Tesis sobre el tema "Sugar supply"

El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado.
The present research seeks to show the importance of applying process management techniques and food safety norms in the operational processes of the supply chain to know the meaning and the need for an integrated hybrid model. The article reviews the sugarcane distillery sector of Peru and its main operational problems. Based on the literature reviewed and discussed with academics who have knowledge of the food supply chain, an integrated hybrid model was developed to help any distillery with lower levels of competitiveness than its competitors in other sectors, such as pisco, applying techniques of process management and food safety to increase the efficiency of liquor distilleries. The findings confirm that distilleries can increase their efficiency, thanks to the higher performance of their operations after their alignment with the integrated model.
Revisión por pares

Brazilian logistics is the aim of this thesis, which includes discussion concerning main problems and difficulties faced by the Brazilian corporations with respect to transportation infrastrucuture, handling, storage, production and delivery for internal and external marketing. Verifying how Brazil can improve its logistics industry in order to achieve innovative forms of sustainability is the purpose of this discussion. On pursuing this path, historical data was obtained with respect to Brazilian logistics industry, which can partly explain the inefficiency of priority road as a single modal mean and pollution effects. An extensive literature review about sustainability, logistics, Physical Internet and transportation systems is carried out. Concepts from Physical Internet are studied in order to verify how logistics could be improved, national and international commercial relationships and social welfare as well. Through this research, it was possible to obtain evidences that an important Southeast located sugar cane plant uses a small percentage of its own transportation and private hired to distribute its final product. Road transportation covers internal market while road and overseas transportation is directed to external markets. Applying Physical Internet concepts like hyperconnected distribution network using Simulator Logistics Analytics 8, was determinant on verifying that is possible to make use of systemic distribution network, which complies with diverse sorts of multimodality demand and, at the same time, providing sustainability indicators. In Brazil\'s Southeast it would be possible if governmental and private actors could be interested on investing, maybe on a partnership basis, in a viability project.
Esta tese compreende um estudo sobre logística brasileira. Os principais problemas e dificuldades que as empresas brasileiras enfrentam em relação à infraestrutura do transporte, manuseio, armazenagem, produção e entrega para comercializar interna e externamente. A proposta foi verificar como o Brasil pode melhorar o sistema logístico em termos de sustentabilidade e de uma forma inovadora. Para isso, a pesquisa levantou os dados históricos em relação à logística no Brasil, o que explicou em parte, os problemas de ineficiência da unimodalidade rodoviária prioritária, além dos efeitos poluidores. Foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica sobre sustentabilidade, logística, Physical Internet e sistemas de transporte. Os conceitos da Physical Internet foram estudados para verificar como poderim melhorar sua logística, as relações comerciais nacionais e internacionais, bem como o melhor bem-estar social em uma delas. Do ponto de vista metodológico, esta pesquisa baseou-se em um estudo de caso utilizando um software de simulação logística, desenvolvido para esse fim. Por meio da pesquisa de campo, foi observado que uma importante usina de cana-de-açúcar na região Sudeste utiliza uma pequena porcentagem de seu próprio transporte para a distribuição do produto acabado e de empresas de transporte contratadas especificamente para distribuir seu produto na maioria das localidades. O transporte é feito por modo rodoviário, apenas para comercio exterior é que se utiliza rodoviário e marítimo. Aplicando os conceitos de Internet Física, a rede de distribuição hiperconectada, utilizando o Simulador Logístico Anylogic 8, foi possível verificar que é possível utilizar uma rede de distribuição sistêmica, atendendo a diversos tipos de demanda com multimodalidade e, ao mesmo tempo, ter indicadores de sustentabilidade. No Sudeste do Brasil, seria possível que atores governamentais e privados se interessassem e investissem, talvez em parceria, em um projeto de viabilidade.

Neste trabalho, a oferta e a demanda de açúcar no Estado de São Paulo foram analisadas para o período de janeii-o de 199,5 a outubro de 2000 através de um sistema de equações simultâneas a fim de se obter as elasticidades preço da oferta e as elasticidades preço e renda da demanda, as quais são instrumentos úteis no auxílio à determinação das políticas públicas voltadas ao setor sucroalcooleiro. O período analisado está inserido na fase de desregulamentação do setor sucroalcooleiro, no qual o governo deixou de determinar as cotas de produção de açúcar e de álcool para cada usina ou destilaria, os preços da matéria-prima e dos produtos finais e a operacionalização das exportações de açúcar excedente produzido. As variáveis consideradas na equação da oferta (preço do açúcar cristal no Estado de São Paulo, preço do açúcar no mercado internacional e preço do álcool) apresentaram sinais coerentes aos esperados e significativas a 10% de probabilidade com exceção da variável preço do álcool hidratado, que apesar de ter apresentado sinal correto, mostrou-se estatisticamente não-significativo. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que a oferta é elástica a preços, tendo-se encontrado uma elasticidade preço da oferta de 1,8917, indicando que, um aumento de 1% nos preços do açúcar a oferta varia 1,8917% no mesmo sentido. O coeficiente da variável preço do açúcar no mercado internacional foi de -0,4233 indicando que a um aumento de 1% no preço do açúcar no mercado internacional, a oferta de açúcar no mercado interno varia 0,4233% em sentido oposto, pois parte do açúcar ofertado internamente será deslocado para o mercado externo. Esses resultados devem ser analisados, no entanto, com certa cautela visto que os resultados econométricos obtidos não foram satisfatórios. As variáveis consideradas no ajustamento da equação da demanda, preço do açúcar cristal no Estado de São Paulo e renda, foram estatisticamente não significativos e apenas a variável preço do açúcar cristal no Estado de São Paulo apresentou sinal coerente ao esperado. Portanto, não foi possível a obtenção das elasticidades preço e renda da demanda. A variável dependente defasada foi incluída para eliminar o problema de autocorrelação de resíduos. A fim de se obter as elasticidades preço e renda da demanda, estimou-se uma equação de demanda de açúcar através do método dos mínimos quadrados ordinários, visto que a variável dependente é relativas à quantidade de açúcar comercializada no Estado de São Paulo. Os resultados indicaram que as variáveis preço do açúcar no Estado de São Paulo (-0,4703) e renda (0,9960) são significativas a 10% e 1%, respectivamente. Os valores dos coeficientes obtidos, -0,4703 e 0,9960 para as variáveis preço do açúcar e renda respectivamente, indicaram que a demanda é inelástica a preço e renda por ser o açúcar um bem essencial e de necessidade básica.
In this paper, the supply and dermand for sugar in the State of Sao Paulo were analyzed for the period of January 1995 to October 2000, using a system of simultaneous equations, in order to obtain price elasticity of supply, as well as price and income elasticities of demand. These are useful instruments to determine public policies for the sugarcane sector. The period analyzed coincides with the deregulation of the sugarcane sector, in which the Brazilian government stopped determining sugar and ethanol production quotas for each sugarmill and ethanol distillery, price of raw material and of the final products and relinquished its control for exporting sugar. The variables considered in the supply equation (price of crystal sugar in the State of Sao Paulo, price of sugar in the international market and price of ethanol) showed expected signs, significant at 10% probability except the 'price of ethanol' which was not statistically significant. Results indicate a price supply elasticity of 1,8917, indicating that a 1 percent price increase would cause a 1,8917 percent increase in supply. The coefficient of the variable 'price of sugar in the international market' was estimated to be -0,4233 indicating that an increase of 1% in the price of sugar in the international market would cause a decrease of sugar supply in the internal market of 0,4233. These results should be taken with caution, since the econometric results obtained were not totally satisfactory. The variables considered in the adjustment of the demand equation: price of granulated sugar in the State of Sao Paulo and income, were not statistically significant and only the variable granulated sugar in the State of Sao Paulo, showed the expected sign. Therefore it was not possible to obtain the price and income elasticities of the demand. The lag dependent variable was included to eliminate the autocorrelation of residues. In order to obtain price and income elasticities of demand an equation for sugar demand, was estimated using ordinary least squares, given that the dependent variable is relative to the amount of sugar marketed in the State of Sao Paulo. Results indicate that the variable price of sugar in the State of Sao Paulo (-0,4703) and income (0,9960) are statistically significant at a probability level of 10% and 1% respectively. These coefficients indicate that the demand is inelastic for price and income, since sugar is a basic good.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The objective of this study was to contribute to the field of Supply Chain Management with an emphasis on identifying, prioritizing and measuring risk proposing a risk rating based on the SCOR model and investigating which of them involve two members of a supply chain of this sector. For the construction of the classification was carried out a theoretical classifications as reported in the literature and, using the basic processes advocated by the SCOR model as a foundation, a structured classification was proposed starting from the previously identified. Following a qualitative approach the study used direct observation, documents provided by the companies, unstructured interviews, and especially forms as research tools to determine what risks concern the studied chain members. Through the construction of risk matrices, analysis of variables and situations present in separate forms in a way, it was found that in one of the members of the most significant risks were operational, strategic and supplies, and another member of the risks of supply, financial and demand reached the highest levels of importance. Thus, the study shows the effect of risk on the chain as a whole to find the risks of supply and demand in the members that match the customer and supplier, respectively. In addition, the study sought to highlight the impact of identified risks linking them to the organizations costs and the result showed that the risks interfere mainly in management costs. From this result, one proposed a combination of risks to costs for a general situation. It s recommended to replicate the study in others chains, to continue within organizations that have been studied (with regard to monitor risks) and the expansion of such research to other supply chain members.
O objetivo deste trabalho foi contribuir com a área de Gestão da Cadeia de Suprimentos com ênfase na identificação, priorização e mensuração do risco propondo uma classificação de riscos baseada no modelo SCOR e investigando quais deles acometem dois membros de uma cadeia de suprimentos do setor sucroalcooleiro. Para a construção da classificação foi realizado um levantamento teórico das classificações já divulgadas na literatura e, usando os processos básicos defendidos pelo modelo SCOR como alicerce, uma classificação estruturada foi proposta partindo-se das anteriormente identificadas. Seguindo uma abordagem qualitativa, o estudo utilizou observações diretas, documentos fornecidos pelas empresas, entrevistas não estruturadas e, principalmente, formulários como instrumentos de pesquisa para averiguar quais riscos incidem. Através da construção de matrizes de risco, análises das variáveis e das situações presentes nos formulários de maneira separada, obteve-se que em um dos membros os riscos mais significativos foram operacional, estratégico e suprimentos, e no outro membro os riscos de suprimentos, financeiro e de demanda alcançaram os mais altos níveis de importância. Sendo assim, o estudo evidencia o efeito dos riscos sobre a cadeia como um todo ao encontrar os riscos de suprimentos e demanda nos membros que correspondem ao cliente e fornecedor, respectivamente. Além disso, o estudo buscou destacar os impactos dos riscos identificados associando-os aos custos das organizações e o resultado apontou que os riscos interferem, essencialmente, em custos gerenciais. Deste resultado, foi proposta uma associação dos riscos aos custos para uma situação geral. Recomenda-se a replicação do estudo em outras cadeias, a continuação do mesmo dentro das organizações já estudadas (no que tange ao monitoramento dos riscos) e a expansão deste tipo de investigação nos demais elos da cadeia.

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O objetivo deste trabalho à estimar uma equaÃÃo de exportaÃÃo que explique o comÃrcio internacional brasileiro de aÃÃcar, com a finalidade de identificar quais variÃveis impactam no desempenho exportador dessa commodity e medir a elasticidade-preÃo da oferta de aÃÃcar, tendo como metodologia adotada a dos mÃnimos quadrados ordinÃrios (MMQO). O perÃodo em anÃlise compreende a maio de 1997 a dezembro de 2010, com valores contabilizados mensalmente. As principais variÃveis identificadas como determinantes dessas exportaÃÃes foram o preÃo e a renda mundial. Os coeficientes do modelo estimado apresentaram resultados compatÃveis com a teoria econÃmica, mostrando que o preÃo e a renda mundial influenciam nas exportaÃÃes brasileiras, tendo como resultado a elasticidade-preÃo da oferta inelÃstica.
The objective of this paper is to estimate an equation explaining the export Brazilian sugar trade, in order to identify variables impact the performance of exports of this commodity and measure the price elasticity of supply of sugar, with the methodology of the ordinary least squares (MMQO). The analysis covers the period May 1997 to December 2010, with values ​​recorded monthly. The variables identified as key determinants of these exports were price and world income. The estimated coefficients of the model presented results consistent with economic theory, showing that the price and income global influence in Brazilian exports, resulting in the price elasticity of supply inelastic.

A ocorrência de contaminações de alimentos nas últimas décadas resultaram em maiores demandas por rastreabilidade por parte dos consumidores das cadeias de suprimentos de produtos agroindustriais. Algumas destas demandas se tornaram regulamentações para a comercialização de produtos no mercado internacional. A rastreabilidade diz respeito ao acompanhamento do produto ao longo da cadeia, permitindo a identificação de pontos críticos para o controle da qualidade do produto. Atualmente, as cadeias de granéis sólidos agrícolas voltados à exportação possuem sérios problemas de rastreabilidade: mistura de lotes; roubo; aumento das exigências por informações de qualidade, origem e processos; dificuldade na determinação de lotes no caso de recalls; e ausência de sistemas automáticos e em tempo real. Visando reduzir estes problemas, o objetivo do trabalho foi elaborar um modelo de rastreabilidade para estas cadeias, que permita a coleta e o acesso de informações em tempo real por seus elos. A metodologia utilizada compreendeu quatro etapas: revisão sistemática da literatura, levantamento de informações, elaboração de um modelo de rastreabilidade e elaboração do modelo conceitual de simulação. Analisaram-se aspectos relacionados a custo, impacto de fatores reguladores, gargalos na implementação e critérios de adaptação a outras cadeias. O açúcar foi utilizado como estudo de caso devido à sua importância para o país. Após um estudo das tecnologias disponíveis, optou-se pelo uso da tecnologia de identificação por radiofrequência, pois ela facilita o acompanhamento da movimentação do produto, em conjunto com a tecnologia de redes de sensores sem fio, que visa monitorar as variáveis ambientais às quais o produto é submetido. Caso anomalias com relação a limites pré-estabelecidos sejam detectadas, um sinal de alerta será enviado ao agente responsável, que pode então tomar a decisão necessária. As principais contribuições do trabalho são: o modelo de rastreabilidade proposto, em conjunto com os fatores que devem ser considerados em sua implementação, e o modelo conceitual de simulação desenvolvido para estimar seus impactos em termos de custos, tempos e frequência de erros em comparação à situação atual.
Food contamination events in the past decades have resulted in an increase of the agroindustrial supply chain consumers\' traceability demands. Some of these demands became product import regulations. Traceability is related to product monitoring throughout the supply chain, allowing for the identification of critical quality control points. Currently, the supply chains of bulk agricultural products exported by Brazil have serious traceability problems: lot mixing; product theft; increase in the demand for information related to quality, origin, and processes; difficulty in identifying specific lots in the case of recalls; and lack of automatic and real time systems. The main objective of this research was to develop a traceability model for these chains which allowed for real-time data gathering and information access by its links. The methodology used was divided into four stages: systematic literature review, information gathering, traceability model development, and theoretical simulation model development. The aspects analyzed were related to cost, impact of regulating bodies, implementation bottlenecks, and criteria to be used to adapt the model to other chains. Due to its importance, the sugar supply chain was used as a case study. An analysis of the technologies available led to the choice of radiofrequency identification, because it facilitates monitoring product movement, besides wireless sensor networks, which will monitor the environmental variables in the product surroundings. If anomalies in relation to pre-established limits are detected, an alert signal will be sent to the agents in charge, allowing them to make decisions. The main contributions of this research are: the traceability model developed and the factors that have to be considered during its implementation, and the conceptual simulation model developed to estimate its impacts in terms of cost, time, and error frequency, in comparison to the current situation.

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The beginning of 90s is marked by a new dynamic of Brazilian sugar cane agribusiness. The disconnection of the State apparatus, which was responsible for the activities management at that time, forced the sector to an adjustment in a free market context that, since then, has been experiencing significant advances, both in internal and external markets. The investigation model proposed was implemented using the augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) unit root test and the cointegration test by Johansen in this research for sugar and alcohol paranaense s. For the sugar, the results pointed that: 1% rise in the agricultural income variable, will increase 1.24% in the sugar supply, 1% rise in the average price of sugar cane causes a fall of 1.18% in the sugar supply, a variation of 1% in the national average sugar price causes an increase of 0.73% in its supply; by raising 1% in the average price variable of international sugar (within two years of delay) there is a growth in the sugar supply of 0.37%. In relation to the alcohol supply, an increase in its average price (within a year of delay) raises the supply of the same product in 0.77%; if the average price of the international sugar rises (within a year of delay) in 1%, it generates a drop in the alcohol supply of 0.42%. With these results, it can be affirmed that although both products are from the same industry, sugar causes an interference in the provision of alcohol greater than the opposite, confirming that, despite the new dynamic given to the alcohol, this product can still be considered a residual one in respect to the sugar production in Paraná State. Despite the technological level achieved by this State in the sector, the agricultural income still determines the biggest rise in the sugar supply and it is one of the main variables for the alcohol supply expansion in Paraná State.
O início década de 1990 é marcado por uma nova dinâmica da agroindústria canavieira brasileira. A desconexão do aparato estatal, que até ali gerenciava suas atividades, forçou o setor a ajustar-se em um contexto de livre mercado, setor o qual, desde então, tem experimentado avanços significativos tanto no mercado interno como no mercado externo. O modelo de pesquisa proposto foi implementado utilizando-se testes de raiz unitária de Dickey-Fuller Aumentado (ADF) e de co-integração de Johansen para o açúcar e álcool paranaenses. Quanto ao açúcar, os resultados apontam para o seguinte: considerando um aumento de 1% na variável rendimento agrícola, a oferta de açúcar terá um aumento de 1,24%; um aumento de 1% no preço médio da cana-de-açúcar ocasiona uma queda de 1,18% na oferta de açúcar; uma variação de 1% no preço médio do açúcar nacional faz com que a oferta deste produto aumente 0,73%; considerando um aumento de 1% na variável preço médio do açúcar internacional (com dois anos de defasagem) tem-se um aumento na oferta do açúcar de 0,37%. Em se tratando dos resultados da oferta do álcool, um aumento em seu preço médio (com um ano de defasagem) eleva a oferta deste mesmo produto em 0,77%; aumentando-se o preço médio do açúcar internacional (com um ano de defasagem) em 1%, gera uma queda na oferta do álcool de 0,42%. Diante de tais resultados, pode-se dizer que, apesar de ambos os produtos serem oriundos do mesmo setor, o açúcar causa maior interferência na oferta do álcool do que o contrário, confirmando que, apesar da nova dinâmica dada ao álcool, ele ainda pode ser considerado um produto residuário frente à produção de açúcar no Estado do Paraná. Apesar do nível tecnológico alcançado por este Estado no setor, o rendimento agrícola ainda determina o maior aumento na oferta do açúcar e é uma das principais variáveis responsável pelo aumento da oferta do álcool paranaense.

A resiliência, conceitualmente, tem sendo vista como a capacidade de reinventar dinamicamente os modelos de negócios e as estratégias, na mesma frequência com que as circunstâncias mudam, ou seja, um recurso para antecipar e se adaptar continuadamente às mudanças que ameaçam a capacidade financeira ou o núcleo de poder das empresas. Levando em consideração o contexto da cana-de-açúcar e o conceito de resiliência foi estabelecido como objetivo principal, desta pesquisa, contribuir para o entendimento de como reconhecer ou identificar uma cadeia de suprimentos resiliente. Para tal, a abordagem metodológica municiou-se da construção de um modelo de simulação da cadeia de suprimentos da cana-de-açúcar no Brasil, para os elos agrícola e industrial. Avaliou-se empiricamente o conceito de resiliência na cadeia de suprimentos da cana-de-açúcar, por meio do Triângulo da Resiliência, proposto por Bruneau et al. (2003). Para este fim, utilizaram-se margens econômicas extraídas do modelo de simulação construído. Foi adaptado e estabelecido uma definição de cadeia de suprimentos resiliente compatíveis com Eventos Perturbadores Identificados de Longo Efeito. Analisou-se a relação da resiliência com os fatores de capacidades e fatores de vulnerabilidades na cadeia de suprimentos da cana-de-açúcar no Brasil. Criou-se uma curva de experiência partilhando as reduções de custos específicos, dentro dos elos agrícola e industrial, procurando identificar avanços tecnológicos e caracterizar a aprendizagem responsável. Os resultados apontaram que foi possível identificar uma cadeia de suprimentos da cana-de-açúcar resiliente pelo método proposto. Identificaram-se as Razões de Progressão, os eventos deflagradores mais significativos, as estratégias adotadas e os resultados das estratégias. Finalmente, compararam-se as fontes de resiliência e alteração de custos e margens identificadas, criando um quadro onde se agregava três naturezas de fatores de influência: tecnológicos, políticos e mercadológicos. Para cada um deles foi detalhado e examinado, criando uma tipologia de fatores capazes de influenciar os custos e margens da cadeia de suprimentos da cana-de-açúcar. Os resultados, também, retratam uma redução de custos ao longo do tempo, com efeitos de curto prazo para a cadeia. O trabalho se destaca pela inovação no método de uso da resiliência, além de sua aplicação inédita na cadeia de suprimentos da cana-de-açúcar, uma ampliação do conhecimento no desenvolvimento de um modelo capaz de gerar margens econômicas, dada certas tecnologias, dentro de uma usina produtora de etanol, açúcar e bioenergia, assim como uma extensiva identificação retrospectiva de todas influências que podem afetar os custos e margens, contribuindo para o maior entendimento da cadeia de suprimentos da cana-de-açúcar.
Conceptually resilience has been seen as the ability to dynamically reinvent business models and strategies at the same frequency as circumstances change, that is, a resource to continually anticipate and adapt to changes that threaten financial capacity or the core of business power. Taking into account the context of sugarcane and theconcept of resilience it was established as themain objective of this research is to contribute to the understanding of how to recognize or identify a resilient supply chain. Therefore, the methodological approach was based on the construction of model of simulationof the sugarcane supply chain in Brazil, for the agricultural and industrial links. The concept of resilience in the sugarcane supply chain was empirically evaluated through the Resilience Triangle proposed by Bruneau et al. (2003). For this purpose, economic margins extracted from the constructed simulation model were used. A resilient supply chain definition that is compatible with Long-Term Identified Disturbing Events has been adapted and established. The relationship among resilience, capacity factors and vulnerability factors in the sugarcane supply chain in Brazil was analyzed. An experience curve has been created by sharing the specific cost reductions within the agricultural and industrial links, seeking to identify technological advances and characterize responsible learning. The results showed that the proposed method can identify the sugarcane supply chain resilience. The Progression Ratios, the most significant triggers, the strategies adopted and the results of the strategies were identified. Finally, the resilience sources, the changes in costs, and the identified margins were compared, creating a framework where three types of influence factors were added: technological, political and market. Each one of them was detailed and examined, creating a typology of factors capable of influencing the costs and margins of the sugarcane supply chain. The results also portray a cost reduction over time, with short-term effects for the chain. The work stands out for its innovation in the method of using resilience, as well as its unprecedent application in the sugarcane supply chain. That means, an expansion of knowledge in the model of a development capable of generating economic margins, due to certain technologiesin an ethanol, sugar and bioenergy plant, as well as an extensive retrospective identification of all influences that may affect costs and margins.This contributes to a better understanding of the supply chain of sugarcane.

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Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
This research analyzes different initiatives from entrepreneurs of Sugar Cane Agroindustry System who have been undertaking to reinforce their competitiveness after the productive deregulation of the ninety decade. Some companies started to offer differentiated products, to the industrial market, through sales processes that present different businesses structures from what they have done before the deregulation. The objective of this research is to identify the changes that happened in the sugar supply to the industrial market of food, caused by the products differentiation, more specifically in liquid and inverted sugar. The Supply Chain Management concept is going to help in the analysis of the businesses processes and the changes in the supply operations of the differentiated sugar. The analysis in the different ways from the sugar plants, which have to organize and to coordinate the sale of their products, is going to look for subsidies in the theory of Transaction Cost Economy. The research method used was multi-cases study. It was verified the existence of different governance structures for sugar supply to the industrial market and the changes in the business processes, productive, logistics and in the transactions for sale the product because of supply of differentiated sugars.
Esta pesquisa analisa diferentes iniciativas que os empresários do Sistema Agroindustrial (SAG) Canavieiro têm empreendido para reforçar sua competitividade após a desregulamentação produtiva da década de noventa. Algumas empresas passaram a oferecer produtos diferenciados, para o mercado industrial, sob processos de vendas que apresentam estruturas de negócios diferentes das que eram feitas antes da desregulamentação. O objetivo dessa pesquisa é identificar as mudanças que ocorreram no suprimento do açúcar ao mercado industrial de alimentos, causadas pela diferenciação de produtos, mais especificamente em açúcar líquido e invertido. A Gestão da Cadeia de Suprimentos auxiliará na análise dos processos de negócios e mudanças nas operações de suprimento do açúcar diferenciado. A análise das diferentes formas que as usinas têm para organizar e coordenar a venda de seus produtos buscará subsídios na teoria da Economia dos Custos de Transação. O método de pesquisa utilizado foi de estudo multi-casos. Verificou-se que existem diferentes estruturas de governança para suprimento de açúcar ao mercado industrial e que o suprimento de açúcares diferenciados implica em mudanças nos processos de negócios, produtivos e logísticos e nas transações para venda do produto.

Cadmium (Cd) concentration in the environment has increased in most recent decades, which represents a serious socio-environmental problem, since Cd is toxic to most living beings. Thus, it is important to reduce the concentration of this metal in contaminated environments, and the use of plants properly supplied with sulfur (S) can contribute to this (phytoextraction), since S is a component of metabolites involved in defense responses against stress caused by Cd. Therefore, our aim with this study was to evaluate the effect of S on i) Cd uptake kinetics, ii) root development and nutrient uptake, iii) metabolic profiling and thiol peptides synthesis, and iv) activity of antioxidant and photosynthetic system of Massai grass (Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Massai) used for Cd phytoextraction. The studies were carried out in a greenhouse conditions using pots of 0.5 and 2.0 L for development of the study about Cd uptake kinetics (treatments represented by combinations of S: 0.1 and 1.9 mmol L-1 and Cd concentrations: 0.1 and 0.5 mmol L-1) and Cd detoxification mechanisms (treatments represented by combinations of S: 0.1, 1.9 and 3.7 mmol L-1 and Cd concentrations: 0.0, 0.1 and 0.5 mmol L-1), respectively. Pots were distributed in randomized blocks, with four replications. Plants used in Cd kinetics study were exposed to treatments for 14 days after they remained in solutions containing only S for 42 days, while plants used in Cd detoxification study were exposed to treatments for 9 days after growing in solutions containing only S for 44 days. At the end of studies, plants used were harvested and sent for analysis. Maximum uptake rate (Vmax) and Cd apoplastic influx of Massai grass exposed to highest Cd concentration was highest when the plants were supplied with highest S concentration. The root development of Massai grass was strongly inhibited when plants were exposed to 0.5 mmol L-1 Cd, but proper (1.9 mmol L-1) S supply allowed highest Cd uptake, while excessive S supply (3.7 mmol L-1) decreased iron plaques formation in the roots of plants. Lysine, cysteine, ornithine, arginine, tryptophan and histidine were accumulated in more than one tissue in plants exposed to Cd, as well as galactinol. Glutathione (GSH), phytochelatins (PCs) and their homologues were strongly induced by Cd, whereas plants supplied with 1.9 and/or 3.7 mmol L-1 S showed the highest concentrations of these peptides. Plants supplied with highest S concentration showed lowest lipid peroxidation and highest photosynthetic rate, which evidences that antioxidant system of these plants was more efficient in mitigating the damages caused by Cd. In view of these results, it is clear that Massai grass properly supplied with S shows greatest Cd tolerance, as well as phytoextraction potential
A concentração de cádmio (Cd) no ambiente aumentou em décadas recentes, o que representa sério problema sócio-ambiental, visto que o Cd é tóxico para a maioria dos seres vivos. Por isso, é importante reduzir a concentração desse metal em ambientes contaminados e o uso de plantas adequadamente supridas com enxofre (S) pode contribuir para isso (fitoextração), uma vez que o S é componente de metabólitos envolvidos no combate ao estresse causado pelo Cd. Assim, o nosso objetivo com esse estudo foi avaliar o efeito do S na i) cinética de absorção do Cd, no ii) desenvolvimento radicular e na absorção de nutrientes, no iii) perfil metabólico e síntese de compostos tiol, e iv) na atividade do sistema antioxidante e fotossintético do capim-massai (Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Massai), utilizado para fitoextração de Cd. Os estudos foram conduzidos em casa de vegetação utilizando-se vasos de 0,5 e 2,0 L para a condução do estudo de cinética de absorção de Cd (tratamentos representados pelas combinações das doses de S de 0,1 e 1,9 mmol L-1 e Cd de 0,1 e 0,5 mmol L-1) e para o estudo dos mecanismos de detoxificação de Cd (tratamentos representados pelas combinações das doses de S de 0,1; 1,9 e 3,7 mmol L-1 e Cd de 0,0; 0,1 e 0,5 mmol L-1), respectivamente. Os vasos foram distribuídos em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. As plantas utilizadas no estudo de cinética foram expostas aos tratamentos durante 14 dias após as mesmas terem permanecido em soluções contendo apenas S durante 42 dias, enquanto as plantas utilizadas no estudo de detoxificação de Cd foram expostas aos tratamentos pelo período de 9 dias após terem crescido em soluções contendo apenas S por 44 dias. Ao final dos estudos, as plantas utilizadas foram colhidas e encaminhadas para análises. A velocidade máxima de absorção (Vmax) e o influxo apoplástico de Cd do capim-massai exposto à maior dose de Cd foram maiores quando as plantas foram supridas com a maior dose de S. O desenvolvimento radicular do capim-massai foi fortemente inibido quando as plantas foram expostas à dose de Cd de 0,5 mmol L-1, mas o adequado (1,9 mmol L-1) suprimento de S permitiu maior absorção de Cd, enquanto o suprimento excessivo (3,7 mmol L-1) de S diminuiu a formação de placas de ferro nas raízes das plantas. A lisina, cisteína, ornitina, arginina, triptofano e histidina foram acumulados em mais de um tecido nas plantas expostas ao Cd, assim como o galactinol. A glutationa (GSH), as fitoquelatinas (PCs) e seus homólogos foram fortemente induzidos pelo Cd, sendo que as plantas supridas com as doses de S de 1,9 e/ou 3,7 mmol L-1 apresentaram as maiores concentrações desses peptídeos. As plantas supridas com as maiores doses de S apresentaram menor peroxidação lipídica e maior taxa fotossintética, o que demonstra que o sistema antioxidante dessas plantas foi mais eficiente na atenuação dos danos causados pelo Cd. Diante desses resultados, fica claro que o capim-massai suprido adequadamente com S apresenta maior tolerância ao Cd, assim como maior potencial de fitoextração

碩士
明道大學
企業高階管理碩士班
101
Granulated sugar production cost is high in Taiwan and the production volume decreases year by year. Taiwan relies on imported granulated sugar to meet market demand. However, when the international price of sugar rises, it causes a serious imbalance between supply and demand. By cause-and-effect diagram, this study identified the factors affecting the supply and demand of granulated sugar, and further established the operational model of the overall system of the granulated sugar industry supply and demand for simulation analysis. System dynamic was used as the research method. Acreage, the amount of safety stock, and market shares were the factors of the supply and demand of the granulated sugar industry. Quantity, sales, and inventory of the Taiwan Sugar Corp. were the response variables. The Taguchi orthogonal design was used to propose policy options. This study found that when acreage is adjusted to 12,840 hectares, market share is up to 60% and the safety stock amounts to 80,000 tons. The findings can serve as a reference model for the business strategy of the demand and supply of granulated sugar in Taiwan.

Sweet sorghum is a highly versatile C4 grass noted for its improved drought tolerance and water use efficiency relative to sugarcane. Sweet sorghum is well suited for ethanol production due to a rapid growth rate, high biomass production, and a wide range of adaptation. Unlike the 12-18 month growth cycle of sugarcane, sweet sorghum produces a harvestable crop in three to five months. Sweet sorghum and sugarcane crops are complementary and in combination can extend the sugar mill seasons in many regions of the world to an estimated 8 months. Seasonal growth and weather patterns both optimize and restrict production of each crop to specific times of the year, however these are different for the two crops. In addition to temporally spacing the date of harvest between crops, the genetic variability of maturity within the crops may also be used to extend the mill seasons; specific hybrids can be used and selected to maximize yield throughout the harvest season. Under favorable growing environments, sweet sorghum hybrids of all maturity groups produced sugar yields ranging from 2.8 to 4.9 MT/ha. Early/medium, late, and very late maturity hybrids planted during April, May, and June planting dates are necessary to maximize the mill season. In this study, early/medium maturity hybrids planted during April and May matured for harvest between late July and mid-August. June planting dates were unfavorable for early/medium maturity hybrids. In addition, late and very late maturity hybrids planted during April matured for harvest in late August; the additional growing season thus resulted in higher sugar yields. Timely planting of late and very late maturity hybrids in April, May, and June produce the maximum yields for harvests after mid August. Intermittent use of late and very late maturity hybrids can therefore extend sugar milling seasons into mid November if so desired.

The South African sugar industry is a large industry which relies on expensive capital equipment to harvest, transport and process sugarcane. An average of 23 million tons of sugarcane are annually supplied to 14 mills from over 2 000 large-scale commercial growers and 48 000 small-scale growers. Supply chain stakeholders can benefit if operations are successfully streamlined. Computer-based mathematical models have been used in other industries to improve supply chains, especially in forestry, and are expected to play an increasingly important role in future planning and management. Management of sugar supply chains has historically focussed on generating competitive individual supply chain components. However, inter-component optimisation generally disregards many important intra-component interactions. Hence, efficiency improvements may be significantly limited. Integrated supply chain modelling provides a suitable approach for addressing this problem. The aim of this project was to develop and demonstrate, in concept, an integrated supply chain model for the sugar industry. Such a model could be used to address various integrated planning and management problems throughout the supply chain. A review of existing integrated agri-supply chain models was conducted followed by the development of CAPCONN, an integrated sugar supply chain model framework, that incorporate all steps from field to mill back end. CAPCONN estimates sugarcane quality, mill recovery, capacity utilisation and production costs. Bottlenecks are highlighted and the model could contribute towards capacity manipulation for efficiency improvements under different harvesting scenarios. CAPCONN was demonstrated by analysing a number of scenarios in a mechanisation case study at Komati Mill where sugarcane is currently burned and manually cut. A total of twelve scenarios were compared, including variations in cropping system and time of year. The model framework predicted that a decrease in sugarcane quality and sugar recovery would occur under mechanical harvesting scenarios. Estimated production costs were also higher, even though the transport fleet was significantly reduced. A manually cut green (unburned) harvesting scenario showed a further decrease in sugarcane quality and sugar recovery. Mechanical harvesting during wet weather caused a substantial reduction in supply chain capacity and an increase in production costs. CAPCONN output trends compared favourably with measured and observed data, though the magnitude of the trends should be viewed with caution, since the CAPCONN framework is only a prototype. This shows that it may be a suitable diagnostic framework for analysing and investigating the sugarcane supply chain as a single entity. With further development to a model, the CAPCONN model framework could be used as a strategic planning tool although, one drawback is that a relatively large number of technical inputs are required to run the model.
Thesis (M.Sc.Eng.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2006.

The co-owned Umfolozi Mill area has developed as an integrated supply chain. Cane supply reliability was identified as a potential area for productivity improvement at Umfolozi. It is important that the cane supply to a sugar mill arrives at a steady and reliable rate. A reliable cane supply ensures that the mill can operate at an optimum efficiency. Sugarcane supply reliability depends on how the mill area adapts to unforeseeable changes in the supply chain. An important aspect to this is the weather and how it affects the harvesting regimes. The sugarcane supply chain at Umfolozi is divided into two branches, road transport and tram transport. The trams account for 70 % of the cane delivered to the mill and the can is sourced from a climatically homogenous region. In the occurrence of a rainfall event of above 5 mm, infield harvesting cannot take place on the Umfolozi Flats; hence 70 % of the mill‟s supply is halted for one or more days. To address the problem, a stochastic model was created to simulate the effectiveness of an enlarged cane stockpile if it were maintained on the current tram sidings outside the mill and were crushed when wet weather prevented further harvesting. The stockpile was simulated on a first-in first-out principle and was able to supply the mill with enough cane to continue running for 24 hours. The model was then used to conduct a series of Monte Carlo simulations on which sensitivity analyses and economic feasibility assessments were carried out. Results show that the stockpile was effective in reducing the length of milling season and the number of no-cane stops. However, on further analysis into the implications of creating a stockpile it was found that 1% recoverable value (RV) was lost during the 24-hours that the cane is stored outside the mill. The loss in revenue as a result of the RV reduction had a negative impact on any savings created with the implementation of the stockpile. This result made apparent the negative impact of deterioration to the whole supply chain. Further research is required to determine more accurately the rate of deterioration, and therefore, quantify more accurately the losses that occur in the supply chain. A significant outcome of the study was the development of a mechanistic tool which drove decision making at Umfolozi Sugar Mill. It lead to the development of the modelling framework LOMZI, a simulations based framework which places more emphasis on environmental factors and risks.
Thesis (M.Sc.Eng.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2011.

Please read the abstract in the section, 00front of this document
Thesis (PhD (Agricultural Economics))--University of Pretoria, 2008.
Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development
PhD
unrestricted

Network theory has been widely and successfully used to model, analyse and visualise complex systems. This study aimed to develop approaches to analyse complex integrated sugarcane supply and processing systems. A literature review includes network theory, complex systems, the Theory of constraints, indicator analysis and root cause analysis. The cause-and-effect networks of four sugarcane milling areas in South Africa; viz. Eston, Felixton, Komati and Umfolozi were developed, where the factors that negatively affected the performance of the milling areas were represented by vertices, the relationships among the factors by arcs and the strength of these relationships by weights. Three network theory based analytical tools namely; (a) primary influence vertex analysis, (b) indicator vertex analysis and (c) root cause vertex analysis were developed to analyse the networks. The results from the analyses indicate variations in the numbers and strengths of primary influence factors, problem indicator factors and root causes of problems between the four milling areas. Rainfall, drought and high soil content in sugarcane were identified as the strongest primary influences in the respective milling areas. High crush rate variability, low cutter productivity, running behind allocation and increases in operating costs were identified as the strongest indicators of poor performance in the respective milling areas. Rainfall was found to be the most dominating root cause of poor performance in all the milling areas. Since the South African integrated sugarcane production and processing system is complex, it is likely that the unique approaches developed in this study can be used successfully to also analyse other relatively complex systems. It is recommended that these approaches be tested within other systems. The main contribution of this study is in the form of a relatively easy-to-use network theory based comprehensive systems analyses tool. This analytical approach has, to the author's knowledge, not been used in any agri-industrial application previously.
Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2013.

Forage of beta-carotene-fortified orange-fleshed sweet potato is essential for alleviation cattle malnutrition. The study aims were to determine effects of supplementing sweet potato (SP) roots and sun dried forage on degradation of dietary legumes, intake and milk yield in dairy cattle. Mature SP roots were oven dried and forage vines and leaves (V&L) sun dried. Lactating dairy were supplied meals with total mixed ration (TMR) constituting varying levels of sweet potato forage and concentrate. The SP flour was rapidly and completely degraded In Sacco while degradability of V&L was comparable to that of Lucerne hay. Rumen degradation of Lucerne was reduced when the legume was incubated proximal to SP. Substitution of TMR with fresh SP forage and flour meal increased degradability of diets. Glucose post-feeding was increased (P<0.05) by SP roots but no change in milk yield. Orange-fleshed SP forage is recommended for improving energy supply in lactating cow diets
Agriculture and  Animal Health
M. Sc. (Agriculture)

Many authors have cited the relatively high unemployment rate as the most severe economic problem facing South Africa today. At the same time, government institutions claim that the agricultural sector can help solve the high unemployment rate, as this sector has the potential to create employment for a large number of unemployed South Africans. These institutions do not elaborate on how the sector will provide so many jobs. Published empirical studies on the South African (SA) agricultural sector have recommended ways in which policy-makers may achieve their goals of creating employment. However, most studies on labour considered the entire agricultural sector, whereas this study focuses on a sub-sector, namely the SA sugarcane sector. The study aims to analyse the potential of the sugarcane SA sector to create employment by estimating long- and short-run price (wage) elasticities of labour demand for large-scale sugarcane farms on the South Coast, in the Midlands and in Tugela/Zululand during 1984/1985-2008/2009. Using panel data, two models are estimated by Ordinary Least Squares (OLS), Model 1 capturing labour use intensity and using “labour units employed per 1000 tonnes of cane cut” as the dependent variable, while Model 2 captures the total labour units demanded by large-scale sugarcane farmers. Only Model 2 is estimated using simultaneous equations as past studies indicate that labour use intensity may be analysed using single-equation models. For Model 1, the estimates of the long-run wage elasticities compared to the short-run wage elasticities are similar and around -0.5, -0.17 and -0.33 for the South Coast, Midlands and Tugela/Zululand regions, respectively. The wage elasticity estimates for Model 2 in the short-run were -0.34, -0.24 and -0.17 and in the long run -0.61, -0.42 and -0.30 for the South Coast, Midlands and Tugela/Zululand, respectively. The two econometric techniques (OLS and 3SLS) yielded similar wage elasticities. Results suggest that all labour demand estimates were wage inelastic, with the South Coast having a relatively greater response of labour demand to wage rate changes than the other two regions. Inelastic demand estimates for labour in all three regions may be due to the perennial, long-term nature of sugarcane and farmers taking time to decide how to respond to changes (hikes) in the price of labour. The decline in the demand for labour by large-scale sugarcane farmers due to an increase in real wage rates raises questions about the appropriateness of labour laws and minimum wage iii legislation that have increased the real cost of farm labour in the large-scale sugarcane sector of KZN. In order to reverse the rising farm labour unemployment trend in South Africa, the study recommends that policy-makers could rather adopt more flexible labour market regulations (for example, those relating to the hiring and dismissal of workers) that would reduce real labour costs and encourage local farmers to employ more labour on sugarcane farms. Furthermore, the land under sugarcane proved to be an important determinant of the demand for labour by large-scale sugarcane farmers and hence policies regarding land reform need to be revised and implemented more proficiently. Future research could focus on the skill-level of those workers who are affected the most following an increase in minimum wages and possible reasons why the KZN sugar industry is losing land to other land uses.
M.Sc.Agric. University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg 2013.

Die vier Beiträge der vorliegenden Dissertationsschrift untersuchen das Entscheidungsverhalten von Landwirten in unterschiedlichen Entscheidungssituationen. Das übergeordnete Ziel ist es, die Präferenzstruktur und Zahlungsbereitschaft von Landwirten in den untersuchten Entscheidungssituationen zu analysieren, um so die Informationsgrundlage als Entscheidungsbasis für Politiker und Berater sowie der Landwirte selbst zu erweitern. Hierzu findet die Methode der Discrete Choice Experimente in allen vier Beiträgen Anwendung. Im Einzelnen werden in den Beiträgen folgende Forschungsfragen untersucht: Der erste Beitrag prüft welche Faktoren die Entscheidung von Landwirten beeinflussen, den Preis für ihr Erntegut ex ante abzusichern. Im zweiten Beitrag werden die Präferenzen von Landwirten für das Eingehen einer Kooperation unter expliziter Berücksichtigung von nicht-monetären Faktoren analysiert. Der dritte Beitrag geht der Frage nach, welche Rolle die finanzielle Flexibilität in Investitionsentscheidungen von Landwirten spielt. Wie Anbauverträge für Biogas-Zuckerrüben aus Sicht der anbauenden Landwirte ausgestaltet sein müssen, wird im vierten Beitrag geklärt.