos, Escola de Química e Alimentos, 2008.
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A anemia ferropriva é a forma mais grave de carência de ferro, sendo a deficiência nutricional mais comum encontrada no mundo. As misturas à base de farelos de cereais ou multimisturas (MM) têm sido uma alternativa para fornecer nutrientes a populações infantis de baixa renda, visando a promoção de um crescimento adequado, a prevenção e tratamento da anemia, diminuição de diarréia, etc. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar a eficácia de diferentes composições de multimistura na biodisponibilidade de nutrientes como ferro e proteína através de ensaio biológico. Foram formuladas 2 MM com adição da microalga Spirulina platensis diferindo quanto ao tipo de farelo (trigo ou arroz); uma MM conforme preconizado pela Pastoral da Criança; uma dieta controle à base de caseína; outra semelhante à controle porém deficiente em ferro e uma aprotéica. Inicialmente os 48 animais foram divididos em 2 grupos de 24 ratas cada, um para depleção de ferro e outro para depleção de proteína. Após este período, foram divididas em grupos de 6 animais segundo o tipo de dieta ofertada: controle (caseína); MM com farelo de arroz e Spirulina (MAS); MM com farelo de trigo e Spirulina (MTS) e MM Pastoral da Criança (MPC). As rações foram administradas durante 21 dias e, ao final deste período, os animais foram sacrificados para análise de índices bioquímicos, hemograma e relação dos órgãos com peso corporal. As rações foram avaliadas nutricionalmente através do coeficiente de eficiência alimentar (FER), razão de eficiência líquida protéica (PER), coeficiente de utilização líquida de proteína (NPR) e digestibilidade verdadeira in vivo (DV). Foi realizada análise de variância em todos os resultados, sendo as médias comparadas entre si pelo teste de Tukey (p<0,05). Os resultados desse estudo demonstraram que as ratas que se alimentaram das MM com farelo de arroz apresentaram maior ganho de peso do que as que ingeriram MM com farelo de trigo. As dietas com Spirulina também causaram maior ganho de peso que a MM sem a microalga. Todos os índices bioquímicos testados encontraram-se dentro da normalidade para a espécie e não diferiram entre os grupos. Como era esperado, a DC apresentou maiores valores de FER, PER, NPR e DV que as MM, e dentre essas, as dietas MAS e MTS tiveram valores mais elevados desses indicativos biológicos que a MPC, indicando que a adição da Spirulina aumentou a qualidade nutricional dessas MM.
Iron deficiency anemia is the most serious iron deficiency and the commonest nutritional need worldwide. Cereal-oat-based mixtures or multimixes (MM) have been considered as alternatives to supply nutrients to low-income infant populations, to promote adequate growth, prevent and treat anemia, fight diarrhea, etc. The aim of this study is to evaluate by a biological assay the efficacy of different multimixes formulations with respect to the nutrients bioavailability such as iron and protein. Two MM were produced including the microalgae Spirulina platensis distinct only from the bran used (wheat or rice); one MM as suggested by the Child Pastoral; a control casein-based diet; another similar to control but lacking iron and a protein free diet. First the 48 animals were split into two groups of 24 female rats each, one group followed iron depletion and the other protein depletion. Then, six-animal groups were created according to the diet they were fed: control (casein); rice bran plus Spirulina MM (MAS); wheat bran plus Spirulina MM (MTS) and Child Pastoral MM (MPC). Animals were fed during 21 days and, later they underwent euthanasia to run biochemical analyses, hemogram and to assess the organ/bodyweight ratio. Diets were evaluated nutritionally by the food efficiency ratio (FER), protein efficiency ratio (PER), net protein ratio (NPR) and in vivo digestibility (DV). Analysis of variance was carried out for all results and mean values were compared by Tukey's test (p<0.005). The results showed that rats fed with rice-bran MM presented higher weight gains than those fed with wheat-bran MM. Diets containing Spirulina also resulted in higher weight gains compared to Spirulina free diets. All biochemical parameters tested were within normal range for the species and were no different between groups. As expected, DC presented higher FER, PER, NPR and DV than MM diets, and within MM diets, MAS and MTA resulted in higher levels of these biological parameters than MPC, pointing out to a conclusion that the addition of Spirulina improved the MM nutritionally.

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Matsudo, Marcelo Chuei. "Cultivo de \' Spirulina platensis\' por processo descontínuo alimentado repetitivo utilizando uréia como fonte de nitrogênio". Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9134/tde-14122006-171907/.

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A cianobactéria \' Spirulina platensis \' possui alto teor de proteína e vem sendo cultivada fotoautotroficamente para a produção de biomassa microbiana. Embora as fontes convencionais de nitrogênio utilizadas para a produção de Spirulina spp. sejam os nitratos, há a possibilidade do emprego de uréia, utilizando o processo descontínuo alimentado, com diminuição do custo de produção. O emprego do processo descontínuo alimentado repetitivo para o cultivo desta microalga utilizando a uréia como fonte de nitrogênio poderia facilitar os cultivos em escala de produção, pois não haveria a necessidade de preparo de inóculo para cada ciclo de produção, além de possibilitar o aumento da produtividade do sistema. Este trabalho tem o objetivo de verificar o comportamento do cultivo microbiano com este processo, visto que não foram encontrados na literatura tais estudos para o cultivo de \'S. platensis\'. Foi verificada a influência dos parâmetros fração de corte, tempo de alimentação de uréia e ciclos de cultivo neste tipo de processo, tendo como variáveis dependentes a concentração celular máxima (Xm), a produtividade em células (Px) e o fator de conversão de nitrogênio em células (Yx/n), bem como a composição protéica e lipídica da biomassa obtida. Os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que, de uma forma geral, uma fração de corte de 80% associada a um tempo de alimentação de 6 dias leva a melhores condições de cultivo com bons resultados nos três parâmetros cinéticos (em média, 2101 mg.L?¹, 219 mg.L?¹.d?¹ e 10,3 mg.mg?¹ para Xm, Px e Yx/n, respectivamente), que foram reprodutíveis ao longo de 3 ciclos.
\' Spirulina platensis \', with high protein content, can be cultivated photoautotrophically for the microbial biomass production. Although nitrates are the conventional source of nitrogen for the Spirulina spp. production, there is a possibility of the use of urea, in a fed-batch process, leading to a cost reduction. The application of repeated fed-batch process, using urea as nitrogen source, could propitiate the cultivation of this microorganism in a production scale, since it would not need to prepare the inoculum for each production cycle. Moreover, there is a possibility to improve the productivity of this process. The aim of this work was to verify the behavior of the microbial cultivation employing this process, since this kind of study for \' Spirulina platensis \' production was not found in literature. The influence of withdrawn rate, urea feeding time and cultivation cycles were studied, considering maximum cell concentration (Xm), cell productivity (Px), nitrogen-to-cell conversion (Yx/n), and protein and total fat contents as dependent variables. The results show that in general a 80% of withdrawn rate associated with 6 days of feeding time leads to the best cultivation conditions with satisfactory results of Xm, Px and Yx/n (2101 mg.L?¹, 219 mg.L?¹.d?¹ and 10.3 mg.mg?¹, in average, respectively), that could be reproduced through the three cycles.

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Andrade, Michele da Rosa. "Biossistema para produção de biomassa microalgal e biometano". reponame:Repositório Institucional da FURG, 2009. http://repositorio.furg.br/handle/1/6065.

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Microalgas e cianobactérias vem ganhando destaque nas áreas de alimentos, energia e proteção ao meio ambiente. A Spirulina é uma cianobactéria que consome CO2 através da fotossíntese e sua biomassa pode ser utilizada para alimentação e produção de biocombustíveis. A digestão anaeróbia da biomassa da microalga produz metano e o efluente líquido do processo contém carbono dissolvido, que é o principal componente dos custos de produção da Spirulina. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a produção de metano a partir de biomassa de Spirulina através da digestão anaeróbia e o crescimento e composição da microalga no efluente da produção de metano. Spirulina foi cultivada em condições ambientais do extremo sul do Brasil, a biomassa produzida foi utilizada para a produção de biometano em concentrações crescentes (3,2; 5,4 e 7,2 g.L-1) na alimentação do biorreator anaeróbio. Foram estudados os efeitos do aumento na concentração de Spirulina na alimentação do biorreator anaeróbio para 20 e 50 g.L-1 e da agitação contínua ou intermitente na produção de biometano. Como o efluente continha carbono em concentração inferior (3,8 g.L-1 NaHCO3) aos meios de cultivo de Spirulina, foi estudado o efeito da concentração da fonte de carbono (NaHCO3 2,8 a 100 g.L-1) no crescimento da microalga. A seguir foi estudado o crescimento e a composição da biomassa em meio com efluente da produção de biometano e a capacidade do efluente ser usado como fonte de carbono e nitrogênio para a microalga. Spirulina LEB-18 cresceu nas condições ambientais do sul do Brasil com produtividade de 6,63 g.m-2.d-1. A digestão anaeróbia da biomassa produzida quando alimentada ao biorreator anaeróbio em até 7,2 g.L-1 ocorreu dentro de limites adequados (pH 7,15–7,21 e N-NH4 388,27–669,44 mg.L-1) ao bioprocesso anaeróbio, atingindo decomposição de 77 % da biomassa, conversão de Spirulina em biometano (YCH4/Sp) de 0,31 g.g-1 e 77,7 % de CH4 no gás. A agitação contínua reduziu YCH4/Sp em 22,6 % comparada à agitação intermitente. A alimentação com 20 e 50 g.L-1 de Spirulina reduziu YCH4/Sp a 0,17 e 0,02 g.g-1 respectivamente. No bioprocesso anaeróbio 49,7 % do carbono da Spirulina produzida foram transformados em CH4 e recuperados 83,2 % do poder calorífico da biomassa como biometano. A concentração da fonte de carbono em que ocorreram as maiores Xmáx (0,75 g.L-1), Pmáx (0,145 g.L-1.d-1) e μmáx (0,254 d-1) foi menor (2,8 g.L-1 NaHCO3) que a dos meios típicos de cultivo de Spirulina. O aumento na concentração de NaHCO3 no meio de cultivo aumentou as perdas de carbono para a atmosfera, que atingiram 38,7 % em meio com NaHCO3 50 g.L-1 . Spirulina LEB-18 cresceu em até 40 % de efluente em substituição ao meio Zarrouk. O efluente foi usado como fonte de carbono para o crescimento da Spirulina com µmáx 0,06 d-1 maior do que o valor obtido no meio Zarrouk. O crescimento usando efluente como fonte de nitrogênio foi idêntico àquele em meio Zarrouk. O teor de proteínas (66,08 %) na biomassa cultivada em efluente como fonte de carbono e nitrogênio foi o maior entre os ensaios realizados.
Microalgae and cyanobacteria had been gaining prominence in issues as food, energy and environmental protection. Spirulina is a cyanobacteria that use CO2 through photosynthesis and its biomass can be used as feed and to biofuel production. Anaerobic digestion of microalgal biomass produces biomethane and the liquid effluent from the bioprocess contains inorganic dissolved carbon, that is the major cost component in biomass production. The aim of this work was to investigate the methane production from Spirulina biomass by anaerobic digestion and the microalgal growth and composition using the effluent from biomethane production. Spirulina was cultured under environmental climate in the Southern of Brazil, the produced biomass was used to biomethane production with increasing concentrations (3.2; 5.4 and 7.2 g.L-1) in the feed of anaerobic reactor. We assessed the effects of increased Spirulina concentration in feed of anaerobic reactor to 20 and 50 g.L-1 and the effects of continuous or intermittent mixing on biomethane production. Once the effluent from biomethane production had carbon concentration (3.8 g.L-1 NaHCO3) lower than the culture medium for Spirulina, we assessed the effect of carbon source concentration (from 2.8 to 100 g.L-1) on microalga growth. Next we assessed the biomass growth and composition in medium with effluent from biomethane production and the potential of effluent to be used as carbon and nitrogen source to the microalga. Spirulina grew under environmental climate of Southern Brazil at 6.63 g.m-2.d-1. Anaerobic digestion of biomass when feed to the anaerobic bioreactor up to 7.2 g.L-1 was carried out between suitable limits (pH 7.15–7.21 and N-NH4 388.27–669.44 mg.L-1) to anaerobic bioprocess, reaching biomass decomposition of 77 %, and biomethane yield from Spirulina (YCH4/Sp) of 0.31 g.g-1 and 77.7 % of CH4 in the gas. Continuous mixing decreased YCH4/Sp in 22.6 % comparing to the intermittent mixing. The feed with 20 and 50 g.L-1 of Spirulina fall YCH4/Sp to 0.17 and 0.02 g.g-1 respectively. Through the anaerobic bioprocess 49.7 % of carbon from produced Spirulina was converted in CH4 and 83.2 % of biomass energy was recovered as biomethane. The carbon concentration that result in better Xmax (0.75 g.L-1), Pmax (0.145 g.L-1.d-1) and μmax (0.254 d -1) were lower than (2.8 g.L-1 NaHCO3) carbon concentration in the medium usual to Spirulina. Increasing the carbon concentration in culture medium increased the loss of carbon to atmosphere, up to 38.7 % in medium with NaHCO3 50 g.L-1 . Spirulina LEB-18 grew in medium with up to 40 % of effluent replacing Zarrouk. The effluent of biomethane production was used as carbon source to the growth of Spirulina LEB-18, with µmax 0.06 d-1 higher than the growth in Zarrouk medium. Growth using nitrogen from effluent was equal to the growth in Zarrouk medium. Protein content (66.08 %) of the biomass grew in effluent as carbon and nitrogen sources was the higher between all composition of medium tested.

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Cascallo, Anne. "Conception, contrôle et fonctionnement d'un photobioréacteur pour la culture en mode continu de la cyanobactérie Spirulina platensis". Compiègne, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000COMP1268.

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La culture de cyanobactéries en photobioréacteur est régie par des limitations physiques (distribution de l'énergie lumineuse, transfert du Co 2) et biologiques (concentration limitante des différents nutriments). Dans le cadre de la réalisation d'un celss (controlled ecological life support system), la modélisation de ces limitations est particulièrement importante, ainsi que son intégration dans un système de contrôle afin d'obtenir un fonctionnement robuste et stable du systeme et l'obtention de la biomasse souhaitée. Cette étude a permis d'optimiser le fonctionnement du compartiment photautotrophe de melissa (microbiological ecological life support system alternative), qui constitue un écosystème ferme basé principalement sur des micro-organismes. Dans un premier temps, des cultures continues de spirulina platensis ont été réalisées dans un photobioréacteur de 7 litres à illumination radiale pour caractériser le comportement de cette cyanobactérie dans les cas de taux de dilution élevés et de limitation par la source d'azote, pour des cultures limitées par la lumière. Les productivités obtenues expérimentalement tout comme les déviations métaboliques qui surgissent dans ces situations de limitation ont été confrontées aux prédictions d'un modèle mathématique prédictif de la concentration et de la composition de la biomasse de spirulina platensis qui a été mis au point antérieurement dans le cadre du projet melissa un programme de contrôle contenant une version simplifiée de ce modèle de connaissance a été appliquée avec succès à la conduite de ce même photobioréacteur. Un tel systeme permet la régulation automatique de la concentration de la biomasse autour d'un point de consigne, par modulation de l'intensité lumineuse et du débit d'alimentation appliques à la culture. Par la suite, un changement d'échelle du compartiment photoautotrophe a été réalisé. Une étude de dimensionnement et la comparaison de différentes géométries ont conduit à la sélection d'un photobioréacteur gazosiphon à boucle externe d'un volume de 77 litres et dont la partie illuminée est composée de deux tubes cylindriques de diamètre 15 cm. Le système de contrôle de ce photobioréacteur a été développé et validé, puis ses principales caractéristiques physiques ont été déterminées dans différentes conditions opératoires. Finalement, un fonctionnement satisfaisant de ce réacteur a été obtenu pour des cultures en mode batch et continu. La limitation par la source de carbone chez spirulina platensis a été étudiée dans ce photobioréacteur et l'interaction entre les mécanismes de concentration du carbone et la photosynthèse a pu être mise en évidence.

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Heinsoo, Daniel. "Odling av spirulina på konventionellt och urinbaserat medium i ett hushållsanspassat system". Thesis, KTH, Skolan för bioteknologi (BIO), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-163701.

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Miranda, Andreia Filipa Inácio. "Desenvolvimento de bolachas isentas de glúten com farinha de arrôz e Spirulina". Master's thesis, ISA, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/14843.

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Mestrado em Engenharia Alimentar / Instituto Superior de Agronomia
No mundo atual em que vivemos, assistimos a uma crescente procura de alimentos saudáveis, sem glúten, práticos e com propriedades funcionais. O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver bolachas isentas de glúten, doces e salgadas, com incorporação de diferentes concentrações de Spirulina (Arthrospira) platensis F&M-C256 (0%, 1%, 2%, 4% e 6% m/m). Desenvolveram-se várias formulações de bolachas doces e salgadas a partir de formulações base previamente otimizadas, em que se substituiu a farinha de trigo por farinha de arroz. No caso das bolachas doces foi também estudado diferentes concentrações de farinha de arroz (38 a 47% m/m), enquanto nas bolachas salgadas houve necessidade de adicionar um emulsionante (lecitina de soja), para que o produto final se aproxima-se o mais possível dos produtos-alvo à base de trigo. Foram analisadas características como a cor, a textura e a atividade da água, sendo que com o aumento do teor de Spirulina, as bolachas ficaram mais escuras, e com menor cromaticidade (L*, a*, b*). Em relação à textura as bolachas com incorporação de Spirulina revelaram maior firmeza e ao reduzir o teor de farinha de arroz, esta diminuiu. Relativamente à atividade da água, todas as bolachas apresentaram valores inferiores a 0,5. Em relação às propriedades reológicas das massas (antes da cozedura), verificou-se que para todas as formulações analisadas, o módulo G’ era superior ao módulo G’’, o que traduz um comportamento predominantemente elástico. As formulações de bolachas doces 6% Spirulina e 47% Farinha de arroz apresentaram valores de G’ significativamente (p<0,05) mais altos que as restantes formulações, o que se traduz numa maior estruturação. No estudo da diminuição do teor de farinha de arroz foi possível reduzir de 47% para 42% (m/m), de modo a manter os valores de G’ e G’’ semelhantes aos da massa controlo de trigo (produto-alvo). A composição química denotou uma maior diferença no teor proteico, observando-se um aumento significativo (p<0,05) entre as bolachas controlo e as bolachas com 2% de Spirulina, aumentando de 5,4 para 6,7 g/100g nas bolachas doces e de 7,7 para 9,9 g/100g nas bolachas salgadas
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Pothula, Ramanarayana Reddy. "Mechanical Properties of Particleboard Composites Made from Sugarcane Bagasse and Spirulina Algae". Thesis, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10243742.

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To reduce formaldehyde emissions and prevent deforestation, particle boards prepared from sodium hydroxide modified algae and sugarcane bagasse were used to study the effect of process parameters such as fine-filler ratio, algae-filler ratio, ambient storage times, and sodium hydroxide concentration on mechanical properties. P-test was conducted to test for significance of parameters on flexural modulus and flexural strength. Results showed that algae-filler ratio and ambient storage times have significant impact on mechanical properties, while fine-filler ratio showing significant impact on secant flexural modulus and sodium hydroxide concentration having impact only on tangent flexural modulus. Mechanical properties of particleboard composites made from sugarcane bagasse and spirulina algae were found to be comparable to conventional particle boards.

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Saboya, Jefferson Pablo de Sousa. "Teores de B-Caroteno e A-tocoferol presentes na microalga Spirulina (Arthrospira) Platensis cultivada com diferentes fotoperÃodos". Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2010. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=6895.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico
A microalga cianofÃcea Spirulina platensis tem sido comercializada e estudada devido ao seu alto valor nutricional, possuindo vitaminas, minerais, proteÃnas, Ãcidos graxos poli-insaturados, carotenÃides, ficobilinas e polissacarÃdeos com propriedades terapÃuticas. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar os teores de -caroteno e -tocoferol presentes na microalga S. platensis cultivada em laboratÃrio com diferentes fotoperÃodos. A microalga S. platensis foi cultivada em seis aquÃrios de 20 L sob quatro condiÃÃes diferentes de iluminaÃÃo. Um cultivo foi submetido a um fotoperÃodo de 8 horas de luz (L) e 16 de escuro (E), o segundo a 12 L e 12 E, o terceiro a 16 L e 8 E e o Ãltimo exposto a 24 h de iluminaÃÃo constante. Os aquÃrios foram dispostos lado a lado em duas incubadoras de madeira, com temperatura ambiente de mantida em 28 Â 2ÂC com auxÃlio de um âcoolerâ (220 V) e iluminÃncia na superfÃcie da Ãgua em torno de 78,1 μ E cm-2 s-1 fornecida por duas lÃmpadas fluorescentes de 40 W. Os cultivos foram monitorados por espectrofotometria a 680 nm e pela contagem dos filamentos (tricomas) microalgais utilizando um microscÃpio Ãptico comum. A anÃlise simultÃnea dos carotenos e tocoferÃis foi realizada por cromatografia lÃquida de alta eficiÃncia em uma coluna Waters Spherisorb-Hichrom S5 ODS-2 (4,6 x 250 mm) com uma fase mÃvel de MeOH: THF (90:10, v/v), fluxo de 1,5 mL min-1 e detecÃÃo a 450 nm e 292 nm, respectivamente. A extraÃÃo de -caroteno foi realizada suspendendo-se 0,1 g de Spirulina liofilizada em 10 mL de metanol:Ãgua Milli-Q (90:10, v/v). Para a saponificaÃÃo dos lipÃdios, a mistura foi homogeneizada com 7% de hidrÃxido de potÃssio, levada ao banhomaria a 70ÂC por 30 min e submetida Ã partiÃÃo em n-hexano que foi evaporado. O resÃduo foi suspenso em 1 mL de metanol e 100 μL foram injetados manualmente, em duplicata, no sistema cromatogrÃfico. O -caroteno foi detectado na biomassa obtida de todos os cultivos e o -tocoferol apenas nos cultivos com fotoperÃodos de 8 L e 16 E e de 12 L e 12 E, enquanto o -tocoferol nÃo foi detectado. O teor de -caroteno variou de acordo com a intensidade luminosa e quando as culturas foram expostas a 24 h de iluminaÃÃo constante, atingiram mais rapidamente a produtividade mÃxima e apresentaram o maior teor de -caroteno
The microalga cyanophyceae Spirulina platensis has been commercialized and studied due to its high nutritional value. It has shown to be a rich source of a great variety of vitamins, minerals, proteins, polyunsaturated fatty acids, carotenoids, phycobilins, and polysaccharides that exhibit potential therapeutic properties. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the content of -carotene and -tocopherol in S. platensis cultivated in laboratory under different conditions of photoperiods. S. platensis was cultivated within six 20-liter reservoirs under four different illumination conditions. The first culture was grown under 8- hour light (L) and 16-hour dark (D) photoperiod; the second, 12 L and 12 D photoperiod; the third, 16 L and 8 D photoperiod, and the forth cultivation condition was constant illumination. The reservoirs were placed side by side in two wood chambers, where room temperature was kept at 28 Â 2ÂC with a cooler (220 V). The water surface illumination of 78.1 μE cm-2 s-1 was supplied by two 40-Watt fluorescent lamps. The cultures were monitored by spectrometry at 680 nm and by counting microalga filaments (trichomes) under an optical microscope. The simultaneous analysis of carotenoids and tocopherols was performed by high performance liquid chromatography in a Waters Spherisorb-Hichrom S5 ODS-2 (4.6 x 250 mm) column using MeOH:THF (90:10, v/v) as mobile phase, delivered at 1.5 mL min-1. The detector was set at 450 nm and 292 nm for carotenes and tocopherols, respectively. For the extraction of both compounds, three portions of 0.1 g lyophilized Spirulina were suspended in 10 mL methanol:MiliQ water (90:10, v/v). The mixture was homogenized with a 7% potassium hydroxide aqueous solution, brought to a water bath at 70ÂC for 30 min, for saponification, followed of partitioning into n-hexane which was evaporated to dryness. The residues were suspended in 1 mL methanol, and 100 μL aliquots were manually injected in the chromatographic system. -Carotene was detected in the biomass obtained from all the cultures and a-tocopherol was detected only in 8 L and 16 D and 12 L and 12 D photoperiods cultures. -Tocopherol, on the other hand, was not detected. The content of -carotene varied with illumination intensity and in the cultivation performed under constant illumination both maximum productivity and highest -carotene content were reached rapidly

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48

Lage, Luis Paulo AraÃjo. "Evaluation of immune parameters of white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei submitted to baths of immersion with sulfated polysaccharides Spirulina platensis". Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2011. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=7643.

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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior
A aquicultura Ã uma das atividades produtoras de alimento que mais cresce a nÃvel mundial e o cultivo de camarÃes marinhos apresentou a maior taxa de crescimento mÃdia nos Ãltimos 50 anos. A busca por produÃÃo, muitas vezes, requer um incremento na densidade utilizada, levando os indivÃduos cultivados a condiÃÃes de estresse e ao surgimento de doenÃas oportunistas. O uso de imunoestimulantes na aquicultura, entre eles os polissacarÃdeos sulfatados (PS), tem resultado em um aumento na resistÃncia dos animais a patÃgenos e a situaÃÃes de estresse. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito dos PS de Spirulina platensis em pÃs-larvas (PLâs) e juvenis do camarÃo branco Litopenaeus vannamei, por meio de banhos de imersÃo. A administraÃÃo do PS para as PLâs de L. vannamei foi realizada nas concentraÃÃes de 0 (controle); 50; 100 e 200 mg L-1, duas horas antes da avaliaÃÃo da resistÃncia das mesmas ao teste do estresse salino. Os juvenis de L. vannamei foram expostos, durante trÃs horas, aos PS de S. platensis nas concentraÃÃes de 0 (controle); 60; 120 e 240 mg L-1 seguida da coleta da hemolinfa para a anÃlise dos seguintes imunoparÃmetros: contagem total (CTH) e diferencial (CDH) de hemÃcitos, concentraÃÃo protÃica no soro, atividade da fenoloxidase (PO), atividade da α2-macroglobulina (α2-M) e atividade hemaglutinante do soro. ApÃs o teste do estresse salino, foi observado que as PLâs expostas aos PS na concentraÃÃo de 100 mg L-1 apresentaram uma tendÃncia de maior sobrevivÃncia, mas nÃo houve diferenÃa significativa entre os tratamentos. Com relaÃÃo aos imunoparÃmetros, a CTH foi reduzida quando os animais foram expostos aos PS e nas concentraÃÃes mais altas a CTH voltou aos valores normais. Porem, nÃo houve diferenÃa significativa entre os tratamentos e o controle. No entanto, a diferenÃa significativa foi observada entre os tratamentos que foram expostos ao PS. O nÃmero de hemÃcitos granulares (HG) apresentou uma tendÃncia de queda na concentraÃÃo de 60 mg L-1 e, com o incremento da concentraÃÃo de PS, os valores de HG tambÃm tenderam a aumentar, porÃm nÃo houve diferenÃas significativas em relaÃÃo ao controle. No entanto, foi observada diferenÃa significativa entre as contagens de HG nas concentraÃÃes de 60 e 240 mg L-1. A atividade da PO foi significativamente reduzida na concentraÃÃo de 60 mg L-1 o que pode estar relacionado ao baixo valor de CTH como tambÃm Ã elevada atividade do inibidor de protease α2-M. A atividade da PO voltou a ser semelhante Ã obtida no controle com o aumento da concentraÃÃo de PS para 120 mg L-1 e foi novamente reduzida na maior concentraÃÃo (240 mg L-1). A atividade do inibidor de protease α2-M foi significativamente elevada quando os animais foram expostos aos PS nas concentraÃÃes de 60 e 240 mg L-1, enquanto essa atividade se manteve semelhante ao controle na concentraÃÃo de 120 mg L-1. Dessa forma, nÃo houve necessidade de regulaÃÃo do sistema proPO, quando os camarÃes foram expostos Ã concentraÃÃo intermediÃria dos PS de S. platensis. A administraÃÃo dos PS de S. platensis aos camarÃes L. vannamei foi capaz de modular a resposta imunolÃgica desses animais de maneira diferente, dependendo da concentraÃÃo utilizada. Com a realizaÃÃo deste experimento pode-se concluir que a concentraÃÃo intermediÃria de 120 mg L-1 foi a mais eficiente, jÃ que manteve os nÃveis de hemÃcitos circulantes e as atividades basais da PO e α2-M.
Aquaculture is the food-producing activity that presented the fastest grow the worldwide and the cultivation of marine shrimps had the highest average growth rate over the past 50 years. The search for growing up the production, obtained through the increase on the density, carrying the animals on condition stress and the appearance of diseases. The use of immunostimulants on aquaculture, like the sulfated polysaccharides (SP), resulted in an enhancement of the animalâs resistance against pathogenic microorganism and stress situations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the SP of Spirulina platensis in post-larvae (PL's) and juvenile of the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannameithrou gh immersion baths. The administration of the SP to L. vannameiâs PL's was performedat concentrations of 0 (control), 50, 100 and 200 mg L-1, two hours before the evaluation of their resistance to the salt stress test. The juveniles of L. vannamei were exposed for three hours to the SP of S. platensisat concentrations of 0 (control), 60, 120 and 240 mg L-1 followed by a hemolymph collection for analysis of the following immune parameters: haemocytes total (THC) and differential (DHC) counts, serum protei n concentration, activity of phenoloxidase (PO), activity of α2-macroglobulin (α2-M) and serum hemagglutinating activity. After the salt stress test it was observed that the PLâs that were exposed to the SP at a concentration of 100 mg L -1 showed a tendency of a higher survival rate but there was not any significant difference between the treatments. Regarding the immune parameters, THC was reduced when the animals were exposed to the SP, while the exposure of shrimp to higher concentrations of PS resulted in normal values of the THC. However, no significant differen cebetween treatments and control. But, the significant difference(p≤0.05) was observed between the treatments that were exposed to PS. The number of granular haemocytes (GH) showed adownward trend in the concentration of 60 mg L -1 and, with increasing concentration of SP, the values of HG also tended to increase, but without significant differences compared to that of the control. However, significant differences were observed between the number of HG at concentrations of 60 and 240 mg L - 1. The PO activity was significantly reducedat a concentration of 60 mg L - 1 which may be related to the low value of THC as well as the high activity of the protease inhibitor α2 -M. The PO activity was again similar to that obtained in control with increasing concentration of SP to 120 mg L -1 and was further reduced in the highest concentration (240mg L-1). The activity of the protease inhibitor α2-M was significantly higher when the shrimps were exposed at concentrations of 60 e 240 mg L -1, while this activity was similar to that of control at a concentration of 120 mg L -1. Thus, there was no need for regulation of the proPO system, when the shrimp were exposed to an intermediate concentration of SP of S. platensis. The administration of SP of S. platensis to shrimps L. vannamei was able to modulate the immune response of these animals in different forms depending on the concentration used. So analyzing the results it is possibl e to conclude that the intermediate concentration of 120 mg L -1 was the most efficient, since it maintained the levels of circulating hemocytes and the basal activities of PO and α 2 -M.

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49

Silva, Neto José Fernandes da. "Farinha de Spirulina como aditivo atrato-palatabilizante em dietas balanceadas para o camarão marinho Litopenaeus vannamei". reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFC, 2010. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/18427.

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SILVA NETO, José Fernandes da. Farinha de Spirulina como aditivo atrato-palatabilizante em dietas balanceadas para o camarão marinho Litopenaeus vannamei. 2010. 44 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Engenharia de Pesca, Fortaleza-CE, 2010
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At present, there is a great effort to partially or completely replace fishmeal in artificial diets for less costly and more predictable vegetable protein ingredients. Experimental results of some studies indicate the potential of the Spirulina meal as a growth impeller in diets for marine shrimp. Despite its nutritional quality, no work has been conducted so far about the use of Spirulina meal as an additive in complete diets for Litopenaeus vannamei. The present work aimed at investigating the growth performance and feeding preference of L. vannamei raised under controlled laboratory conditions fed diets supplemented or deprived with Spirulina meal. Juveniles of L. vannamei (3.89  0.25 g) were stocked under intensive conditions at 44 shrimp/tank (64 juveniles/m²) in 28 polyethylene tanks of 500 L and raised for 71 days. Diets were supplemented with 0.5% of a commercial feed attractant for marine shrimp (MAC and BAC) or with 0.5% of Spirulina meal (MSP and BSP). In MAC and MSP and BAC and BSP, inclusion of fishmeal was reduced at 25% and 50%, respectively. In a second study, diets were offered to animals in a two feeding trays clearly identified, in equal amounts, delivered at the same time in the opposite sides of each tank and simultaneously recovered. Feed remaining in each feeding tray was collected and weighted to calculate the dry weight. Weekly shrimp weight gain fed diet MSP (0.89 ± 0.03 g) was not significantly different from those fed diet MAC (0.89 ± 0.01 g). Feed conversion rate and protein efficiency rate for shrimp fed diet MSP were not significantly different from those seen for CN1 and P. Final body weight and survival of shrimp fed diet MSP were not significantly different from those observed for CN1 and P. The attractability study demonstrated that MSP showed a significantly higher preference compared to MAC diet. It can be concluded that Spirulina meal added at 0.5% in a complete diet for juveniles of L. vannamei acted as a feeding attractant capable of promoting the same effects of a commercial additive. Further work is required to evaluate others inclusion levels, cheap production techniques, compounds responsible for attractability’s Spirulina meal etc
Há, presentemente, grande esforço de pesquisa no sentido de se substituir, parcial ou totalmente, a farinha de peixe das dietas artificiais por fontes protéicas vegetais, de menor custo e maior previsibilidade de produção. Os resultados experimentais obtidos em alguns trabalhos evidenciam o bom potencial da farinha de Spirulina como aditivo impulsor do crescimento em dietas para camarões marinhos. Apesar de sua qualidade nutricional, nenhum trabalho foi conduzido até agora sobre o uso da farinha de Spirulina como aditivo em dietas completas para L. vannamei. O presente trabalho objetivou o estudo do desempenho zootécnico e da preferência alimentar de juvenis de Litopenaeus vannamei criados em laboratório sob condições controladas alimentados com diferentes dietas suplementadas ou não com farinha de Spirulina. Juvenis de L. vannamei (3,89 ± 0,25 g) foram estocados intensivamente em 28 tanques circulares de polietileno de 500 L, na densidade de 44 camarões/tanque (64 juvenis/m2) por 71 dias. As dietas foram suplementadas com 0,5% de um atrativo comercial para rações de camarão (MAC e BAC) ou com 0,5% de farinha de Spirulina (MSP e BSP). Em MAC e MSP e em BAC e BSP houve reduções de 25% e 50% do nível de inclusão de farinha de peixe, respectivamente. No segundo experimento, as dietas foram oferecidas aos animais em duas bandejas claramente identificadas, em quantidades iguais, colocadas no mesmo momento, em lados opostos dentro de cada tanque e foram recolhidas no mesmo instante. A ração remanescente em cada bandeja de alimentação foi coletada e pesada para calcular o peso seco posteriormente. O ganho em peso semanal dos camarões alimentados com a ração MSP (0,89 ± 0,03 g) não foi significativamente diferente daqueles que se alimentaram com a dieta MAC (0,89 ± 0,01 g) e P (0,95 ± 0,08 g). O fator de conversão alimentar e a taxa de eficiência protéica dos camarões alimentados com MSP não foram estatisticamente diferentes daqueles observados em CN1 e P. O peso corporal final e a sobrevivência dos camarões alimentados com MSP não foram significativamente diferentes daqueles observados em CN1 e P. O estudo da atratividade mostrou que MSP teve preferência significativamente maior pelos camarões do que a dieta MAC. Pode ser concluído que a farinha de Spirulina adicionada a 0,5% em uma dieta completa para juvenis de L. vannamei atuou como um atrativo alimentar, e foi capaz de promover os mesmos efeitos de um aditivo comercial. Trabalhos futuros são requeridos para avaliar outros níveis de inclusão, técnicas de produção baratas, compostos responsáveis pela atratividade da farinha de Spirulina etc

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Lizana, Retamal América Regina. "Determinación de actividad antioxidante en Arthrospira platensis sometida a diversas concentraciones de CO2 obtenido del proceso de fermentación del vino e indura : evaluación sensorial de una barrita de cereal elaborada con la microalga". Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2014. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/130022.

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Arthrospira platensis (A.platensis), conocida comúnmente como espirulina, es una cianobacteria muy rica en proteínas, ácidos grasos esenciales, vitaminas, minerales y compuestos bioactivos, a los que, en los últimos años, se le han atribuido diversas propiedades nutricionales y farmacológicas. Como el CO2 cumple una función fundamental en las rutas metabólicas de síntesis de nutrientes de las cianobacterias, se planteó la hipótesis de que la incorporación de CO2 obtenido de la fermentación del vino y de grado alimenticio a cultivos de A.platensis mejore la producción de biomasa y su actividad antioxidante, disminuyendo además la huella de carbono de la viña Miguel Torres y de INDURA. El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar y comparar las actividades antioxidantes y el contenido de fenoles totales de los distintos cultivos de A.platensis alimentados con diversas concentraciones de CO2 obtenido del proceso de fermentación del vino (CO2 viña), versus los cultivos sometidos a distintas concentraciones de CO2 de grado alimenticio (CO2 Indura) y formular una barrita de cereal con A.platensis sensorialmente aceptada por los consumidores. Para la determinación del contenido de fenoles totales de A.platensis se utilizó el método de Folin-ciocalteu (F-C), para la medición de su actividad antioxidante se empleó el método FRAP, se determinó la presencia de compuestos fenólicos descritos en Arthrospira platensis por CLAE-DAD y para evaluar sensorialmente la barrita con A.platensis se aplicó un test de aceptabilidad y preferencia a 50 consumidores. Los resultados obtenidos por el método de F-C indicaron que los cultivos Ci (5% CO2 Indura) y Bv (2,5% CO2 viña) presentaron los mayores contenidos de fenoles totales. Mientras que el método FRAP señaló que los cultivos Di (7,5% CO2 Indura) y Dv (7,5% CO2 viña) presentaron la mayor actividad antioxidante a los 60 minutos. Los cromatogramas por CLAE-DAD a 280 nm de los EET de Arthrospira platensis revelaron la ausencia de ácido gálico, cafeico y ferúlico en todas las muestras analizadas, compuestos que habían sido encontrados previamente en A.platensis. El test sensorial mostro una baja aceptación de parte de los consumidores hacia la apariencia y el color oscuro de la barrita de cereal con A.platensis y un alto interés por las características nutritivas y saludables del producto. En conclusión los cultivos de A.platensis cultivados con CO2 de grado alimenticio presentaron mejor actividad antioxidante y mayor contenido de fenoles totales que los cultivos alimentados con CO2 obtenido de la viña, sin embargo, sus valores fueron muy similares y los cultivos con CO2 de fermentación obtuvieron mejores parámetros que los cultivos control (sin CO2). Por lo que recomendamos emplear CO2 de grado alimenticio en una concentración de 5% o CO2 viña en una concentración de 2,5% para obtener un mayor contenido de fenoles totales y una mejor actividad antioxidante. En relación a la barrita de cereal con A.platensis, se sugiere mejorar su apariencia a través de algún recubrimiento natural para hacer más atractivo el producto al público consumidor
Arthrospira platensis (A.platensis), commonly known as espirulina is a cyanobacterium very rich in proteins, essential fatty acids , vitamins, minerals and bioactive compounds, which in recent years have been claimed to possess various pharmacological and nutritional properties. As CO2 plays a key role in the metabolic pathways of nutrients of cyanobacteria, it was hypothesized that the incorporation of CO2 obtained from the wine fermentation and food grade to the culture of A.platensis will improve it´s biomass production, antioxidant activity and further decrease the carbon footprint of the vineyard Miguel Torres and INDURA. The objective of this research is to determine and compare the antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of different cultures of A.platensis fed with various concentrations of CO2 obtained from wine fermentation (CO2 vineyard) , versus cultures under different concentrations of food grade CO2 (CO2 Indura) and to develop a cereal bar with A.platensis of good consumer acceptance. Folin-ciocalteu (F-C) test was used to determine the total phenolic content of A.platensis. For the measurement of its antioxidant activity FRAP method was used. The presence of phenolic compounds described in Arthrospira platensis was determined by HPLC -DAD and to assess sensory acceptance of the A.platensis bar a consumer test was perfomed with 50 subjects. The results obtained by the method of F-C indicated that Ci culture (5% CO2 Indura) and Bv (2,5% CO2 vineyard) showed the highest contents of total phenols. While the method FRAP showed that Di culture (7,5% CO2 Indura) and Dv (7,5% CO2 vineyard) had the highest antioxidant activity at 60 minutes. HPLC-DAD- chromatograms for 280 nm of Arthrospira platensis EET revealed no gallic, ferulic and caffeic acids all samples analyzed, which compounds were previously found in A.platensis. The sensory test showed a low acceptance by consumers towards the appearance and dark color of A.platensis cereal bar and a great interest in the nutrition and health characteristics of the product. In conclusion A.platensis cultures grown with food grade CO2 showed better antioxidant activity and total phenol content compared to the CO2 fed cultures obtained from the vineyard , however , very similar values were obtainedand cultures fermentation CO2 parameters performed better than control cultures (without CO2). So we recommend using food grade CO2 at a concentration of 5% or CO2 from the vineyard in a concentration of 2.5% to obtain a higher total phenolic content and better antioxidant activity. In relation to A.platensis cereal bar, we recommend to improve it´s appearance through a natural coating to make the product more attractive to consumers

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