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1
Levillain, Pauline. "Marqueurs et polyphonie en anglais contemporain : étude de cas". Phd thesis, Université Rennes 2, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00919899.
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Cette recherche propose d'examiner les marqueurs de l'anglais à la lumière du concept de polyphonie, abondamment utilisé en linguistique du français. Cette étude du cas de l'interro-négative en anglais questionne le caractère opératoire de ce concept : renseigne-t-il aussi le fonctionnement de la langue anglaise ?Pour répondre à cette question, nous proposons tout d'abord un retour sur les bases théoriques qui ont inspiré notre travail, pour les mettre ensuite à l'épreuve de nos occurrences d'interro-négatives extraites de notre corpus de nouvelles de Raymond Carver. Nous analysons ainsi, dans un premier temps, les interro-négatives sans pronom interrogatif, introduites par isn't, don't et didn't. Dans un deuxième temps, nous portons notre attention sur la question ouverte introduite par le pronom interrogatif why. Enfin, les question-tags sont abordées : elles permettent d'asseoir notre thèse quant à la place importante qu'occupe l'interlocuteur dans la construction de message. A cet égard, nous réhabilitons son rôle dans le processus de construction de message en lui attribuant celui de co-constructeur
2
Duarte, Laura Cardoso. "Tag questions in english and portuguese". reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFSC, 2013. https://repositorio.ufsc.br/handle/123456789/106240.
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Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 1985.Made available in DSpace on 2013-12-05T19:49:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 321698.pdf: 3060924 bytes, checksum: 5a66c4e6f492b4dbeb9c2c479b4caa48 (MD5)
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Takahashi, Mariko. "A Comparative Study of Tag Questions and Invariant Tags in Asian Englishes: A Corpus-Based Analysis". Kyoto University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/215623.
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Kyoto University (京都大学)0048
新制・課程博士
博士(人間・環境学)
甲第19797号
人博第768号
新制||人||185(附属図書館)
27||人博||768(吉田南総合図書館)
32833
京都大学大学院人間・環境学研究科共生人間学専攻
(主査)教授 齋藤 治之, 教授 壇辻 正剛, 准教授 谷口 一美
学位規則第4条第1項該当
4
Guillaume, Bénédicte. "Approche énonciative des "question tags" en anglais contemporain /". Paris : Ophrys, 2006. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb409573117.
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Asher, Nicholas y Brian Reese. "Intonation and discourse : biased questions". Universität Potsdam, 2007. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2008/1939/.
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This paper surveys a range of constructions in which prosody affects discourse function and discourse structure.We discuss English tag questions, negative polar questions, and what we call “focus” questions. We postulate that these question types are complex speech acts and outline an analysis in Segmented Discourse Representation Theory (SDRT) to account for the interactions between prosody and discourse.
6
Keisanen, T. (Tiina). "Patterns of stance taking:negative yes/no interrogatives and tag questions in American English conversation". Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2006. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9514280393.
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Abstract
This thesis reports on an empirical study of the forms and functions of two interrelated syntactic constructions, tag questions and negative yes/no interrogatives, in naturally occurring American English conversations. More specifically, the thesis focuses on examining the ways in which these interrogative constructions are involved in the intersubjective and interactional construction of stance. This involves describing the linguistic and interactional practices through which speakers index and negotiate their evaluative, affective or epistemic position or point of view towards some matter in the local context.
The data used in the study comprise naturally occurring face-to-face and telephone interactions the majority of which take place between family and friends. The data are drawn from the first three published parts of the Santa Barbara Corpus of Spoken American English.The study is based on the methodological and theoretical principles of interactional linguistics and conversation analysis.
The first part of the study provides an examination of the linguistic and grammatical patterning of the chosen constructions in a database of naturally occurring interactions in English. This serves first of all as a study of the general linguistic patterning of utterances with negation or reversed word order in interaction. At the same time, however, the grammatical and semantic categories of person, verb type and tense are employed for establishing the high frequency of linguistic and semantic material that index the current speaker's affective, evaluative and/or epistemic position towards the issue at hand.
The second part of the study expands the focus from individual utterances to the surrounding interactional context in which the interrogative constructions are located, and makes use of the conversation analytic methodology. I examine how discourse participants use negative yes/no interrogatives and tag questions as a resource for carrying out different actions such as requesting for confirmation, challenging, disagreeing and assessing, and the ways in which interrogative speakers convey their epistemic, affective or evaluative stances in so doing. In this section of the study the research proceeds through detailed analyses of interaction, and an examination of those sequential environments in which the interrogative constructions are found.
7
Kempton, P. A. "The control of tax evasion : Questions for practising accountants". Thesis, University of Bath, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.379159.
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Guillaume, Bénédicte. "Approche énonciative des question tags en anglais contemporain : étude d'un corpus écrit et oral". Nice, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003NICE2030.
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Ce travail porte sur les énoncés comportant des questions tags (QT) à un mode fini en anglais contemporain, sans exclusive de variété. Nous souhaitons montrer que ce phénomène syntaxiques, fait en réalité partie prenante d'une stratégie énonciative de la part du sujet parlant. En effet, celui-ci se positionne par rapport à la validation de la relation prédicative de la base, puis situe le co-énonciateur, grâce à l'emploi du QT, dans une position qui peut être identifiable ou bien différente de la sienne. Une typologie des énoncés avec QT est propośée en fonction de critères énonciatifs (stratégie de l'énonciateur), syntaxiques (formes respectives de la base et du QT). Elle est testée au moyen de l'étude systématique d'un corpus diversifié d'anglais écrit et oral. Le cadre théorique est la Théorie des Opérations Enonciatives d'A. Culioli.
9
Commendatore, Pasquale, Christoph Hammer, Ingrid Kubin y Carmelo Petraglia. "Policy Issues in NEG Models: Established Results and Open Questions". Springer International Publishing AG, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65627-4_2.
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This paper provides a non-technical overview of NEG models dealing with policy issues. Considered policy measures include alternative categories of public expenditure, international tax competition, unilateral actions of protection/liberalisation, and trade agreements. The implications of public intervention in two-region NEG models are discussed by unfolding the impact of policy measures on agglomeration/dispersion forces. Results are described in contrast with those obtained in standard non-NEG theoretical models. The high degree of abstraction limits the applicability of NEG models to real world policy issues. We discuss in some detail two extensions of NEG models to reduce this applicability gap: the cases of multi-regional frameworks and firm heterogeneity.
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Boström, Eriksson Linda. "Gender Specific Features of Language : Their Representation in a Popular TV Show". Thesis, Mid Sweden University, Mid Sweden University, Mid Sweden University, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-8557.
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The aim of this study was to find out how features that have been found to be typical of women’s language, such as hedges, tag questions and a high level of talkativeness etc., are represented in a popular TV series. Five cross-sex conversations from one episode of the sitcom The New Adventures of Old Christine were analyzed, and the results show that many of the features of interest, as for instance tag questions, minimal responses and indirect style, are unexpectedly used more frequently by men in this small investigation. In fact, the only feature that was used more frequently by the female main character was hedges. Several factors affect the results of the study, as for instance the fact that the conversations are fictional. The special characteristics of the speakers also affect the results, as well as the tone and the topic of the chosen conversations. Many of the features of interest were used to a very small extent, which is probably a result of the fact that the language in a sitcom is to be entertaining and rather quick, which leaves little or no room for the features studied.
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Gustavsson, Caroline. "Existentiella konfigurationer : Om hur förståelsen av livet tar gestalt i ett socialt sammanhang". Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för pedagogik och didaktik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-91199.
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The thesis contributes to the research field of education, or more specific to the field of religious education. The aim of the thesis is to interpret how young adults of today describe and understand their lives, with a specific focus on existential themes, and furthermore, to develop useful concepts that can help us understand individual meaning-making in a social and cultural context. The meaning-making of young people and how they explore and develop their understanding is, in the thesis, seen both as an individual process and at the same time something socially shared. The theoretical understanding of the social context takes its point of departure in Berger and Luckmann’s theory about the social construction of reality. The methodological approach is empirical and the study is based on 21 deep-interviews with men and women between 19-29 years old. Their statements are analyzed using a hermeneutic - interpretive method. The thesis gives a picture of the young adults’ understanding of death and the meaning of life. But the study also addresses vital existential themes for the young adults around the questions: who am I, what do I want to choose and where am I heading. Still another important theme is insecurity. One important contribution of the thesis is the development of new concepts that describe the young adults’ understanding of their lives, in terms of personal and shared configurations. In the material I have seen three different kinds of shared configurations and I speak of those in terms of: life-views, taken for granted perspectives and institutions. The dynamics that the personal configurations give examples of can be understood both in light of the shared configurations but also in light of the personal agency that the young adults show signs of.
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Ouro-Bodi, Ouro-Gnaou. "Les Etats et la protection internationale de l'environnement : la question du changement climatique". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0228/document.
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Le changement climatique est devenu aujourd’hui le fléau environnemental qui préoccupe etmobilise le plus la communauté internationale. L’aboutissement de cette mobilisation générale reste sansdoute la mise en place du régime international de lutte contre le changement climatique dont la Conventioncadredes Nations Unies sur le changement climatique et le Protocole de Kyoto constituent les basesjuridiques. Ce régime innove en ce qu’il fixe des engagements quantifiés de réduction des émissions de gaz àeffet de serre pour les États pollueurs, mais aussi en ce qu’il instaure des mécanismes dits de « flexibilité »dont la mise en oeuvre est assortie d’un contrôle original basé sur un Comité dit de « l’observance ». Mais, endépit de toute cette production normative, il est regrettable de constater aujourd’hui que le régimeinternational du climat est un véritable échec. En effet, si la mobilisation des États ne fait aucun doute, enrevanche, les mêmes États qui ont volontairement accepté de s’engager refusent délibérément d’honorer leursengagements pour des raisons essentiellement politiques, économiques et stratégiques. Ce travail ambitionnedonc de lever le voile sur les causes de cet échec en dressant un bilan mitigé de la première périoded’engagement de Kyoto qui a pris fin en 2012, et propose des perspectives pour un régime juridique duclimat post-Kyoto efficient et efficace, en mesure d’être à la hauteur des enjeuxClimate change has become the scourge environmental concern and mobilizes more theinternational community. The outcome of this mobilization remains probably the implementation ofinternational climate change regime for which the Climate Convention and the Kyoto Protocol are the legalbases. This system is innovative in that it sets quantified emission reduction commitments for greenhouse gasemissions (GHG) for polluters States, but also in that it establishes mechanisms known as of “flexibility”whose implementation is accompanied by a control based on a Committee known as of “compliance”. Butdespite all this normative production, it is regrettable that today the international climate regime is a realfailure. Indeed, if the mobilization of states is no doubt, however, the same states that have voluntarily agreedto engage deliberately refuse to honour their commitments for essentially political, economic and strategicreasons. This work therefore aims to shed light on the causes of this failure by developing a mixed record ofthe first Kyoto commitment ended period in 2012, and offers prospects for a legal regime of the post-Kyotoclimate and efficient, able to be up to the challenges
13
Castro, Danilo Monteiro de. "Conflito de competência em matéria tributária: a questão posta como um ruído comunicacional". Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2013. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/6310.
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Previous issue date: 2013-11-18This study aims at the conflict of jurisdiction as to tax matters, observed in the light of Communication Law (the issue is brought up as a communicational noise). Thus, upon a hermeneutic-analytic investigation, the legal system of positive right in law will be analyzed and, therefore, interpreted, so that reflections on the theme are possible according to the communicational perspective in law, and a language with scientific claims. The perspective in question favors the asserting that jurisdiction conflicts are observed (jurisdiction view in law), facilitate the identification of communication noise motivating the phenomenon being studied, enhance the ability to minimize the manifestation of conflicts by inserting infra-constitutional prescriptive statements (jurisdiction rules), and also lead to the analysis on how the conflict should be solved (derivation process), and whom by
O presente estudo tem por objeto o conflito de competência em matéria tributária, observado pelo prisma do Direito Comunicacional (a questão posta como um ruído comunicacional). Assim, mediante uma investigação hermenêutico-analítica, o sistema jurídico de direito positivo será analisado e, por conseguinte, interpretado para que reflexões sobre o tema sejam possíveis pela perspectiva comunicacional do direito, em linguagem com pretensões científicas. A perspectiva em questão propicia a afirmação de que conflitos de competência existem (visão competencial do direito), facilita a identificação do ruído comunicacional motivador do fenômeno em estudo, enaltece a possibilidade de minimizar a ocorrência de conflitos via inserção de enunciados prescritivos infraconstitucionais (regras de competência) e, ainda, conduz a análise à indicação de como deve dar-se a solução do conflito (processo de derivação), e por quem
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Estling, Hellberg Sanna. "Translating pragmatic markers : or whatever you want to call them". Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för språk (SPR), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-26149.
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This study analyses the translation of pragmatic markers from English into Swedish. The source text that was translated and used as a basis for the study is an article called “Black Books”, which was published in the British music magazine Prog in January 2013. The study is limited to question tags, general extenders and single-word pragmatic markers. It aims to investigate how these types of pragmatic markers can be translated in a dynamic and natural way, as well as how a careful analysis can facilitate the search for appropriate translation equivalents. Previous research and theories were used to determine the functions of the pragmatic markers in the source text, and the translation choices made on the basis of these findings were supported by corpus searches in the English-Swedish Parallel Corpus and Korp. The study revealed that because of the different ways in which pragmatic functions are expressed in English and Swedish, almost none of the pragmatic markers in the source text could be translated directly into Swedish. Formally equivalent solutions such as tja as a translation of well were generally considered too unnatural. While the study is too small to provide any general guidelines, it shows how a careful analysis may help the translator find more dynamically equivalent and natural solutions in the form of, for instance, other Swedish pragmatic markers, modal particles, adverbs and conjunctions.
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Henrique, Marco Antonio. "Gestão pública e a questão tributária : um estudo sobre o ISS e o IPTU nos municípios de São José dos Campos e Taubaté". Universidade de Taubaté, 2011. http://www.bdtd.unitau.br/tedesimplificado/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=524.
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As mudanças que ocorreram no sistema político, econômico e tributário brasileiro, em especial após a Constituição de 1988 fizeram com que a administração pública passasse a ser vista e tratada como "gestão pública", onde as ações são mensuradas através de resultados práticos. Com relação ao sistema tributário, a Constituição Federal de 1988 trouxe a descentralização de poder e de impostos, tanto no âmbito estadual quanto municipal. Esta dissertação mostra através de uma pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, o uso das políticas tributárias e dos incentivos fiscais por parte dos municípios de São José dos Campos e Taubaté como um fator de fomento ao sistema econômico regional. Aborda ainda: o Vale do Paraíba Paulista como uma das áreas mais desenvolvidas do país, apresenta um histórico da economia e da evolução tributária no Brasil; aspectos e conceitos da Gestão Pública e Responsabilidade Fiscal; a Reforma do Estado; a Governança como um objetivo a ser alcançado. Com relação aos impostos, embora descreva de maneira introdutória Impostos Federais e Estaduais, a pesquisa concentra-se especialmente no ISS Imposto Sobre Serviços e no IPTU - Imposto sobre a Propriedade Territorial Urbana, ambos de competência dos municípios. Através de comparação, a pesquisa mostra a situação atual dos municípios de São José dos Campos e Taubaté, seus aspectos específicos e a situação da gestão pública na condução do crescimento econômico local tendo como foco o desenvolvimento a médio e longo prazo. Com relação ao ISS, o resultado foi que a diferença de tributação entre os municípios estudados não foi relevante para influenciar investimentos localizados. Por outro lado, os incentivos fiscais oferecidos através de doação de terras e isenção de IPTU se bem conduzidos pela gestão pública podem ser um diferencial significativo no processo de fomento ao crescimento econômico.The changes that occurred in the political, economic and Brazilian tax, especially after the 1988 Constitution made the government pass to be seen and treated as "public management", where actions are measured by practical results. With respect to the tax system, the Federal Constitution of 1988 brought the decentralization of power and taxes, both at the state and municipal levels. This paper shows through a literature search and document the use of tax policies and tax incentives by the municipalities of Sao Jose dos Campos Taubaté and as a factor for promoting regional economic system. Also addresses: the Vale do Paraíba Paulista as one of the most developed country, has a history of economics and tax developments in Brazil; aspects and concepts of Public Management and Fiscal Responsibility, the State Reform, Governance as a goal to be achieved. With regard to taxes, even though he described in an introductory way federal and state taxes, the survey focuses particularly on the ISS - Tax on services and property tax - Tax on Urban Land Property, both by the municipalities. By comparison, research shows the current status of municipalities of São José dos Campos Taubaté and, his situation and specific aspects of public management in driving local economic growth by focusing on the development in the medium and long term. With respect to ISS, the result was that the tax difference between the cities studied were not relevant to influence investments located. Moreover, tax incentives offered through the donation of land and exemption from property tax if well managed by the public administration can a significant difference in the process of fostering economic growth.
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Arias, Badia Blanca. "Television dialogue and subtitling: a corpus-driven study of police procedurals". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/404733.
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The specialised literature has suggested the intermediate position of television dialogue and subtitling along the continuum from spoken to written language (e.g. Díaz-Cintas 2003; Quaglio 2009; Forchini 2012). This dissertation adopts a corpus-driven methodology to tackle this issue from a descriptive, contrastive point of view. It reports on results of the analysis of the Corpus of Police Procedurals (CoPP), a corpus containing the transcribed dialogue (EN) and the DVD subtitling (ES) of fifteen episodes of three contemporary police procedurals, namely Dexter (Showtime, 2006), The Mentalist (Warner Bros, 2008), and Castle (ABC, 2009). A selection of syntactic and lexical features typically attributed to either poles of the continuum have been scrutinized from a quantitative and a qualitative approach. The statistical basis of the quantitative study allows identification of patterns of behaviour (i.e. norms) on the dialogue creators’ and the subtitlers’ part. Qualitative lexical analysis adapts the corpus pattern analysis (CPA) methodology proposed by Hanks (esp. 2004, 2013a), to date used for lexicographic purposes only, for the study of lexical exploitation, i.e. creativity, in this type of texts.La bibliografía especializada ha sugerido la posición del diálogo televisivo y del subtitulado como géneros intermedios en el continuo oralidad-escritura (p. ej. Díaz-Cintas 2003, Quaglio 2009; Forchini 2012). Esta tesis adopta la metodología corpus-driven (‘dirigida por el corpus’) para abordar esta cuestión desde un punto de vista descriptivo y contrastivo, a partir del análisis del Corpus of Police Procedurals (CoPP), un corpus compilado para los propósitos de esta investigación que contiene, alineados, el diálogo (EN) y el subtitulado para DVD (ES) de quince capítulos de tres series de ficción policíaca procesal contemporáneas: Dexter (Showtime, 2006), El mentalista (Warner Bros, 2008) y Castle (ABC, 2009). Una selección de rasgos sintácticos y léxicos prototípicamente atribuidos a ambos polos del continuo han sido examinados tanto cuantitativa como cualitativamente. La base estadística de los análisis cuantitativos llevados a cabo revela patrones de comportamiento (normas) en los creadores del diálogo ficcional y en sus traductores. El análisis cualitativo del léxico adapta la metodología lexicográfica de análisis de patrones de corpus (CPA) propuesta por Hanks (esp. 2004, 2013a) para el estudio de la explotación léxica (creatividad) en este tipo de textos.
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Li, Cai-Lun y 李采倫. "Tag Questions in Mandarin Chinese". Thesis, 1998. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/78108123160557156578.
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碩士國立政治大學
語言學研究所
86
Tag questions have never been a hot issue among linguists studying questions in Mandarin Chinese. According to previous analyses, since tag questions are merely instances of A-not-A or yes-no questions with sentential subjects or topics, there is no need to recognize a separate category for Mandarin tag questions. In this thesis, it is shown that the underlying form and pragmatic functions of Mandarin tag questions are not so simple and should not be ignored in that way. Based on our syntactic analysis, the underlying structure of Mandarin tag questions is divided into two subparts, and each performs various syntactic behavior. One is the structure of simple A-not-A or yes-no questions with sentential subjects or topics and the other is the construction of coordination. The former can serve as the subject or direct object of a verb while the latter cannot. To interpret the complicated relationship between form and function of the Mandarin tag question, a pragmatic analysis is moreover proposed. Based on various illocutionary intents and speaer's psychological states, tag questions are divided into two major kinds to perform different illocutionary acts:'Question'and'Request'(including request for confirmation and for action). After relating our syntactic approach to pragmatic analysis, it is manifest that the interaction between underlying form and pragmatic functions results in the surface structure of Mandarin tag questions.
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Chen, Ying-Ju y 陳盈如. "Question Answering in Tax Regulations". Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/59efx8.
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碩士銘傳大學
資訊管理學系碩士班
92
Question answering (QA) is a challenge to both commercial application and academic research. This paper describes a QA system based on natural language to answer the users’ questions on tax regulations and this system could help users for verbal querying of tax regulations. The document set of the presentation is from the Frequently Asked Question offered on the web of National Tax Administration. After segmenting, the terms of the questions and answers in the document set will have weights due to Vector Space Model. When the natural language questions are asked, the sentences are segmented at first and compared with the document set then. On the other hand, the terms are mapped to the topics in Cilin. At the same time, the weight of topics in the document set would be given and compared with the topics corresponded by the terms of query. Through combination of the previous two weights, the document that has the most sum of weight would be selected as the answers.
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Chingchi, Hu. "Question Tags in Taiwan Mandarin: Discourse Functions and Grammaticalization". 2001. http://www.cetd.com.tw/ec/thesisdetail.aspx?etdun=U0021-2603200719114146.
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Hu, Chingchi y 胡菁琦. "Question Tags in Taiwan Mandarin: Discourse Functions and Grammaticalization". Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/61375123379347302770.
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碩士國立臺灣師範大學
英語研究所
90
This study aims to investigate question tags in Taiwan Mandarin from a discourse-pragmatic perspective. It is pointed out that question tags in general are discourse markers that serve the meta-linguistic function of creating speaker-addressee involvement during speech. They are distinguished from tag questions in English, which serve the syntactic function of requiring the addressee to respond according to the polarity of the verb phrase in the head clause. The very different nature of the ‘tag questions’ in the two languages thus can account for the common errors committed by Chinese learners of English when they are called upon to respond to English tag questions containing a negative head clause. Chinese learners are often tempted to reply with “yes” instead of what is meant to be “no,” thus causing misunderstanding. The forms and functions of Mandarin question tags are explored. Two forms of question tags are identified in Mandarin, i.e. particle tags and A-not-A tags. Particle tags and A-not-A tags occur with strikingly great difference in frequency, the former occupying 7.76% and the latter occupying 87.89% of all the 322 tags in the data. The functions of the particle tags all show close dependency on the propositional content of the head utterance. In other words, their functions are generally proposition-oriented. However, the functions of the four frequently occurring A-not-A tags, namely, hao-bu-hao好不好, dui-bu-dui對不對, you-mei-you有沒有and shi-bu-shi是不是, all evolve textual and epistemic functions from their propositional usages, exhibiting their higher degrees of grammaticalization toward subjectivity than particle tags. That is, A-not-A tags develop to mainly serve to make the interaction more vividly bi-directional. The different general functions of particle tags and A-not-A tags are also reflected in their difference in distribution. Particle tags invariably occur at head-final positions whereas A-not-A tags occur at head-final, head-medial and even head-initial positions. Frequency is proposed to be the factor that accounts for the different degrees of grammaticalization for particle tags and A-not-A tags. Being unmarked members of question tags, A-not-A tags occur with high frequency, which encourages their grammaticalization. They thus show such frequency effects (Bybee 1999) as functional change, phonological change and morphosyntactic change.
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Chatterjee, Anindita active 21st century. "Gender and contestation in Bengali adda". Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/28101.
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The study investigates the constructed relationship between gender, language, and power in a type of conventional, informal discussion, commonly referred to as adda in Bengal. This research focuses on everyday contestations of authority and some ways that are differently framed by men and women, and as well as some implications of these strategies as they negotiate and position themselves within the setting of adda in Austin, Texas, a place away from Bengal. The corpus consists of a segment of recorded data within mixed-group interaction, including both men and women, among native Bengalis who are currently from Texas as well as from Bengal. I use conversation analysis as a methodology to analyze the sequential production of meaning, and study how participant roles emerge and are negotiated through the lens of an adda setting. The study investigates the transformation of a discussion between men and women into a format of debate, which is common in adda, and the strategies employed by the participants to seize the floor. The strategies analyzed include: collaboration between women to disagree with the male participants’ positions and vice-versa. Questioning as a practice can be a very powerful device within the situated space, as it demands a response from the recipient. The study builds on the recent scholarship on the multifunctional use of tag questions and contributes by adding a new perspective on how the tag-questions are employed by women as an interactional strategy to become co-tellers in the discussion. From the very outset, the study focuses on the use of tag-questions and how they are implemented in an interactional framework (by either men or women). The broader aim of this report is to use tag-question as a primary data set because of their complexity. The act of questioning is a very complex activity as it involves the context and positioning of the speaker as well as the recipient and how they both act and react to the question. In the segment analyzed in the report, women use tag question to question the men’s authority claims, but the questions are interpreted by men as a re-framing to a teacher-student paradigm, and undermine the women’s position. The female participants also create interruptions to redirect and reformulate the topic, in order to become co-tellers in the discussion. In exploring these strategies, I examine both the embodied behavior and the speech styles of both men and women.text
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Han, Jae-Dong. "Inflation tax on multiple currencies in postwar China". 1991. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/31238681.html.
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Moussalli, Souheila. "Using Audio and Audio-Visual Feedback to Enhance Learners’ Perception and Production of Tag Questions". Thesis, 2013. http://spectrum.library.concordia.ca/977087/1/Moussalli_MA_S2013.pdf.
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Intonation is fundamental to human speech in conveying meaning. Teachers and researchers have raised the concern that the intonation of a second language is difficult both to teach and to learn in the language classroom. However, due to particular characteristics of technology-based instruction, there is an increasing tendency to teach and learn second language intonation through the use of technology and software. For the above reasons, an open-access tool which incorporates computer-based audio-visual feedback was designed and piloted to help Chinese learners of English improve their perception and production of rising and falling tag questions. Six international students (native speakers of Mandarin) participated in the study. The participants were pre- and post tested on their perception (in context and in isolation) and production (in context) of question tags. The participants also underwent training lasting approximately two weeks. Each week, the participants were asked to complete two blocks of the training materials, for about 15-20 minutes each time. Individual semi-structured interviews took place after the training with all participants. Based on observations, pre- and post-test scores, and the interviews conducted, the results revealed that the participants have become more aware of their perception of tag questions. Also, the participants showed some improvement in their production of tag questions. Participants also stated that the two applications used: WASP, a software that allows the recording, display and analysis of speech and Online Audio Recording, a plug-in for the e-learning platform Moodle were beneficial, interesting to use and helpful for their learning.
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Maratová, Magdalena. "Tázací dovětky "right" a "isn't it": socio-lingvistická studie". Master's thesis, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-373717.
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This thesis examines question tags right and isn't it from pragmatic and sociolinguistic perspectives. English question tags have most frequently been analyzed from the sociolinguistic angle while at the same time completely avoiding the pragmatic aspects that represent a key factor in the sociolinguistic background. The theoretical part of the thesis introduces sociolinguistic aspects and approaches to question tags, as well as their formal aspects. This thesis is a corpus based study (British National Corpus chosen as the primary source of material) where 200 examples were extracted from the corpus and further studied (100 examples on the question tag right and 100 examples on the question tag isn't it). The study analyzes the question tags from the sociolinguistic perspective, focusing on the type of conversation (cross-gender or same-sex conversations) and relating the pragmatic functions of question tags to speakers' gender and speakers' age. Further, the analysis also inquires into what sentence types precede the two question tags. The paper also offers a revised classification of pragmatic functions of the two question tags. Key words: question tags, pragmatic functions of question tags, immediate and postponed response, speaker's gender
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Chang, Shu-Yuan y 莊淑媛. "Searle\'s Speech Act Theory and Its Application to the Analysis of Tag Questions in English and Chinese". Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/p722jk.
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碩士國立清華大學
臺灣研究教師在職進修碩士學位班
107
Tag question is a structure with complex pragmatic functions, which is syntactically short questions, but in the actual communicative context, tag question can not only express the function of single inquiry, in Searle’s felicity conditions, but also be used to express other speech act underneath some restrictions. Such as “request”, “suggestion” and etc. In this paper, I adopted Austin’s and Searle’s Speech Act Theory to demonstrate how speech acts manipulate the tag question of the imperative sentence. How the imperative sentences without the subject and functional verbs derive the following tag questions, such as” will you?” or “shall we?” Although Chinese and English tag questions are very different in form, the speech acts to be expressed in function are the same. At the same time, from the perspective of cross-language, we compare the differences among the composition, intonation meaning, syntactic position and pragmatic function of Chinese and English tag questions. In a sense, although the two languages are different in the sentence patterns of tag questions, they are all the same in pragmatic functions. The speech act determines the form of the following tag questions. Both Chinese and English have variants or general tag questions. For example, the variant question such as “OK?” OK often appears in the daily conversation between the two languages. This paper proposes the distributions of OK tag questions under the four English major sentences. And by the five major classifications of Searle's illocutionary force, we analyze which kind of speech act is suitable for the OK tag question, and illustrate its pragmatic restrictions. In addition, the tag questions are combined with the speech act theory applied to the actual classroom teaching scene, and the teaching questioning strategy is provided.
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Huang, Yi-Yu y 黃怡鈺. "The Study on the Questions of Levying Real Estate Integration Income Tax". Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/zmmfy9.
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碩士東吳大學
法律學系
105
The immovable tax system in our country had already deviated for a long time. It resulted in many loopholes and therefore the gap between rich and poor is huge. Particularly, the real estate income tax system is most strongly denounced by our people. Under the old real-estate transaction tax system, house and land are separated by from levying house income tax and land value increment tax, targeting land price increases which are not a result of labor capital increase are subject to tax levy. However, actual transaction prices exceeding the announced current land value gain are not subject to income tax burden. Land transactions occurring in the same year are not subject to land value increment tax rendering, as the announced current land value has not yet been adjusted. In order to eliminate the public dissatisfaction with highly house prices, to solve the real estate speculation behavior, the implementation of living justice, the Taiwanese government successively implemented the Specifically Selected Goods and Services Tax Act on June 1, 2011 and implemented the Application for Registration of Real Information for Real Estate Transactions on August 1, 2012 and real estate integration income tax system in January 2016 and other policies. The purpose was to achieve taxation fairness and rectify the housing market. This article first discusses the sunrise clause from the principle of non-retroactivity of law and the principle of legitimate expectation. The design of the sunrise clause does not violate the principle of non-retroactivity of law, the protection of the people is the most comprehensive, but it may have a significant impact on the effectiveness of tax reform. And then discuss the land of the levy of the income tax system in the collection of practice may face problems. Respectively, from the tax subject, according to the law issued by the construction of the license of land recognition, to obtain the cost of identification, and land value-added tax system integration problems, tax rate structure and other manipulation to reduce tax burden behavior. Finally, discuss the buyers and sellers the follow-up problems after the termination of the contract, including whether the tax paid-up should be refunded, the date of acquisition of the immovable property, the determination of the holding period, and so on.
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LIN, YI-JYUN y 林怡君. "Acquisition of English Tag Questions of Taiwanese EFL learners: With Respect To Syntactic Structures, Pragmatic Functions and Intonation Types". Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/h7666q.
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碩士國立高雄師範大學
英語學系
104
This research aimed to study how Taiwanese EFL learners performed in English tag questions in the framework of grammatical competence and pragmatic competence. Grammatical competence focuses on syntactic structures and semantic meanings, while pragmatic competence centers on pragmatic functions and intonation of the tags. A total of 67 college students in sophomore and junior years majoring in English were participated in this study. Additionally, a total of 40 native English speakers were utilized as an exemplar group. A questionnaire was used as the instrument including four tests: syntactic structures, bi-clause tag questions, pragmatic functions and intonation types. The major findings were summarized and illustrated as follows. First, the EFL learners performed well on forming most types of tags; however, they had difficulty changing an expletive subject to its pronoun, managing polarity-conversion for anchors containing a subject or adverb with polarity of negativity and recognizing types of imperatives. Secondly, the EFL learners did not mechanically generate all the bi-clause tags from the main or embedded clauses. Also, they performed differently from the native speakers on forming the tags. Generally, the EFL learners preferred to choose the embedded tags whereas the native speakers inclined to select the matrix tags. Thirdly, the EFL learners did recognize types of pragmatic functions the same way as the native speakers did; however, the former did not perform as well as the latter. Among the given functions, the Taiwanese EFL learners showed a similar level of ability dealing with them. Fourthly, the EFL learners inclined to apply rising intonation to all kinds of tags whether in inquiring or affective functions. Fifthly, the EFL learners exhibited the difficulty levels of acquiring various aspects of English tag questions with the following sequence: intonation types > pragmatic functions > syntactic structures.
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Wu, Ting-shan y 吳丁山. "Research our country trust tax system question ---Take individual taxes and levies as discussion center". Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/75014522264658167803.
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碩士國立中正大學
法律所
97
The trust law provided formerly does not have one property management way, might cause the general family, the introduction specialized administrative personnel, came generation of own for its management property, reached the property to rise in value, not to avoid waste, the attendance family and the children the necessity, really also the permeable will way has completed the trustee to want attendance functions before death and so on object of, every its all sorts all had involves to the trust benefit obtained production with the assignment, assessment of sign with formerly each kind of tax law stipulation with behavior, incompletely same, because but the trust tax system picked the disperser legislation, also the trust was one kind in our country new to manage finances the way, rightThe identical trust contract, person of the different work place, often can have respectively the different opinion, sends when the dispute, is by, this article studies the goal, except the discussion trust tax system and the trust legal system the joint, and discusses the trust behavior to involve each item of tax item to draft accepts tax affairs of legal system question with the stipulation.。
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Chen, Liang Kuang y 陳亮光. "Making information of Taiwan non-profit organizations public and calling into question their reporting for tax-exemption". Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/06485449968411019700.
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碩士國立政治大學
行政管理碩士學程
97
Management theorist Peter Drucker once said, “The 21st century is the century for non-profit organizations, of which the United States leads worldwide.” It is thus clear that in the rising development of non-profit organizations, the national community plays an important role. Taiwan’s lively non-profit organizations fill the gap left by the government and business enterprises, meeting the numerous needs of the community. Except for a very small number, most Taiwan non-profit organizations are quite small, but they give evidence to the vitality of Taiwan’s community. However, information on Taiwan’s non-profit organizations remains to be completely private. Laws pertaining to the management of Taiwan non-profit organizations still possess several flaws. Large organizations, owing to their fame, acquire resources with more ease compared to small organizations, even though this is still difficult for them. If, however, these resources could be easily acquired, then it would be likely that the organization would change its tune and squander. Laws and control mechanisms to keep information of Taiwan’s non-profit organizations open to the public are severely lacking. The United States, however, implements the principle of free information to all as the most important aspect of managing non-profit organizations. United States law decrees that everyone has the right to request from non-profit organizations their tax exemption documents and their last three years of tax return applications; the tax return form used by tax-exempt organizations is called Form 990. Keeping the information of non-profit organizations public is one way that passes the responsibility of supervision from the government to the public. Exposure is the best form of policing, just as sunlight makes the best preservative. Exposure prevents decay, as well as increases the competitiveness of non-profit organizations. American non-profit organizations use a Form 990 to make their information public. The text takes this example and suggests it to be a well working method to put Taiwan non-profit organizations in check. Therefore the text and its sources probe into the definition, management and accountability of non-profit organizations, as well as taking the method used by the United States to keep such in check. Related Taiwan laws to this are also probed into, and research is carried out and viewpoints are given regarding the self-regulation of Taiwan’s public welfare groups and alliances. The text also carries out research regarding Form 990 that United States non-profit organizations must use for reporting, as well as probes into the reporting method used by Taiwan non-profit organizations. The latter’s reporting and exposure, all coming from interviews and documents, will also be analyzed. The integration of the above research will bring the text to a conclusion. Suggestions for Taiwan non-profit organizations are listed as follows: 1、Make public the actions and reasons for tax-exemption for all non-profit organizations, using United States tax law for non-profit organizations as a basis, namely the use of Form 990 to allow the masses the right to know everything, including the qualifications and laws that would grant such exemption. There is a need to require reporting to make such information public. 2、Update all related laws regarding non-profit organizations as well as measures for management. There is a need for these laws to gain elasticity and fit in with the times we live in. 3、Reanalyze the reporting methods used by Taiwan tax-exempt organizations to apply for tax returns and conclude whether such can truly expose their information, accountability and important work to the public. 4、Standardize the system of reporting by non-profit organizations and urge self-regulation and a system of checks. 5、Concerning the acceptance of government subsidies or the coming into a sum of money that exceeds the established limit (such as $500,000 or $1,000,000), there is a need for auditing by a certified accountant. Referring to Circular A133 from the United States Office of Management and Budget (OMB), there should be an established method that this auditing must abide by, beneficial to the government in allotting its funds in an efficient manner.
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Urešová, Miroslava. "Pragmatika anglických tázacích dovětků v překladu". Master's thesis, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-305739.
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This thesis explores the pragmatics of English tag questions in translation by analyzing their pragmatic function. Our approach is based on the theoretical assumption that Czech lacks straightforward linguistic counterparts of English tag questions. The quantitative and qualitative corpus-based research strives to produce interesting findings about possible relations between pragmatic function, polarity and the form of tag questions in English, original Czech and translated Czech texts. Therefore, we propose and verify several hypotheses about these relations. This thesis broadens theoretical knowledge about tag questions by contributing to research on translation universals and improves translation practice by presenting translators with a paradigm, i.e., a class of possible solutions to the problem of translating English tag questions into Czech.
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Almeida, Ana Rita Ferreira Ribeiro. "Alojamento local : a questão das mais-valias". Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/28638.
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O alojamento local não apresenta per si uma realidade tão transparente quanto os
sujeitos passivos que o exploram gostariam. Trata-se de uma realidade multifacetada, que
ao nível tributário apresenta peculiaridades tais que obriga ao seu conhecimento antes do
início da atividade. Assim, previamente, o sujeito passivo que explore a atividade de
alojamento local deverá conhecer os seus contornos legais para que possa avaliar de forma
conveniente qual o enquadramento jurídico que se define como mais vantajoso para si.
O regime do alojamento local difere em alguma medida do regime aplicável aos
rendimentos prediais, mas tem características que do mesmo modo o podem aproximar
dele. Falamos de uma atividade diversificada que abarca uma multiplicidade de locais
para exercício da atividade, uma rede de utilizadores também eles não comparáveis entre
si, e formas de exercício distintas consoante quem o explora e entende que deve explorar.
A atividade de que falamos comporta cada vez mais conflitos de coexistência,
motivo pelo qual nos debruçamos sobre ela na nossa abordagem. Não descuidaremos de
tratamento as três categorias de tributação do CIRS que se avizinham como relevantes ao
tema. O tema mais questionável referente às mais-valias geradas será o grande enfoque
do nosso texto.The local accommodation does not present a reality as transparent as the taxable persons, who exploit it, would like. It Is a multifaceted reality, which at the tax level presents peculiarities such that it obliges is knowledge before the beginning of the activity. Thus, in advance, the taxable person who explores the local accommodation activity should know the legal contours so that it can conveniently assess which legal framework is defined as more advantageous to them. The local accommodation regime differs to a certain extent from the regime applicable to income from immovable property, but has characteristics that can also approximate it. We Speak of a diversified activity that encompasses a multitude of work places, a network of users that are not comparable to each other, and different forms of exercise, depending on who explore its and understands that it should be explored. The activity that we speak of involves more and more conflicts of coexistence, which is the main reason why we learning about it on our approach. We will be taking care of the three categories of CIRS taxation that are relevant to the topic. The most questionable issue regarding the capital gains generated will be the biggest focus of our text.
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Silva, Frederico João Sousa da. "As isenções de IMI e de IMT nos conjuntos de prédios classificados como monumentos nacionais, de interesse público e de interesse municipal : uma questão de (in)coerência". Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/23805.
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Para a prossecução do interesse público o Estado pode recorrer ao seu poder de autoridade para impor aos cidadãos a prática de um determinado comportamento ou a sua omissão.
É do interesse público, e assume-se como tarefa fundamental do Estado Português, a proteção e valorização do património cultural português, património este que é constituído tanto pela língua portuguesa, como pelo Mosteiro dos Jerónimos, em Lisboa, ou ainda pela Cultura da Vinha na Ilha do Pico, nos Açores.
Neste trabalho interessou-nos perceber, em primeiro lugar, que tipos de instrumentos é que o legislador utilizou para promover, designadamente, juntos dos particulares a proteção e a valorização do património cultural português.
As restrições administrativas de utilidade pública assumiram, assim, um papel de destaque neste trabalho.
Este conhecimento prévio dos instrumentos administrativos que tutelam a proteção do património cultural é meramente instrumental, no entanto, afigurou-se-nos como fundamental para a perceção ampla e informada sobre a legalidade ou a constitucionalidade do tratamento fiscal dos bens que constituem o património cultural português.
Neste contexto deu-se particular importância à análise do âmbito de aplicação das isenções de IMI e de IMT sobre os prédios classificados como monumento, conjunto e sítio.
O Direito Fiscal, no âmbito do Direito do Património Cultural, assume uma função de promoção da proteção e valorização do património, fundamentalmente, através do desagravamento da tributação sobre esse património.
Assim, o objetivo último deste trabalho foi perceber o modo de aplicação desse desagravamento fiscal e, essencialmente, se é aplicado de uma forma justa, igualitária e proporcional.In order to pursue the public interest the State may use its power of authority to impose on its citizens a particular behaviour or its omission. The protection and enhancement of the Portuguese cultural heritage, which is constituted at the same time by the Portuguese language, Jerónimos Monastery in Lisbon and the viniculture on Ilha do Pico, is a matter of public interest and therefor arises as one of the Portuguese State’s fundamental tasks. In this endeavour, our focus was to identify and to understand what kind of legal instruments did the legislator use to protect and enhance the Portuguese Cultural heritage with private individuals. Public administrative constraints will thus play a prominent role in this work. Though the prior awareness of these public administrative legal measures is merely instrumental it proved to be fundamental to gain a broader and better informed perception about the legality and the constitutionality of the tax treatment that is given to the Portuguese cultural heritage. In this context it was given particular emphasis to the analysis of the scope of tax exemptions in place from the municipal property tax and the municipal property transfer tax on buildings listed as monuments, groups of buildings and sites. Through the establishment of tax relief measures and within the scope of Cultural Heritage Law, Tax Law plays its role on enhancing and protecting cultural heritage. Thus, the ultimate objective of this endeavour is to understand how these tax relief measures are applied and, essentially, assess if they are equally, fairly, and proportionally applied.