Tesis sobre el tema "Stress oxydatif – Plantes – Embryologie"
Crea una cita precisa en los estilos APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard y otros
Consulte los 27 mejores tesis para su investigación sobre el tema "Stress oxydatif – Plantes – Embryologie".
Junto a cada fuente en la lista de referencias hay un botón "Agregar a la bibliografía". Pulsa este botón, y generaremos automáticamente la referencia bibliográfica para la obra elegida en el estilo de cita que necesites: APA, MLA, Harvard, Vancouver, Chicago, etc.
También puede descargar el texto completo de la publicación académica en formato pdf y leer en línea su resumen siempre que esté disponible en los metadatos.
Explore tesis sobre una amplia variedad de disciplinas y organice su bibliografía correctamente.
Rajjou, Loïc. "Analyse protéomique de la germination des graines et de la mise en place des mécanismes précoces de défense chez Arabidopsis thaliana". Pau, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PAUU3005.
Texto completoSeed is the most widespread plant multiplication system. The agricultural, industrial and scientific worlds are very interested by seed biology. The formation and the development of seed constitute key stages in the plant life. During seed maturation, many metabolic processes are involved. Seed acquires a strong tolerance to the desiccation and accumulates reserves in order to mobilize them during germination. By definition, germination sensu stricto incorporates those events that start with the uptake of water by the non-dormant quiescent dry seed stop with the protusion of the radicle and the elongation of the embryonic axis. To investigate the role of stored and neosynthetized mRNAS and proteins in seed germination, we examined the effect of alpha-amanitin, a transcriptional inhibitor. Arabidopsis seed germination occured in spite of the absence of transcription. Increased cellular levels of reactive oxygen species are known to occur during seed development and germination. This oxidative stress tends to increase during seed aging. Proteomic analysis of differential aged seeds highlights several germinative quality markers. In the plant life cycle, seeds and seedlings are the most vulnerable stages, particularly susceptible to environmental conditions. Toward a characterization of early plant defense mechanisms was assessec by physiological measurements and proteomics during seed germination what is fundamental importance in agriculture
Mentewab, Ayalew. "Androgénèse in vitro chez le blé : utilisation pour la transformation génétique et l'amélioration de la résistance au stress hydrique". Toulouse, INPT, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998INPT001A.
Texto completoMillet, Yves. "Suppression of Arabidopsis thaliana root innate immunity by Pseudomonas syringae phytotoxin coronatine and functional studies of the cytochrome P450 CYP76C2". Strasbourg, 2009. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2009/MILLET_Yves_2009.pdf.
Texto completoOver the course of evolution, plants developed sophisticated defense mechanisms against bacterial and fungal pathogens. One of the first layers of plant defense is called PAMP triggered immunity (PTI) and is based on the recognition of conserved epitopes of pathogen-derived molecules called PAMPs/MAMPs (Pathogen/Microbe Associated Molecular Patterns). This recognition activates defense responses including the deposition of callose at the site of pathogen attack. Despite the fact that roots are the organs most subject to microbial interactions, MAMP signaling in roots remains largely unexplored. I developed an Arabidopsis thaliana seedling assay to study PTI in roots based on the detection of callose and the activation of promoter:GUS reporters of MAMP-responsive genes. I found that MAMPs trigger a strong response in roots dependent on ethylene signaling, the MYB51 transcription factor, the cytochrome P450 CYP81F2, and the PEN2 myrosinase, but independent of salicylic acid signaling. In addition, I show that the bacteria Pseudomonas syringae and Pseudomonas fluorescens suppress this response and that P. Syringae is doing so by producing the phytotoxi coronatine. I found that coronatine acts via the E3 ligase COI1 and the transcription factor JIN1/MYC2. I performed a forward genetic screen to isolate mutants impaired in COR-mediated suppression in an attempt to identify new players involved in COR signaling. In this thesis, I also present data concerning CYP76C2, a gene encoding a cytochrome P450 that is highly induced by MAMPs and pathogens in Arabidopsis leaves. I confirmed that CYP76C2 is activated during pathogen infection and various cell death elicited scenarios. Furthermore, I demonstrate that CYP76C2 is partially dependent on SA signaling and may be involved in controlling oxidative damage during infection
Paris, Krystel. "Évaluation de l'impact des pesticides associés aux plantes génétiquement modifiées sur l'incidence de l'endométriose". Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2010. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/4084.
Texto completoRamel, Fanny. "Implication des sucres solubles dans les réponses aux stress xénobiotique et oxydatif chez Arabidopsis thaliana". Rennes 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009REN1S015.
Texto completoSoluble sugars, i. E. Mainly sucrose, glucose and fructose, play a central role in the structure, metabolism and functioning of higher plants. They are also involved in responses to numerous biotic or abiotic stresses, where they act not only as metabolites, but also as signalling molecules that activate signal transduction pathways leading to important modifications of gene expression. Their involvement in the responses to xenobiotic and oxidative stress was studied in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana in interaction with pollutant molecules, principally atrazine, an herbicide of the triazine family, which was used as a model pollutant causing severe oxidative stress. Sucrose-induced tolerance to atrazine stress was analysed by transcriptome profiling associated with further biochemical, genetic, physiological and ecophysiological studies. This resulted in the demonstration that atrazine induced modifications of gene expression leading to severe disturbances of defence and repair systems. These toxic effects were lifted by exogenous sucrose, which maintained or induced mechanisms of reactive oxygen species detoxication and of repairs of oxidative damage. Moreover, transcription factors that are necessary for the activation of sucrose-induced tolerance were identified and partially characterised. Finally, induction of tolerance was validated in the ecophysiological context of endogenous soluble sugar fluctuations in various accessions of Arabidopsis, through correlations between the levels of endogenous sucrose and variations of atrazine sensitivity, thus revealing the importance of nutritional status and carbon allocation in acclimation to abiotic stresses in plants
Jovanovic, Mariana. "MicroARN : acteurs de l'architecture racinaire et de la réponse aux contraintes environnementales chez les plantes ?" Paris 11, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA112078.
Texto completoSmall non coding RNAs, and particularly microRNAs, have been lately implicated as post-transcriptional regulators of several developmental processes and stress responses in plants. This project aimed to identify and characterize new small RNAs that could be involved in responses to environmental constraints and/or linked to the root adaptative plasticity. Using a small RNA library constructed from Arabidopsis thaliana cell cultures treated with H2O2, we identified 51 new small RNA sequences. Among them, several displayed particular characteristics and/or expression patterns in plant tissues or in response to oxidative stress. Potential targets were identified. Furthermore, we identified and characterized one Arabidopsis-specific microRNA, MIR773, whose expression is enriched in root tissues. MIR773 targets a subset of the MET family proteins, which are plant homologues of the major DNA cytosine methyltransferase in mammals (Dnmt1) and plants (MET1). We generated transgenic lines overexpressing this microRNA and analyzed in detail their phenotypes during development and in response to abiotic stresses. Finally, we attempted to analyze the methylation profiles of these lines. However, results indicate that this microRNA/target pair may not be involved in the regulation of DNA methylation in plants. Finally, we describe the involvement of the MtMIR166a locus, which contains two tandem copies of mature MIR166, in the regulation of several class III HD-ZIP (HomeoDomain leucine-ZIPper) genes in Medicago truncatula. Particularly, this microRNA has been involved in the regulation of symbiotic nodule and lateral root development
Magnan, Fabienne. "Analyse fonctionnelle d'une protéine de type calmoduline d'Arabidopsis thaliana (AtCML9) : rôle dans les réponses des plantes aux contraintes de l'environnement". Toulouse 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007TOU30041.
Texto completoAissa, Abdi Fatima. "Mitochondrial complex I dysfunction enhances in vitro plant organogenesis". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS136/document.
Texto completoIn vitro shoot regeneration is a complex process routinely used for vegetative propagation and to study plant organogenesis. Despite multiple applications of in vitro shoot initiation, the regulatory mechanisms involved remain poorly understood. Prior to the beginning of my PhD thesis, we identified an Arabidopsis thaliana mutant in which a defect in the complex I of the mitochondrial electron transport chain (mETC) results in a higher shoot regeneration rate compared to wild type, measured on protoplast-derived calli. At the beginning of my PhD project, I confirmed the link between the respiratory defect and the shoot regeneration boost with a specific complex I inhibitor called rotenone. To understand this phenomenon, I investigated the molecular and biochemical mechanisms linking mitochondrial respiration and shoot organogenesis. For this purpose, I analyzed different mutants affected in the complex I activity and concluded that the resulting growth retardation is positively correlated with the regeneration rate. To understand how mETC perturbations promote shoot regeneration, I compared gene expression profiles in complex I mutant tissues and in calli treated with rotenone. Our data show, on the one hand, that gene expression profiles are different in complex I mutants and, on the other hand, that rotenone induces an oxidative stress, inhibits cell proliferation, and modulate hormonal regulations. I confirmed that the oxidative response induced by rotenone is rapidly relayed in the cytosol with a redox- sensitive biosensor. Altogether, our results suggest a causal link between an oxidative stress caused by respiratory impairments and shoot regeneration enhancement. Our findings point to alternative methods to promote in vitro organogenesis via transient inhibition of mitochondrial activities
Marimoutou, Méry. "Étude de l'impact des extraits de trois plantes médicinales riches en polyphénols antioxydants sur la réponse métabolique et inflammatoire des cellules adipeuses dans le contexte de la pathologie de l'obésité". Thesis, La Réunion, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LARE0031.
Texto completoDuring obesity, excess fat mass is accumulated in adipose tissue, more precisely in adipocytes, which the precursor cells are preadipocytes. Adipose tissue is the place of oxidative stress and chronic inflammation involved in insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Plants rich in polyphenol, known for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, are high of interest to fight against obesity. In La Réunion, medicinal plants are commonly used for these properties but few literature data exist. Our objective was to evaluate the impact of antioxidant polyphenol-rich extracts from medicinal plants of La Réunion, such as Antirhea borbonica (Bois d’Osto), Doratoxylon apetalum (Bois de gaulette), Gouania mauritiana (Liane Montbrun), on the metabolic and inflammatory response in adipose cells in the context of obesity. Our results have demonstrated antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of plant extracts on 3T3-L1 preadipocytes in presence of three mediators of inflammation. Plant extracts are able to potentiate fat accumulation induced by insulin reduce the secretion of pro-inflammatory molecules in 3T3-L1 adipocytes during oxidative stress. These results were confirmed by a study on animal model. The plant extract from D. apetalum improved storage fat, antioxidant status and inflammatory profile of adipose tissue of obese mice. This work lead to evaluated the impact of antioxidant polyphenol-rich extract from three medicinal plants on metabolic and inflammatory response in adipose cells in the context of obesity
Herbette, Stéphane. "Etude des glutathions peroxydases (GPX) chez les végétaux supérieurs : rôle dans la réponse au stress". Clermont -Ferrand 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004CLF22494.
Texto completoKhouja, Hassine Radhouane. "Identification par approches moléculaires de gènes impliqués dans la tolérance du stress oxydatif chez le champignon mycorhizien Oidiodendron maius". Thesis, Nancy 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NAN10033/document.
Texto completoDue to increasing anthropogenic activities, large areas are highly contaminated by heavy metals which are affecting biological systems. Oidiodendron maius strain Zn could be an interesting organism in a bioremediation program being both an ericoid mycorrhizal fungus and a heavy metal-tolerant strain. To understand the mechanisms underlying the oxidative stress tolerance of this strain, three different approaches were used. The first approach allowed us to obtain superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) null mutants. The most important technical advance in this work was the first successful disruption of a gene by homologous recombination in a mycorrhizal fungus. We demonstrate that the lack of OmSOD may cause an imbalance in the redox homeostasis and an alteration in the delicate dialogue between the fungus and its host plant. The second approach was based on a yeast functional complementation screening using an O. maius cDNA library. In this work we report the first transporters of an ericoid mycorrhizal fungus capable of conferring Zn tolerance to yeast transformants. Two full-length cDNAs were isolated and named OmCDF and OmFET. The heterologous expression of these two genes in various yeast mutants conferred resistance to zinc. Additionally, OmCDF expression also conferred Co tolerance. We provide evidence that OmCDF functions as a Zn transporter responsible for relocating cytoplasmic Zn into the endoplasmic reticulum, whereas expression of OmFET could counteract Zn toxicity by increasing Fe content of cells. The third approach consisted in the screening of a collection of O. maius random-mutants on Zn, Cd and menadione. We report the characterization of an O. maius-mutant that carries a mutation in the nmr gene. In this mutant, a decrease of glutamine and asparagine pools, and a reduction of the activity of glutamine synthase were recorded. Possible links between the oxidative stress tolerance and the nitrogen metabolism are discussed
Mediouni, Chamseddine. "Analyse des voies de détoxification des métaux lourds chez les plantes et lien avec les réponses cellulaire et moléculaire après traitement aux agents génotoxiques". Strasbourg, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009STRA6213.
Texto completoThis work presents the response of plants [tomato, Arabidopsis thaliana Col0 and A. Thaliana cad2 mutant, defective in the glutathione (GSH) biosynthesis pathway] to heavy metal excess. At the physiological level, the treatment with cadmium or copper induce plant growth inhibition, more pronounced at high copper concentration. Differences in heavy metal toxicity could be linked to variation of heavy metal tolerance mechanisms like phytochelatine chelation. At the biochemical level, the two heavy metals induce oxidative stress. In response to ROS accumulation, there is an increase of antioxydative enzyme activity in the leaves of wild type plants, whereas, the lack of GSH biosynthesis leads to the lack of antioxydative response in the cad2 mutant. At the molecular level, cadmium and copper induce, essentially via ROS accumulation, DNA double strand break (DSBs) in the leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana Col0 and of the mutant cad2 and cell death in the leaves and the roots of both plant types, characterized by an induction of specific gene expression. On the other hand, a high induction of cell death is related to a great accumulation of DSBs and the lack of repair gene induction. This suggests that cells are directed towards cell death rather than to DNA repair if DNA damages are to much accentuated
Taïlé, Janice. "Étude des altérations fonctionnelles des cellules endothéliales cérébrales en condition hyperglycémique associée au diabète : rôle protecteur des polyphénols de plantes médicinales". Thesis, La Réunion, 2021. http://elgebar.univ-reunion.fr/login?url=http://thesesenligne.univ.run/21_01_J_TAILE.pdf.
Texto completoIn diabetes, hyperglycemia leads to vascular alterations which aggravates cerebrovascular complications such as stroke. In fact, hyperglycemia alters blood-brain barrier integrity that separates the brain and the blood. Cerebral endothelial cells which composed blood-brain barrier are particularly affected by oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory state caused by hyperglycemia. In this context, there is growing interest in the health effects of plant-based polyphenols with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The objective of the thesis work was to assess the functional alterations of cerebral endothelial cells in hyperglycemic conditions and to determine the protective role of polyphenols extracted from medicinal plants from Réunion. To reach this objective, we have developed a model of murine cerebral endothelial cells exposed to experimental hyperglycemia as well as a model of mice rendered obese and diabetic by a high fat diet and then subjected to a cerebral ischemia-reperfusion by an occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. Polyphenols tested were extracted from four Reunionese medicinal plants traditionally used for anti-diabetic effects. Our results showed that hyperglycemia induced oxidative stress, pro-inflammatory response with monocytic adhesion and deregulation of the production of vasoactive markers in cerebral endothelial cells. In cerebral ischemia, hyperglycemia aggravated the size of the cerebral infarction and the hemorrhagic transformation in obese and diabetic mice. Additionally, hyperglycemia caused redox markers and the blood-brain barrier integrity alteration, and exacerbated neuroinflammation. Several molecular targets have been identified including the antioxidant enzymes Cu / ZnSOD and MnSOD, inflammatory mediators such as IL-6, TNF-a, MCP-1 and E-selectin, vasoactive factors ET-1, eNOS and NO as well as tight junctions ZO-1, ZO-2, claudin-5 and occludin. The role of key signaling pathways contained in NFκB, AMPK, Nrf2 and PPARg has been demonstrated. Importantly, polyphenols exerted antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects attenuating functional alterations of cerebral endothelial cells and cerebrovascular complications induced by hyperglycemia. These protective effects of polyphenols have been associated with their detection in the brain and plasma as well as in cerebral endothelial cells. In conclusion, this thesis work has shown the deleterious effect of hyperglycemia on endothelial function and the protective role of polyphenols. The use of experimental models would allow to deepen the exploration of the molecular mechanisms used and to identify possible innovative therapeutic targets
Ben, Ghnaya Asma. "Phytoremédiation : apport de la sélection in vitro pour l'obtention de plantes de colza (Brassica napus L.) tolérantes aux métaux toxiques : analyses physiologique et biochimique des plantes néoformées". Brest, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BRES2024.
Texto completoPhytoremediation is the use of plants to remediate polluted soils. The approach of phytoextraction is based on the ability of hyperaccumulator plants to extract metals from the soil. In this respect, brassica napus L. Was shown to be able to accumulate substantial amounts of heavy metals (HMs) in shoots combined with a high biomass. The aim of the project is to select hyperaccumulator plants by the technique of transversal thin cell layers (tTCLs) cultivated in vitro in the presence of HMs. A first part presents the establishment of an efficient protocol for shoot regeneration from tTCLs of rapeseed. A selective pressure applied during the neoformation process may help to select plants with exceptjonal zing or leab, tolerance and/or accumulating capacity. The second part deals with physiological and biochemical analysis realised on in vitro regenerated plants. Especially, newly formed plants in the presence of different amounts of Zn (100 to 1000 μM) were cloned, hardened, grown in the greenhouse with addition of 2000 μM of ZnSO4 and analysed. The major metabolites of these plants were analysed by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and the content of free amino acids, proline, sugars, polyamines, chlorophylls, and carotenoïd were measured out. The guaïacol peroxidase activity (GPOX) and lipid peroxidation (MDA) known as stress markers were also evaluateil. These results clearly indicate the role of in vitro exposure to Zn in modulating the plant cell antioxidant system
Schoeffler, Marine. "Adaptation à l'oxygène d'une bactérie sulfato-réductrice par évolution expérimentale : émergence d'une respiration aérobie chez Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0440.
Texto completoDesulfovibrio species are representatives of microorganisms at the boundary between anaerobic and aerobic lifestyles as they contain the enzymatic systems required for both sulfate and oxygen reductions. Numerous ecological studies have shown that these microorganisms are found in environments where oxygen is transitory present, leading them to develop several strategies to cope with oxygen. Oxygen reduction is one of the strategies used to remove oxygen but this reduction has been shown to be a protective mechanism only. In order to increase the aerotolrenace capability and to discover new mechanisms involved in defense against oxidative stress, an oxygen-driven experimental evolution of Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough (DvH) has been performed. We have obtained evolved strains (ES) not only able to tolerate an oxygen concentration 32-times higher than that tolerated by the ancestral DvH strain but also able to grow with energy derive from phosphorylative oxidation linked to oxygen reduction. Gene deletions and proteomes analysis confirmed the importance of HdrA and TetR proteins and revealed other ones involved in the new metabolic feature. We propose that this capability is acquired by a rearrangement of metabolite fluxes, principally NADH/NAD+, leading to an optimized O2 respiration through the membrane-bound cytochrome oxygen reductases.The ES strain are peculiarly interesting for bioremediation of heavy metals as chromium. Analysis of chromate reduction activities showed that these strains have kept their capability to efficiently reduce this metal
Kasraoui, Mohamed Faouzi. "Floraison du citronnier (citrus limon L.) : histologie, liens avec le métabolisme oxydatif et impact de régulateurs de croissance sur la production". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30133.
Texto completoIn the southern Mediterranean, lemon trees flourish and fructify several times a year but production does not cover summer demand which causes price rises. Flowering in this species has been poorly studied and is little known. Still, better production control requires better knowledge of the different stages of meristem transformation (vegetative to floral stage), the potential of the producing organs and the fruit characteristics in the most frequently cultivated varieties. During two annual production cycles we studied three of the main varieties (Eureka, Femminello and Interdonato), investigating the life cycle, morphogenesis and histogenesis of the reproductive structures, the link between the activities of the H2O2 neutralizing enzymes, floral development and the impact of growth regulators on flowering and fruiting. The three varieties were found to differ significantly in the development cycle. Eureka presents the most interesting agronomic criteria: medium fruit size, higher juice yield and the fruit are virtually seedless. The activity of the enzyme guaiacol peroxidase (in the leaves and buds) varies with the development stage of fruit buds making it a good marker of floral development in all three varieties. In the short term, foliar application of growth regulators (gibberellins and maleic hydrazine) was found to affect oxidative metabolism and photosynthetic activity of the leaves. In the longer term, flowering and fruiting are impacted. Application of gibberellins improves summer production and therefore the fruit producers' economic return
Debiane, Djouher. "Mécanismes impliqués dans la protection des plantes par la mycorhization arbusculaire contre le stress oxydant induit par les hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques : utilisation d'un modèle in vitro : racines de chicorées/Glomus irregulare". Littoral, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010DUNK0305.
Texto completoManagement and remediation of soils contaminated with persistent organic compounds such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have become a government priority because of their potential toxicity to humans and to the environment. Among the emerging techniques for the rehabilitation of PAHs polluted soils, phytoremediation has the advantage of being both economic and ecological. Optimizing this phytotechnology requires the use of plants tolerant to pollutants. It is within this context that the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis represents a challenge for sustainable development. This issue is based not only on the exploitation of its potential to remove PAHs but also on its ability to protect plants against abiotic stresses such as pollution. However, data on the role of mycorrhization in plant protection against the toxicity of PAHs and the cellular targets affected by these pollutants is limited. To understand the mechanisms involved by mycorrhiza in the tolerance to stress induced by PAHs, the impact of two PAHs frequently identified in contaminated soils, anthracene (a low molecular weight PAH) and benzo[a]pyrene (a high molecular weight PAH) on the symbiotic association (chicory root/Glomus irregulare grown in vitro) was studied both at the morphological (root and hyphal elongation, colonization rate, sporulation) and biochemical levels (oxidative stress, lipid content). Taken together, our results demonstrated the PAHs toxicity, observed against the roots and the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF), originated from the induction of an oxidative stress. Furthermore, it was shown that mycorrhization provided better PAHs tolerance to the roots by reducing the oxidative stress and, in particular by limiting the membrane and the genome damage. Indeed, significant decreases in the lipid peroxidation biomarker (malondialdehyde) and the DNA adducts (8-hydroxy-2' deoxyguanosine) as well as an increase of the antioxidant enzyme activity (superoxide dismutase) were detected in mycorrhizal roots in comparison to non-mycorrhizal roots. Moreover, the role played by the lipid changes (fatty acids, sterols, phospholipids and their associated fatty acids) observed in the mycorrhizal symbiosis and the AMF, in PAHs toxicity or in the protection is discussed
Remon, Esteban. "Tolérance et accumulation des métaux lourds par la végétation spontanée des friches métallurgiques : vers de nouvelles méthodes de bio-dépollution". Phd thesis, Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Etienne, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00362527.
Texto completoPour répondre à cet objectif, l'étude des populations végétales naturelles de trois crassiers métallurgiques de la région Rhône-Alpes a été réalisée. Malgré de fortes teneurs en métaux lourds, les relevés réalisés ont permis de répertorier un peu plus de 200 espèces de plantes supérieures appartenant à une cinquantaine de familles botaniques. Par ailleurs, l'utilisation d'une méthode chimique normalisée a montré que la fraction métallique “phytodisponible” était importante. Par opposition, l'analyse des concentrations foliaires n'a pas permis de mettre en évidence une accumulation métallique supérieure à celle retrouvée dans une plante référence. Par conséquent, le risque de transfert des polluants métalliques apparaît limité. L'analyse des relevés phytosociologique a cependant révélé que le substrat influence l'organisation de groupements végétaux inédits, qui pourraient être utiles pour désigner la végétation la plus adaptée pour un programme de phytoremédiation. Au sein de ces groupements, une espèce abondante, Plantago arenaria Waldst. & Kit. a montré de bonnes capacités de tolérance vis-à-vis de différents métaux lourds, en particulier pour le cadmium. Il s'est avéré que la tolérance de cette espèce est un caratère constitutif pour le Cd et le Ni et un caractère adaptatif pour le Cu. Cette bonne tolérance constitutive pourrait être une caractéristique des plantes pionnières et résistantes à la sécheresse. Chez cette espèce, les mécanismes de résistance au cadmium semblent impliquer une activation du système anti-oxydant racinaire et une limitation de la translocation.
La suite possible de ce travail pourrait consister à orienter les recherches vers les mécanismes complémentaires de la résistance aux métaux lourds chez P. arenaria et notamment en ce qui concerne les phénomènes de chélation intracellulaire. D'autre part, il serait intéressant de procéder aux premiers tests de recolonisation en conditions réelles.
Oliveira, Junior Raimundo Gonçalves de. "Sensibilisation de cellules de mélanome à la chimiothérapie par des flavonoïdes et caroténoïdes extraits de plantes du Brésil, de Nouvelle-Calédonie et de microalgues marines". Thesis, La Rochelle, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LAROS007.
Texto completoMetastatic melanoma is an aggressive form of cancer that progresses rapidly due to resistance to anti-cancer drugs. This thesis studies the hypothesis that molecules purified from plants or marine microalgae can improve the efficacy of anti-melanoma drugs by sensitizing cancer cells to chemotherapy. After a review of studies devoted to chemosensitization by natural molecules, we selected plants from Brazil and New Caledonia (Bixa orellana and Gardenia oudiepe) as well as marine microalgae (Rhodomonas salina and Tisochrysis lutea) to purify original flavonoids and carotenoids and evaluate their chemosensitization potential in a melanoma cell model treated with dacarbazine and vemurafenib. Our work on B. orellana seeds allowed us to detail their phytochemical composition, to identify two novel apocarotenoids and to demonstrate the chemosensitizing potential of Z-bixin by ROS generation. We also show that 5,7-dihydroxy-3,6,4'-trimethoxyflavone, purified from G. oudiepe, sensitizes melanoma cells to dacarbazine by inducing cytoskeleton disruption. After redefining the pigment profile of R. salina and T. lutea, we developed a process for the purification of fucoxanthin by CPC and demonstrated its chemosensitizing potential as well as that of alloxanthin. These results validate in vitro the concept of sensitization to chemotherapy by cytostatic carotenoids and flavonoids and contribute to the understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in this chemosensitization
Zahid, Abderrakib. "Mécanismes cellulaires et moléculaires régissant le métabolisme des semences de céréales : rôle du réseau rédoxines-système antioxydant dans la prédiction de la qualité germinative". Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010INPT0130/document.
Texto completoA better understanding of the physiology of seed cereal constitutes certainly a means to improve and develop new varieties capable of corresponding to the actual economic and ecological needs. Redoxins are interesting markers to apprehend the technological and germinative quality of wheat seed in particular. The screening of data banks allowed isolating isoforms of these redoxins. This study confirmed the implication of thioredoxins in the reduction of storage proteins in wheat and corn seeds. It allowed to bring to light another role of some thioredoxins h isoforms in the formation of high molecular weights polymers. The inhibition of the expression of genes by DNA interference shows that thioredoxins and glutaredoxins are involved in the protection against oxidative stress in wheat. Also, the application of a biotic stress simulated by laminarin allowed to discriminate the implication of various stress markers, and to highlight in particular that the 1-Cys-Prx can be considered as an indicator of the redox state of the grain during germination and seedling. The implementation of a simple and effective method of transformation of cereal via Agrobacterium constitutes a means to understand more on the role of these redoxins in the management of the stress, and the possible consequences on the technological quality of the seed
Camara, Aissata. "Plantes médicinales guinéennes : validation de l'effet antipaludique et impact sur la modulation de l'immunité". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30028.
Texto completoMalaria remains the primary medical concern in many African countries, including Guinea, where almost the entire population is at risk of infection with an estimated prevalence of 15% among children under 5 years of age. Apart from conventional medicine, Guinean pharmacopoeia and traditional medicine are frequent uses in the management of malaria by families. In this respect, previous ethnobotanical surveys have identified and collected many medicinal plants in Guinea, including Terminalia albida, Desmodium velutinum and Rourea minor. As part of a validation of traditional uses, these plants were evaluated in vitro with the chloroquine resistant strain PfK1 and in vivo in two murine models: Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi for uncomplicated malaria, and Plasmodium berghei ANKA for cerebral malaria. The results obtained highlighted the antimalarial effect of T. albida. In addition, the comparison of two extracts of T. albida from two different regions of Guinea revealed different in vitro and in vivo efficacy depending on the origin of the plant. In order to understand the mechanisms of action of T. albida in the cerebral malaria model, the plant's anti-inflammatory and antioxidant capacities were studied in vivo and in vitro under inflammatory conditions. In vivo, the administration of T. albida extract limited T cell recruitment and expression of pro-inflammatory markers in the brains of treated mice. These properties were confirmed in vitro in a non-malarial inflammatory model. In vitro, T. albida also demonstrated a remarkable dose-dependent activity by neutralizing reactive oxygen species. Thus, the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of T. albida contribute to the resolution of cerebral malaria in the P. berghei ANKA infection model. Phytochemical investigations have identified thirty-eight compounds in the bark of the stem of T. albida. Among them, several molecules already identified may be responsible for the different biological activities observed, including tannins and triterpenoids. Finally, botanical investigations provided characteristic elements to determine the origin of T. albida and to highlight the influence of the ecosystem on the production of secondary metabolites in Terminalia species collected at different locations. These results confirm the antimalarial effect of T. albida and validate its traditional use. However, further studies are needed to identify more precisely the active molecules. The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of T. albida demonstrated in this work are also of interest for the management of many diseases, other than malaria
El, Kayal Walid. "Réponse aux stress abiotiques chez Eucalyptus gunii : analyse globale du transcriptome sur filtres haute densité et caractérisation moléculaire du gène Sxd1 (synthèse de la vitamine E)". Toulouse 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOU30078.
Texto completoDue to interesting wood properties, fast growth and a low requirement for soil quality, Eucalyptus is the most planted woody angiosperm worldwilde. However, due to the limitation of Eucalyptus expansion by cold climate, frost tolerance became a main agronomic trait to be improved for these species. Freezing tolerance is associated to intrinsic tolerance and acclimation capacity corresponding to deep biochemical and physiological changes mediated by the induction of a lot of genes. The function of some these genes is still unclear up to now. In this context, our scientific project aims to identify candidate genes in order to better understand the main molecular mechanisms of frost tolerance. In order to study transcriptional changes during acclimation, the identification of genes was carried out by two different approaches: targeted PCR and screening of a subtractive library obtained from cold acclimated Eucalyptus cell suspension culture. .
Shen, Yuan. "Functional analysis of Arabidopsis chromatin modification and remodeling regulators (CHR5 and JMJ15) in gene expression". Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA112093/document.
Texto completoChromatin remodeling and histone modification play important roles in the establishment and dynamic regulation of gene expression states. However, little is known regarding to the regulatory mechanism of chromatin modification and remodeling that control gene expression involved in plant development and responses to environmental cues. My thesis work concerns functional analysis of an Arabidopsis Chromodomain/Helicase/DNA-binding 1 (CHD1) type chromatin remodeling gene known as CHR5 and a histone demethylase gene that specifically removes methyl groups from methylated histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4me), called JMJ15 in regulating chromatin structure or in resetting chromatin modifications that control the expression of plant developmental and stress responsive genes. In the first part of the study we found that CHR5 expression is activated during embryogenesis and remained to be expressed in developing organs/tissues. Analysis of mutants revealed that loss-of-function of the genes led to decreased expression of key embryo maturation genes LEC1, ABI3 and FUS3 in developing seeds and reduced seed storage protein accumulation. Analysis of double mutants revealed an antagonistic function between CHR5 and PKL, a CHD3 gene, in embryo gene promoter activity and seed storage protein accumulation. CHR5 was directly associated with the promoters of ABI3 and FUS3 and chr5 mutations led to increased nucleosome occupancy near the transcriptional start site. The results suggest that CHR5 is involved in nucleosome occupancy to regulate embryo identity genes expression, which is counterbalanced by PKL during embryo development. The second part of this study showed that expression of JMJ15 was restricted to a few tissues during vegetative growth. The jmj15 gain-of-function mutations reduced the length of seedling hypocotyls and inflorescence stems with higher accumulation of lignin in the stem, while the loss-of-function mutants did not show any visible phenotype. The gain-of-function mutants enhanced salt tolerance, whereas the loss-of-function mutants were more sensitive to salt. Transcriptomic analysis revealed a much higher number of genes down-regulated in JMJ15 over-expression plants, which are highly enriched for H3K4me3 and H3K4me2. Among the down-regulated genes, many encode transcription regulators of stress responsive genes. The data suggest that increased JMJ15 levels may regulate the gene expression program that may coordinate plant growth restrains and enhances stress tolerance. Taken together, my thesis work brought a few new elements to the current understanding of chromatin regulators function in plant gene expression
Dusart, Nicolas. "Réponses du peuplier soumis à une combinaison de contraintes, ozone et sécheresse : dynamique de la conductance stomatique et des capacités antioxydantes foliaires". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0070/document.
Texto completoClimate models indicate that it is very likely that plants will be more and more exposed to two environmental stressors: ground-level ozone (O3) and soil water deficit, both causing oxidative stress to the plant. Under natural conditions, these two factors can be concomitant or successive. Therefore, the impact of O3 and drought requires special attention. In order to determine the defensive responses adopted by trees, two genotypes of Populus nigra x deltoides (Carpaccio and Robusta) were exposed to separate or combined stresses under controlled conditions in growing chambers. To explore the effects of stresses and their interaction, we targeted the plant’s first two levels of defence: i) the control of stomatal opening and closing, ii) the cellular detoxification processes. Our results show that both Carpaccio and Robusta are relatively tolerant to moderate drought thanks to an efficient stomatal control. However, different response strategies were adopted by the two genotypes to cope with O3. For Carpaccio, the strategy is avoidance, and for Robusta, the strategy is maximization of net CO2 assimilation at the expense of leaves. This results in a difference in the stomatal closure. The two genotypes do not face the same flow of O3 entering the leaves. This impacts cellular detoxification in which glutathione seems to play a major role. Also, the activity of ascorbate-glutathione cycle enzymes (MDHAR, DHAR and GR) and/or the expression of genes encoding these proteins are modified. Under combined stresses, the water deficit protects the plant from the O3-induced oxidative stress by amplifying the stomatal closure. Nevertheless, the tree growth is impacted by the additive effect of the two stresses. Furthermore, the induction of different hormonal regulatory pathways by the two stressors could modify the complex "cross-talk" regulating the response to combined stress. Finally, in the case of a succession of stresses, exposure to O3 prior to a drought episode has a weak impact on the tree's response. However, O3 induced a stomatal sluggishness in closure despite the cessation of fumigation. It is therefore necessary to take into account stomatal closure and sluggishness induced by O3 and water deficit in the stomatal conductance models used to calculate the indicator of O3 flux inside the leaves, PODy (Phytotoxic Ozone Dose above a threshold of y nmol O3 m-2.s-1)
Touchard, Christelle. "Recherche de GTLs et choix de cibles stratégiques pour l'amélioration de la tolérance aux basses températures chez le maïs". Compiègne, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006COMP1620.
Texto completoCold tolerance is a complex mechanism linked to ecophysiological and physiological changes. The aim of this work was to identify key chromosomal regions involved in low temperature tolerance. This work was based on a population resulting from the advanced back-cross with a highland tropical inbred within a flint background. A first approach was based on the detection of chromosomal regions involved in biomass changes in response to cold and their origin: canopy development, photosynthesis, carbon and nitrogen metabolisms. A second approach was based on the hypothesis that an antioxidant, the glutathione, bas a key role in low temperature tolerance. Combining these two approaches, we conclude that photosynthesis seems to play a key rote when the glutathione one is limited in our genetic background and for the climatic conditions tested
Yang, Zheng. "Functional analysis of catalase mutants and their application to the analysis of NADPH-linked pathways in oxidative signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS464.
Texto completoStress conditions lead to modified redox states and signaling linked to reactive oxygen species (ROS), whose cellular concentrations are regulated by complex antioxidative systems. While the list of processes subject to redox regulation continues to grow, our understanding of the importance of the core interactions between ROS and plant antioxidative systems in cell signaling remains very fragmentary. This work used forward and reverse genetics to analyze the roles of catalases and the NADPH-glutathione-ascorbate systems in H₂O₂ metabolism and related signaling in the model species, Arabidopsis thaliana. An analysis of T-DNA mutants for the three catalase-encoding genes revealed that cat2, but not cat1 or cat3, substantially impacted plant growth and development. While the cat2 mutant showed decreased shoot and root size when grown in air, both these effects were annulled by growth at high CO₂, suggesting that they were caused, directly or indirectly, by compromised capacity to metabolize photorespiratory H₂O₂. An analysis conducted in cat2 rosettes following growth in different photoperiods revealed that oxidative signaling is strongly influenced by day length in a manner that is independent of stress intensity. When cat2 is grown in long days, oxidative stress induces the salicylic acid (SA) pathway, leading to visible lesions on the leaves. This response to oxidative stress is annulled in cat2 g6pd5, which has additionally lost the function of a specific glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH). A forward genetics approach identified several genes that may be involved in regulating SA-dependent lesion formation in this double mutant. To explore the roles of specific monodehydroascorbate reductases (MDHAR) in optimal and stress conditions, insertion mutants for several MDHAR-encoding genes were obtained. While these mutants showed a wild-type phenotype in optimal growth conditions, one of them markedly altered induction of the SA pathway by oxidative stress when introduced into the cat2 background. Together, the results underline the importance of CAT2 and point to functional coupling between specific NADPH-producing G6PDH and NADPH-requiring MDHAR in oxidative stress signaling pathways in Arabidopsis
Harfouche, Lamia. "Caractérisation de deux nouveaux ARN non-codants régulateurs impliqués dans le métabolisme du fer chez Pseudomonas Brassicacearum". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM4034.
Texto completoRegulatory non-coding RNAs (ncRNA), act as regulators of translation and message stability. They modulate a wide range of physiological responses to environmental stimuli. Due to their biological interest, different bioinformatics tools and experimental approaches have been developed for detecting new ncRNA. Transcriptome analysis of the plan root-associated bacterium Pseudomonas brassicacearum NFM421 strain in response to various stresses, using microarrays containing coding as well as non-coding DNA fragments, revealed the modulation of two potentials ncRNA in response to heavy metals (Cd and U), named IrsZ and IrsY. Furthermore, P. brassicacearum genome was completely sequenced and hundreds of potentials ncRNA have been predicted by using computational tools. This work aims at characterizing the two potentials ncRNA, IrsZ and IrsY, and to determine their function in P. brassicacearum. No homologous was found in the ncRNA database. We validated the expression of the two potential ncRNA by different experimental approaches in different culture conditions and under different stresses. This led to reveal that both IrsZ and IrsY are modulated by iron. Their expression is strongly activated by high concentrations of iron. However, the expression of both Irs ncRNA is suppressed under oxidative stress generated by hydrogen peroxide. This repression is exacerbated in P. brassicacearum overexpressing oxyR. Our work suggests that IrsZ and IrsY act as sensors of intracellular iron status