Tesis sobre el tema "Symbiose ectomycorhizienne"
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Combier, Jean-Philippe. "Identification de gènes fongiques indispensables à l'établissement de la symbiose ectomycorhizienne". Lyon 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004LYO10151.
Texto completoPerrin, Aurélie. "Rôle des alpha-tubulines fongiques dans la symbiose ectomycorhizienne et dans les interactions champignons plantes". Thesis, Lyon 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO10019.
Texto completoIn all terrestrial ecosystems, plants live in close interaction with numerous fungi. The interaction has a negative or positive effect on host plant depending upon the pathogenic or symbiotic status of the fungus. The establishment of these interactions is based on a tightly regulated molecular dialog between symbiotic partners. Previous studies on the ectomycorrhizal fungi, Hebeloma cylindrosporum associated with maritime pine (Pinus pinaster), created a collection of mutants affected in their mycorrhizal abilitiy. The aim of my thesis was to characterize one of these mutants affected in a gene, Hctubα2, encoding an alpha tubulin. Tubulins are eukaryotic cytoskeletal proteins involved in microtubules formation. Fungi have one or two alpha-tubulin. For example, H.cylindrosporum has two alpha-tubulin. The site of mutagenic DNA insertion in fungal genome was characterized. I studied the expression of both alpha-tubulins during the establishement of mycorrhizal interaction. Results showed that the two genes are differentially expressed during the interaction with host plant. At proteomic level, I studied the impact of the mutation comparing the two strains using 2D gel electrophoresis and sequencing differentially accumulated spots. Pathogenic fungi also bear two alpha-tubulins, as Botrytis cinerea. The hypothesis of the involvement of the alpha-tubulin 2 in pathogenesis was investigated. I created Botrytis cinerea mutants deleted for this gene. I also created translational fusions in order to visualize both alpha-tubulins in Hebeloma cylindrosporum and in Botrytis cinerea
Prévost, Alain. "Contribution à l'étude cytophysiologique de la symbiose ectomycorhizienne chez les végétaux ligneux (gymnospermes et angiospermes)". Nancy 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992NAN10239.
Texto completoDaguerre, Yohann. "Analyse fonctionnelle d'effecteurs fongiques impliqués dans le développement de la symbiose ectomycorhizienne Laccaria bicolor-Populus trichocarpa". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0167/document.
Texto completoRoots of most trees form symbiosis with mutualistic soil-borne fungi. The ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete L. bicolor (Maire) P.D. Orton relies on mycorrhizal-induced small secreted proteins (MiSSP) to establish symbiotic tissues in the host-plant. The host proteins targeted by these fungal effectors are yet unknown. In the present study, we used the binary yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) system to determine direct interactions between MiSSP7 and the plant proteins in the L. bicolor-P. trichocarpa ectomycorrhizae. We showed that MiSSP7 interact with the jasmonic acid (JA) co-receptors JAZ5 and JAZ6 of P. trichocarpa, blocking JA signaling and promoting mutualism. L. bicolor transformants with severely reduced expression of MiSSP7 did not enter into symbiosis with poplar roots, a phenotype that could be complemented by transgenically varying the transcription of PtJAZ6 or through inhibiting JA signalling. Additional Y2H assays showed that PtJAZ6 protein form a regulatory complex involving 14-3-3 protein(s) and MYC transcriptional factors. Two others L. bicolor effector-like proteins, MiSSP8 and MiSSP17, are secreted and are essential for the symbiosis development. Y2H assays suggested that these MiSSPs interact with plant proteins involved in plant defence signalling pathways. During symbiosis development, L. bicolor experiences important genetic reprogramming required for root colonization. Transcription factors (TFs) are key players of these genetic changes. Here, we developed high throughput analysis of TFs in L. bicolor to obtain a comprehensive inventory of significantly regulated transcription factors in ECM
Albrecht, Catherine. "Induction des chitinases lors de la symbiose ectomycorhizienne : spécificité et régulation : l'association eucalyptus globulus ssp bicostata pisolithus tinctorius". Nancy 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994NAN10373.
Texto completoShahin, Oula. "Réponse des chênes méditerranéens et de leurs symbiontes ectomycorhiziens à la sécheresse". Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20121/document.
Texto completoThe effect of drought had been investigated on the biological system -host plantectomycorrhizal community ECM- using different approaches. In a first part, we evaluated the drought-resistance of Quercus species and their associated ECM fungi, comparing the responses of two oak species differing in their leaf habitat, Q. pubescens vs Q. ilex (deciduous vs evergreen) in a controlled experiment. Our results showed that Q. pubescens reduced more its production than Q. ilex according to drought treatments. The total length of colonized fine roots was positively correlated with plant growth and nutrient immobilization in Q. pubescens but not in Q. ilex. In a second part, we investigated ECM community traits in three Q. ilex forests across an environmental gradient. At each site, both ectomycorrhizal colonization rate and species richness decreased with increasing soil depth, while the dominant family Russulaceae increased in abundance with increasing soil depth. At all sites, contact exploration type strongly dominated, with the highest abundance in the driest site. Species composition varied significantly across sites with high number of rare species at local and regional scales. At all sites, the application of an experimental soil disturbance provoked strong responses of the ECM community. Species richness and diversity decreased after disturbance with disappearance of numerous species of Russulaceae, Cantharellaceae and Clavulinaceae. The relative abundance of contact exploration types decreased after the disturbance whereas the opposite pattern was observed for short distance exploration type. A mosaic of stress-tolerance species of Sebacina sp and Helvella sp, dominated after disturbance. These studies provide an understanding of the functioning and the responses of the system Mediterranean oaks – ECM communities facing climatic constraints. In natura experiments provide us insights on our understanding of ecological strategies of ectomycorrhizal fungi after disturbance
Neves, Machado Maria Héléna. "La mycorhization contrôlée d'Eucalyptus globulus au portugal et l'effet de la secheresse sur la symbiose ectomycorhizienne chez cette essence". Nancy 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995NAN10413.
Texto completoVOIBLET, CATHERINE. "Etude des modifications du transcriptome d'eucalyptus globulus et de pisolithus tinctorius au cours du developpement de la symbiose ectomycorhizienne". Paris 6, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA066527.
Texto completoLambilliotte, Raphaël. "Développement d'outils et de ressources moléculaires pour l'utilisation de l'espèce "Hebeloma cylindrosporum" comme modèle d'étude de la symbiose ectomycorhizienne". Montpellier 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MON20164.
Texto completoFrettinger, Patrick Lapeyrie Frédéric. "Analyse transcriptomique chez le chêne pédonculé (Quercus robur) au cours de l'établissement de la symbiose ectomycorhizienne avec le basidiomycète Piloderma croceum". [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2006. http://www.scd.uhp-nancy.fr/docnum/SCD_T_2006_0022_FRETTINGER.pdf.
Texto completoPerraud, Marie. "Étude du dialogue moléculaire entre les partenaires de la symbiose ectomycorhizienne : implication d'une subtilase sécrétée par le champignon Hebeloma cylindrosporum". Thesis, Lyon 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO10321.
Texto completoThe establishment of any symbiosis relies on a tightly regulated molecular dialogue between symbiotes. A reverse genetic approach was used to identify fungal genes playing a key role in the molecular dialogue between the partners of the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis. A non-mycorrhizal mutant of the fungus Hebeloma cylindrosporum has a single insertion of mutagenic T-DNA in the promoter of the subtilase HcSbt1. This mutant was unable to colonize Pinus pinaster roots, indicating that HcSbt1 plays a crucial role in the early molecular cross-talk between partners of the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis. During symbiotic interaction, HcSbt1 was repressed upon contact with the roots, even before the differentiation of any symbiotic structure. This repression was stable throughout the whole symbiotic process, suggesting that HcSbt1 could inhibit symbiotic structure differentiation. Subsequently, HcSbt1 repression would be a prerequisite for mycorrhiza differentiation. Western Blot analysis together with fungal secretome sequencing showed that HcSbt1 is extracellular. It could inhibit the symbiosis establishment by degrading / activating / inactivating extracellular proteins from plant and/or fungal origin. The comparison of wild-type and mutant secretomes showed that HcSbt1 could degrade small extracellular peptides. Based on this, we hypothesized that this subtilase could inhibit symbiosis establishment by degrading small extracellular peptides that would be effectors
Garcia, Kevin. "Echanges trophiques entre Hebeloma cylindrosporum et Pinus pinaster : analyse de systèmes de transport fongiques de potassium et de phosphate inorganique impliqués dans la symbiose ectomycorhizienne". Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON20230/document.
Texto completoEctomycorrhizal symbiosis is defined as a mutual association between the roots of woody plants and the mycelium of soil fungi. This symbiosis is widespread in northern forests and plays a major role in nutrient and water uptake of woody plants, especially when resources become scarce. Transcriptomic and genomic data of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Hebeloma cylindrosporum allowed the identification of several genes coding for nutrient transport proteins. Their putative involvement in ectomycorrhiza-dependent potassium and phosphate nutrition of the host plant Pinus pinaster needs to be assessed. In this study, two candidate genes coding for potassium (K+) transport systems, HcTrk1 and HcSKC, and two other genes coding for inorganic phosphate (Pi) transporters, HcPT1.1 and HcPT2, were analyzed. Molecular approaches allowing the localization of transcripts (in situ hybridization) and proteins (translational fusion) of these candidates in ectomycorrhiza were obtained. These tools allowed us to show that the HcTrk1 transporter and the HcSKC channel were localized in K+ uptake and release sites of the ectomycorrhiza, respectively. In order to know whether these proteins play a role in plant K+ and Pi nutrition, H. cylindrosporum transgenic lines with up- and/or down-regulated expression of candidate genes were produced. In mycorrhizal assays, the use of fungal strains with up- or down- regulated expression of HcTrk1 and HcSKC, respectively, affects the K+ nutrition and phosphorus homeostasis of the host plant. The same approaches were used for HcPT1.1 and HcPT2 Pi transporters. Therefore, using transgenic strategies, we demonstrated that the previously shown up-regulation of HcPT1.1 expression under Pi shortage is related to its promoter activity. Concerning HcPT2, preliminary localization analysis suggested that this transporter might be involved in Pi uptake from soil and in release in the Hartig net. However, complementary studies are needed. Five and three novel K+ and Pi transport systems, respectively, were identified from the recent genome accession of H. cylindrosporum, opening the way to a fine dissection of molecular mechanisms controlling the ectomycorrhiza-dependent K+ and phosphate nutrition of Pinus pinaster
Frettinger, Patrick. "Analyse transcriptomique chez le chêne pédonculé (Quercus robur) au cours de l'établissement de la symbiose ectomycorhizienne avec le basidiomycète Piloderma croceum". Nancy 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006NAN10022.
Texto completoThe ectomycorrhizal symbiosis establishment involves a molecular cross-talk between both partners. During the pre-symbiotic stage of the interaction between pedonculate oak (Quercus robur) and the basidiomycete Piloderma croceum, ectomycorrhizal classical effects (lateral root elongation and production, increase of leaf area) appear prior to hyphal or root structural differentiation. Transcriptome analysis has shown a limited role of auxin on expression regulation of symbiotic related oak gene. Two sequences coding for chitinases were isolated. The transcript level of the first chitinase was upregulated in lateral roots, whereas no significant differential expression was observed in principal roots. The second chitinase was regulated neither in lateral nor in principal roots in presence of Piloderma croceum. To better describe the plant response to inoculation depending of the root type, we followed the regulation of nearly 600 genes. Interestingly, we showed that fungal presence regulates differentially gene expression in lateral roots and in principal roots. Thus, genes are regulated in principal roots, although these one are not directly involved in the symbiosis. Regulated genes in lateral roots at the pre-mycorrhizal stage are similarly regulated in ectomycorrhiza. Among the regulated genes of which functions are known, nearly 40% play a role in defence mechanisms and response to environmental aggressions
Basso, Veronica. "Les voies de signalisation des phytohormones dans l’établissement de la symbiose ectomycorhizienne entre racines de Populus et Laccaria bicolor : un nouveau regard sur la modulation de la perception de l’acide jasmonique au cours de la colonisation fongique". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0242.
Texto completoPromoting nutrient cycling and tree fitness, ectomycorrhizae (ECM) are mutualistic interactions pivotal in forest ecosystems. However not much is known about the signals and molecular mechanisms underpinning their establishment. Using Populus and Laccaria bicolor as a model system, it was shown that the fungal Mycorrhiza-Induced Small Secreted Protein of 7 kDa (MiSSP7) is secreted upon ECM establishment, penetrates the nuclei of cortical root cells of its host and stabilizes the repressor of jasmonic acid (JA) signaling PtJAZ6, dampening plant responses to JA and promoting mutualism. JA signaling is implied in plant defense and development, but it is currently unknown which part of JA-dependent responses in host roots need to be suppressed for ECM formation. Therefore, the thesis aims to answer the following questions: (i) how does the effector protein MiSSP7 impact the structure of the JA perception complex in poplar roots? (ii) do distinct branches of JA signaling play specific roles during ECM establishment? (iii) does the interplay between JA signaling and other hormone signaling pathways influence symbiotic development? Through protein-protein interaction studies, we deciphered the composition of the PtJAZ6-associated protein complex in poplar roots and showed that MiSSP7 modulates the strength of interactions between PtJAZ6 and its associated transcription factors (TFs). Altered expression of the genes coding for such TFs in poplar roots, through genetic engineering, influences ECM maturation, indicating that PtJAZ6-binding TFs regulate the extent of this mutualistic interaction. In addition, by means of hormonomics coupled with physiologic and transcriptomic analysis of hormone-treated poplar roots and L. bicolor mycelium, we demonstrate that a complex rearrangement of phytohormone biosynthesis and perception takes place in host roots during symbiotic development. In particular, we found that fungus-colonized roots are less sensitive to JA. Altogether, our results suggest a dual role of JA signaling in developing ECM, with one branch functioning to regulate fungal apoplastic penetration to an optimal extent, and another being responsible of fungal exclusion under stress conditions. We propose that finely tuned phytohormone signaling, and in particular JA signaling, is crucial for the integration of fungal and plant-derived signals, in order to reprogram root and mycelial physiology for a successful mutualistic interaction
Tatry, Marie-Violaine. "Analyse moléculaire des effets bénéfiques de la symbiose ectomycorhizienne sur la nutrition phosphatée de l'hôte : identification de deux systèmes de transport de Pi chez le basidiomycète "Hebeloma cylindrosporum"". Montpellier 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MON20030.
Texto completoDE, CARVALHO DULCINEIA. "Contribution a l'etude des proteines regulees par la symbiose ectomycorhizienne. Caracterisation des proteines membranaires et parietales de l'ectomycorhize d'eucalyptus globulus - pisolithus tinctorius". Paris, ENGREF, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994ENGR0031.
Texto completoDuplessis, Sébastien. "Caractérisation par ingénierie génomique des profils d'expression génique de Pisolithus tinctorius et d'Eucalyptus globulus au cours du développement de la symbiose ectomycorhizienne". Nancy 1, 2001. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_2001_0019_DUPLESSIS.pdf.
Texto completoEctomycorrhiza formation and function alter both fungal and plant gene expression. The identification of a large rumber of novel genes expressed exclusively or predominantly in the symbiosis will contribute greatly to the understanding of the function of the ectomycorrhizal association. We have constructed a cDNA library of 4-day-old Eucalyphls globulus-Pisolithus tinctorius ectomycorrhiza by random cloning and through suppression subtractive hybridization. We screened 715 arrayed cDNAs to identify symbiosis-regulated genes by using differential hybridization. Gene expression profiles obtained from free-living Pisolithus tinctorius, non-inoculated roots and ectomycorrhizas at various developmental stages, from the earliest contacts (4 days) to the functionning symbiotic organ (28 days) were analyzed. Comparisons of free-living partners and symbiotic tissues revealed significant changes in the expression levels (differential expression ratio> 2. 0) for 11 to 23% of the genes analyzed at the different stages of mycorrhiza formation. No ectomycorrhiza-specific gene was detected. We derived groups of coordinately expressed genes (i. E. Regulons) using hierarchical clustering and Self Organizing Maps. At least a dozen of distinct temporal patterns of induction/repression were observed. The main fungal regulons contained genes coding for cell-wall and membrane proteins, communication genes, and metallothionein-related poteins. In the host root, a major down-regulated regulon comprised genes involved in water transport and stress suggesting that mycorrhiza development improves water uptake. We have furthermore characterized cDNA clones corresponding to Pisolithus signalling genes (ras, raf and calcineurine) and to a new hydrophobin gene (HydPt-3)
Bagonneaud, Berthomé Valérie. "Rôle de l'auxine fongique dans la symbiose ectomycorhizienne Hebeloma cylindrosporum - Pinus pinaster : influence d'un mutant surproducteur d'AIA sur le métabolisme carboné de la plante". Lyon 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998LYO10212.
Texto completoCharvet-Candela, Véronique. "Rôle de l'auxine fongique dans la symbiose ectomycorhizienne Hebeloma cylindrosporum-Pinus pinaster : identification et caractérisation de gènes de la plante régulés par l'auxine fongique". Lyon 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000LYO10093.
Texto completoTorres, Aquino Margarita. "Approches physiologiques du rôle du partenaire fongique sur l’accumulation et le transfert de P vers la plante-hôte dans la symbiose ectomycorhizienne modèle Hebeloma cylyndrosporum / Pinus pinaster". Montpellier, ENSA, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003ENSA0020.
Texto completoThe role of the fungal partner on P accumulation and transfer towards the host plant has been studied in the model ectomycorrhizal association Pinus pinaster/Hebeloma cylindrosporum as a function of Pi availability in the liquid medium (in vitro measurements in the soil solution (in planta measurements). The use of a new experimental system enabled us to qùàntify the effect of a host plant (maritime pine) or a non-host plant (maize) on the dynamics of P effluxes and polyphosphates by using 32Pi or in vivo NMR of 31P. The results showed that Pi starvation strongly increased the accumulation of 32P and long chain polyphosphates revealed by the formation of metachromatic granules visible after only 10 min of P re-supply. The presence of plant roots close to the hyphae always increased 32P fluxes from the fungus towards the medium, whatever the previous Pi treatment of the mycelia. However, the presence of maritime pine constantly led to the apparition of short chain polyphosphates visible by NMR in the mycelia previously P-starved and containing high amounts of insoluble polyphosphates. These results suggest that maritime pine plants increase P efflux from the fungaJ cells by producing a signal that would provoke the hydrolysis of newly synthesised polyphosphates. The effect of Pi availability of soil solution on the fungal growth and P nutrition of maritime pine was followed in planta by using rhizoboxes. The results show that a high P availability decreased the fungal growth but increased the efficiency of the fungaI partner for host-plant P nutrition. In addition, the results strongly suggest that the fungal partner is responsible for most of the plant P uptake. This could be due to the repression of plant Pi transporters. Ali these results bring new perspectives for studying the mechanisms of ex change between the partners of the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis
Irshad, Usman. "Relations trophiques dans la rhizosphère : effet des interactions entre champignon ectomycorhizien, bactéries et nématodes bactérivores sur le prélèvement minéral du Pin maritime (Pinus pinaster)". Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NSAM0029/document.
Texto completoSoil microorganisms act as a sink and a source of available N and P bymediating key processes in the biogeochemical N and P cycling. The microbial loop, basedupon the grazing of bacteria by predators such as bacterial-feeding nematodes, is thoughtto play a major role in the mineralization of nutrients such as nitrogen (N) and phosphorus(P) in terrestrial ecosystems. However, little is known about the impact of grazing bynematodes on mineral nutrition of ectomycorrhizal woody plants. Different studies wereundertaken to quantify the role of nematode grazing on bacteria on the root growth andarchitecture, mineral nutrition (N and P) of a woody species, Pinus pinaster, whether ornot associated with the ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete Hebeloma cylindrosporum. Plantswere grown in a sterile simplified experimental system, whether inoculated or not withBacillus subtilis and bacterial-feeding nematodes (belonging to Rhabditidae orCephalobidae families) that were isolated from ectomycorrhizae and from soil of a P.pinaster plantation. The effect of nematode grazing on plant growth and the fate ofbacterial 15N towards plant shoots was strongly dependent upon medium P availability. Inaddition, nematode grazing was required to enable the plant to access P from phytate, awell-known poorly available P source to plants but that was used by bacterial populationsof B. subtilis due to its ability to release phytase in the medium. These results open analternative route to increase the use of phytate for plant P nutrition
Lopes, de Oliveira Veturia. "Interactions entre les microorganismes du sol et l'établissement de la symbiose ectomycorhizienne chez le hêtre (Fagus silvatica L.) avec Hebeloma crustuliniforme (Bull ex Saint-Amans) Quél. et Paxillus involutus Batsch ex Fr". Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37615366j.
Texto completoLopes, de Oliveira Veturia. "Intéractions entre les micro-organismes du sol et l'établissement de la symbiose ectomycorhizienne chez le hêtre (fagus silvatica L. ) avec hebeloma crustuliniforme (bull. Ex saint-amans) quel. Et paxillus involutus batsch. Ex fr". Nancy 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988NAN10174.
Texto completoPellegrin, Clément. "Analyse d’effecteurs du champignon ectomycorhizien Laccaria bicolor : approches bio-informatiques et fonctionnelles". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0021/document.
Texto completoRoots of most trees form ectomycorrhizal (ECM) symbiosis with mutualistic soil-borne fungi, relying on a bi-directional exchange of nutrients between the two partners. Fungal colonization of cortical root cells form the Hartig net, a symbiotic interface. Functioning of this symbiotic interface is not well known. However, Laccaria bicolor genome sequencing sheds the light on upregulated small-secreted proteins, so-called MiSSPs (Mycorrhiza-Small Secreted Proteins). Several L. bicolor MiSSPs were demonstrated as symbiosis effectors. My PhD project aims to compare secretomes, in particular SSPs, of fungal with different lifestyles and pursue functional analysis of MiSSPs of L. bicolor. Based on the clustering analysis, we identified clusters of SSPs shared between saprotrophic and ECM fungi and clusters of SSPs specific to ECM-fungi. This study highlights that ECM fungi share SSPs with their saprotrophic ancestors but also possess lifestyle specific SSPs. In planta subcellular localization of a set of MiSSPs belonging to a core-regulon showed that three of them are able to target different plant subcellular compartments. Functional analysis of the symbiosis effector MiSSP8 does not lead to the identification of a putative interactor but the repetitive motif DWRR of MiSSP8 protein sequence is unique to fungi and is shared with SSPs from saprotrophic ancestors. Our results suggest the use of SSPs as mean of communication is common and generic and show at least one SSPs required for ectomycorhizal symbiosis of L. bicolor has evolved from SSPs found in saprotrophic fungi
Morel, Mélanie. "Etude de quelques fonctions clés de la physiologie des symbioses ectomycorhiziennes". Nancy 1, 2005. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_2005_0120_MOREL.pdf.
Texto completoThe first purpose of my work was to compare gene expression between the fungal compartment in close contact with the root and the extramatrical mycelium of the Paxillus involtus/Betula pendula symbiotic association. A gene coding a urea transporter, up-regulated in the extramatrical mycelium, and genes coding a phosphatidylserine decarboxylase and a protein of unknown function were cloned and characterized further. The second part of my work dealt with the mechanisms involved in the adaptation of ectomycorrhizal fungi to external nitrogen conditions. Studies concerned ammonium and peptide transport, and ammonium assimilating pathways. Moreover, we tried to determine the potential factors explaining the interspecific diversity observed among ectomycorrhizal fungi concerning nitrogen assimilation pathways, by coupling both biochemical and molecular approaches
Guerrero, Galan Maria del Carmen. "Impact of the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis for plant adaptation to nutritional and salt stress : characterization and role of potassium channels in the model fungus Hebeloma cylindrosporum". Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT142.
Texto completoThe ectomycorrhizal symbiosis, widespread in temperate and boreal ecosystems, is based in nutritional exchanges between the host plant and soil-borne fungi. This mutualism improves plant mineral and water nutrition of woody plants through mechanisms that are still largely unknown. This manuscript presents the whole set of membrane transport systems of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Hebeloma cylindrosporum identified from the sequenced genome, with an emphasis on the genes that are up-regulated in symbiosis with its natural host, the maritime pine (Pinus pinaster). These data will help to focalize future research on symbiosis-induced genes. The fungus H. cylindrosporum enhances the potassium (K+) nutrition of P. pinaster under starvation. This study has focused on three ion channels that could transfer the K+ to the plant. These channels belong to the fungal-specific TOK (Tandem-pore Outward-rectifying K+) family and have been characterized using several approaches. In silico analyses have positioned them in two subfamilies, giving them the names HcTOK1, HcTOK2.1 and HcTOK2.2. Their functional activity has been characterized by heterologous expression for two-electrode voltage-clamp measurements and yeast complementation. Localization has been studied by in situ hybridization in mycorrhiza and by expression of gene-eGFP constructs in yeast and H. cylindrosporum. The physiological role of these channels has been tested in pure culture and symbiosis with transgenic fungal lines overexpressing the HcTOK channels. Furthermore, the effects of H. cylindrosporum and K+ nutrition have been tested in P. pinaster seedlings subjected to salt stress. First, the tolerance to salinity of the fungus was analysed in pure culture with different compounds to identify the most toxic component. Second, the fungus was cultured in different NaCl and K+ conditions to know whether it kept the homeostasis and to check the expression of K+ transport systems. Finally, P. pinaster seedlings were cultured inoculated or not in two different K+ nutrition and four salinity conditions. Altogether, analysis of the three HcTOK channels revealed specificities of the TOK1- and TOK2-type and suggested that HcTOK2.2 might be a main player for the K+ transfer from the fungus towards the plant. H. cylindrosporum seems to play a role in the tolerance to salt stress of the maritime pine by reducing the Na+ transfer to the plant and improving K+ nutrition
Miquel-Guennoc, Cora. "Étude de l’interaction physique entre le champignon ectomycorhizien Laccaria bicolor S238N et la bactérie auxiliaire de la mycorhization Pseudomonas fluorescens BBc6". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0028/document.
Texto completoIn soil ecosystems, ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECM) form a widespread symbiosis with roots of trees, contributing to tree growth and health. It has been shown that some bacteria, called mycorrhization helper bacteria (MHB), stimulate mycorrhizal symbiosis. The mechanisms of this helper effect are poorly understood. Previous studies have shown that the MHB Pseudomonas fluorescens BBc6 formed biofilm-like structures around the hyphae of the ECM Laccaria bicolor during their in vitro interaction. In this context, in order to increase knowledge concerning MHB/ECM interactions, the work presented here focuses on the physical interaction between these two organisms. To this purpose, a method of analysis based on confocal microscopy was developed. The results showed that the bacteria formed biofilms preferentially localized on the apical region of the ECM colonies, which could indicate a trophic interaction. Such an interaction has been subsequently confirmed. The results also showed that the physical interaction between L. bicolor and BBc6 is not specific since all thirteen other bacterial strains tested formed biofilms on the hyphae of L. bicolor. On the other hand, BBc6 was unable to form biofilms on some fungi belonging to Ascomycetes, suggesting the existence of inhibition mechanisms. Moreover, the study of the BBc6 biofilm matrix revealed networks of DNA-containing filaments which seem to structure these biofilms and which have also been observed in all the bacterial strains tested. These results reveal a structural role of the DNA molecule, a role that has been rarely reported so far despite its probable high occurrence. Finally, it has been shown that BBc6 mutants having lost their helper effect presented a modified phenotype concerning their biofilm formation on abiotic surface, suggesting a potential link between the helper effect and the biofilms formation
Martin, Francis. "Contribution à l'étude du métabolisme primaire de symbiotes ectomycorhiziens". Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37599651s.
Texto completoMartin, Francis. "Contribution à l'étude du métabolisme primaire de symbiotes ectomycorhiziens". Paris 11, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA112219.
Texto completoThe primary metabolism of ectomycorrhizal fungi and beech (Fagus Sylvatica) octomycorrhlzas has been studied. Natural abundance nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) has been used to study the carbon (carbohydrates, fatty acids) and phosphorus (polyphosphates) storage compounds in intact mycelia from the ectomycorrhizal fungi. Particular attention has been paid to the biochemical pathways leading to the catabolism of glucose and the biosynthesis of carbohydrates and amino acids. In the ectomycorrhizal ascomycete Cenococcum geophilum, mannitol is not only a storage carbon compound but is also involved in the production of NADPH via the mannitol cycle. A large part of the carbon of glucose was used to form trehalose after cycling through this cycle. Pyruvate, arising from glycolysis and the pentose phosphate shunt, enters the Krebs cycle through both carboxylase and pyruvate dehydrogenase activities. The Krebs cycle, acetate metabolism and the fixation furnish high intracellular pools of glutamine, glutamate, alanine, x-aminobutyrate and arginine. Gluconeogenesis was operative during acetate utilization and led to the formation of mannitol and trehalose. The differences observed between the metabolism of acetate and glucose are discussed. Ammonium assimilation was followed in N-starved and N-rich mycelia of Cenococcum geophilum. From the composition of free amino acid pools, 15N labelling patterns and effects of enzyme inhibitors, NH4+ assimilation appears to proceed via the glutamate dehydrogenase pathway. The NADPH-glutamate dehydrogenase was therefore purified to homogeneity and its catalytic and physicochemical properties determined. The biosynthesis of glutamine is rapid and is presumably used by the mycelium to store nitrogen and to avoid ammonium toxification. Another feature of the N metabolism is the significant formation of alanine. X-aminobutyrate and arginine. Ammonium assimilation and amino acid biosynthesis have been followed in ectomycorrhizal roots of Fagus sylvatica. The absorption of ammonium ions was associated with a rapid synthesis of free amino acids. The 15N 1abe11ing patterns suggest that nitrogen assimilation occurs via the glutamine synthetase/glutamate synthase pathway, and that glutamate dehydrogenase plays little, if any, part in this process. Alternative m0031s for the nitrogen assimilation pathways ln fungal and host tissues are presented
Corratgé, Claire. "Caractérisation moléculaire et fonctionnelle d'un transporteur de potassium chez le champignon ectomycorhizien Hebeloma cylindrosporum". Montpellier 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MON20121.
Texto completoRichard, Franck. "Les champignons ectomycorhiziens du chêne vert (Quercus ilex L. ) en Corse : diversité et rôle de la symbiose". Toulouse 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOU30215.
Texto completoPlassard, Claude. "Données sur la nutrition azotée de symbiotes ectomycorhiziens : Pinus pinaster, Hebeloma cylindrosporum et Pisolithus tinctorius". Montpellier 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989MON20188.
Texto completoRochet, Juliette. "Le modèle ectomycorhizien aulnes-champignons : des assemblages d'espèces à la coévolution". Toulouse 3, 2012. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/3816/.
Texto completoAlders (Alnus Mill, Betulaceae) are dominant pioneer species of wetlands and other harsh environments. Their ecological success could be related to their ability to form mutualistic symbiotic associations with ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECM) and actinobacteria (genus Frankia). Alnus-associated ECM communities are species poor and exhibit a high proportion of host-specific lineages (referred as "alnicolous" lineages), contrasting with what is generally described for ECM communities and suggesting a close coevolution between hosts and symbionts. This system is proposed here as a model for the study of ecological and evolutionary processes involved in development and dynamics of ECM associations whose importance in the functioning of terrestrial ecosystems is well documented. Particularly, we aimed at disentangling host and abiotic habitat effect on Alnus ECM communities, at a regional scale (across metropolitan France). By combining traditional taxonomy and barcoding we described species diversity in 39 sites with contrasting climatic and soil characteristics and we considered species ecology and evolutionary history of dominant lineages. Our results confirm the originality of these communities with only 99 species identified across metropolitan France, a high stability at the regional scale and dominance of alnicolous species. In order to explain the diversity patterns observed ECM today in these communities. The scenario we propose here integrates host phylogeography data, effect of recent climate changes (Quaternary), abiotic and biotic requirements of ECM species and their dispersion abilities, highlighting importance of local and regional processes. Our results are promising for the development of diagnostic tools for management plans of wetlands, fragile environments and threatened by increasing human pressures
Grellier, Brigitte. "Approche biotechnologique des mycorhizes : culture in vitro et physiologie des associations ectomycorhiziennes". Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37605677t.
Texto completoBerchil, Hassan. "Etude chimiotaxinomique des bolets et application des marqueurs chimiques à la caractérisations des champignons ectomycorhiziens et des ectomycorhizes du genre "Suillus"". Montpellier 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994MON20295.
Texto completoHilbert, Jean-Louis. "Contribution à l'étude des intéractions plantes-champignons ectomycorhiziens : Modifications de la biosynthèse des protéines au cours du développement de la symbiose : eucalyptus globulus-pisolithus tinctorius". Nancy 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989NAN10062.
Texto completoChalot, Michel. "Assimilation de l'ammonium par les ectomycorhizes d'épicéa (picea excelsa) et par quelques symbiotes fongiques (hebeloma cylindrosporum et laccaria laccata)". Nancy 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992NAN10056.
Texto completoEl, Badaoui Khalid. "Contribution à l'étude des protéases de quelques champignons ectomycorhiziens". Nancy 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988NAN10123.
Texto completoHoudinet, Gabriella. "Impact de la symbiose racinaire dans l’adaptation des plantes à la carence potassique : caractérisation et rôle de systèmes de transport membranaires chez le champignon ectomycorhizien Hebeloma cylindrosporum". Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTG067.
Texto completoA major role of mutualistic interactions between plants and fungi is the improvement of plant nutrition by an exchange of nutrients, due to a better exploration of the soil and a better absorption of water and ions. Therefore, ectomycorrhizal symbiosis, established between woody plants and soil fungi, is crucial for the plant to efficiently take up poorly available nutrients in forest ecosystems. Physiological studies, recent genome sequencing projects and transcriptome analyses have allowed progress towards the identification and characterization of the fungal symbiotic transportome. Potassium (K+) is the most abundant cation in plant cells and is involved in various cellular and physiological processes. Improvement of K+ nutrition by ectomycorrhizal symbiosis has been shown under K+ shortage conditions using the model couple Pinus pinaster and Hebeloma cylindrosporum. Questions are raised to identify the fungal transport systems involved in the uptake of nutrients from the soil and in their transfer towards the plant at the symbiotic fungus-plant interface, called Hartig net. Two types of K+ transporters, Trk and HAK, have been identified as candidates to perform K+ uptake from the soil by extraradical hyphae, and two types of K+ channels, Shaker-like and TOK, that may release K+ by the hyphae of the Hartig net into the plant apoplasm. In my PhD, I focused my research on the three TOK (Two-pore Outward K+) channels of H. cylindrosporum, a channel family specific for fungi. These three TOK channels belong to two different subfamilies, which may imply different roles in potassium nutrition and in symbiosis. One member seems to be especially interesting because of its induction by mycorhization. My PhD aimed to complete the previous results on their functional characterization, expression, localization, and to contribute to the establishment of tools to analyze their physiological roles. In perspective, my results will contribute to a better understanding of the specific roles of these original TOK channel members within the fungus and within the symbiosis
Courbot, Mikaël. "Réponses moléculaires du champignon ectomycorhizien Paxillus involutus aux métaux et effet de la symbiose sur la croissance et la survie de Betula pendula cultivé en sol pollué". Nancy 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003NAN10175.
Texto completoMolecular mechanisms underlying the response of the ectomycorrhizal fungi Paxillus involutus towards heavy metals have been studied. The availability of a P. Involutus cDNA library has allowed the use of a cDNA macroarray hybridization, with 2040 cDNAs, to identify genes whose expression was modulated by cadmium (4 % of these clones were up or down regulated by Cd). Three cDNAs (from the cDNA library) coding for a superoxide dismutase (SOD), a metallothionein (MT) and a thioredoxin (TRX) have been characterized. The SOD and the MT functions have been demontrated respectively using a SOD-deleted bacteria and a MT-deleted yeast. The study of the SOD revealed a probable peroxysomal localization and mainly a regulation at the post-translational level. The expression study of MT and TRX has been performed using 3 metals: Cd, Cu et Zn and indicated an induction by only Cd and Cu. We have also measured the synthesis of non-protein thiols in P. Involutus subjected to a Cd stress and demonstrated the overproduction of glutathion, the absence of phytochelatins and the presence of a unidentified component which could be a MT. We have also studied the impact of various P. Involutus strains on different aspects of his host tree (birch) physiology grown on polluted soil. We have confirmed the filter function of P. Involutus, but we also observed a weak survival rate of introduced fungal strains against indigenous strains
Surtiningsih, Suprapto Tini. "Mobilisation de P et CD de phosphates naturels par des bactéries et des champignons ectomycorhiziens en culture pure et dans la rhizosphère du pin sylvestre". Nancy 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994NAN10271.
Texto completoPoissonnier, Marie. "Étude expérimentale de la mycorhization in vitro de clones d'eucalyptus gunnii et eucalyptus gunnie x eucalyptus dalrympleana : Recherche de facteurs impliqués dans l'obtention de synthèses ectomycorhiziennes de ces clones par pisolithus tinctorius". Nancy 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989NAN10238.
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