Artículos de revistas: "Swine Reproduction"

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Prodanov-Radulovic, Jasna, Radoslav Dosen, Igor Stojanov, Ivan Pusic, Milica Zivkov-Balos, and Radomir Ratajac. "Influence of mycotoxin zearalenone on the swine reproductive failure." Zbornik Matice srpske za prirodne nauke, no. 124 (2013): 121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmspn1324121p.

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Reproductive failure in swine is often a difficult diagnostic problem. If diagnoses of infectious disease or management related problems are not obtained, feed quality and safety may be questioned. Mycotoxins are often present in swine feed in the amount that can have detrimental impact on production and reproduction. Problems are expressed only as alterations of the reproductive cycle, reduced feed intake, slow growth or impaired feed efficiency. In Serbia, generally speaking, high concentrations of mycotoxins were noticed, especially mycotoxin zearalenone. High presence of zearalenone in swine feed is probably due to climatic influence and should be monitored constantly. This paper includes field observations regarding the influence of moldy feed containing mycotoxin zearalenone on the occurrence of the reproductive failure in swine breeding categories (sows, gilts and boars). The material for this research was obtained from four swine farms where certain reproductive disorders and health problems in breeding animals were detected. Depending on the specificity of each evaluated case and available material, the applied research methods included: anamnestic and clinical evaluation, pathomorphological examination, standard laboratory testing for detection of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, and microbiological feed testing, in order to examine the presence of fungi and mycotoxins by applying the method of thin layer chromatography. On the basis of the obtained results, it could be concluded that mycotoxin zearalenone was detected in all examined feed samples. The presence of mycotoxin in feed was directly related to the reproductive failures in the examined swine categories (vulvovaginitis, endometritis, rebreeding, infertility). Swine reproduction represents the base for intensive swine production. The presence of mycotoxins in swine feed have influence on the reproduction and health status of pigs and under certain conditions may significantly disturb the production process.

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Petrujkic, Tihomir. "New biotechnological procedures in swine reproduction." Veterinarski glasnik 56, no. 1-2 (2002): 111–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vetgl0202111p.

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New biotechnological procedures and the use of hormones in swine breeding are aimed at increasing the number of piglets in the litter. In small herds and groups, selected sows with 16 mammary complexes (tits) can yield up to 32 piglets, or porkers, per year per sow. In order to achieve such reproduction results, special, individual stalls for sow deliveries are used, in addition to biotechnological methods, with a warm core and floor heating, phased diet and clean facilities. The ovulation value in swine is determined by their genetic and paragenetic effects, and it is often provoked and increased with injections and preparations for superovulation. However, the results vary, since any administration of hormone injecions can reduce the reproductive cycle, shorten the duration of estrus, or disrupt the work of ovaries and create cystic follicles. The use of follicle-stimulating hormones in quantities up to 1000 IU per animal for the induction and synchronization of estrus has become customary for sows and gilts, as well as the use of prostaglandins, the use of GnRH for increasing ovulation in swine and increasing the number of follicles >4 mm in diameter in the implementation of new biotechnologies in swine breeding, increases the number of ovulations and fertility in swine. In this way, reproduction is raised to the highest possible level, and artificial insemination of sows has 12 separate rules which enable better and more successful artificial insemination of sows.

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Khulal, Aarati, Prativa Sharma, Asmin Khulal, and Surya Sharma Bhatta. "A REVIEW ARTICLE ON NON-GENETIC FACTORS AFFECTING REPRODUCTIVE TRAITS IN SWINE." Malaysian Animal Husbandry Journal 1, no. 2 (September 3, 2021): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/mahj.02.2021.71.76.

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This review studies several factors affecting the reproductive performance of swine chiefly focusing on sow-related factors, which have significant economic importance. A sow’s productivity is determined by different reproductive attributes, including litter size, litter weight at weaning, farrowing rate, the return of oestrus, and many more. The increase in number of pigs born alive and weaned piglets per sow is an aim for swine husbandry.Various factors such as parity, housing, feed, gestation length, season, and temperature are considered in this paper. Sows of differing parities have performed differently.The performance was influenced by various feeding systems, comfort, spacing, aggressiveness, and disease transmission in the housing system. Feeding intake and nutrition uptake are directly connected with milk secretion as well as other traits. Season and temperature are correlated with feeding intake, time of puberty, hormonal production, and seasonal infertility.Scientists are globally working for productive breeds. However, the rearing of swine will necessitate the consideration of different non-genetic factors of their reproduction from an economicpoint of view.The goal of this study is to understand non-genetic factors that affect sow reproduction and to advise swine farmers on how to create a better environment for swine to improve productivity.

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Pressing, Anton L. "Pharmacologic Control of Swine Reproduction." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice 8, no. 3 (November 1992): 707–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0749-0720(15)30712-x.

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Rutledge, J. J. "Maternal Effects in Swine Reproduction." Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment 4, no. 5-6 (January 1990): 55–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13102818.1990.10818621.

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Kwit, Krzysztof, Małgorzata Pomorska-Mól, and Iwona Markowska-Daniel. "Infectious agents involved in reproduction failure in swine." Medycyna Weterynaryjna 72, no. 6 (2016): 345–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.5523.

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Problems in the reproduction of pigs may be the result of interaction of various factors, both infectious and non-infectious. Among the infectious agents, the greatest economic losses are caused by viral infection of pregnant gilts and sows. In the present study the most important pathogens causing reproductive disorders in pigs, including parvovirus (PPV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRSV), swine influenza virus (SIV), porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), enteroviruses, encephalitis virus (EMCV), Aujeszky's disease virus (ADV), classical swine fever virus (CSFV), Leptospira spp., Brucella suis and Erysipelotrix rhusiopathiae are characterized. So far, three possible ways of natural infection of the embryo or fetus are identified: via placenta, through the cervical canal, and by infection of the egg cell. The consequences of infection of pregnant females depend on the species of the virus, the gestation period, wherein there is an infection and immune status of pregnant females. The most common changes included: embryo death, resorption of embryos, mummification of fetuses, malformations, abortions, birth of dead or very weak piglets. Because of the importance of the reproduction sector for the competitive production of pigs, the monitoring of the health status of breeding stock, including compliance with all biosecurity rules and vaccination schedules, should be strictly respected by veterinarians taking care of pig breeding herds

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Dosen, Radoslav, Mladen Gagrcin, Jasna Prodanov, and Dusan Orlic. "Parvoviral Infections in Swine." Veterinarski glasnik 56, no. 1-2 (2002): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vetgl0202013d.

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Viral infections hold an important place among factors which can cause disorders in swine reproduction. Infections with the porcine parvovirus (PPV) are present in all herds. In the past four years, 70-77% seropositive animals have been registered in herds of the industrial type. There are increasing reports about disorders in swine reproduction, both from individual breeders and mini farmers, caused by parvoviral infections. The objective of this work is to demonstrate the latest knowledge on epizootiology, pathogenesis, diagnostics, and prophylaxis of this diseases.

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Sabev, Zh. "PROLACTIN RECEPTOR GENE (PRLR) ROLE IN SWINE REPRODUCTION." Trakia Journal of Sciences 17, no. 1 (2019): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/tjs.2019.01.012.

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PRLR gene has been studied as a candidate gene for litter size in swine because of prolactin biological functions and their association with reproduction. Prolactin receptor gene is mapped on porcine chromosome 16. The established PCR-RFLP polymorphism at PRLR locus demonstrated the presence of two alleles, А and В and three genotypes АА, АВ and ВВ. There were found different allele and genotype frequencies in different pig populations with variation of the effects of PRLR genotypes on litter traits. Additional studies should be done in specific breeds and populations to evaluate the association of existing PRLR locus polymorphism with reproductive traits before application of marker-assisted selection in these populations.

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9

Belstra, Brad A. "483 Current Knowledge Gaps in Swine Reproduction." Journal of Animal Science 99, Supplement_3 (October 8, 2021): 212–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab235.386.

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Abstract Identifying swine reproduction research opportunities, especially those that add value by addressing industry challenges and leveraging assisted reproductive technologies (ART) will be the focus of this talk. ART and genetic selection to increase pork production efficiency have been intertwined since the use of artificial insemination (AI) became widely adopted 30 years ago. Tremendous efficiency gains have been made in part by increasing litter size which is nearly 6 to 7 pigs larger today than it was in 1990. The increased farrowing duration and stillbirths, and decreased piglet birth weight, colostrum intake, and survival to weaning that has been associated with these larger litters are prime targets to be ameliorated with sow and pig management solutions. There is also clear evidence that pigs from smaller litters have the advantage of superior reproductive performance compared to those from larger litters. Thus, litter size and pre-weaning growth may need to be managed, or at least taken into account, to select the best boars and gilts for breeding stock and replacements. Any other accurate, early indicators of boar and gilt puberty, fertility, and lifetime productivity could add significant value. The seasonal fluctuation in fertility that has plagued pig production is costly and may be smoothed out by strategies that mitigate heat stress and improve health. Another opportunity to improve both pig and sow welfare may be intermittent suckling and induction of a fertile estrus and ovulation for breeding during lactation. Even more genetic and pig growth value could be added via AI with sex-sorted semen, if methods to better estimate boar fertility, deliver increased sperm quality, and more precisely synchronize or predict ovulation can be found to reduce the number of sperm required per female. Existing and evolving ART will synergize with genomics and gene editing technologies to unlock new levels of production efficiency.

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Austin, Adrian G., and Jeff G. Wiegert. "155 Opportunities and Challenges of Teaching Laboratory Content of a Swine Discipline-focused Course with Limited Swine Access." Journal of Animal Science 99, Supplement_1 (May 1, 2021): 143–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab054.244.

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Abstract In spring semester, 2020, ANSC 412: Swine Production and Management (4 credits, lecture and laboratory) was offered in the Department of Animal Science at Texas A&M University following a period of nonappearance in the curriculum. Simultaneously, planned renovation of the campus swine teaching farm required depopulation of the existing herd. Hence, animal access for course laboratories was restricted for the 2020 spring and fall semesters. The objective is to present strategies to achieve effective laboratory learning objectives with limited livestock access. Average course enrollment in 2020 spring and fall semesters was 11 students of junior and senior standing. The course laboratory was held for two hours weekly for fifteen weeks. COVID-19 interruption of the spring semester, and arrival of pigs to the campus swine teaching farm in the fall semester, necessitated creation of ten equivalent laboratory sessions per semester. Example laboratory sessions include: panels with swine industry professionals, Pork Quality Assurance version 4.0 certification, virtual farm tours, evaluating genetic merit with National Swine Registry Swine Testing and Genetic Evaluation System EPD data and indexes, understanding least-cost diet formulation with diet formulation software, creating and implementing a Secure Pork Supply enhanced biosecurity plan for the campus swine farm, and multiple case study models of troubleshooting reproductive deficiencies with the US Pork Center of Excellence National Swine Reproduction Guide. Laboratory session execution facilitated achievement of TAMU Department of Animal Science programmatic learning outcomes, specifically: understanding animal breeding programs, animal husbandry, reproductive management, and nutrient conversion, and assessing business models and application of animal management strategies. In future semesters with unrestricted swine access for teaching, live-animal handling will be emphasized in the syllabus, yet preservation of effective classroom-based laboratories will persist. These methods have value for instructors operating without campus swine resources and those whose laboratory content has been impacted by COVID-19 disruption.

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Yeste, Marc. "Introduction to the special issue on swine reproduction." Theriogenology 85, no. 1 (January 2016): 2–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2015.10.024.

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Kauffold, Johannes, Olli Peltoniemi, Axel Wehrend, and Gary C. Althouse. "Principles and Clinical Uses of Real-Time Ultrasonography in Female Swine Reproduction." Animals 9, no. 11 (November 11, 2019): 950. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9110950.

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Within the past 30 years, through ongoing technology and portability developments, real-time (b-mode) ultrasonography (RTU) has increasingly become a valuable diagnostic tool in assessing the female reproductive tract in swine. Initially applied in swine production to visually determine pregnancy status, RTU use has expanded to include assessment of the peri-pubertal and mature non-pregnant females as well. Transabdominal and transrectal modalities to visualizing the reproductive tract in swine have been reported with the transabdominal approach more common due to the fact of its ease of accessibility, animal/personnel safety, and reduced time to perform. Adjustable frequency transducers are preferred as they allow optimization of image quality at various depths. If a single transducer frequency must be selected, a 5 MHz probe provides the best versatility for visualizing the reproductive tract in swine. Other basic requirements for ultrasound equipment which will be used on commercial swine farms include being light weight and easy to handle, readily cleanable and disinfectable, long battery-life, and good durability. When using RTU for pregnancy determination, diagnosis is based upon a combination of the animal’s breeding records, the presence of embryonic fluid, and, depending upon gestational stage, fetal structures. If RTU is used as a diagnostic tool in assessing reproductive problems in an individual or a group of animals, sonographic evaluation of both the uterus and ovaries is performed. Tissues are delineated and assessed based upon their echogenicity, echotexture, and size. Uses of RTU in clinical practice may include assessment of delayed puberty, prolonged wean-to-estrus interval, absence of post-weaning estrus, herd disruptions in conception and farrowing rates, vulval discharge, peripartum and puerperal disorders. This review aims to provide an overview on principles and clinical uses of RTU with respect to application to address female reproductive performance issues in commercial swine operations.

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Varatanovic, N., K. Amela, T. Mutevelic, B. Cengic, and N. Mlaco. "Folicular activity of ovaries in sows, crosses of Swedish Landrace and Large White in post partum and oestrus." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 24, no. 3-4 (2008): 109–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah0804109v.

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Swine breeding production as one of the most perspective branch in livestock farming require particular attention when it is about reproduction of the flock. Final goal of every swine breeding farm is of course to increase reproduction of the animals and ensure healthy progeny. Aim of our research was to on the basis of detailed microscopic analyze of the ovaries in researched periods and results obtained accelerate reproduction in swine breeding production and by that total flock craft. We have culled 36 sows cross breed of Swedish Landrace and Large White whose are breaded in farm conditions in the periods of estrous and post partum. Immediately after culling we have separated ovaries from surrounding tissue and using micrometer we have measured length and width of evident follicles. Obtained results showed that the most ideal period for next mating of sows is 21 to 28 days post partum, when the biggest values of examined parameters had been recorded - length and width of follicles, what indicate to increase of ovarial activity.

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Wang, Bingyuan, Mingrui Zhang, Jingjing Che, Kui Li, Yulian Mu, and Zhiguo Liu. "Wild-type p53-induced phosphatase 1 (WIP1) regulates the proliferation of swine Sertoli cells through P53." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 32, no. 18 (2020): 1350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd20215.

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Wild-type p53-induced phosphatase 1 (WIP1) plays an oncogenic function by increasing cell proliferation in various cancer types. Deficiency in WIP1 expression leads to male infertility, possibly by impairing the blood–testis barrier and spermatogenesis. However, how WIP1 functions in the Sertoli cells to affect male reproduction remains unclear. Thus, in the present study we used a swine Sertoli cell line to investigate whether WIP1 regulated the proliferation of Sertoli cells to participate in male reproduction. The WIP1 inhibitor GSK2830371, WIP1-short interference (si) RNAs and an upstream microRNA (miR-16) were used to inhibit the expression of WIP1, after which the proliferation of swine Sertoli cells, P53 expression and the levels of P53 phosphorylation were determined. Inhibiting WIP1 expression suppressed swine Sertoli cell proliferation, increased P53 expression and increased levels of P53 phosphorylation. In addition, overexpression of miR-16 in swine Sertoli cells resulted in a decrease in WIP1 expression and increases in both P53 expression and P53 phosphorylation. Together, these findings suggest that WIP1 positively regulates the proliferation of swine Sertoli cells by inhibiting P53 phosphorylation, and the miR-16 is likely also involved by targeting WIP1.

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Wei, Zhengkai, Tingting Yu, Jingjing Wang, Chaoqun Wang, Xiao Liu, Zhen Han, Xu Zhang, Yong Zhang, Hongsheng Ouyang, and Zhengtao Yang. "Swine sperm induces neutrophil extracellular traps that entangle sperm and embryos." Reproduction 160, no. 2 (August 2020): 217–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-19-0327.

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Sperm motility, fertilization and embryo implantation are several important factors in reproduction. Except healthy state of sperm and embryo themselves, successful pregnancy is closely related to the status of female reproductive tract immune system. Increased immune cells in reproductive tract often leads to low sperm motility and low chance of embryo implantation, but the mechanisms remain not well clarified. The aim of this study is to investigate the direct effects of swine polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) on sperm or embryo in vitro and then try to clarify the molecular mechanisms undergoing the phenomenon. Swine sperm-triggered neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). PMNs phagocytosis of sperms was examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Sperm-triggered NETs were quantitated by Pico Green®. Vital staining of the interaction between PMNs and embryo were observed by using confocal microscope. It was showed that PMNs were directly activated by sperm in the form of phagocytosis or casting NETs and that sperm-triggered-NETs formation was made up with DNA co-located with citrullinated histone 3 (citH3) and myeloperoxidase (MPO). In addition, the potential mechanism of NETs release was relevant to NADPH oxidase, ERK1/2 or p38 MAPK signaling pathways. Of great interest was that swine embryo was first found entangled in NETs in vitro, but the function and mechanism of this action in vivo fertilization still needed further investigation. In conclusion, this is the first report about swine sperm-induced NETs that entangle sperm and embryo, which might provide an entirely understanding of swine reproductive physiology and immunology.

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Markova, E., L. Lyulkova, R. Melnik, and V. Popova. "Cultural properties of swine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus isolate." Agrarian Bulletin of the 195, no. 4 (May 13, 2020): 71–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.32417/1997-4868-2020-195-4-71-77.

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Abstract. This article summarizes the results of a study of the cultural properties of the swine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus isolate in transferable cultures of MA-104, PK-15, MARC-145 and Vero cells. The purpose of our research was to determine the sensitivity of cell culture lines to the swine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus isolate, which is necessary for obtaining a highly active antigen as the main component of diagnostic and vaccine biologics. An isolate of the virus was isolated from a Piglet in the LPH of the Moscow region of the Kolomenskoye district. The isolated isolate of an infectious disease of pigs by the method of molecular biological analysis is characterized in the established order for this pathogen. Novelty. The possibility of reproduction in MARC-145 cell culture has been demonstrated. Results. It was shown that during reproduction of the virus isolate in cell culture for 96 ± 6 hours at a dose of 0.1 TCD50 / cell infection, an antigen with high biological activity was obtained. Infectious activity of the virus on the MARC-145 culture averaged 5.51 ± 0.45 lg TCD50/cm3 after the first three passages (after adaptation). Real-time PCR confirmed the presence of the virus genome in the test samples. Detection of the virus antigen in an infected cell culture was determined by the manifestation of a specific glow in the indirect immunofluorescence (RNIF) reaction in the cell culture monolayer fixed with acetone. It was found that FITZ-conjugate of rabbit polyclonal antibodies to pig immunoglobulins detected antigen-containing cells due to intense illumination.

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Petrovic, Milica, Milan Teodorovic, Dragan Radojkovic, and Ivan Radovic. "Variability of production characteristics of swine in farms in Serbia." Veterinarski glasnik 56, no. 1-2 (2002): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vetgl0202089p.

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Work on pig enhancement will continue to deal with improving reproduction characteristics, growth characteristics, feed utilization, trunk and meat quality, and management confidence. On the one hand, adequate methods of quantitative and mollecular genetics will be used, and on the other there will be efforts to increase probability that genetic potential of the animal is exhibited in practical conditions. The objective of this work was to see how and to what extent genetic potential in swine is exhibited in practical conditions. The variability of production characteristics of swine in farms in the Republic of Serbia was examined during a period of 10 years (1991-2000). Reproductive, fattening and trunk quality characteristics varied among farms, genotypes and year of investigation. The average revealed analyzed characteristics in swine are not satisfactory. There is a wide range in the variation of all characteristics among the farms. There are differences between the characteristics of the same swine genotype with regard to the tendency they exhibit per year or farm. Some of them have not shown a clear tendency to increase or reduce, but varied from year to year. The effects of selection and cross-breeding differed considerably.

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C., Soriano-Úbeda, Matás C., and García-Vázquez FA. "An overview of swine artificial insemination: Retrospective, current and prospective aspects." Journal of Experimental and Applied Animal Sciences 1, no. 1 (October 11, 2013): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.20454/jeaas.2013.709.

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Assistant reproduction technologies are in constant evolution, among them the artificial insemination (AI). AI has been successfully used in pigs for decades, especially to improve boar efficienc and productivity. Lately, swine AI has taken on a new lease of life since efficient AI is essential for solving future challenges in the porcine industry and to enhance productivity. The present paper summarizes several factors concerning AI, starting with an overview of some physiological aspects including the female reproductive tract and sperm transport, as well as sperm losses during insemination and uterus sperm selection. Strategies developed to reduce the number of sperm during the AI process, are also reviewed, along with their combination with new reproductive technologies for application in pig production in the near future.

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Lindemann, M. D. "Supplemental folic acid: a requirement for optimizing swine reproduction." Journal of Animal Science 71, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): 239–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/1993.711239x.

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Pena, F. J., J. C. Dominguez, and B. Alegre. "Effect of prostaglandin F2 on seasonality of swine reproduction." Veterinary Record 142, no. 8 (February 21, 1998): 194–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.142.8.194.

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Sinclair, A. G. "Ultrasonography and Reproduction in Swine: Principles and Practical Applications." Animal Reproduction Science 64, no. 1-2 (December 2000): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4320(00)00199-8.

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Chuchard, Pearanat, Din Prathumwan, Kamonchat Trachoo, Wasan Maiaugree, and Inthira Chaiya. "The SLI-SC Mathematical Model of African Swine Fever Transmission among Swine Farms: The Effect of Contaminated Human Vector." Axioms 11, no. 7 (July 6, 2022): 329. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/axioms11070329.

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In this paper, a mathematical model for African swine fever is modified by considering the swine farm with the contaminated human vector that is able to infect and spread the disease among swine farms. In the developed model, we have divided the swine farm density into three related groups, namely the susceptible swine farm compartment, latent swine farm compartment, and infectious swine farm compartment. On the other hand, the human vector population density has been separated into two classes, namely the susceptible human vector compartment and the infectious human vector compartment. After that, we use this model and a quarantine strategy to analyze the spread of the infection. In addition, the basic reproduction number R0 is determined by using the next-generation matrix, which can analyze the stability of the model. Finally, the numerical simulations of the proposed model are illustrated to confirm the results from theorems. The results showed that the transmission coefficient values per unit of time per individual between the human vector and the swine farm resulted in the spread of African swine fever.

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Ando, Imaeda, Matsubara, Takasu, Miyamoto, Oshima, Nishii, et al. "Genetic Association between Swine Leukocyte Antigen Class II Haplotypes and Reproduction Traits in Microminipigs." Cells 8, no. 8 (July 26, 2019): 783. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells8080783.

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The effects of swine leukocyte antigen (SLA) molecules on numerous production and reproduction performance traits have been mainly reported as associations with specific SLA haplotypes that were assigned using serological typing methods. In this study, we intended to clarify the association between SLA class II genes and reproductive traits in a highly inbred population of 187 Microminipigs (MMP), that have eight different types of SLA class II haplotypes. In doing so, we compared the reproductive performances, such as fertility index, gestation period, litter size, and number of stillbirth among SLA class II low resolution haplotypes (Lrs) that were assigned by a polymerase chain reaction-sequence specific primers (PCR-SSP) typing method. Only low resolution haplotypes were used in this study because the eight SLA class II high-resolution haplotypes had been assigned to the 14 parents or the progenitors of the highly inbred MMP herd in a previous publication. The fertility index of dams with Lr-0.13 was significantly lower than that of dams with Lr-0.16, Lr-0.17, Lr-0.18, or Lr-0.37. Dams with Lr-0.23 had significantly smaller litter size at birth than those with Lr-0.17, Lr-0.18, or Lr-0.37. Furthermore, litter size at weaning of dams with Lr-0.23 was also significantly smaller than those dams with Lr-0.16, Lr-0.17, Lr-0.18, or Lr-0.37. The small litter size of dams with Lr-0.23 correlated with the smaller body sizes of these MMPs. These results suggest that SLA class II haplotypes are useful differential genetic markers for further haplotypic and epistatic studies of reproductive traits, selective breeding programs, and improvements in the production and reproduction performances of MMPs.

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Mazloum, Ali, I. Yu Zhukov, A. S. Pershin, A. S. Igolkin, and N. N. Vlasova. "EFFECT OF p30 RECOMBINANT PROTEIN ON AFRICAN SWINE FEVER VIRUS IN VITRO REPRODUCTION." Veterinary Science Today, no. 3 (October 3, 2018): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.29326/2304-196x-2018-3-26-3-7.

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African swine fever specific prevention means have not been developed yet. However, it is necessary to study the function of definite viral proteins, their role in immune response morphogenesis and induction to determine the components to be included into ASF protection drugs. It was established that p54 and p30 proteins participate in virus penetration and internalization and are able to induce protective antibodies in immunized pigs. The inoculation of these proteins into ASFV-infected cell culture has an impact on virus reproduction to different extents. The results of the study of purified recombinant protein p30 effect, derived from E. coli clone, containing pET32b(+)/р30 plasmid, on ASFV in vitro reproduction are presented. The greatest decrease, including complete inhibition of virus reproduction, was observed when 300 ng of p30 were inoculated into porcine spleen and marrow primary cell cultures, infected with the ASFV Krasnodar 07/17 isolate at the dose of 100 HAU per plate (~ 0.01 HAU per cell). It was noted that if the mixture of p30 and p54 was inoculated into a sample, the virus reproduction was greater compared to the use of only p30.

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Mahfuz, Shad, Hong-Seok Mun, Muhammad Ammar Dilawar, and Chul-Ju Yang. "Applications of Smart Technology as a Sustainable Strategy in Modern Swine Farming." Sustainability 14, no. 5 (February 23, 2022): 2607. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14052607.

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The size of the pork market is increasing globally to meet the demand for animal protein, resulting in greater farm size for swine and creating a great challenge to swine farmers and industry owners in monitoring the farm activities and the health and behavior of the herd of swine. In addition, the growth of swine production is resulting in a changing climate pattern along with the environment, animal welfare, and human health issues, such as antimicrobial resistance, zoonosis, etc. The profit of swine farms depends on the optimum growth and good health of swine, while modern farming practices can ensure healthy swine production. To solve these issues, a future strategy should be considered with information and communication technology (ICT)-based smart swine farming, considering auto-identification, remote monitoring, feeding behavior, animal rights/welfare, zoonotic diseases, nutrition and food quality, labor management, farm operations, etc., with a view to improving meat production from the swine industry. Presently, swine farming is not only focused on the development of infrastructure but is also occupied with the application of technological knowledge for designing feeding programs, monitoring health and welfare, and the reproduction of the herd. ICT-based smart technologies, including smart ear tags, smart sensors, the Internet of Things (IoT), deep learning, big data, and robotics systems, can take part directly in the operation of farm activities, and have been proven to be effective tools for collecting, processing, and analyzing data from farms. In this review, which considers the beneficial role of smart technologies in swine farming, we suggest that smart technologies should be applied in the swine industry. Thus, the future swine industry should be automated, considering sustainability and productivity.

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26

Kerr, J. C. "Report of the 1994 braude scholarship to the british society of animal science: improving reproductive performance in pigs." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1995 (March 1995): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200590139.

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In recent years, the emphasis on reproductive performance in pigs has increased, although the favourable impact of improving reproductive performance on the overall efficiency of production has long been recognised. There is widespread agreement that increasing the number of pigs per sow per year should be a major objective of the pig industry, particularly as limits in fat reduction are approached. The 1994 British Society of Animal Science Braude Scholarship was used to investigate current research in the area of swine reproduction and identify particular areas of concern as perceived by the North American pig industry. The main objectives of the scholarship were to (1) present a paper at the Fifth World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production (2) visit research establishments in the USA to discuss current research projects in pigs, with particular emphasis on genetic variation in reproduction traits and (3) visit major pig breeding companies in the USA to discuss the application of research results in modern pig breeding programmes and the required future research.

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27

Kerr, J. C. "Report of the 1994 braude scholarship to the british society of animal science: improving reproductive performance in pigs." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1995 (March 1995): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600027847.

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In recent years, the emphasis on reproductive performance in pigs has increased, although the favourable impact of improving reproductive performance on the overall efficiency of production has long been recognised. There is widespread agreement that increasing the number of pigs per sow per year should be a major objective of the pig industry, particularly as limits in fat reduction are approached. The 1994 British Society of Animal Science Braude Scholarship was used to investigate current research in the area of swine reproduction and identify particular areas of concern as perceived by the North American pig industry. The main objectives of the scholarship were to (1) present a paper at the Fifth World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production (2) visit research establishments in the USA to discuss current research projects in pigs, with particular emphasis on genetic variation in reproduction traits and (3) visit major pig breeding companies in the USA to discuss the application of research results in modern pig breeding programmes and the required future research.

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28

Markowska-Daniel, Iwona, Karol Wierzchosławski, Kinga Urbaniak, and Aandrzej Kowalczyk. "First Isolation of the H1N2 Swine Influenza Virus in Polish Pig Farm." Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy 57, no. 1 (March 1, 2013): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bvip-2013-0002.

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Abstract The paper describes an outbreak of swine influenza, which was the first H1N2 outbreak confirmed in pig farm in Poland. The outbreak occurred in October 2011 in the farrows to finish farm, first in the fattening units, and subsequently in the reproduction and weaning sectors. Samples of the lungs taken from dead gilts were tested by the use of real time and multiplex PCR, sequencing, and virus isolation methods. The amplification of the genetic material extracted from the lungs confirmed the presence of the M1 gene sequence of type A influenza virus. Using multiplex PCR, the bands of 241 bp, typical for HA1 human-like type, and of 791 bp, typical for NA2, were demonstrated. The new isolates of swine influenza virus, named A/swine/Poland/15817/2011, were obtained in embryonated SPF chicken eggs and MDCK cells. Phylogenetic analysis of the HA and NA genes of the isolate revealed that the virus is of human swine linkage closely related to European human-like viruses. On the basis of such results, it can be stated that A/Swine/Poland/15817/2011 is a new swine influenza virus, representing the H1N2 subtype strain, which emerged in Poland.

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29

Ziemak, J., and W. Grzesiak. "Associations between polymorphism of the steroid 21-hydroxylase gene (<i>CYP21</i>) and litter size of Polish Large White × Polish Landrace sows* (short communication)." Archives Animal Breeding 49, no. 2 (October 10, 2006): 158–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/aab-49-158-2006.

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Abstract. research because of the large economic impact these discoveries could have on the swine industry. The steroid 21-hydroxylase (CYP21) gene is located on chromosome 7 in the middle of the swine leukocyte antigen class (SLA) is regarded as a "candidate – gene" reproduction traits. Associations between polymorphism of the steroid 21-hydroxylase gene (CYP21) and litter size of Polish Large White × Polish Landrace sows were analysed. The 21-hydroxylase genotypes of all 286 animals were determined using a PCR-RFLP procedure. The frequencies of genotypes and alleles of CYP21/NciI and CYP21/HaeIII were follows: 0.077 – AA, 0.308 – AB, 0.615 – BB and 0.231 for CYP21/NciIA, 0.769 for CYP21/NciIB; 0.010 – AA, 0.420 – AB, 0.570 – BB and 0.221 for CYP21/HaeIIIA and 0.779 for CYP21/HaeIIIB. The CYP21/NciI genotype was significantly associated with the total number of piglets born, born alive and alive at weaning in the 5th – 10th parities. The sows with BB genotype had significantly (P≤0.01) higher level of traits than the animals with AB genotype. Analysis of reproductive traits in dependence on CYP21/NciI genotypes showed the statistically significant differences (P≤0.05) in number of piglets died before the day of weaned in 2-4 parities. The lowest value of this trait was found for the sows with the AB genotype (2.05%), while the highest – for the pigs with BB genotype (3.54%). Associations between CYP21/HaeIII and reproduction traits were not observed.

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30

Ross, Jason W., Benjamin J. Hale, Jacob T. Seibert, Matthew R. Romoser, Malavika K. Adur, Aileen F. Keating, and Lance H. Baumgard. "208 Molecular mechanisms through which heat stress compromises reproduction in pigs." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_2 (July 2019): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz122.212.

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Abstract Seasonal variations in environmental temperatures impose added stress on domestic species bred for economically important production traits. These heat-mediated stressors vary on a seasonal, daily, or spatial scale, and negatively impact behavior and reduce feed intake and growth rate, which inevitably leads to reduced herd productivity. The seasonal infertility observed in domestic swine is primarily characterized by depressed reproductive performance manifesting as delayed puberty onset, reduced farrowing rates, and extended weaning-to-estrus intervals. Understanding the effects of heat stress at the organismal, cellular, and molecular level is a prerequisite to identifying mitigation strategies that could reduce the economic burden of compromised reproduction. Additionally, hyperthermia experienced in utero influences industry-relevant postnatal phenotypes. Understanding tissue-specific molecular mechanisms through which heat stress confers suppressed reproductive ability is essential to the development of mitigation focused hypothesis driven solutions. This work was supported by the National Pork Board and the Iowa Pork Producers Association.

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31

Parra-Aguirre, Juan, Roman Nosach, Champika Fernando, Janet E. Hill, Heather L. Wilson, and John C. S. Harding. "Experimental natural transmission (seeder pig) models for reproduction of swine dysentery." PLOS ONE 17, no. 9 (September 27, 2022): e0275173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0275173.

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Swine dysentery is causally associated with Brachyspira hampsonii and B. hyodysenteriae infection. Given the importance of transmission models in understanding re-emergent diseases and developing control strategies such as vaccines, the objective of this experiment was to evaluate two experimental natural transmission (seeder pig) models in grower pigs, each with 24 animals. Seeder pigs were intragastrically inoculated using broth cultures of either B. hampsonii strain 30446 (genomovar II) or B. hyodysenteriae strain G44. In trial 1, three seeder pigs were placed into two pens containing nine susceptible contact pigs creating a 1:3 seeder:contact ratio. This was sufficient to achieve natural B. hampsonii infection of 13/18 (72%) contact pigs, however, the incidence of mucoid or mucohemorrhagic diarrhea (MMHD) in contact pigs differed significantly between pens (4/9 versus 9/9; P = 0.03). In trial 2, eight seeder pigs inoculated intragastrically with B. hampsonii did not develop MMHD but when re-inoculated with B. hyodysenteriae 14 days later, all developed mucohemorrhagic diarrhea within 13 days of re-inoculation. Two seeder pigs were placed into each of 4 contact pens each containing 4 pigs. This 1:2 seeder:contact ratio resulted in natural infection of 14/16 (87%) contact pigs with incubation period ranging from 9–15 days. There were no significant differences among pens in incubation period, duration, clinical period or severity of diarrhea. These trials demonstrated that a 1:2 seeder:contact ratio with groups of six grower pigs per pen sustained natural transmission of B. hyodysenteriae G44 with greater consistency in the incidence of MMHD among pens compared to a B. hampsonii 30446 transmission model using 1:3 seeder:contact ratio in pens of 12. Understanding why B. hampsonii intragastric inoculation failed in one experiment warrants additional research.

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32

Kirkpatrick, B. W., and J. J. Rutledge. "Influence of Prenatal and Postnatal Fraternity Size on Reproduction in Swine." Journal of Animal Science 66, no. 10 (1988): 2530. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas1988.66102530x.

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33

Goodband, R. D., M. D. Tokach, M. A. D. Goncalves, J. C. Woodworth, S. S. Dritz, and J. M. DeRouchey. "Nutritional enhancement during pregnancy and its effects on reproduction in swine." Animal Frontiers 3, no. 4 (October 1, 2013): 68–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/af.2013-0036.

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34

De Rensis, F., R. Saleri, P. Tummaruk, M. Techakumphu та R. N. Kirkwood. "Prostaglandin F2α and control of reproduction in female swine: A review". Theriogenology 77, № 1 (січень 2012): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.07.035.

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35

Yang, H. H., R. J. Aulerich, W. Helferich, B. Yamini, K. C. Chou, E. R. Miller, and S. J. Bursian. "Effects of zearalenone and/or tamoxifen on swine and mink reproduction." Journal of Applied Toxicology 15, no. 3 (May 1995): 223–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jat.2550150314.

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36

Rypula, K., A. Kumala, P. Lis, K. Niemczuk, K. Płoneczka-Janeczko, and Z. Pejsak. "Rapid detection of Chlamydia/Chlamydophila group in samples collected from swine herds with and without reproductive disorders." Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences 17, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 367–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pjvs-2014-0052.

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Abstract The study was carried out in seven reproductive herds of pigs. In three of them reproductive disorders were observed. Three herds consisted of 10-50 and four consisted of 120-500 adult sows and they were called small and medium, respectively. Fifty-seven adult sows were randomly selected from herds. Serum samples were tested using the complement fixation test and swabs from both eyes and from the vaginal vestibule were examined using real-time PCR. All serum samples were negative. Infected sows were present in each of the study herds. In total, there were 28 positive samples (53%, 28/48) in real-time PCR in sows with reproductive disorders and 35 (53%, 35/66) in sows selected from herds without problems in reproduction. One isolate proved to be Chlamydophila pecorum, whereas all the remaining were Chamydia suis

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37

Ando, Asako, Tatsuya Matsubara, Shingo Suzuki, Noriaki Imaeda, Masaki Takasu, Atsuko Shigenari, Asuka Miyamoto, et al. "Genetic Association between Farrowing Rates and Swine Leukocyte Antigen Alleles or Haplotypes in Microminipigs." Cells 11, no. 19 (October 5, 2022): 3138. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11193138.

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We have previously reported specific swine leukocyte antigen (SLA) haplotype associations with significant effects on several reproduction performance traits in a highly inbred miniature pig population of Microminipigs (MMPs). In this study, to clarify the effects on farrowing rates of SLA similarity between mating partners in the MMP population, we compared the farrowing rates as a measure of reproductive success after 1063-cumulative matings among the following three groups of mating partners: (1) completely sharing SLA class I or class II haplotypes or alleles between partners (CS), (2) only one sharing the haplotypes or alleles (OS), and (3) non-sharing the haplotypes or alleles (NS). Average farrowing rates in CS groups consisting of completely sharing SLA class II haplotypes or DRBI and DQB1 alleles were lowest in the three groups. Moreover, lower farrowing rates were indicated in mating pairs with smaller amino acid pairwise genetic distances of SLA-1, SLA-3, DRB1 and DQB1 alleles between the pairs. These results suggested that the dissimilarity of SLA class I and class II alleles between mating partners markedly improved reproductive performance; therefore, SLA alleles or haplotypes are potentially useful genetic markers for the selection of mating pairs in breeding programs and epistatic studies of reproductive traits of MMPs.

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38

Honeyman, Mark S. "Västgötmodellen: Sweden's sustainable alternative for swine production." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 10, no. 3 (September 1995): 129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300006305.

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AbstractIn a harsh, northern climate and under restrictive animal welfare laws and a strict ban on the use of subtherapeutic antibiotics, Swedish pig farmers have developed a managementintensive system of pig production that relies on straw, the animals' natural behavior, group housing dynamics, and keen husbandry skills. The system is very efficient, with excellent pig reproduction and growth performance. The housing is simple and versatile. Called “Västgötmodellen” after the region in western Sweden where it was developed by farmers during the 1980s, the system now is successfully used on approximately 100 farms in Sweden. The system is specific to producing feeder or weanerpigs of 25 to 30 kg for feeding in more conventional European-style finishing units. Västgötmodellen may represent an agricultural system that is well adapted and economically competitive on modest-sized farms but not well suited for very large farms.

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39

Chew, Boon P. "Effects of supplemental β-carotene and vitamin A on reproduction in swine". Journal of Animal Science 71, № 1 (1 січня 1993): 247–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/1993.711247x.

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40

Humpolíček, Petr, Zdeněk Tvrdoň, and Tomáš Urban. "Breeding for reproduction traits in context of multiplication herds efficiency in swine." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 61, no. 3 (2013): 647–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201361030647.

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Presented study is a follow-up to the studies focused on effect of different selection pressure applied on two subpopulations of purebred Czech Large White sows on performance in multiplication herds. Higher selection pressure particularly on litter size and number of function nipples, while lower pressure on growth performance was applied in one population. About 1214 farrows of 393 F1 Czech Large White sows were included into statistical evaluation. The mixed linear models using the procedure REML in SAS for Windows 9.1.2. was used. The hypothesis that progeny of sows from hyper-prolific subpopulation breed in multiplier herds have different performance was not confirmed which is in contrast to previous studies. This non-homogeneity can be related to non-additive genetic effects which are caused by crossbreeding while selection methods are based on additive models.

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41

GAUTSCHI, C., and C. GAILLARD. "Influence of major histocompatibility complex on reproduction and production traits in swine." Animal Genetics 21, no. 2 (April 1990): 161–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2052.1990.tb03221.x.

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42

Mayorga, E. J., J. W. Ross, A. F. Keating, R. P. Rhoads, and L. H. Baumgard. "Biology of heat stress; the nexus between intestinal hyperpermeability and swine reproduction." Theriogenology 154 (September 2020): 73–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.05.023.

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43

DeRouchey, Joel M., Mike D. Tokach, Robert D. Goodband, Jason C. Woodworth, Steve S. Dritz, and Mariana Boscato Menegat. "27 Defining a robust sow: swine nutrition perspective on reproduction and lactation." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_2 (July 2019): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz122.023.

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Abstract Improvements in modern sow prolificacy have markedly increased the number of pigs weaned, thus the ability of sows to provide nutrients to support fetal growth and milk production has been enhanced. The goals of the gestation nutrition program consist of meeting the nutrient requirements for maintenance and growth and for adequate conceptus development, while managing body condition. Early gestation represents the best opportunity for replenishing body reserves, whereas in late gestation, both estimated protein deposition and energy requirement are exponentially increased and directed towards fetal growth and mammary development. Increased feed intake after breeding has been presumed to be detrimental to embryo survival; however, data with modern line sows demonstrates to feed thin sows to recover body condition as quickly as possible while avoiding feed deprivation immediately after breeding. Importance of body condition scoring remains unchanged: feed thin sows to bring back to adequate body condition and prevent over-conditioned sows at farrowing. A recent meta-analysis showed increasing late gestation feed intake seems to modestly improve piglet birth weight by 28 g per piglet in gilts and sows. Also, recent findings in gestating sows suggest modern genotypes have improved feed efficiency and propensity for growth. Therefore, increasing energy intake during late gestation has a modest effect on piglet birth weight and a negative effect on stillborn rate. Historically, lactation catabolism impacted subsequent reproductive performance of sows, particularly in first-parity. However, contemporary sows appear to be increasingly resistant to the negative effects of lactational catabolism. Even so, continued emphasis on maximizing lactation feed intake is critical to support milk production and prevent excessive lean tissue mobilization. Research data suggests that ad libitum feeding and offering lactation diets during the wean-to-estrus interval is not needed. Modern genetic sow lines appear to be more robust from a nutritional perspective than in the past.

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44

KLINKENBERG, D., J. DE BREE, H. LAEVENS, and M. C. M. DE JONG. "Within- and between-pen transmission of Classical Swine Fever Virus: a new method to estimate the basic reproduction ratio from transmission experiments." Epidemiology and Infection 128, no. 2 (April 2002): 293–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268801006537.

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We present a method to estimate basic reproduction ratio R0 from transmission experiments. By using previously published data of experiments with Classical Swine Fever Virus more extensively, we obtained smaller confidence intervals than the martingale method used in the original papers. Moreover, our method allows simultaneous estimation of a reproduction ratio within pens R0w and a modified reproduction ratio between pens R′0b. Resulting estimates of R0w and R′0b for weaner pigs were 100 (95% CI 54·4–186) and 7·77 (4·68–12·9), respectively. For slaughter pigs they were 15·5 (6·20–38·7) and 3·39 (1·54–7·45), respectively. We believe, because of the smaller confidence intervals we were able to obtain, that the method presented here is better suited for use in future experiments.

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45

Kirkwood, R. N., A. J. Peacock, and P. A. Thacker. "The influence of growth hormone injections either pre- or post-breeding on the reproductive performance of sows and gilts." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 73, no. 2 (June 1, 1993): 259–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas93-028.

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Two experiments were conducted to examine the effect of porcine growth hormone (pGH) injections on reproductive performance of swine. In exp. 1, 62 mixed-parity Yorkshire × Land-race sows received 6 mg of pGH either daily (n = 20) or on alternate days (n = 20) from 2 d preweaning until 4 d postweaning, with remaining sows (n = 22) serving as controls. A single blood sample was obtained from each sow prior to the first injection, at weaning and at 4 d postweaning and samples were assayed for insulin, IGF-I and triiodothyronine (T3). Serum insulin tended (P = 0.1) to be higher at 4 d postweaning in sows injected daily but was unaffected by injections on alternate days. However, T3 and IGF-I were higher (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively) in both pGH groups compared with controls. No significant effects of either pGH treatment were apparent for the mean remating interval or subsequent litter size but the rebreeding interval was less variable (P < 0.01) for sows injected on alternate days. In experiment two, 40 Yorkshire × Landrace gilts received either 6 mg of pGH or vehicle on alternate days from days 5 to 21 of pregnancy. Single blood samples were obtained on days 5, 10, 15 and 20 of pregnancy and were assayed for insulin, IGF-I, T3 and progesterone. The injection of pGH had no effect on serum insulin or progesterone, caused a mild increase (P = 0.15) in serum T3 and increased (P < 0.01) serum IGF-I. There was no effect of treatment on pregnancy rate, ovulation rate, number of embryos or on embryo weight or crown-rump length. From the data of both experiments, we conclude that the injection of pGH either pre- or post-breeding will not improve the reproductive performance of swine. Key words: Growth hormone, IGF-I, reproduction, swine

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46

MASUDA, Hiroshi. "Retrospection of swine science research in Japan. Reproduction, egg transfer and artificial insemination." Nihon Yoton Gakkaishi 31 (1994): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5938/youton.31.suppl_23.

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47

Ciornei, Ştefan, Dan Drugociu, Liliana Margareta Ciornei, Mihai Mareş, and Petru Roşca. "Total Aseptization of Boar Semen, to Increase the Biosecurity of Reproduction in Swine." Molecules 26, no. 20 (October 13, 2021): 6183. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26206183.

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The aim of the study was to establish the complete microbiological profile of boar semen (Sus scrofa domesticus) and to choose the most effective antiseptic measures in order to control and optimize AI reproduction in pig farms. One hundred and one semen samples were collected and analyzed from several pig farms. The microbiological profile of ejaculates was determined by evaluating the degree of contamination of fresh semen and after dilution with specific extenders. The bacterial and fungal load of fresh boar semen recorded an average value of 82.41/0.149 × 103 CFU/mL, while after diluting the ejaculates the contamination value was 0.354/0.140 × 103 CFU/mL. Twenty-four germs (15 bacterial and 9 fungal species) were isolated, the most common being Candida parapsilosis/sake (92%) and Escherichia coli (81.2%). Modification of the sperm collection protocol (HPBC) reduced contamination in raw sperm by 49.85% in bacteria (significant (p < 0.00001) and by 9.67% in fungi (non-significant (p < 0.111491). The load in bacteria and filamentous fungi can be controllable, but not in levuras fungi. Some fluconazole-added extenders (12.5 mg%), ensure fungal aseptization, and even an increase in sperm progressivity (8.39%) for at least a 12 h shelf life after dilution. Validation of sperm aseptization was done by maintaining sow fecundity unchanged after AI (insignificant p > 0.05).

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48

Ciornei, Ştefan, Dan Drugociu, Liliana Margareta Ciornei, Mihai Mareş, and Petru Roşca. "Total Aseptization of Boar Semen, to Increase the Biosecurity of Reproduction in Swine." Molecules 26, no. 20 (October 13, 2021): 6183. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26206183.

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The aim of the study was to establish the complete microbiological profile of boar semen (Sus scrofa domesticus) and to choose the most effective antiseptic measures in order to control and optimize AI reproduction in pig farms. One hundred and one semen samples were collected and analyzed from several pig farms. The microbiological profile of ejaculates was determined by evaluating the degree of contamination of fresh semen and after dilution with specific extenders. The bacterial and fungal load of fresh boar semen recorded an average value of 82.41/0.149 × 103 CFU/mL, while after diluting the ejaculates the contamination value was 0.354/0.140 × 103 CFU/mL. Twenty-four germs (15 bacterial and 9 fungal species) were isolated, the most common being Candida parapsilosis/sake (92%) and Escherichia coli (81.2%). Modification of the sperm collection protocol (HPBC) reduced contamination in raw sperm by 49.85% in bacteria (significant (p < 0.00001) and by 9.67% in fungi (non-significant (p < 0.111491). The load in bacteria and filamentous fungi can be controllable, but not in levuras fungi. Some fluconazole-added extenders (12.5 mg%), ensure fungal aseptization, and even an increase in sperm progressivity (8.39%) for at least a 12 h shelf life after dilution. Validation of sperm aseptization was done by maintaining sow fecundity unchanged after AI (insignificant p > 0.05).

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49

SATOH, Masahiro. "Improving management for higher reproduction accelerates genetic improvement in closed herd of swine." Animal Science Journal 75, no. 6 (December 2004): 499–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-0929.2004.00219.x.

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50

MacLeod, D. L., C. L. Gyles, and B. P. Wilcock. "Reproduction of Edema Disease of Swine with Purified Shiga-like Toxin-II Variant." Veterinary Pathology 28, no. 1 (January 1991): 66–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030098589102800109.

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