Artículos de revistas: "Surge tank design, Surge analysis"

1

Barkan, Christopher P. L., Todd T. Treichel y Gary W. Widell. "Reducing Hazardous Materials Releases from Railroad Tank Car Safety Vents". Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1707, n.º 1 (enero de 2000): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1707-04.

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The leading cause of hazardous materials releases in railroad transportation over the 5 years prior to this research was burst frangible disks on tank cars. These burst disks occur as a result of pressure surges in the tank car safety vent during transportation. More than a dozen different surge pressure reduction devices (SPRDs) have been developed to protect the frangible disk from these surges. A statistical analysis of tank cars in service indicated that cars equipped with SPRDs experienced a lower rate of leakage due to burst frangible disks than similar cars without SPRDs. This analysis, however, did not provide sufficient resolution to determine the relative effectiveness of the different SPRD designs. A series of controlled experiments was conducted to determine the surge reduction effectiveness and the flow performance of different SPRDs. These tests showed that there were significant differences in the performance of the various surge pressure reduction devices in both surge reduction and flow rate. The results of these tests will help tank car builders, owners, and operators improve the safety performance of tank cars by installing SPRDs that will reduce non-accident-caused releases of hazardous materials and still function adequately to relieve pressure when necessary. The results also will provide a basis for setting SPRD performance and testing requirements and identify promising design elements for new SPRDs.

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2

Seyfeddine, Mona, Samuel Vorlet, Nicolas Adam y Giovanni De Cesare. "Holistic Design Approach of a Throttled Surge Tank: The Case of Refurbishment of Gondo High-Head Power Plant in Switzerland". Water 12, n.º 12 (8 de diciembre de 2020): 3440. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12123440.

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In order to increase the installed capacity, the refurbishment of Gondo high-head power plant required a modification of the existing surge tank by installing a throttle at its entrance. In a previous study, the geometry of this throttle was optimized by physical modeling to achieve the target loss coefficients as identified by a transient 1D numerical analysis. This study complements previous analyses by means of 3D numerical modeling using the commercial software ANSYS-CFX 19 R1. Results show that: (i) a 3D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model predicts sufficiently accurate local head loss coefficients that agree closely with the findings of the physical model; (ii) in contrast to a standard surge tank, the presence of an internal gallery in the surge tank proved to be of insignificant effect on a surge tank equipped with a throttle, as the variations in the section of the tank cause negligible local losses compared to the ones induced by the throttle; (iii) CFD investigations of transient flow regimes revealed that the head loss coefficient of the throttle only varies for flow ratios below 20% of the total flow in the system, without significantly affecting the conclusions of the 1D transient analysis with respect to minimum and maximum water level in the surge tank as well as pressure peaks below the surge tank. This study highlights the importance of examining the characteristics of a hydraulic system from a holistic approach involving hybrid modeling (1D, 3D numerical and physical) backed by calibration as well as validation with in-situ measurements. This results in a more rapid and economic design of throttled surge tanks that makes full use of the advantages associated with each modeling strategy.

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3

Bhattarai, Khem Prasad, Jianxu Zhou, Sunit Palikhe, Kamal Prasad Pandey y Naresh Suwal. "Numerical Modeling and Hydraulic Optimization of a Surge Tank Using Particle Swarm Optimization". Water 11, n.º 4 (6 de abril de 2019): 715. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11040715.

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In a pressurized water conveyance system, such as a hydropower system, during hydraulic transients, maximum and minimum pressures at various controlling sections are of prime concern for designing a safe and efficient surge tank. Similarly, quick damping of surge waves is also very helpful for the sound functioning of the hydro-mechanical system. Several parameters like diameter of the surge tank, diameter of the orifice, operating discharge, working head, etc., influence the maximum/minimum surge, damping of surge waves in the surge tank, and the difference of maximum pressure head at the bottom tunnel and maximum water level in the surge tank. These transient behaviors are highly conflicting in nature, especially for different diameters of orifices (DO) and diameters of surge tanks (DS). Hence, a proper optimization method is necessary to investigate the best values of DO and DS to enhance the safety and efficiency of the surge tank. In this paper, these variables are accurately determined through numerical analysis of the system by the Method of Characteristics (MOC). Furthermore, the influence on the transient behavior with changing DO and DS is investigated and finally, optimum values of DO and DS are determined using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) to minimize the effects of hydraulic transients on the system without compromising the stability and efficiency of the surge tank. The obtained results show significant improvements over the contemporary methods of finding DO and DS for surge tank design.

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4

Sarasúa, José Ignacio, Paz Elías, Guillermo Martínez-Lucas, Juan Ignacio Pérez-Díaz, José Román Wilhelmi y José Ángel Sánchez. "Stability Analysis of a Run-of-River Diversion Hydropower Plant with Surge Tank and Spillway in the Head Pond". Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/874060.

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Run-of-river hydropower plants usually lack significant storage capacity; therefore, the more adequate control strategy would consist of keeping a constant water level at the intake pond in order to harness the maximum amount of energy from the river flow or to reduce the surface flooded in the head pond. In this paper, a standard PI control system of a run-of-river diversion hydropower plant with surge tank and a spillway in the head pond that evacuates part of the river flow plant is studied. A stability analysis based on the Routh-Hurwitz criterion is carried out and a practical criterion for tuning the gains of the PI controller is proposed. Conclusions about the head pond and surge tank areas are drawn from the stability analysis. Finally, this criterion is applied to a real hydropower plant in design state; the importance of considering the spillway dimensions and turbine characteristic curves for adequate tuning of the controller gains is highlighted.

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5

Liang, Ji, Xiaohui Yuan, Yanbin Yuan, Zhihuan Chen y Yuanzheng Li. "Nonlinear dynamic analysis and robust controller design for Francis hydraulic turbine regulating system with a straight-tube surge tank". Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 85 (febrero de 2017): 927–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2016.09.026.

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6

Seck, Aboudou y Musandji Fuamba. "Contribution to the Analytical Equation Resolution Using Charts for Analysis and Design of Cylindrical and Conical Open Surge Tanks". Journal of Water Resource and Protection 07, n.º 15 (2015): 1242–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2015.715101.

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7

Moses, G. A., G. L. Kulcinski, D. Bruggink, R. Engelstad, E. Lovell, J. Macfarlane, Z. Musicki et al. "LIBRA–A light ion beam inertial confinement fusion reactor conceptual design". Laser and Particle Beams 7, n.º 4 (noviembre de 1989): 721–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034600006194.

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The LIBRA light ion beam fusion commerical reactor study is a self-consistent conceptual design of a 330 MWe power plant with an accompanying economic analysis. Fusion targets are imploded by 4 MJ shaped pulses of 30 MeV Li ions at a rate of 3 Hz. The target gain is 80, leading to a yield of 320 MJ. The high intensity part of the ion pulse is delivered by 16 diodes through 16 separate z-pinch plasma channels formed in lOO torr of helium with trace amounts of lithium. The blanket is an array of porous flexible silicon carbide tubes with Li17Pb83 flowing downward through them. These tubes (INPORT units) shield the target chamber wall from both neutron damage and the shock overpressure of the target explosion. The target chamber is a right circular cylinder, 8·7 meters in diameter. The target chamber is ‘self-pumped’ by the target explosion generated overpressure into a surge tank partially filled with liquid that surrounds the target chamber. This scheme refreshes the chamber at the desired 3 Hz frequency without excessive pumping demands. The blanket multiplication is 1·2 and the tritium breeding ratio is 1·4. The direct capital cost of LIBRA is estimated to be $2200/kWe.

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8

Richter, Wolfgang, Helmut Knoblauch y Gerald Zenz. "Surge Tank Design for Storage-Tunnels". WASSERWIRTSCHAFT 109, S1 (septiembre de 2019): 72–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s35147-019-0239-8.

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9

Dhakal, Resham, Jianxu Zhou, Sunit Palikhe y Khem Prasad Bhattarai. "Hydraulic Optimization of Double Chamber Surge Tank Using NSGA-II". Water 12, n.º 2 (8 de febrero de 2020): 455. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12020455.

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A surge tank effectively reduces water hammer but experiences water level oscillations during transient processes. A double chamber surge tank is used in high head plants with appreciable variations in reservoir water levels to limit the maximum amplitudes of oscillation by increasing the volume of the surge tank near the extremes of oscillation. Thus, the volume of the chambers and the design of an orifice are the most important factors for controlling the water level oscillations in a double chamber surge tank. Further, maximum/minimum water level in the surge tank and damping of surge waves have conflicting behaviors. Hence, a robust optimization method is required to find the optimum volume of chambers and the diameter of the orifice of the double chamber surge tank. In this paper, the maximum upsurge, the maximum downsurge, and the damping of surge waves are considered as the objective functions for optimization. The worst condition of upsurge and downsurge is determined through 1-D numerical simulation of the hydropower system by using method of characteristics (MOC). Moreover, the sensitivity of dimensions of a double chamber surge tank is studied to find their impact on objective functions; finally, the optimum dimensions of the double chamber surge tank are found using non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II) to control the water level oscillations in the surge tank under transient processes. The volume of the optimized double chamber surge tank is only 44.53% of the total volume of the simple surge tank, and it serves as an effective limiter of maximum amplitudes of oscillations. This study substantiates how an optimized double chamber surge tank can be used in high head plants with appreciable variations in reservoir water levels.

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10

Wan, Wuyi, Boran Zhang, Xiaoyi Chen y Jijian Lian. "Water Hammer Control Analysis of an Intelligent Surge Tank with Spring Self-Adaptive Auxiliary Control System". Energies 12, n.º 13 (1 de julio de 2019): 2527. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12132527.

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The water hammer can cause great risks in water supply pipe systems. A surge tank is a kind of general water hammer control device. In order to improve the behavior of the surge tank, a self-adaptive auxiliary control (SAC) system was proposed in this paper. The system can optimize the response of the surge tank according to the transient pressure. The numerical model and the matched boundary conditions were established to simulate the improved surge tank and optimize the SAC system. Then, various transient responses were simulated by the proposed model with different parameters set. The proposed system is validated by comparing the water hammer process in a river-pipe-valve (RLV) system with and without SAC. The results show that the SAC can greatly improve the water hammer control of the pipeline and the water level oscillation of the surge tank. With the SAC system, the required vertical size of the surge tank can be significantly reduced with the desired water hammer control function.

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11

Tang, Fan, Li Jie Ding, Yu Fei Teng y Wei Wei. "Nonlinear Hydro Turbine Model for Medium and Long Term Power System Stability Analysis with Sharing Long Common Tunnel". Advanced Materials Research 960-961 (junio de 2014): 574–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.960-961.574.

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Based on the theoretical derivation of hydraulic coupling relationship between the hydropower units sharing long common tunnel,the non-linear hydro turbine model with sharing long diversion tunnel system is established and order-reduced in accordance with the demand of power system simulation. And according to the complex structure characteristics of surge tank,a method of correcting surge tank storage constant with surge tank structure coefficient is proposed. This hydro turbine model can reflect the influence of surge tank and sharing common tunnel in the power system long term process,the accuracy of model is proved by comparison of simulation results and actual recording data in power system.

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12

Ma, Quyang, Guoan Yang y Mengjun Li. "Attenuation of pulsations in the reciprocating compressor piping system with an elbow-shaped surge tank". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 233, n.º 5 (14 de mayo de 2018): 1677–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406218774366.

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An elbow-shaped surge tank is proposed to suppress the pressure pulsations. The transfer matrix method was developed and the mathematical model was established to predict the distribution of pressure pulsations in the piping system (on which a surge tank was already installed) with an elbow-shaped surge tank. Simulation work of the whole piping system was performed. The results show that the elbow-shaped surge tank has good performance to attenuate the pressure pulsations. The frequency analysis shows that the amplitude for the first pulsation frequency is attenuated to a low level. The impulse response was analyzed to examine the efficiency of suppressing pulsations by using the suppressor. The theoretical analysis showed that there exists the optimal suppression performance when setting the distance between the elbow-shaped surge tank and the existing one. Meanwhile, modifying the ratio of length to diameter with a fixed surge volume could also impact the pressure pulsations. The analysis results can be used as a reference in designing and installing the elbow-shaped surge tank.

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13

J. Rasheed, Nisreen. "Surge Tank Analysis for Water Hammer Remedy for Long Distance Pipeline". DJES 11, n.º 3 (1 de septiembre de 2018): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.24237/djes.2018.11308.

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Various protection methods can be used for protecting the pipeline system from the impact of water hammer. Which includes the use of special materials for supporting the pipeline and the installation of special devices such as surge tanks, relief valves, and air chambers. In this study, to protect the pipeline system and reduce the effect of water hammer, surge tank has been used. Governing equations of transient flow with and without surge tank is numerically simulated using MATLAB software. Sensitivity analysis was investigated using several variables such as pipe diameter, wave’s velocity and friction factor. Method of characteristics (MOC) was implemented in this study. It was found that the diameter and friction factor of pipe have a significant impact on the results of transient flow and surge tank compared to the effect of wave’s velocity. It has been reached that the capacities of surge tanks at diameter (1m), are (1475m3) at first, second and fourth stages, (1360m3) at third and fifth stages and (570m3) at sixth stage. And at diameter (1.2m), the capacities are (1700m3), (1530m3) and (1475m3) at first, second and third stages respectively. But at diameter (1.4m), the capacities are (1590m3) at first and second stages. For all values of wave’s velocity, the capacities of surge tanks are (1760m3), (1530m3) and (1420m3) at first, second and third stages respectively. But the capacities of surge tanks at friction factor (0.007) are (1810m3), (1585m3) and (1245m3) at first, second and third stages respectively. However, for the capacity of surge tanks at the friction factor (0.008), it was mentioned when the surge tanks capacity of the diameter (1.2m) was mentioned. And when the friction factor is (0.009), the capacities are (1460m3) at first stage, (1415m3) at second and third stages and (570m3) at fourth stage

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14

Meusburger, Peter. "Study of Different Surge Tank Design for Obervermuntwerk II". WASSERWIRTSCHAFT 105, n.º 13 (30 de abril de 2015): 53–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s35147-015-0516-0.

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15

Ma, Quyang, Zhenhuan Wu, Guoan Yang, Yue Ming y Zheng Xu. "Pulsation suppression in a reciprocating compressor piping system using a two-tank element". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering 232, n.º 4 (6 de junio de 2017): 427–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954408917713436.

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Gas pulsations excited by reciprocating compressors could introduce severe vibrations and noise in piping systems. When pulsating gas flows through the reducers, the changes in flow characteristics, such as velocity and damping coefficient, will affect the pressure pulsations. To circumvent these constraints, a two-tank element is introduced to control the gas pulsation that is still strong in the piping system with a surge tank. Installing another surge tank to form a two-tank element is more flexible and costs lower than replacing the original surge tank with a larger one. In this work, a theoretical model based on the wave theory was proposed to study the transferring mechanism of gas pulsations in the pipeline with the two-tank element. By considering the damping coefficient and the Mach number, the distributions of the pressure pulsations were predicted by the theoretical model and agreed with the three-dimensional fluid dynamics transient analysis. Three experiments were conducted to prove that the suppression capability of the two-tank element is as good as that of a single-tank element (surge tank) with the same surge volume. The volume optimization of the two-tank element is implemented by selecting the best allocations of the two tanks’ volumes to achieve larger reductions of pressure pulsations. Assuming that the total surge volume is constant, we found that the smaller the volume of the front tank (near the cylinder) is, the lower the pulsation levels are. The optimized result proves that in some conditions the two-tank element could control pulsations better than the single-tank element with the same surge volume.

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16

Liu, Wen Bin, Qiu Sen You y Xu Lai. "Study on Stable Section Area of Surge Tank of Asymmetric Water Diversion and Power Generation System". Advanced Materials Research 753-755 (agosto de 2013): 1519–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.753-755.1519.

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Due to the emergence of new asymmetric Water diversion and power generation system, the traditional computational formula for Thoma stable section area has been unable to meet the design requirement. The discriminant formula for stable section of surge tank is obtained in this paper by theoretical derivation. There is a great influence on the stable area of surge tank because of the head loss between surge tank and branch pipe. Based on the definition of k-degree symmetric diversion system, the critical condition of Water diversion and power generation system is obtained. The hydraulic parameters of k-degree symmetric Water diversion and power generation system can be optimized through the critical condition formula.

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17

Guo, Wencheng, Yang Liu, Fangle Qu y Xinyu Xu. "A Review of Critical Stable Sectional Areas for the Surge Tanks of Hydropower Stations". Energies 13, n.º 23 (7 de diciembre de 2020): 6466. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13236466.

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The critical stable sectional area (CSSA) for surge tanks corresponds to the critical stable state of hydropower stations and is an important index to evaluate the stability of the turbine regulation system. The research on CSSA for surge tanks is always one of the most important topics in the area of transient processes of hydropower stations. The CSSA for surge tanks provides the value basis for the sectional area of surge tanks. In engineering practice, the CSSA for surge tanks is widely used to guide their hydraulic design. This paper provides a systematic literature review about the CSSA for surge tank of hydropower stations. Firstly, the CSSA for surge tanks based on hydraulic transients is discussed. Secondly, the CSSA for surge tanks based on hydraulic-mechanical-electrical coupling transients is presented. Thirdly, the CSSA for air cushion surge tanks is illustrated. Finally, the CSSA for combined surge tanks, i.e., upstream and downstream double surge tanks and upstream series double surge tanks, is presented. In future research, the CSSA for surge tanks of pumped storage power stations should be explored. The CSSA for surge tanks considering multi-energy complement is worth studying.

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18

El-Hazek, Alaa. "Hydro Pneumatic Tank Design for Surge Protection of Irrigation Pipeline Systems". Journal of Scientific Research and Reports 18, n.º 6 (6 de abril de 2018): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jsrr/2018/40253.

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SENITSKU, Yury E., Mikhail I. BALZANNIKOV y Andrey A. MIKHASEK. "DYNAMIC LOAD ON CYLINDER SURGE TANKS OF DIVERSION HYDROELECTRIC POWER STATIONS UNDER SEISMIC IMPACT". Urban construction and architecture 7, n.º 1 (15 de marzo de 2017): 64–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/vestnik.2017.01.11.

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The necessity of construction of surge tanks for diversion hydroelectric power stations with pressure derivation is substantiated in the article. These tanks as a part of water-conveyance headrace are essential to protect a long pressure tunnel from pressure boost under hydraulic shock and in consequence from additional charges for tunnel walls underpinning. It is to be noted that diversion hydroelectric power stations are often erected in mountainous area and surge tanks are situated on the turning point of water-conveyance headrace. This position allows to lower surge tank and to keep construction costs down. The examples show that it is preferable to construct surge tanks on the surface of the earth. It is to be noted that these structures constructive elements are exposed to static water pressure and water dynamic load due to water fl ow control through aggregates under power consumption changes of hydroelectric power station . At the same time in mountainous area surge tanks can also be exposed to dynamic loads because of seismic impact. The article gives the solution for determination of impulse and convective components of hydrodynamic pressure at vertical walls of metal cylinder tank in the case of horizontal seismic impact. The proposed solution clarifi es well-known calculation methods and allows to perform an accurate design calculation of potential loads and to choose necessary geometric parameters that ensure tank reliability.

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20

Menéndez, Javier, Jesús M. Fernández-Oro, Mónica Galdo y Jorge Loredo. "Transient Simulation of Underground Pumped Storage Hydropower Plants Operating in Pumping Mode". Energies 13, n.º 7 (7 de abril de 2020): 1781. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13071781.

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The increasing penetration of variable renewable energies (VRE) in the European electricity mix requires flexible energy storage systems (ESS), such as pumped storage hydropower (PSH). Disused mining voids from deep closed mines may be used as subsurface reservoirs of underground pumped-storage hydropower (UPSH) plants. Unlike conventional PSH plants, the air pressure in UPSH plants is variable and it differs from the atmospheric conditions. In this paper, the hydraulic transient process of an UPSH plant operating in pumping mode was investigated and a preliminary thermodynamic analysis of the closed surge tank was carried out. Analytical and CFD three-dimensional numerical simulations based on the volume of fluid (VOF) model with two-phase flow have been performed for analyzing the transient process. In the transient simulation, air and water are considered as ideal gas and compressible liquid, respectively. Different guide vanes closing schemes have been simulated. The obtained results show that the dimensioning of underground reservoir, surge tank, and air ducts is essential for ensuring the hydraulic performance and optimizing the operation of UPSH plants. The static pressure in the air duct, surge tank and lower reservoir reaches −1.6, 112.8 and −4 kPa, respectively, while a heat flux of −80 W was obtained through the surge tank walls.

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Baweja, Rashmi y N. K. Bhagat. "Design of Model Predictive Control based Direct Neural Controller for Surge Tank Application". International Journal of Computer Applications 51, n.º 21 (30 de agosto de 2012): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5120/8329-1902.

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22

Chen, Sheng, Jian Zhang y Jian Feng An. "Influence of Tailrace Surge Chamber with Standpipe on Draft Tube Pressure". Applied Mechanics and Materials 607 (julio de 2014): 472–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.607.472.

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Standpipe is a connection between surge chamber and tunnel, which can greatly reduce the quantities. This present study deals with how to take the influence of standpipe into consideration and what extent is the influence. The mathematical model of standpipe is established by introducing the method of characteristic. Then the model is applied in one pumped storage power station with long standpipe of 67m. Results show that the standpipe has great influence on whatever tank surge or pressure. And with the increasing standpipe length, the upsurge and minimum draft tube pressure present downtrend. The influence of standpipe in tailrace surge chamber should be considered in design phase. The achievements of the study can serve as a reference for similar projects.

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Chen, Diyi, Cong Ding, Xiaoyi Ma, Pu Yuan y Duoduo Ba. "Nonlinear dynamical analysis of hydro-turbine governing system with a surge tank". Applied Mathematical Modelling 37, n.º 14-15 (agosto de 2013): 7611–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apm.2013.01.047.

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24

Ying, Qiang. "Design and Application of Internal Flat-Pool Measuring Weir". Advanced Materials Research 971-973 (junio de 2014): 1141–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.971-973.1141.

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Base on the mechanism of surge tank and measuring weir, an internal flat-pool measuring weir has been developed which can be applied in flow rate measuring area such as the hydraulics labs, the hydraulic engineering model labs and the river regulation project model labs. This new device functions well even with site limitation and unstable current. This passage introduces the mechanism of measuring weir with a few examples.

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Li, Jin Ming, Xu Yu Xie, Min Zhao, You Chun Ma, Qiu Lin Tan, Qing Zhi Zhang y Li Wang. "One Circuit Design for Suppressing Surge Current of Switching Power Supply". Applied Mechanics and Materials 58-60 (junio de 2011): 2670–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.58-60.2670.

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Based on the analysis of the causes for surge current of switching power supply and its harm, a circuit design suppressing surge current, which uses NMOSFET as the second switch , is represented in this paper. Test results show that: the method can suppress the surge current to a large extent and reduce the impacts on equipments. Due to improving the safety and the reliability of equipments, this circuit design is more popular in circuit design for suppressing surge current of switching power supply.

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Gabl, Roman y Maurizio Righetti. "Design criteria for a type of asymmetric orifice in a surge tank using CFD". Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics 12, n.º 1 (enero de 2018): 397–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19942060.2018.1443837.

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Goennert, Gabriele y Birgit Gerkensmeier. "A NEW METHOD OF APPROACHING EXTREME STORM EVENTS FOR DESIGN LEVEL OR RISK ANALYSIS". Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, n.º 33 (9 de octubre de 2012): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v33.management.2.

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The North Sea coast is seriously threatened by storm surges. Climate change and its consequences, such as a rising sea level, will have serious effects on the safety of people and economic assets in coastal areas. Within the joint research project XtremRisK (bmbf-funded) the Agency of roads bridges and Waters of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg developed a new method to calculate extreme storm surge events. The purpose of the research work, to calculated physically feasible extreme events is given consideration by detailed analyses of the single storm-surge components (tide, external surge from the Atlantic and wind surge) and their non-linear interactions by combining deterministic-empirical, statistical and numerical methods. The non-linear interactions can be comprised by hydrodynamic equations such as equation of momentum, continuity equation and volume balance. The claim to develop a comprehensive and physically feasible method is satisfied by the diversity of methodical approaches for analyzing the storm surge components and their interaction processes. Therefore a 2-method concept is developed on the basis of empirical and numerical approaches. The resultant new method is a new way of calculating extreme storm surges and can be used within new design concepts to calculate design level heights or could be a part of risk analysis

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28

Dubey, Awanish Chandra y Anantha V. Subramanian. "Hardware in the Loop Simulation and Control Design for Autonomous Free Running Ship Models". Defence Science Journal 70, n.º 4 (13 de julio de 2020): 469–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.70.14926.

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This paper presents an hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation system tool to test and validate an autonomous free running model system for ship hydrodynamic studies with a view to verification of the code, the control logic and system peripherals. The computer simulation of the plant model in real-time computer does not require the actual physical system and reduces the development cost and time for control design and testing purposes. The HIL system includes: the actual programmable embedded controller along with peripherals and a plant model virtually simulated in a real-time computer. With regard to ship controller design for ship model testing, this study describes a plant model for surge and a Nomoto first order steering dynamics, both implemented using Simulink software suit. The surge model captures a quasi-steady state relationship between surge speed and the propeller rpms, obtained from simple forward speed towing tank tests or derived analytically. The Nomoto first order steering dynamics is obtained by performing the standard turning circle test at model scale. The control logic obtained is embedded in a NI-cRIO based controller. The surge and steering dynamics models are used to design a proportional-derivative controller and an LQR controller. The controller runs a Linux based real-time operating system programmed using LabVIEW software. The HIL simulation tool allows for the emulation of standard ship hydrodynamic tests consisting of straight line, turning circle and zigzag to validate the combined system performance, prior to actual for use in the autonomous free-running tests.

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Abdul Latiff, Nurul Ain, Hazlee Azil Illias, Ab Halim Abu Bakar, Syahirah Abd Halim y Sameh Ziad Dabbak. "Design technique for leakage current reduction in surge arrester using gravitational search algorithm and imperialist competitive algorithm". COMPEL - The international journal for computation and mathematics in electrical and electronic engineering 37, n.º 1 (2 de enero de 2018): 357–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/compel-03-2017-0116.

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Purpose Leakage current is one of the factors, which can contribute towards degradation of surge arresters. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to study on leakage current within surge arresters and improvement on their design. Design/methodology/approach In this work, a three-dimensional model geometry of 11 kV zinc oxide surge arrester was designed in finite element analysis and was applied to calculate the leakage current under normal operating condition and being verified with measurement results. The optimisation methods were used to improve the arrester design by minimising the leakage current across the arrester using imperialist competitive algorithm (ICA) and gravitational search algorithm (GSA). Findings The arrester design in reducing leakage current was successfully optimised by varying the glass permittivity, silicone rubber permittivity and the width of the ground terminal of the surge arrester. It was found that the surge arrester design obtained using ICA has lower leakage current than GSA and the original design of the surge arrester. Practical implications The comparison between measurement and simulation enables factors that affect the mechanism of leakage current in surge arresters to be identified and provides the ideal design of arrester. Originality/value Surge arrester design was optimised by ICA and GSA, which has never been applied in past works in designing surge arrester with minimum leakage current.

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Zhou, Tianchi, Gaohui Li y Yimin Chen. "Study on Selection of Pressure Regulating Valve for Hydropower Station with Both Surge Tank and Pressure Regulating Valve". MATEC Web of Conferences 246 (2018): 01033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201824601033.

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The transient process in the hydropower station with both surge tank and pressure regulating valve is quite complicated and also critical to operation safety. According to the pressure regulating valve working principle, the influence of the valve diameter on the unit speed and spiral case pressure was analyzed theoretically. Mathematical models of the surge tank and pressure regulating valve in the hydropower station were established based on the characteristic method. In a practical engineering, numerical simulation of large fluctuation and hydraulic disturbance transient process are conducted, verifying the correctness of the theoretical analysis. Based on the calculation results, three principles for selecting the valve diameter are concluded: first, making sure the unit speed meet the regulating guarantee requirements when guide vanes fast close; second, the maximum spiral case pressure of two times should be approximate to each other by controlling the superposition of surge wave and water hammer; third, the maximum flow of the valve should be as close to the rated flow of the turbine as possible. The principles are helpful for selecting the valve diameter in similar hydropower station.

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Dita, Andrei Raphael, Eric Cruz y Jose Carlo Eric Santos. "COASTAL ENGINEERING ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF A FETCH-LIMITED STORM-TRACKED LACUSTRINE MARINA". Coastal Engineering Proceedings, n.º 36v (31 de diciembre de 2020): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v36v.papers.18.

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A marina for small crafts is being planned to be built within Caliraya Lake situated at an elevation of 290m above Mean Sea Level (maMSL). Unlike sea-connected water bodies, the water level of Caliraya Lake is largely influenced not by tidal fluctuations, but by the operational water level requirements of the hydroelectric power plant that it caters to. Due to the large difference in the Normal High Water Level (NHWL) and Minimum Operating Level (MOL) of the lake of 2.5m, a floating pontoon marina with guide piles was contemplated to be used. The marina analysis and design approaches implemented in this study considered waves generated by prevailing winds and ship-generated wakes to assess the wave climate and tranquility within the marina. Since the project area is also frequently tracked by typhoons, wind- and pressure-driven storm surges were also used for the vertical siting of the guide piles. Lastly, based on the geographic appearances of the lake shoreline and with the small size of the lake, the fetch limitations resulted to very small wind-generated waves and wind setup considered as wind-driven storm surge components. In comparison to open seas where wind-driven storm surge accounts for approximately 95percent of the total storm surge, the wind-driven storm surge components for the potentially critical historical typhoons which traversed within 200-km radius of the project area only generated 10-30percent of the total storm surge considered for the vertical siting.Recorded Presentation from the vICCE (YouTube Link): https://youtu.be/m-XEEw6r99g

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32

Pan, Tianyu, Haihui Wang y Qiushi Li. "An adaptive logarithmic threshold framelet analysis of the partial surge initiated instability in a transonic axial flow compressor". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 231, n.º 17 (11 de abril de 2016): 3202–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406216643560.

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Partial surge is a new type of instability inception in transonic axial flow compressors and occurs in the form of axisymmetric low-frequency disturbances localized in the hub region. The frequency of partial surge is about 12.5 Hz at 88% of the design rotor speed, while the frequency of developed rotating stall cells in the final phase of the evolution is around 190 Hz. As there are two different frequencies in the instability evolution of partial surge, it is difficult to well denoise the experimental data by general data processing methods that are focused on one single frequency. Considering the unique feature of the partial surge initiated instability, an adaptive logarithmic threshold framelet method has been built. By this method, the well-denoised results can be obtained. Based on the results, the instability evolution of partial surge is clearly shown. At the same time, several new findings about partial surge have been presented: (1) the propagating procedure of one partial surge disturbance: the amplitude of disturbance is increasing until one partial surge disturbance is developed; (2) the occurrence of rotating stall cells is related to the partial surge disturbance; (3) the propagating procedure of one rotating stall cell is presented; (4) the partial surge disturbance is well proved to be axisymmetric. Finally, the capability of this denoise method is also discussed.

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33

Abdul Latiff, Nurul Ain, Hazlee Azil Illias y Ab Halim Abu Bakar. "Analysis of Leakage Current on 11kV Zinc Oxide Surge Arrester Using Finite Element Method". Applied Mechanics and Materials 785 (agosto de 2015): 348–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.785.348.

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Leakage current is known to be directly related to the degree of degradation of arrester. Leakage current is commonly flow across arrester under non-conducting condition. In this work, a two-dimensional (2D) axial-symmetrical 11kV surge arrester model was developed and used to simulate the leakage current under normal condition. The influence of insulator shed widths, housing materials and sizes of ZnO in an 11kV ZnO surge arrester design on its leakage current was studied using finite element method (FEM) software, which is COMSOL Multiphysics. The simulation results show that leakage current is mostly affected by the sizes of the ZnO and material of the housing. From this work, an understanding on the leakage current behaviors in a ZnO surge arrester can be enhanced. This study may also help in improving the design of surge arresters in reducing leakage current.

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34

Bernier, Carl y Jamie Padgett. "PROBABILISTIC MODELING OF ABOVEGROUND STORAGE TANKS UNDER SURGE AND WAVE LOADS". Coastal Engineering Proceedings, n.º 36 (30 de diciembre de 2018): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v36.papers.4.

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This study presents the development of probabilistic models to assess the structural performance of a typical aboveground storage tank (AST) subjected to storm surge and wave loads. First, a finite element model is developed and validated against experimental results to determine hydrodynamic loads on the AST. This finite element model is then employed to derive a regression model of the hydrodynamic loads across ranges of surge and wave parameters using an Artificial Neural Network. This regression model is used as a surrogate of the finite element model to facilitate the investigation of the structural behavior of the case study AST. Finally, the buckling behavior of the AST and the stability of the tank to dislocation (uplift, overturning, or siding) are assessed for various AST modeling parameters and load conditions in order to develop fragility models. Two distinct fragility models are derived, one for dislocation and one for buckling. Key insights on the influence of surge and wave loads are obtained from these models. Results indicate that wave loads and hydrodynamic effects are significant, and neglecting them could underestimate the probability of dislocation or buckling of the AST by up to 30%. Overall, this paper proposes a rigorous yet efficient methodology for the fragility modeling of ASTs during storm events and opens the path for future investigations of the performance of ASTs with a range of design details and exposure conditions.

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35

Tang, Zhijie, Qian Luo, Xinnan Leng, Pinglong Liu y Jun Luo. "Surge detecting with a spherical sensor". Sensor Review 36, n.º 2 (21 de marzo de 2016): 130–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sr-12-2014-0765.

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Purpose The purpose of this study is to design a spherical sensor which can detect the surge from various directions to lay the foundation of the research of surge. Design/methodology/approach This paper designed a spherical sensor to detect the impact force generated by the surge. To realize the depth and stability control of the shallow underwater vehicles, it is necessary to do research and analysis on the surge in shallow waters. The spherical sensor with novel structure was skillfully composed of 24 cantilever beam pressure-type strain sensors. It is powerful to detect the surge from various directions simultaneously. Findings It is proved that the spherical sensor can accurately collect the surge data from multiple directions through experiments, which laid the foundation of the anti-surge study. Research limitations/implications Surge is not a new topic. But there is no effective tool to detect surge. The research of this paper is an attempt to provide an available tool to analyze surge. The research limitation is that the pool where the spherical sensor is installed is a little small. In the future, a bigger pool can be used. Practical implications A deep and comprehensive analysis of surge can be conducted according to the surge data detected by the spherical sensor to achieve the essential features of surge. This lays the foundation for the accurate control of Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs), especially fixed depth and stability control. Social implications As the control accuracy of AUVs increases, the AUVs can perform much more difficult tasks such as port monitoring, underwater salvaging, underwater pipeline maintenance and so on. These can be applied in commercial applications or in the national defense of many countries. Originality/value A novel spherical sensor using 24 cantilever beam pressure-type strain sensors to detect the surge was designed. The spherical sensor was installed in the physical surge simulator to collect surge data and conduct an analysis of the collected data.

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36

Li, Xiangchao, Lujin Cai y Xiaopei Xu. "Analysis on design method of signal system surge protection devices". International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics 56, n.º 4 (14 de marzo de 2018): 559–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jae-170069.

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37

Liu, Tong, Shu Bin Yi y Xue Cai Wang. "Thermal Stratification Effects on Surge Line Fatigue Life Based on Finite Element Analysis". Advanced Materials Research 668 (marzo de 2013): 551–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.668.551.

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Stress of pressurizer surge line due to stratification is calculated with the help of finite analysis software, using both simplified temperature distribution and the temperature fields of CFD simulation result. Stress and displacement of pressurizer surge line are achieved. Evaluation of the fatigue life reduction due to stratification is done by using modified fatigue design curve and referring to environmental fatigue factor. The conclusions here indicate that it can’t be neglected that stratification reduces the fatigue life of pressurizer surge line.

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38

Arnulfi, G. L., P. Giannattasio, C. Giusto, A. F. Massardo, D. Micheli y P. Pinamonti. "Multistage Centrifugal Compressor Surge Analysis: Part I—Experimental Investigation". Journal of Turbomachinery 121, n.º 2 (1 de abril de 1999): 305–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2841315.

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This paper reports an experimental investigation on centrifugal compressor surge. The compression system consists of a four-stage blower with vaned diffusers and a large plenum discharging into the atmosphere through a throttle valve. Measurements of unsteady pressure and flow rate in the plant, and of instantaneous velocity in the diffusers of the first and fourth compressor stage, are performed during deep surge, at several valve settings and three different rotation speeds. Additional tests have been carried out on a different system configuration, i.e., without plenum, in order to obtain the steady-state compressor characteristics and to collect reference data on stall in surge-free conditions. In this configuration, a fully developed rotating stall was detected in the compressor diffusers, while during surge it affects only a limited part of the surge cycle. The goal of the present experimental work was to get a deeper insight into unstable operating conditions of multistage centrifugal compressors and to validate a theoretical model of the system instability to be used for the design of dynamic control systems.

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39

Nagaoka, Naoto, Shintaro Ueno y Keishi Sugahara. "Surge Analysis on the Tank of a Gas Insulated Line using Lumped Element Circuits". IEEJ Transactions on Power and Energy 111, n.º 11 (1991): 1185–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejpes1990.111.11_1185.

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40

Nagaoka, Naoto, Shintaro Ueno y Keishi Sugahara. "Surge analysis of the tank of a gas-insulated line using lumped constant circuits". Electrical Engineering in Japan 112, n.º 5 (1992): 78–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eej.4391120509.

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41

Zhao, Haixin, Lingkan Yao, Baoliang Wang y Sarfraz Ali. "Surge Waves Under Earthquake and Clastic Flow Landslide". Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami 12, n.º 03 (12 de agosto de 2018): 1850009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793431118500094.

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This paper primarily investigates the surge wave of the barrier lake during an earthquake and clastic flow landslide simultaneously. Earthquakes can trigger clastic flow landslides with strong mobility enabling them to move a significant distance underwater. However, there have been few studies on the simultaneous superposition of seismic surge and clastic flow landslide until this study. First, we designed an experiment to analyze the influence of landslide motion under surging water; then, we investigated the effects of the clastic flow landslide and earthquake on the variation of surge wave height, with large-scale shaking table water tank model experiments. The experimental variables included the initial water depth, peak ground acceleration, landslide impact velocity, and landslide volume. According to the experimental results, we analyzed the maximum wave height under the combined action of an earthquake and clastic flow landslide. Furthermore, we defined a reduction factor of the seismic surge and put forward an equation to predict the reduction factor by means of dimensionless multiple linear fitting analysis. Finally, we present a method for calculating the maximum wave height of the combined surge during both an earthquake and clastic flow landslide using the reduction factor and provide a case to verify the reliability of the formula. Our study could provide the basis for the analysis of the burst of the barrier lake.

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42

Shen, Zhen Zhong, Ning Wang, Nan Yao y Chao Xin Shao. "Analysis of Surge Shaft Excavation Process Based on 3-Dimensional Finite Difference Method". Applied Mechanics and Materials 620 (agosto de 2014): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.620.69.

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As an important part of the structure of hydroelectric power station, surge shaft is embedded in the rock mass, whose body size and loading conditions are typically complex. Thus, it is necessary to evaluate safety of the design scheme in order to ensure construction safety. With upper background, three dimensional finite difference model of the surge shaft and surrounding rock of a hydroelectric project in Zambia were established based on three dimensional nonlinear finite difference analysis method. Calculation of the surge shaft stepped excavation with supporting at all levels of the construction process was done. The deformation and stress state of the surrounding rock of surge shaft and its variation law in excavation process was analyzed. Furthermore, the stability of surrounding rocks and rationality of the designed support measures were evaluated.

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43

Abd Halim, Syahirah, Azah Mohamed, Nor Azwan Mohamed Kamari, Afida Ayob, Ab Halim Abu Bakar y Hazlee Azil Illias. "Optimisation of zinc oxide surge arrester design using gravitational search algorithm and imperialist competitive algorithm". Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 13, n.º 3 (1 de marzo de 2019): 853. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v13.i3.pp853-860.

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Reducing electric field stress near the energised end of surge arresters is very important because it may increase the lifetime of the highly stressed ZnO column in vicinity of the high voltage electrode. Most of previous works were based on manufacturers’ procedures and trial and error method to improve the surge arrester designs. In this work, optimisation of ZnO surge arrester design models using Gravitational Search Algorithm (GSA) and Imperialist Competitive Algorithm (ICA) is proposed. The surge arrester models were developed using finite element analysis (FEA) and used to determine the electric field distribution. The optimisation methods were used to determine the arrester design parameters which yield the minimum electric field stress surrounding the energized end of the surge arresters. GSA is less complex since it requires only two parameters to be adjusted i.e. mass and velocity while ICA demonstrates faster convergence and better achievement of global optimum. The performance of the proposed methods was then compared with the manufacturer’s test data and previously developed methods.

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44

Tabeshpour, Mohammad Reza y Reza Hedayatpour. "Analytical investigation of nonlinear heave-coupled response of tension leg platform". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part M: Journal of Engineering for the Maritime Environment 233, n.º 3 (7 de junio de 2018): 699–713. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1475090218776430.

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Having deep view in structural response of tension leg platform is important issue not only for response analysis but also for engineering design. Coupling between surge and heave motions of tension leg platform is such a problem. Here, tension leg platform motions are considered only in surge and heave degrees of freedom without pitch effect. The coupled term of heave is a nonlinear differential equation. Because the focus of this article is on this term, therefore, Duffing equation of motion in the surge direction is linearized. The wave forces are calculated using Airy’s wave theory and Morison’s equation, ignoring the diffraction effects. Current force also can be very important in dynamic analysis of tension leg platform. Because it affects the term of heave that is coupled with surge. It is shown that the effect of surge motion coupling on heave motion is very important in large displacement of surge motion in many sea states. The main result is that the coupling effects appeared in some frequencies such as heave and surge frequency, twice the frequency of wave, twice the natural surge frequency, and summation and difference of frequency of wave and surge frequency.

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45

Guo, Wencheng y Daoyi Zhu. "A Review of the Transient Process and Control for a Hydropower Station with a Super Long Headrace Tunnel". Energies 11, n.º 11 (1 de noviembre de 2018): 2994. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11112994.

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The hydropower station with a super long headrace tunnel is a significant development type for hydropower energy. By constructing a super long headrace tunnel, the huge natural water fall head can be utilized to generate more electricity. With the development of hydropower energy, a hydropower station with a super long headrace tunnel becomes more and more competitive. Compared with a hydropower station with a short headrace tunnel, the transient process and control for a hydropower station with a super long headrace tunnel is much more complicated and becomes an intractable challenge. It is well known that the transient process and control is the basis of the design and operation of a hydropower station. To overcome the challenge of the transient process and control, much research has been carried out. This paper provides a systematic review on the latest research progress of the transient process and control for hydropower stations with a super long headrace tunnel. Firstly, two key issues for the transient process and control, i.e., hydraulic design optimization of the surge tank and operation control of unit, are illuminated. Secondly, for both single surge tanks and surge tanks with special types or combinations, the hydraulic design optimization methods are described. The most disadvantageous design and advantageous operation of surge tanks under combined operating conditions are discussed. Thirdly, the stability and regulation quality of the hydro-turbine governing system under isolated and grid-connected operation conditions are presented. Finally, some trends and recommendations for future research directions are made. A research thought for establishing the complete theory and application system of the transient process and control for hydropower stations with a super long headrace tunnel from the perspective of multi-slice and multi-scale is proposed.

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46

Chen, Juntao, Yang Yang, Chao Ye, Ying Yang y Ming Xiao. "Three-Dimensional Numerical Analysis of Compound Lining in Complex Underground Surge-Shaft Structure". Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/387379.

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The mechanical behavior of lining structure of deep-embedded cylinder surge shaft with multifork tunnel is analyzed using three-dimensional nonlinear FEM. With the elastic-plastic constitutive relations of rock mass imported and the implicit bolt element and distributed concrete cracking model adopted, a computing method of complex surge shaft is presented for the simulation of underground excavations and concrete lining cracks. In order to reflect the interaction and initial gap between rock mass and concrete lining, a three-dimensional nonlinear interface element is adopted, which can take into account both the normal and tangential characteristics. By an actual engineering computation, the distortion characteristics and stress distribution rules of the dimensional multifork surge-shaft lining structure under different behavior are revealed. The results verify the rationality and feasibility of this computation model and method and provide a new idea and reference for the complex surge-shaft design and construction.

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47

Panigrahi, J. K., J. K. Tripathy y A. S. N. Murty. "Extremity analysis of storm surge for fixing safe design water level". Natural Hazards 56, n.º 1 (15 de agosto de 2010): 347–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11069-010-9573-y.

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48

Kabalyk, Kirill, Michal Jasek, Grzegorz Liskiewicz y Longin Horodko. "Experimental analysis of the influence of outlet network volume and inlet guide vane positioning on surge behavior in a single-stage low-speed centrifugal compressor". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy 232, n.º 4 (13 de octubre de 2017): 350–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957650917735968.

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The paper focuses on experimental investigation of the influence of outlet network volume and type on the course of surge in a single-stage low-speed centrifugal compressor. The test rig design is based on a 330 mm impeller (tip Mach number of 0.33) coupled with a vaneless diffuser and a scroll. During the measurements, the rig has been successively connected to a four meter long pipe and to an 11.8 m deep well. Time-averaged probing of pressures and temperatures has served to obtain the performance maps with both networks at three different positions of inlet guide vanes. Time-resolved measurements of static pressure were done in three chosen locations of the rig and enabled to trace the formation of flow instabilities at low flow rates. The analysis of received dataset revealed a reasonable impact of network design on the inception moment, quantitative and qualitative traits of deep surge. The most significant changes concerned the frequencies of the first surge harmonics and the nature of the process. “Pipeline-surge” reminded more of a standing wave whereas “plenum-surge”—of a periodic process similar to the ones reported in the referenced studies.

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49

Talip, Noor Arnida Abdul, Siti Farhana M. Shaari y Fadzrul Izwan Muhd Ali. "Identification of high surge pressure in LNG loading lines system and mitigation strategy". E3S Web of Conferences 287 (2021): 03015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128703015.

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This paper presents the criticality of surge simulation and analysis to establish if surge (pressure exceeding pipe design limit) is present upon ESD activation case during loading of LNG from loading lines to carrier.

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50

Kim, Sang-Hyun. "Design of surge tank for water supply systems using the impulse response method with the GA algorithm". Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 24, n.º 2 (febrero de 2010): 629–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12206-010-0108-y.

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