Siga este enlace para ver otros tipos de publicaciones sobre el tema: Taxonomia (Biologia).
Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Taxonomia (Biologia)"
Crea una cita precisa en los estilos APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard y otros
Consulte los 50 mejores artículos de revistas para su investigación sobre el tema "Taxonomia (Biologia)".
Junto a cada fuente en la lista de referencias hay un botón "Agregar a la bibliografía". Pulsa este botón, y generaremos automáticamente la referencia bibliográfica para la obra elegida en el estilo de cita que necesites: APA, MLA, Harvard, Vancouver, Chicago, etc.
También puede descargar el texto completo de la publicación académica en formato pdf y leer en línea su resumen siempre que esté disponible en los metadatos.
Explore artículos de revistas sobre una amplia variedad de disciplinas y organice su bibliografía correctamente.
1
Rapini, Alessandro. "Modernizando a taxonomia". Biota Neotropica 4, n.º 1 (2004): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1676-06032004000100002.
Texto completoResumen
A taxonomia é a disciplina responsável pela classificação dos organismos, permitindo o intercâmbio de informações entre as áreas da biologia. Entretanto, essa atividade tem perdido prestígio frente a outras disciplinas. Isso tem gerado iniciativas para tentar modernizar a taxonomia, tornando-a mais precisa e acessível ao público em geral. Algumas propostas implicam modificações de normas arraigadas à prática taxonômica há décadas, como o princípio de prioridade, a associação do tipo ao nome e a utilização de ranques taxonômicos. Se aceitas, essas mudanças influenciarão significativamente o desenvolvimento de estudos relacionados a biodiversidade. É necessário, portanto, que pesquisadores que trabalham em regiões com alta diversidade biológica como o Brasil estejam cientes e possam se posicionar com propriedade frente a essas propostas.
2
Gomes, Fernando y Leonardo Loyolla Coelho. "Taxonomia tipomórfica". Revista de Morfologia Urbana 7, n.º 2 (31 de diciembre de 2019): e00118. http://dx.doi.org/10.47235/rmu.v7i2.118.
Texto completoResumen
Este artigo tem por objetivo demonstrar um método matemático e algorítmico para estudar a cidade sob as premissas da complexidade, identificando padrões morfológicos por meio da taxonomia numérica, que, de maneira análoga na biologia, é usado para classificar espécies por suas similaridades, definindo grupos e relações hierárquicas. O estudo usa como recorte, para aplicação metodológica, o distrito da Vila Mariana na cidade de São Paulo, que tem mais de 1/3 de sua área destinada a Eixos de Estruturação e Transformação Urbana (EETU). Os resultados preliminares da classificação, na escala do lote edificado, mostram que alguns poucos grupos com muita similaridade acabam concentrando a grande maioria dos tipos da área estudada, tornando possível um agrupamento por meio da taxonomia numérica, aqui qualificada como tipomórfica. Um achado relevante evidenciado pelos resultados é a falta de isonomia que lotes com testada menor que 10m têm em relação a lotes maiores, remembrados. Porém, pequenos ajustes nos índices urbanísticos podem reestabelecer o equilíbrio e contribuir para uma maior diversidade da forma edificada.
3
Bediaga, Begonha. "OS PRIMEIROS ANOS DA RODRIGUÉSIA - 1935-1938: EM BUSCA DE UMA NOVA COMUNICAÇÃO CIENTÍFICA". Rodriguésia 56, n.º 87 (mayo de 2005): 2–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2175-78602005568701.
Texto completoResumen
RESUMO Buscamos analisar os três primeiros anos do periódico científico Rodriguésia, publicado desde 1935. Essa primeira fase refere-se ao período em que a revista foi editada pelo Instituto de Biologia Vegetal, Jardim Botânico e Estação Biológica de Itatiaia e tinha uma proposta de alcançar um público mais amplo que a divulgação entre pares e abranger um escopo além da taxonomia botânica, como a entomologia agrícola, fitopatologia, genética e ecologia agrícola.
4
Bujes, Clóvis S. "Os Testudines continentais do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil: taxonomia, história natural e conservação". Iheringia. Série Zoologia 100, n.º 4 (diciembre de 2010): 413–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0073-47212010000400016.
Texto completoResumen
O Rio Grande do Sul é o estado mais meridional do Brasil, apresentando fauna e flora peculiares associadas às características morfoclimáticas da região. A diversidade de Testudines do Rio Grande do Sul é representada por seis espécies continentais e cinco marinhas. Este estudo apresenta comentários sobre a diversidade de quelônios continentais do Rio Grande do Sul, através de uma compilação de dados publicados e alguns inéditos sobre sua biologia e estado de conservação.
5
Bezerra, Luis Ernesto Arruda. "José Fausto Guimarães Filho Pioneiro no estudo dos crustáceos no Nordeste do Brasil (9 de março de 1935 – 9 de março de 2017". Arquivos de Ciências do Mar 50, n.º 1 (14 de diciembre de 2017): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.32360/acmar.v50i1.18814.
Texto completoResumen
O Prof. José Fausto Filho foi o especialista em Crustáceos da Estação de Biologia Marinha da Universidade Federal do Ceará (atualmente Instituto de Ciências do Mar/ LABOMAR), atuando desde 1964 até o início dos anos 1980. Dedicou sua carreira ao estudo da taxonomia e distribuição de crustáceos decápodos e estomatópodos do Nordeste do Brasil, iniciando a coleção carcinológica do Instituto. Não tive o prazer de conhecê-lo pessoalmente, mas o seu legado é uma inspiração para que se continue os estudos dos crustáceos no LABOMAR e se exerça a curadoria da coleção iniciada pelo Prof. Fausto Filho.
6
Klepka, Verônica y Maria Julia Corazza. "O essencialismo na classificação de Lineu e a repercussão dessa controvérsia na Biologia". História da Ciência e Ensino: construindo interfaces 18 (28 de noviembre de 2018): 73–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.23925/2178-2911.2018v18p73-110.
Texto completoResumen
ResumoNos últimos dois séculos, Lineu e toda taxonomia tradicional têm sido acusados de exercerem uma prática essencialista, pautada na descrição de tipos. Ernest Mayr foi um dos que contribuíram para disseminar essas ideias que passaram a ser consideradas como verdades na Biologia. Entretanto, nas últimas duas décadas, historiadores e filósofos da Biologia contestaram esse argumento oferecendo novas análises que corrigem o anacronismo efetuado na história das classificações biológicas. Neste artigo, nosso objetivo é argumentar, com o auxílio de obras originais de Lineu e fontes secundárias provenientes de estudiosos da vida e do trabalho do sueco, bem como de historiadores e filósofos da Biologia, por que a classificação biológica lineana não é fundamentada no essencialismo platônico ou aristotélico. Observamos que as obras e o contexto de Lineu foram mal interpretados, que suas influências na ciência eram totalmente contrárias à lógica escolástica e que, apesar de usar termos como essência, gênero e espécie em suas obras, não há qualquer relação com a lógica aristotélica. Palavras-chave: Carl von Linné; Classificação dos Seres Vivos; História da Ciência. AbstractIn the last two centuries, Linnaeus and all traditional taxonomy has been accused of exercising an essentialist practice, based on the description of types. Ernst Mayr was one of those who contributed to disseminate these ideas that came to be considered as truths in Biology. However, in the last two decades historians and philosophers of biology have contested this argument by offering new analyzes that correct the anachronism in the history of biological classifications. In this article, our objective is to argue, with the help of original works by Linnaeus and secondary sources from scholars of the life and work of the Swedish, as well as historians and philosophers of Biology, because the linear biological classification is not based on essentialism Platonic or Aristotelian. We note that Linnaeus' works and context were misinterpreted, that his influences on science were wholly contrary to scholastic logic, and that in spite of using terms like essence, genus, and species in his works, he had no connection with Aristotelian logic. Keywords: Carl von Linné; Classification of Living Beings; History of Science.
7
Lopes, Welinton Ribamar y Simão Dias Vasconcelos. "REPRESENTAÇÃO E DISTORÇÕES CONCEITUAIS DO CONTEÚDO"FILOGENIA EM LIVROS DIDÁTÍCOS DE BIOLOGIA DO ENSINO MÉDIO". Ensaio Pesquisa em Educação em Ciências (Belo Horizonte) 14, n.º 3 (diciembre de 2012): 149–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-21172012140310.
Texto completoResumen
Livros didáticos frequentemente são utilizados como único veículo de conteúdos, marcados pela forma fragmentária de organização. Este trabalho objetivou analisar a inserção do tema "Filogenia" nos livros didáticos, procurando detectar incorreções conceituais que dificultam a compreensão do tema. Fizeram parte da amostra livros didáticos de Ensino Médio, analisados com base em critérios fundamentados pela literatura e documentos oficiais nacionais. Analisamos 13 coleções sob os seguintes critérios: conteúdo teórico; recursos visuais; atividades propostas e recursos para o professor. Oito livros contemplavam o assunto, com profundidade e clareza variáveis. Distorções conceituais comuns incluíram a confusão entre "Taxonomia" e "Sistemática", equivalência entre "evolução" e "progresso" e a concepção de evolução como sequencia linear de modificações em processo direcional. Tais distorções são agravadas pela escassez de atividades para o aluno e recursos para o professor sobre o tema.
8
Da Silva, José Antônio Dias y Aline Silva Dejosi Nery. "A CLASSIFICAÇÃO DOS SERES VIVOS NOS LIVROS DIDÁTICOS DE BIOLOGIA DO ENSINO MÉDIO: UMA INVESTIGAÇÃO À LUZ DAS NOVAS CONTRIBUIÇÕES DA BIOLOGIA MOLECULAR À TAXONOMIA". Cadernos de Educação Básica 5, n.º 2 (31 de agosto de 2020): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.33025/ceb.v5i2.2771.
Texto completo
9
Ventura, Juliana Pacheco, Sílvia Kátia De Souza Ramanhole y Monique Moreira Moulin. "A IMPORTÂNCIA DO USO DE JOGOS DIDÁTICOS COMO MÉTODO FACILITADOR DE APRENDIZAGEM". Revista Univap 22, n.º 40 (6 de diciembre de 2016): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.18066/revistaunivap.v22i40.1725.
Texto completoResumen
O processo de assimilação e apropriação dos conteúdos de Ciências e Biologia é considerado por muitos alunos de diferentes níveis de ensino como algo muito complexo e de difícil absorção. Diante disso, faz-se necessário que o professor disponha de outros métodos que o auxiliem e que facilitem o entendimento do conteúdo por parte dos alunos. Acredita-se que a implementação de novas práticas educativas, dentre estas se destaca o emprego de estratégias de ensino diversificadas, podem ajudar na superação dos obstáculos e na reversão dos problemas que afligem a área da educação. Desta forma, objetivou-se com esta pesquisa avaliar a contribuição de um jogo didático na assimilação e apropriação do conteúdo ministrado na terceira série do ensino médio referente a Taxonomia e Sistemática na E.E.E.F.M. “Sirena Rezende Fonseca”.
10
Barbosa, Flávia C. Rufini, Ludwig H. Pfenning y Carlos R. Casela. "Peronosclerospora sorghi, o agente etiológico do míldio do sorgo". Fitopatologia Brasileira 31, n.º 2 (abril de 2006): 119–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-41582006000200001.
Texto completoResumen
O agente etiológico do míldio do sorgo, Peronosclerospora sorghi, infecta as culturas do sorgo (Sorghum spp.) e do milho (Zea mays). Esse patógeno encontra-se disseminado em muitas regiões tropicais e subtropicais do mundo e pode ocasionar danos significativos na produção de sorgo quando as condições climáticas são favoráveis à sua ocorrência e em cultivares de alta susceptibilidade. No Brasil, antes restrito aos estados da região Sul, o míldio foi registrado também nos estados da região Sudeste e Centro-Oeste, causando prejuízos principalmente em áreas de produção de sementes. O cultivo de genótipos resistentes é o método mais eficiente para o controle da doença. Entretanto, essa estratégia é dificultada pela alta variabilidade genética apresentada pelo patógeno. Essa revisão aborda aspectos da taxonomia, biologia e distribuição geográfica do míldio do sorgo e discute questões relacionadas com a sua epidemiologia e controle, enfatizando estratégias que utilizam resistência genética.
11
Costa, Ana Maria, Vitor Serrão y Luís Mendonça de Carvalho. "RESGATE DAS OBRAS MORTAS DE PINTURA “ANIMALISTA” DE BERNARDINO DA COSTA LEMOS (175? – act. 1814)". ARTis ON, n.º 5 (4 de enero de 2018): 87–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.37935/aion.v0i5.135.
Texto completoResumen
Existiam lacunas de informação sobre o presumível desaparecimento de 11 quadros “animalistas” de Bernardino da Costa Lemos no trágico incêndio ocorrido em 1978 na Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa. Excluindo o artigo de Júlio Jesus (1928) com descrições écfrasicas-histórico-artísticas de cada uma das telas, cinquenta anos antes delas desaparecerem, Lemos subsiste na generalidade da historiografia como um modesto pintor que floresceu em final de setecentos, discípulo de Joaquim Manuel da Rocha. A localização de documentos e registos imagéticos totalmente desconhecidos da obra “animalista” de Lemos impôs uma abordagem interdisciplinar de História da Arte (micro e cripto-história da arte, iconologia), Literatura (ekphrasis) e Biologia (ecologia e taxonomia). Assim, neste artigo visitamos visualmente as referidas obras mortas, revemos a biografia do “muito hábil” pintor, confirmamos o malogrado destino do conjunto e discutimos sobre a tipologia de programa artístico produzido para o Gabinete de História Natural do mecenas Frei José Mayne.
12
Renó, Laércio Ribeiro, Ismar Sebastião Moscheta y Alessandro de Lucca e. Braccini. "Morfo-anatomia do fruto e semente de amarelinho (Tecoma stans (L.) Kunth - Bignoniaceae)". Revista Brasileira de Sementes 29, n.º 3 (2007): 18–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0101-31222007000300003.
Texto completoResumen
O conhecimento restrito sobre a biologia da espécie Tecoma stans (L.) Kunth (Bignoniaceae), conhecida por amarelinho e a importância que a mesma vem adquirindo, principalmente, por sua característica invasora, motivaram o presente trabalho. Aspectos anatômicos do fruto e semente podem ser usados em taxonomia, bem como em estudos relacionados à ecologia da espécie. O objetivo foi descrever e ilustrar a morfo-anatomia do fruto e das sementes de amarelinho. Frutos de diferentes plantas foram coletados, aleatoriamente, nos municípios de Jacarezinho e Maringá, Norte do Estado do Paraná. Foram confeccionadas lâminas permanentes e semipermanentes. A análise morfológica e anatômica permitiu as seguintes observações: fruto seco deiscente do tipo cápsula loculicida; ovário bicarpelar, bilocular com um septo mediano longitudinal e óvulos anátropos unitegumentados; linha de deiscência presente desde o início do desenvolvimento do fruto, quando a camada contínua de fibras é interrompida por uma faixa de células parenquimáticas; semente alada, exalbuminosa, com envoltório coriáceo que reveste o embrião. O embrião é reto, com eixo hipocótilo-radicular curto e plúmula inconspícua. A ala da semente é membranosa e hialina.
13
Volpato, Renan Gustavo, Darcy Alves do Bomfim y Flávia Andréia Fracaro. "Imagens sobre taxonomia e sistemática zoológica, análise nos livros didáticos de biologia do PNLD 2018-2021 / Images on taxonomy and zoo systematics, analysis on the 2018-2021 PNLD biology school books". Brazilian Journal of Development 7, n.º 8 (6 de agosto de 2021): 77661–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.34117/bjdv7n8-129.
Texto completo
14
Silva, Paulo Henrique, Suelen Alves Vianna, Cássia Regina Limonta Carvalho, Joaquim Adelino de Azevedo Filho y Carlos Augusto Colombo. "DIVERGÊNCIA GENÉTICA ENTRE ESPÉCIES DE PALMEIRAS Acrocomia Mart. BASEADA EM DESCRITORES MORFOAGRONÔMICOS". ENERGIA NA AGRICULTURA 35, n.º 4 (23 de julio de 2021): 562–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.17224/energagric.2020v35n4p562-577.
Texto completoResumen
Divergência genética entre espécies de palmeiras Acrocomia Mart. baseada em descritores morfoagronômicos PAULO HENRIQUE DA SILVA1, SUELEN ALVES VIANNA2, CÁSSIA REGINA LIMONTA CARVALHO3, JOAQUIM ADELINO DE AZEVEDO FILHO4, CARLOS AUGUSTO COLOMBO5 1 Mestrando no Curso de Pós-Graduação em Agricultura Tropical e Subtropical – Genética, Melhoramento e Biotecnologia Vegetal- Instituto Agronômico (IAC). Avenida: Barão de Itapura, 1481, Botafogo, Campinas, SP, Brasil, CEP: 13.020-902. paulohsmgv@gmail.com 2 Pós Doutoranda no Centro de Pesquisa & Desenvolvimento de Recursos Genéticos Vegetais, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular – Instituto Agronômico (IAC). Avenida: Barão de Itapura, 1481, Botafogo, Campinas, SP, Brasil, CEP: 13.020-902. suelen.loesch@gmail.com 3 Pesquisadora no Centro de Pesquisa & Desenvolvimento de Recursos Genéticos Vegetais, Laboratório de Fitoquímica – Instituto Agronômico (IAC). Avenida: Barão de Itapura, 1481, Botafogo, Campinas, SP, Brasil, CEP: 13.020-902. climonta@uol.com.br 4 Pesquisador na Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios (APTA) - Pólo Regional do Leste Paulista. Rua: Dr. José Paiva Castro, 1493, Monte Alegre do Sul, SP, CEP: 13.910-000. joaquimadelino66@gmail.com 5 Pesquisador no Centro de Pesquisa & Desenvolvimento de Recursos Genéticos Vegetais, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular – Instituto Agronômico (IAC). Avenida: Barão de Itapura, 1481, Botafogo, Campinas, SP, Brasil, CEP: 13.020-902. iac.colombo@gmail.com Resumo: As palmeiras nativas Acrocomia aculeata e Acrocomia totai são utilizadas para diversos fins sobretudo, o uso da polpa fresca ou processada para alimentação e a extração de óleo da polpa e da amêndoa com diversas aplicações. Sabendo de seu potencial econômico e a dúvida existente sobre sua taxonomia, foi realizada a caracterização de 60 indivíduos em três populações de cada uma das espécies com o uso de 41 descritores morfoagronômicos. Os dados foram analisados com o uso de estatística univariada e multivariada (estimativa de similaridade pelo índice de Gower e formação dos agrupamentos pelo método UPGMA). Foi encontrada grande variação na maioria dos descritores analisados dentro e entre populações e espécies. A população de Luz-MG apresentou os maiores valores relativos aos descritores de frutos e a de Corumbá-MS os menores. A análise de agrupamento revelou a formação de dois grandes grupos correspondentes às espécies analisadas e a subdivisão dentro de cada um destes corresponde a sua origem geográfica. A variação encontrada dentro de cada uma das espécies pode orientar a seleção de indivíduos mais produtivos em programas de melhoramento e a divergência entre espécies além de comprovar sua taxonomia subsidia futuros estudos e sua melhor utilização. Palavras-chave: Acrocomia aculeata, Acrocomia totai, Arecaceae, diversidade, pré-melhoramento GENETIC DIVERGENCE AMONG SPECIES OF PALM TREES Acrocomia Mart. BASED ON MORPHOAGRONOMIC DESCRIPTORS ABSTRACT: The native palm trees Acrocomia aculeata and Acrocomia totai are used for several purposes, mainly, the use of fresh or processed pulp for food and the extraction of oil from the pulp and almond with different applications. Knowing its economic potential and doubt about its taxonomy, 60 individuals were characterized in three populations of each species using 41 morpho-agronomic descriptors. The data were analyzed using univariate and multivariate statistics (similarity estimate using the Gower index and formation of clusters using the UPGMA method). Great variation was found in most of the descriptors analyzed within and between populations and species. The population of Luz-MG had the highest values for fruit descriptors and the population of Corumbá-MS the lowest. The cluster analysis revealed the formation of two large groups corresponding to the analyzed species and the subdivision within each of these corresponds to their geographical origin. The variation found within each species can guide the selection of more productive individuals in breeding programs and the divergence between species, in addition to proving their taxonomy supports future studies and their better use. Keywords: Acrocomia aculeata, Acrocomia totai, Arecaceae, diversity, pre-breeding.
15
Sancho-Chavarria, Lilliana, Fabian Beck, Daniel Weiskopf y Erick Mata-Montero. "Task-based assessment of visualization tools for the comparison of biological taxonomies". Research Ideas and Outcomes 4 (12 de abril de 2018): e25742. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/rio.4.e25742.
Texto completoResumen
Maintenance and curation of large-sized biological taxonomies are complex and laborious activities. Information visualization systems use interactive visual interfaces to facilitate analytical reasoning on complex information. Several approaches such as treemaps, indented lists, cone trees, radial trees, and many others have been used to visualize and analyze a single taxonomy. In addition, methods such as edge drawing, animation, and matrix representations have been used for comparing trees. Visualizing similarities and differences between two or more large taxonomies is harder than the visualization of a single taxonomy. On one hand, less space is available on the screen to display each tree; on the other hand, differences should be highlighted. The comparison of two alternative taxonomies and the analysis of a taxonomy as it evolves over time provide fundamental information to taxonomists and global initiatives that promote standardization and integration of taxonomic databases to better document biodiversity and support its conservation. In this work we assess how ten user visualization tasks for the curation of biological taxonomies are supported by several visualization tools. Tasks include the identification of conditions such as congruent taxa, splits, merges, and new species added to a taxonomy. We consider tools that have gone beyond the prototype stage, that have been described in peer-reviewed publications, or are in current use. We conclude with the identification of challenges for future development of taxonomy comparison tools.
16
Pereira, Bruno Michael Da Silva y Mayara de Farias. "Evolução biológica versus Filo Cnidária: panorama dos últimos 10 anos (2010 – 2019) no Nordeste do Brasil". AtoZ: novas práticas em informação e conhecimento 9, n.º 2 (16 de noviembre de 2020): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/atoz.v9i2.75584.
Texto completoResumen
Introdução: a temática Evolução Biológica permeia transversalmente todas as áreas do conhecimento das Ciências Biológicas. Ainda assim, é carente de respostas que conectem o nosso presente ao passado, principalmente quando os objetos de estudo são invertebrados, pelo fato do difícil registro das estruturas morfofisiológicas desses organismos. Metodologia: o presente estudo buscou realizar um levantamento na literatura científica brasileira na Google Acadêmico dos últimos 10 anos (2010 – 2019) a respeito de estudos em Evolução relacionados ao filo Cnidaria, no Nordeste do Brasil, utilizando cinco search strings previamente pensadas para condução da busca sobre o tema sugerido. Resultados: foram encontrados 839 documentos e apesar da variação de palavras, depois da triagem, apenas 16 trabalhos foram computados. Trabalhos que tinham como áreas de conhecimento: Paleobiologia, Taxonomia integrativa, Biologia Molecular e Filogeografia. Nos trabalhos encontrados, Anthozoa foi a Classe de Cnidaria mais representativa. Oestado de Pernambuco teve a maior contribuição de estudos para a região. Conclusão: ainda que a busca tenha sido de trabalhos dos últimos 10 anos (2010 – 2019), os resultados dão um panorama parcial do real problema que é a falta de estudos que abranjam o tema Evolução, quando se trata de cnidários na região Nordeste do Brasil. Não se exclui a possibilidade da existência de outros trabalhos nesse período, mas com os instrumentos de busca utilizados os resultados demonstraram, mesmo que superficialmente, uma problemática geral, carente de estudos e novos pesquisadores com interesse pela temática, para que as demandas dos conhecimentos da área sejam supridas.
17
Moura, Gabriela Silva y Gilmar Franzener. "Anatomia foliar de Corymbia citriodora (Hook.) K.D. Hill & L.A.S. Johnson oriundas da região noroeste do Paraná - Leaf anatomy of Corymbia citriodora (Hook.) K.D. Hill & L.A.S. Johnson coming from Northeast Paraná". Revista de Biologia Neotropical 11, n.º 2 (11 de marzo de 2015): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.5216/rbn.v11i2.29702.
Texto completoResumen
Tendo em vista a escassez de trabalhos anatômicos utilizados em análises taxonômica e evolutiva da família Myrtaceae, especialmente para os gêneros de Eucalyptus, este trabalho teve como objetivo descrever a estrutura e ilustrar a morfo-anatomia do limbo foliar e pecíolo de E. citriodora oriundos da região Noroeste do Paraná, visando contribuir com dados estruturais à família Myrtaceae e para o conhecimento sobre a biologia e a taxonomia da espécie. O material vegetal foi fixado em FAA 50, submetido ao processo de desidratação, em seguida transferido para etapa de infiltração utilizando-se uma mistura da Resina Líquida mais Ativador em Pó (Meio A). Para a polimerização foi utilizado o Meio B que, consiste na mistura do Meio A mais Hardner (endurecedor). Esta solução foi colocado nos moldes de polietileno (Histomold) e os fragmentos do tecido vegetal foram dispostos em corte transversal e longitudinal. Após a montagem dos blocos foi realizado o corte para a visualização das estruturas anatômicas ao microscópio óptico. As características morfo-anatômicas evidenciadas no presente estudo são aquelas comumente encontradas em representantes da família Myrtaceae e no gênero Eucalyptus. O estudo da anatomia foliar deve ser considerada em filogenia, pois há caracteres promissores, tais como: o formato das células comuns da epiderme, presença de tricomas ou não, cavidades secretoras presente na fase adaxial e/ou abaxial , entre outros, que possibilitam a classificação taxonômica das espécies, além de fornecer dados importantes para a construção de filogenia.
18
Vieira, Leandro Manzoni y Alvaro Esteves Migotto. "Checklist dos Entoprocta do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil". Biota Neotropica 11, suppl 1 (diciembre de 2011): 497–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1676-06032011000500018.
Texto completoResumen
O Filo Entoprocta compreende cerca de 180 espécies de metazoários aquáticos e sésseis, na grande maioria marinho. Esses animais são encontrados em substratos diversos, incluindo seixos, algas, conchas e outros animais. Apesar da semelhança com outros organismos coloniais, como hidrozoários e briozoários, os entoproctos são distintos pelo corpo constituído por um cálice distal com tentáculos ciliados, sustentado por um pedúnculo fixo no substrato através do pé ou estolão. A relação do grupo é bastante obscura, e estudos taxonômicos e morfológicos são escassos em todo mundo. Devido sobretudo ao trabalho de Ernest Marcus e Eveline Du Bois-Reymond-Marcus, realizado entre as décadas de 1930 e 1970, são conhecidas 18 espécies na costa brasileira, 16 das quais relatadas para o estado de São Paulo. Infelizmente, grande parte do material tipo descrito por eles está provavelmente perdido, sendo localizados apenas alguns nas coleções do Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo (MZUSP) e Natural History Museum em Londres (NHMUK). Assim, o conhecimento sobre a taxonomia, biologia e ecologia é restrito a algumas espécies e localidades. A ausência de levantamentos faunísticos e monitoramentos dificulta uma avaliação detalhada da composição e alteração da fauna em regiões impactadas. Atualmente, não existem especialistas em Entoprocta em São Paulo ou no Brasil, e devido à baixa diversidade do filo, só se justifica a capacitação de especialistas que se dediquem também a outros grupos, como Ectoprocta (Bryozoa). A formação de coleções científicas, como a do MZUSP, pode atrair o interesse de pesquisadores para estudo taxonômicos e de outros aspectos dos espécimes brasileiros, até agora pouco conhecidos.
19
Clark, Benjamin R., H. Charles J. Godfray, Ian J. Kitching, Simon J. Mayo y Malcolm J. Scoble. "Taxonomy as an eScience". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 367, n.º 1890 (16 de diciembre de 2008): 953–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2008.0190.
Texto completoResumen
The Internet has the potential to provide wider access to biological taxonomy, the knowledge base of which is currently fragmented across a large number of ink-on-paper publications dating from the middle of the eighteenth century. A system (the CATE project) is proposed in which consensus or consolidated taxonomies are presented in the form of Web-based revisions. The workflow is designed to allow the community to offer, online, additions and taxonomic changes (‘proposals’) to the consolidated taxonomies (e.g. new species and synonymies). A means of quality control in the form of online peer review as part of the editorial process is also included in the workflow. The CATE system rests on taxonomic expertise and judgement, rather than using aggregation technology to accumulate taxonomic information from across the Web. The CATE application and its system and architecture are described in the context of the wider aims and purpose of the project.
20
Sancho-Chavarria, Lilliana, Fabian Beck y Erick Mata-Montero. "An expert study on hierarchy comparison methods applied to biological taxonomies curation". PeerJ Computer Science 6 (29 de junio de 2020): e277. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.277.
Texto completoResumen
Comparison of hierarchies aims at identifying differences and similarities between two or more hierarchical structures. In the biological taxonomy domain, comparison is indispensable for the reconciliation of alternative versions of a taxonomic classification. Biological taxonomies are knowledge structures that may include large amounts of nodes (taxa), which are typically maintained manually. We present the results of a user study with taxonomy experts that evaluates four well-known methods for the comparison of two hierarchies, namely, edge drawing, matrix representation, animation and agglomeration. Each of these methods is evaluated with respect to seven typical biological taxonomy curation tasks. To this end, we designed an interactive software environment through which expert taxonomists performed exercises representative of the considered tasks. We evaluated participants’ effectiveness and level of satisfaction from both quantitative and qualitative perspectives. Overall quantitative results evidence that participants were less effective with agglomeration whereas they were more satisfied with edge drawing. Qualitative findings reveal a greater preference among participants for the edge drawing method. In addition, from the qualitative analysis, we obtained insights that contribute to explain the differences between the methods and provide directions for future research.
21
Folkins, John W. y Ken M. Bleile. "Taxonomies in Biology, Phonetics, Phonology, and Speech Motor Control". Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 55, n.º 4 (noviembre de 1990): 596–611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshd.5504.596.
Texto completoResumen
This article begins with a review explaining the different purposes of biological taxonomies. Taxonomic units are often dependent on the purpose for which the taxonomy has been constructed. Biological taxonomies provide an analogy that we use to emphasize some of the distinctions among the units of phonetic transcription systems, competence phonologies, and performance phonologies. The units of both phonology and phonetic transcription are considered as possible units of the speech motor system, and some of the difficulties of this assumption are explained. Although phonemic units, like units of phonetic transcription, are useful for many purposes, it is not theoretically necessary to use units derived as part of competence phonologies in systems attempting to explain phonological performance or speech motor performance. In this regard, we challenge the concept of coarticulation, because it is based on assumptions about the role of phonological or phonetic units in speech motor control. We offer an integrated perspective that has implications for research in speech motor control and deficits of the speech motor system. We see speech motor deficits as distinct from, yet possibly interacting with, phonological deficits.
22
Taia, Wafaa Kamal. "Thinking in the Future of Plant Taxonomy". International Journal of Contemporary Research and Review 11, n.º 01 (9 de enero de 2020): 20212–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15520/ijcrr.v11i01.776.
Texto completoResumen
This review is a trial to summarize the history of plant taxonomy to understand the situation of the taxonomical works and their progression. Taxonomy starts as an artificial classification and gradually with the increase of knowledge, civilization and facilities, plant taxonomy developed. Here, the most affected steps in the progression of plant taxonomy have been mentioned. Starting from the oldest period of using vegetative, floral and anatomical characters to the most recent works on palynology, chemotaxonomy and molecular biological data. Thinking of the modern plant taxonomy has been mentioned in response to the environmental changes and peoples thinking. Experimental biology and breeding experiments must be done to understand the way of speciation and to protect the wild species from extinction. Taxonomy must be cooperating with ecology for better understanding of the changing in the taxonomic characters and to precise identifications. Taxonomists have to survey the vegetation and try to find ways to protect the plants. We have to understand the relationships between the taxa in the populations. We have to modulate our thinking according to the new situation. Meanwhile the environmental conditions and their effect on plant characters must be kept in mind, as new species may arise and other extinct
23
Barsanti, Giulio. "Lamarck: taxonomy and theoretical biology". Asclepio 52, n.º 2 (30 de diciembre de 2000): 119–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/asclepio.2000.v52.i2.210.
Texto completo
24
Marumo, Marumo Kedumetse. "The second Symposium held in February 2018 under the theme “Biodiversity Management - A Strategy for Sustainable Development and Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation”". Botswana Journal of Agriculture and Applied Sciences 13, n.º 2 (26 de septiembre de 2019): ii. http://dx.doi.org/10.37106/bojaas.2019.41.
Texto completoResumen
The Global Taxonomy Initiative (GTI) was developed by governments through the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) after acknowledging the existence of taxonomic impediment to the sound management of biodiversity. The main aim of the strategy is to develop the human resources and infrastructure necessary to generate, disseminate and use taxonomic knowledge and information in a manner that assists parties in effectively implementing the convention. The National Taxonomy Committee (NTC) is a committee mandated to drive the Global Taxonomy Initiative programme of work in Botswana.
25
Johnson, Susan C. "Folk taxonomies and folk theories: The case of Williams syndrome". Behavioral and Brain Sciences 21, n.º 4 (agosto de 1998): 578–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x98321275.
Texto completoResumen
Work with people with Williams syndrome is reviewed relative to Atran's claim that the universality of taxonomic rank in the animal and plant domains derives from a biological construal of generic species. From this work it is argued that a biological construal of animals is not necessary for the construction of the adult taxonomy of animals and therefore that the existence of an animal (or plant) taxonomy cannot be taken as evidence of a biological domain.
26
Atran, Scott. "Folk biology and the anthropology of science: Cognitive universals and cultural particulars". Behavioral and Brain Sciences 21, n.º 4 (agosto de 1998): 547–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x98001277.
Texto completoResumen
This essay in the “anthropology of science” is about how cognition constrains culture in producing science. The example is folk biology, whose cultural recurrence issues from the very same domain-specific cognitive universals that provide the historical backbone of systematic biology. Humans everywhere think about plants and animals in highly structured ways. People have similar folk-biological taxonomies composed of essence-based, species-like groups and the ranking of species into lower- and higher-order groups. Such taxonomies are not as arbitrary in structure and content, nor as variable across cultures, as the assembly of entities into cosmologies, materials, or social groups. These structures are routine products of our “habits of mind,” which may in part be naturally selected to grasp relevant and recurrent “habits of the world.” An experiment illustrates that the same taxonomic rank is preferred for making biological inferences in two diverse populations: Lowland Maya and Midwest Americans. These findings cannot be explained by domain-general models of similarity because such models cannot account for why both cultures prefer species-like groups, although Americans have relatively little actual knowledge or experience at this level. This supports a modular view of folk biology as a core domain of human knowledge and as a special player, or “core meme,” in the selection processes by which cultures evolve. Structural aspects of folk taxonomy provide people in different cultures with the built-in constraints and flexibility that allow them to understand and respond appropriately to different cultural and ecological settings. Another set of reasoning experiments shows that Maya, American folk, and scientists use similarly structured taxonomies in somewhat different ways to extend their understanding of the world in the face of uncertainty. Although folk and scientific taxonomies diverge historically, they continue to interact. The theory of evolution may ultimately dispense with the core concepts of folk biology, including species, taxonomy, and teleology; in practice, however, these may remain indispensable to doing scientific work. Moreover, theory-driven scientific knowledge cannot simply replace folk knowledge in everyday life. Folk-biological knowledge is not driven by implicit or inchoate theories of the sort science aims to make more accurate and perfect.
27
Samson, Robert A. "Constraints associated with taxonomy of biocontrol fungi". Canadian Journal of Botany 73, S1 (31 de diciembre de 1995): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b95-229.
Texto completoResumen
An increasing number of fungi are being collected and screened for the biological control of pests, but nomenclature, taxonomy, and correct identification of many of them remain problematic. Trichoderma spp. and the rust fungi are promising candidates for biocontrol agents, yet they present serious taxonomic problems. Several groups of entomopathogenic fungi are also potential biocontrol sources of agents. Genera such as Cordyceps, Aschersonia, Verticillium, Beauveria, and Metarhizium are in need of urgent revision. Before their release can be considered, all details of their complex life cycles and taxonomy have to be elucidated to satisfy quarantine authorities. Formerly, the taxonomy and identification of biocontrol fungi has been based largely on morphological structures, but molecular techniques have been introduced to provide more objective criteria. Beauveria and Metarhizium spp. have been subjected to several molecular techniques that have resolved phylogeny and species concepts. In Metarhizium, a high degree of genetic diversity is present. Incorrect typification, lack of holotypes, and poorly resolved life cycles and unclear teleomorph – (syn)anamorph connections are serious taxonomic contraints. Only a small fraction of the fungi that can be used for biological control has been examined. The destruction of habitats and ecosystems for these fungi will result in the disappearance of fungal germ plasm of potential value, not only for biological control but also as a source of novel metabolites. This loss and the decline of taxonomic expertise in the fungi are major problems. Key words: biocontrol, taxonomy, Trichoderma, Beauveria, Metarhizium, Cordyceps.
28
Maria Helena Roxo Beltran, Deividi Marcio Marques &. "Editorial". História da Ciência e Ensino: construindo interfaces 18 (28 de noviembre de 2018): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.23925/2178-2911.2018v18p1-2.
Texto completoResumen
Apresentamos o décimo oitavo volume da Revista História da Ciência e Ensino: construindo interfaces com 8 artigos. Na primeira seção, História da Ciência e Ensino, são apresentados três artigos; no primeiro artigo, intitulado “Casa dos pássaros: local de preparação de material zoológico a ser enviado para Portugal”, cujo projeto de pesquisa encontra-se nos Anais do Scientiarum História IX (9º Congresso de História das Ciências e das Técnicas e Epistemologia), Rio de Janeiro, 2016 os autores José Mário d´Almeida e Regina Maria Macedo Costa Dantas nos apresentam uma rica pesquisa sobre a criação, consolidação e, por fim, a extinção da Casa dos pássaros e suas relações com o Museu Nacional; o segundo artigo, “Pasteur nos Livros Didáticos de Biologia do Ensino Médio aprovados no PNLD: uma análise histórica sobre a abordagem da origem da vida e o metabolismo” de autoria de Ricardo Brasil Crudeli e Hélio Elael Bonini Viana, foi apresentado V Jornada de História da Ciência e Ensino: Propostas, Tendências e Construção de Interfaces, realizada de 30 julho a 01 de agosto de 2015 e nos mostra as incoerências históricas dos trabalhos de Louis Pasteur que aparecem descritos em livros didáticos de Biologia para Educação Básica e que não podem ser desprezados e descontextualizados; o terceiro artigo é algo inédito para a Revista: de autoria Arlete de Jesus Brito e Islenis Carolina Botello, o artigo é uma entrevista realizada com o professor Antonio Miguel que aborda, entre outros temas interessantes, o ensino de matemática nas décadas de 1970 e 1980.Na seção Tópicos de História da Ciência, o artigo de Maria Júlia Corazza e Verônica Klepka, intitulado “O essencialismo na classificação de Lineu e a repercussão dessa controvérsia na biologia”, as autoras discutem aspectos da taxonomia tradicional e os trabalhos de Lineu e saem em defesa dessas ideias e justificam o porque a classificação biológica lineana não é fundamentada no essencialismo platônico ou aristotélico, o que sugere uma descontextualização desses fatos. O segundo artigo desta sessão “Apontamentos e reflexões preliminares acerca da divulgação de conhecimento científico no final do século XVIII e início do século XIX” de Paulo Henrique Trentin. Trentin nos traz uma reflexão acerca da importância dos autores, tradutores e outros personagens responsáveis pela divulgação dos conhecimentos científicos do final do século XVIII ao início do século XIX no Brasil o que, de certa maneira, era feita por parte de pessoas com formação científica e domínio de alguma área do conhecimento. O último artigo da sessão “John Hogg (1800-1869) e a descrição do quarto reino natural: primigenum” dos autores Verônica Klepka, Maria Julia Corazza e Fagner de Souza traz como destaque o trabalho do naturalista britânico John Hogg que cria o quarto reino da natureza e que gerou debates durante o século XX. Na última sessão História da Ciência e Ensino: Propostas e Aplicações para sala de aula são apresentados dois trabalhos que discutem as interfaces da História da Ciência no Ensino de Ciências. Ana Lúcia Rodrigues Gama Russo nos apresenta o artigo “Primo Levi - uma vida a descobrir”, cujo foco foi a leitura de dois capítulos do livro A Tabela Periódica escrito por Primo Levi. A autora mostra o percurso metodológico para aplicação, coleta de dados e resultados obtidos, nos levando a pensar que ainda precisamos discutir mais as interfaces entre História da Ciência e Ensino. Ainda sobre a Tabela Periódica, as autoras Jomara Mendes Fernandes, Sandra Franco-Patrocício e Ivoni Freitas-Reis nos presenteia com o artigo “Possibilidades para o fazer docente junto ao aprendiz cego em aulas de Química: uma interface com a história da Tabela Periódica” que, além de tratar sobre a História da Ciência no Ensino de Química, nos traz importantes apontamentos e discussões sobre a Educação Inclusiva, sobretudo para estudantes cegos. O trabalho nos mostra que é possível desenvolver metodologias interdisciplinares em sala de aula de modo a atender as demandas legais e sociais da sociedade atual. Um material interessante para professores da Educação Básica. Desejamos a todos uma boa leitura e convidá-los a submeter trabalhos nos próximos volumes. Maria Helena Roxo BeltranDeividi Marcio Marques(editores)
29
Wheeler, Quentin D. "Taxonomic triage and the poverty of phylogeny". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 359, n.º 1444 (29 de abril de 2004): 571–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2003.1452.
Texto completoResumen
Revisionary taxonomy is frequently dismissed as merely descriptive, which belies its strong intellectual content and hypothesis–driven nature. Funding for taxonomy is inadequate and largely diverted to studies of phylogeny that neither improve classifications nor nomenclature. Phylogenetic classifications are optimal for storing and predicting information, but phylogeny divorced from taxonomy is ephemeral and erodes the accuracy and information content of the language of biology. Taxonomic revisions and monographs are efficient, high–throughput species hypothesis–testing devices that are ideal for the World Wide Web. Taxonomic knowledge remains essential to credible biological research and is made urgent by the biodiversity crisis. Theoretical and technological advances and threats of mass species extinctions indicate that this is the time for a renaissance in taxonomy. Clarity of vision and courage of purpose are needed from individual taxonomists and natural history museums to bring about this evolution of taxonomy into the information age.
30
Gajdács, Márió. "Taxonomy and nomenclature of bacteria with clinical and scientific importance: current concepts for pharmacists and pharmaceutical scientists". Acta Pharmaceutica Hungarica 89, n.º 4 (7 de marzo de 2020): 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.33892/aph.2019.89.99-108.
Texto completoResumen
Taxonomy is the science of the classification of various living organisms consisting of three independent, but interrelated disciplines, namely classification, nomenclature and identification. With the advent of molecular biological methods and sequencing, a revolution is currently occurring with regards to the reporting of novel taxa and changes in the taxonomy of already described bacterial species. The applications of taxonomic changes can be broad ranging: they may impact the clinical care of patients, through variations in choosing the appropriate antimicrobial susceptibility testing standards or data interpretation, or even their clinical relevance and epidemiology. The aim of this paper was to aid healthcare professionals and pharmaceutical scientists to navigate through the ‘maze’ of bacterial taxonomy, and to aid in finding authentic information regarding the description of taxonomic changes and to present some examples of changes in bacterial taxonomy which have proven to be clinically significant.
31
Tancoigne, Elise y Guillaume Ollivier. "Evaluating the progress and needs of taxonomy since the Convention on Biological Diversity: going beyond the rate of species description". Australian Systematic Botany 30, n.º 4 (2017): 326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb16017.
Texto completoResumen
There is a long tradition of assessing the activity and progress of taxonomy with quantitative indicators, such as, for example, number of taxonomists, species described and species collected. These evaluations play a key role in the context of a worldwide concern over biodiversity and its governance. We have described and analysed these evaluations since 1992, the year in which the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) was adopted. We showed that despite the establishment of a dedicated body inside the CBD (the Global Taxonomy Initiative), these quantitative evaluations are mostly sporadic and independent initiatives, performed by non-taxonomists. They do not map the places where most of the taxonomic activities take place, and they are performed on small scales, with scarce and heterogeneous sources of data, making comparisons almost impossible. Most of the indicators they use refer to the activity of species description. We argue that there is a need to rethink the way we evaluate taxonomy today and we discuss why it is urgent to move beyond indicators of species description. We suggest the use of a new set of indicators that would focus on taxonomic resources and dynamics, instead of taxonomic outputs.
32
ZANETTE, DAMIAN H. "SELF-SIMILARITY IN THE TAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATION OF HUMAN LANGUAGES". Advances in Complex Systems 04, n.º 02n03 (junio de 2001): 281–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219525901000206.
Texto completoResumen
Statistical properties of the taxonomic classification of human languages are studied. It is shown that, at the highest levels of the taxonomic hierarchy, the frequency of taxon members as a function of the number of languages belonging to each member decays as a power law. This feature reveals that a self-similar structure underlies the taxonomy of languages, exactly as observed in the taxonomic classification of biological species. Such an analogy is a clue to the evolutionary foundation of language classification based on long-range comparison.
33
Russello, Michael A., Scott Glaberman, James P. Gibbs, Cruz Marquez, Jeffrey R. Powell y Adalgisa Caccone. "A cryptic taxon of Galápagos tortoise in conservation peril". Biology Letters 1, n.º 3 (5 de julio de 2005): 287–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2005.0317.
Texto completoResumen
As once boldly stated, ‘bad taxonomy can kill’, highlighting the critical importance of accurate taxonomy for the conservation of endangered taxa. The concept continues to evolve almost 15 years later largely because most legal protections aimed at preserving biological diversity are based on formal taxonomic designations. In this paper we report unrecognized genetic divisions within the giant tortoises of the Galápagos. We found three distinct lineages among populations formerly considered a single taxon on the most populous and accessible island of Santa Cruz; their diagnosability, degree of genetic divergence and phylogenetic placement merit the recognition of at least one new taxon. These results demonstrate the fundamental importance of continuing taxonomic investigations to recognize biological diversity and designate units of conservation, even within long-studied organisms such as Galápagos tortoises, whose evolutionary heritage and contribution to human intellectual history warrant them special attention.
34
Gotelli, Nicholas J. "A taxonomic wish–list for community ecology". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 359, n.º 1444 (29 de abril de 2004): 585–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2003.1443.
Texto completoResumen
Community ecology seeks to explain the number and relative abundance of coexisting species. Four research frontiers in community ecology are closely tied to research in systematics and taxonomy: the statistics of species richness estimators, global patterns of biodiversity, the influence of global climate change on community structure, and phylogenetic influences on community structure. The most pressing needs for taxonomic information in community ecology research are usable taxonomic keys, current nomenclature, species occurrence records and resolved phylogenies. These products can best be obtained from Internet–based phylogenetic and taxonomic resources, but the lack of trained professional systematists and taxonomists threatens this effort. Community ecologists will benefit most directly from research in systematics and taxonomy by making better use of resources in museums and herbaria, and by actively seeking training, information and collaborations with taxonomic specialists.
35
Samper, Cristián. "Taxonomy and environmental policy". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 359, n.º 1444 (29 de abril de 2004): 721–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2004.1476.
Texto completoResumen
In 1992, with the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro and the subsequent Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), the world changed for the science of taxonomy. Many taxonomists appear not to have noticed this change, but it has significantly altered the political climate in which taxonomic research is undertaken. By the late 1990s it was clear that effective implementation of the CBD needed the participation of and funding for the taxonomic community. In this paper, I chart the rise of the Global Taxonomy Initiative (GTI), review some of its goals and explore how it interacts with the CBD. The interactions of the GTI with the Global Environment Facility, a potential funding body, are explored, as are the possible synergies between the GTI and the many other global initiatives linking to taxonomy. Finally, I explore some of the challenges ahead as taxonomy begins to take a front seat in the implementation of environmental policy on the world stage.
36
Catlett, Dylan, Kevin Son y Connie Liang. "ensembleTax: an R package for determinations of ensemble taxonomic assignments of phylogenetically-informative marker gene sequences". PeerJ 9 (26 de julio de 2021): e11865. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11865.
Texto completoResumen
Background High-throughput sequencing of phylogenetically informative marker genes is a widely used method to assess the diversity and composition of microbial communities. Taxonomic assignment of sampled marker gene sequences (referred to as amplicon sequence variants, or ASVs) imparts ecological significance to these genetic data. To assign taxonomy to an ASV, a taxonomic assignment algorithm compares the ASV to a collection of reference sequences (a reference database) with known taxonomic affiliations. However, many taxonomic assignment algorithms and reference databases are available, and the optimal algorithm and database for a particular scientific question is often unclear. Here, we present the ensembleTax R package, which provides an efficient framework for integrating taxonomic assignments predicted with any number of taxonomic assignment algorithms and reference databases to determine ensemble taxonomic assignments for ASVs. Methods The ensembleTax R package relies on two core algorithms: taxmapper and assign.ensembleTax. The taxmapper algorithm maps taxonomic assignments derived from one reference database onto the taxonomic nomenclature (a set of taxonomic naming and ranking conventions) of another reference database. The assign.ensembleTax algorithm computes ensemble taxonomic assignments for each ASV in a data set based on any number of taxonomic assignments determined with independent methods. Various parameters allow analysts to prioritize obtaining either more ASVs with more predicted clade names or more robust clade name predictions supported by multiple independent methods in ensemble taxonomic assignments. Results The ensembleTax R package is used to compute two sets of ensemble taxonomic assignments for a collection of protistan ASVs sampled from the coastal ocean. Comparisons of taxonomic assignments predicted by individual methods with those predicted by ensemble methods show that conservative implementations of the ensembleTax package minimize disagreements between taxonomic assignments predicted by individual and ensemble methods, but result in ASVs with fewer ranks assigned taxonomy. Less conservative implementations of the ensembleTax package result in an increased fraction of ASVs classified at all taxonomic ranks, but increase the number of ASVs for which ensemble assignments disagree with those predicted by individual methods. Discussion We discuss how implementation of the ensembleTax R package may be optimized to address specific scientific objectives based on the results of the application of the ensembleTax package to marine protist communities. While further work is required to evaluate the accuracy of ensemble taxonomic assignments relative to taxonomic assignments predicted by individual methods, we also discuss scenarios where ensemble methods are expected to improve the accuracy of taxonomy prediction for ASVs.
37
Shimura, Junko y Kaduo Hiraki. "Global taxonomy initiative: Building capacity in taxonomy to underpin the conservation of biological diversity". Microbiology Australia 27, n.º 1 (2006): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma06016.
Texto completoResumen
The Global Taxonomy Initiative (GTI) is across cutting issue of the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) to address the lack of taxonomic information and expertise available in many parts of the world, and thereby to improve decision making in conservation, sustainable use and equitable sharing of the benefits derived from genetic resources.
38
MacLaury, Robert E. "Domain-specificity in folk biology and color categorization: Modularity versus global process". Behavioral and Brain Sciences 21, n.º 4 (agosto de 1998): 582–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x98361270.
Texto completoResumen
Universal ranks in folk biological taxonomy probably apply to taxonomies of cultural artifacts. We cannot call folk biological cognition domain-specific and modular. Color categorization may manifest unique organization, which would result from known neurology and the nature of color as an attribute. But folk biology does not adduce equivalent evidence. A global process of increasing differentiation similarly affects folk taxonomy, color categorization, and other practices germane to Atran's anthropology of science; this is beclouded by claims of specificity and modularity.
39
Miralles, Aurélien, Teddy Bruy, Katherine Wolcott, Mark D. Scherz, Dominik Begerow, Bank Beszteri, Michael Bonkowski et al. "Repositories for Taxonomic Data: Where We Are and What is Missing". Systematic Biology 69, n.º 6 (16 de abril de 2020): 1231–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syaa026.
Texto completoResumen
Abstract Natural history collections are leading successful large-scale projects of specimen digitization (images, metadata, DNA barcodes), thereby transforming taxonomy into a big data science. Yet, little effort has been directed towards safeguarding and subsequently mobilizing the considerable amount of original data generated during the process of naming 15,000–20,000 species every year. From the perspective of alpha-taxonomists, we provide a review of the properties and diversity of taxonomic data, assess their volume and use, and establish criteria for optimizing data repositories. We surveyed 4113 alpha-taxonomic studies in representative journals for 2002, 2010, and 2018, and found an increasing yet comparatively limited use of molecular data in species diagnosis and description. In 2018, of the 2661 papers published in specialized taxonomic journals, molecular data were widely used in mycology (94%), regularly in vertebrates (53%), but rarely in botany (15%) and entomology (10%). Images play an important role in taxonomic research on all taxa, with photographs used in >80% and drawings in 58% of the surveyed papers. The use of omics (high-throughput) approaches or 3D documentation is still rare. Improved archiving strategies for metabarcoding consensus reads, genome and transcriptome assemblies, and chemical and metabolomic data could help to mobilize the wealth of high-throughput data for alpha-taxonomy. Because long-term—ideally perpetual—data storage is of particular importance for taxonomy, energy footprint reduction via less storage-demanding formats is a priority if their information content suffices for the purpose of taxonomic studies. Whereas taxonomic assignments are quasifacts for most biological disciplines, they remain hypotheses pertaining to evolutionary relatedness of individuals for alpha-taxonomy. For this reason, an improved reuse of taxonomic data, including machine-learning-based species identification and delimitation pipelines, requires a cyberspecimen approach—linking data via unique specimen identifiers, and thereby making them findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable for taxonomic research. This poses both qualitative challenges to adapt the existing infrastructure of data centers to a specimen-centered concept and quantitative challenges to host and connect an estimated $ \le $2 million images produced per year by alpha-taxonomic studies, plus many millions of images from digitization campaigns. Of the 30,000–40,000 taxonomists globally, many are thought to be nonprofessionals, and capturing the data for online storage and reuse therefore requires low-complexity submission workflows and cost-free repository use. Expert taxonomists are the main stakeholders able to identify and formalize the needs of the discipline; their expertise is needed to implement the envisioned virtual collections of cyberspecimens. [Big data; cyberspecimen; new species; omics; repositories; specimen identifier; taxonomy; taxonomic data.]
40
Koren, Anamarija, Vladimir Sikora, Biljana Kiprovski, Milka Brdar-Jokanovic, Milica Acimovic, Bojan Konstantinovic y Dragana Latkovic. "Controversial taxonomy of hemp". Genetika 52, n.º 1 (2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr2001001k.
Texto completoResumen
Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) was one of the earliest domesticated plant species. Biological classification (taxonomy or systematization) manifests evolutional relationships between taxons according to trait similarities. When it comes to taxonomy, hemp is one of the most controversial plant species due to significant effects of environmental conditions on hemp phenology and expression of quantitative traits as well as different levels of gender expression observed in hemp plants. Controversial taxonomy of hemp has gone through several phases throughout history. The attitude on the number of species within the genus Cannabis and the criteria used in taxonomic units division were under dispute. Initially focused on morphological characteristics and geographical origin, the approach was greatly amended by the development of molecular and biochemical techniques. The main cause of taxonomic uncertainties is the inbreeding ability of all wild Cannabis populations, resulting in continual variability of quantitative traits. The aim of the paper is to review the history of Cannabis classification including different approaches to this scientific issue.
41
SITES, ROBERT W. y AKEKAWAT VITHEEPRADIT. "Heleocoris (Heteroptera: Naucoridae: Laccocorinae) of Thailand, with description of a new species". Zootaxa 2736, n.º 1 (11 de enero de 2011): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2736.1.1.
Texto completoResumen
The genus Heleocoris in Indochina has languished for more than a century with no substantial history of taxonomic, biological, or ecological research since the original descriptions of the species, despite its abundance and ubiquity in streams throughout the region. This is largely because of the inability to assign specific identities to these insects and the need for taxonomic revision. Presented here is a comprehensive treatment on the taxonomy and faunistics of the four species now known to occur in Thailand, including the description of Heleocoris mcphersoni, n. sp. Diagnostic information, records from Thailand and other Southeast Asian countries, ecological notes, habitus photographs, and a taxonomic key to identify the four species are presented.
42
Raven, Peter H. "Taxonomy: where are we now?" Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 359, n.º 1444 (29 de abril de 2004): 729–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2004.1462.
Texto completo
43
Cai, Feng y Irina S. Druzhinina. "In honor of John Bissett: authoritative guidelines on molecular identification of Trichoderma". Fungal Diversity 107, n.º 1 (5 de febrero de 2021): 1–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13225-020-00464-4.
Texto completoResumen
AbstractModern taxonomy has developed towards the establishment of global authoritative lists of species that assume the standardized principles of species recognition, at least in a given taxonomic group. However, in fungi, species delimitation is frequently subjective because it depends on the choice of a species concept and the criteria selected by a taxonomist. Contrary to it, identification of fungal species is expected to be accurate and precise because it should predict the properties that are required for applications or that are relevant in pathology. The industrial and plant-beneficial fungi from the genus Trichoderma (Hypocreales) offer a suitable model to address this collision between species delimitation and species identification. A few decades ago, Trichoderma diversity was limited to a few dozen species. The introduction of molecular evolutionary methods resulted in the exponential expansion of Trichoderma taxonomy, with up to 50 new species recognized per year. Here, we have reviewed the genus-wide taxonomy of Trichoderma and compiled a complete inventory of all Trichoderma species and DNA barcoding material deposited in public databases (the inventory is available at the website of the International Subcommission on Taxonomy of Trichodermawww.trichoderma.info). Among the 375 species with valid names as of July 2020, 361 (96%) have been cultivated in vitro and DNA barcoded. Thus, we have developed a protocol for molecular identification of Trichoderma that requires analysis of the three DNA barcodes (ITS, tef1, and rpb2), and it is supported by online tools that are available on www.trichokey.info. We then used all the whole-genome sequenced (WGS) Trichoderma strains that are available in public databases to provide versatile practical examples of molecular identification, reveal shortcomings, and discuss possible ambiguities. Based on the Trichoderma example, this study shows why the identification of a fungal species is an intricate and laborious task that requires a background in mycology, molecular biological skills, training in molecular evolutionary analysis, and knowledge of taxonomic literature. We provide an in-depth discussion of species concepts that are applied in Trichoderma taxonomy, and conclude that these fungi are particularly suitable for the implementation of a polyphasic approach that was first introduced in Trichoderma taxonomy by John Bissett (1948–2020), whose work inspired the current study. We also propose a regulatory and unifying role of international commissions on the taxonomy of particular fungal groups. An important outcome of this work is the demonstration of an urgent need for cooperation between Trichoderma researchers to get prepared to the efficient use of the upcoming wave of Trichoderma genomic data.
44
Owen, Christopher L., Heather Bracken-Grissom, David Stern y Keith A. Crandall. "A synthetic phylogeny of freshwater crayfish: insights for conservation". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 370, n.º 1662 (19 de febrero de 2015): 20140009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0009.
Texto completoResumen
Phylogenetic systematics is heading for a renaissance where we shift from considering our phylogenetic estimates as a static image in a published paper and taxonomies as a hardcopy checklist to treating both the phylogenetic estimate and dynamic taxonomies as metadata for further analyses. The Open Tree of Life project ( opentreeoflife.org ) is developing synthesis tools for harnessing the power of phylogenetic inference and robust taxonomy to develop a synthetic tree of life. We capitalize on this approach to estimate a synthesis tree for the freshwater crayfish. The crayfish make an exceptional group to demonstrate the utility of the synthesis approach, as there recently have been a number of phylogenetic studies on the crayfishes along with a robust underlying taxonomic framework. Importantly, the crayfish have also been extensively assessed by an IUCN Red List team and therefore have accurate and up-to-date area and conservation status data available for analysis within a phylogenetic context. Here, we develop a synthesis phylogeny for the world's freshwater crayfish and examine the phylogenetic distribution of threat. We also estimate a molecular phylogeny based on all available GenBank crayfish sequences and use this tree to estimate divergence times and test for divergence rate variation. Finally, we conduct EDGE and HEDGE analyses and identify a number of species of freshwater crayfish of highest priority in conservation efforts.
45
Baird, Amy B., Janet Braun, Mark Engstrom, Burton Lim, Michael Mares, John Patton y John Bickham. "The taxonomic history of bats of the tribe Lasiurini (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) has undergone significant changes over time. Authors at different times have recognized various numbers of genera and subgenera within the tribe. The most recent proposed change to generic level taxonomy (that there should be three genera recognized instead of a single genus) has been debated in the literature. We reviewed papers that commented on the recent changes to lasiurine generic taxonomy, as well as those that have adopted the new taxonomy and the ones that have not. We also reviewed the relevant taxonomic literature from 1942 to the present that shows the fluid taxonomic history of these bats. The literature review shows that the recently proposed taxonomic change recognizing the three groups of lasiurine bats as distinct genera is the only taxonomy that differentiates the tribe from the genera. Examination of times to most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) of 24 vespertilionid genera shows Lasiurus, if it comprises all Lasiurini, to be an outlier. Here, we support the recognition of three genera and explain how this arrangement best reflects the evolutionary history and biodiversity of the tribe by bringing the three distinct lineages in line with other vespertilionid genera with respect to divergence times and genetic distances. Considering the Lasiurini to comprise a single genus, Lasiurus, that genus has the greatest TMRCA of all vespertilionid genera analyzed, comparable only to the genus Kerivoula of the monotypic subfamily Kerivoulinae. However, recognizing the three deeply diverged lasiurine lineages (red bats, yellow bats, and hoary bats) as genera brings their TMRCAs in line with other genera and approximates the mean TMRCA of the 24 genera analyzed. Opponents of Baird et al.’s taxonomy argued that these three lineages should be considered as subgenera to avoid changing scientific names for purpose of nomenclatural stability and ease of conducting a literature search and because the three deep lineages are all monophyletic. That argument ignores the biological reality that these lineages are morphologically distinct, and that they are genetically as distinct from one another as other genera of vespertilionid bats; there is ample precedent in the mammalian literature to use values of TMRCA as a metric to maintain consistency of higher taxonomic categories such as genus. We encourage other mammalogists to utilize taxonomy to its maximum descriptive potential, while taking into account phylogenetic relationships of the taxa of interest." Therya 12, n.º 2 (30 de mayo de 2021): 283–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.12933/therya-21-1117.
Texto completoResumen
The taxonomic history of bats of the tribe Lasiurini (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) has undergone significant changes over time. Authors at different times have recognized various numbers of genera and subgenera within the tribe. The most recent proposed change to generic level taxonomy (that there should be three genera recognized instead of a single genus) has been debated in the literature. We reviewed papers that commented on the recent changes to lasiurine generic taxonomy, as well as those that have adopted the new taxonomy and the ones that have not. We also reviewed the relevant taxonomic literature from 1942 to the present that shows the fluid taxonomic history of these bats. The literature review shows that the recently proposed taxonomic change recognizing the three groups of lasiurine bats as distinct genera is the only taxonomy that differentiates the tribe from the genera. Examination of times to most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) of 24 vespertilionid genera shows Lasiurus, if it comprises all Lasiurini, to be an outlier. Here, we support the recognition of three genera and explain how this arrangement best reflects the evolutionary history and biodiversity of the tribe by bringing the three distinct lineages in line with other vespertilionid genera with respect to divergence times and genetic distances. Considering the Lasiurini to comprise a single genus, Lasiurus, that genus has the greatest TMRCA of all vespertilionid genera analyzed, comparable only to the genus Kerivoula of the monotypic subfamily Kerivoulinae. However, recognizing the three deeply diverged lasiurine lineages (red bats, yellow bats, and hoary bats) as genera brings their TMRCAs in line with other genera and approximates the mean TMRCA of the 24 genera analyzed. Opponents of Baird et al.’s taxonomy argued that these three lineages should be considered as subgenera to avoid changing scientific names for purpose of nomenclatural stability and ease of conducting a literature search and because the three deep lineages are all monophyletic. That argument ignores the biological reality that these lineages are morphologically distinct, and that they are genetically as distinct from one another as other genera of vespertilionid bats; there is ample precedent in the mammalian literature to use values of TMRCA as a metric to maintain consistency of higher taxonomic categories such as genus. We encourage other mammalogists to utilize taxonomy to its maximum descriptive potential, while taking into account phylogenetic relationships of the taxa of interest.
46
Pardo-Diaz, Carolina, Alejandro Lopera Toro, Sergio Andrés Peña Tovar, Rodrigo Sarmiento-Garcés, Melissa Sanchez Herrera y Camilo Salazar. "Taxonomic reassessment of the genus Dichotomius (Coleoptera: Scarabaeinae) through integrative taxonomy". PeerJ 7 (5 de agosto de 2019): e7332. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7332.
Texto completoResumen
Dung beetles of the subfamily Scarabaeinae are widely recognised as important providers of multiple ecosystem services and are currently experiencing revisions that have improved our understanding of higher-level relationships in the subfamily. However, the study of phylogenetic relationships at the level of genus or species is still lagging behind. In this study we investigated the New World beetle genus Dichotomius, one of the richest within the New World Scarabaeinae, using the most comprehensive molecular and morphological dataset for the genus to date (in terms of number of species and individuals). Besides evaluating phylogenetic relationships, we also assessed species delimitation through a novel Bayesian approach (iBPP) that enables morphological and molecular data to be combined. Our findings support the monophyly of the genus Dichotomius but not that of the subgenera Selenocopris and Dichotomius sensu stricto (s.s). Also, our results do not support the recent synonymy of Selenocopris with Luederwaldtinia. Some species-groups within the genus were recovered, and seem associated with elevational distribution. Our species delimitation analyses were largely congruent irrespective of the set of parameters applied, but the most robust results were obtained when molecular and morphological data were combined. Although our current sampling and analyses were not powerful enough to make definite interpretations on the validity of all species evaluated, we can confidently recognise D. nisus, D. belus and D. mamillatus as valid and well differentiated species. Overall, our study provides new insights into the phylogenetic relationships and classification of dung beetles and has broad implications for their systematics and evolutionary analyses.
47
Bolduc, Benjamin, Ho Bin Jang, Guilhem Doulcier, Zhi-Qiang You, Simon Roux y Matthew B. Sullivan. "vConTACT: an iVirus tool to classify double-stranded DNA viruses that infectArchaeaandBacteria". PeerJ 5 (3 de mayo de 2017): e3243. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3243.
Texto completoResumen
Taxonomic classification of archaeal and bacterial viruses is challenging, yet also fundamental for developing a predictive understanding of microbial ecosystems. Recent identification of hundreds of thousands of new viral genomes and genome fragments, whose hosts remain unknown, requires a paradigm shift away from traditional classification approaches and towards the use of genomes for taxonomy. Here we revisited the use of genomes and their protein content as a means for developing a viral taxonomy for bacterial and archaeal viruses. A network-based analytic was evaluated and benchmarked against authority-accepted taxonomic assignments and found to be largely concordant. Exceptions were manually examined and found to represent areas of viral genome ‘sequence space’ that are under-sampled or prone to excessive genetic exchange. While both cases are poorly resolved by genome-based taxonomic approaches, the former will improve as viral sequence space is better sampled and the latter are uncommon. Finally, given the largely robust taxonomic capabilities of this approach, we sought to enable researchers to easily and systematically classify new viruses. Thus, we established a tool, vConTACT, as an app at iVirus, where it operates as a fast, highly scalable, user-friendly app within the free and powerful CyVerse cyberinfrastructure.
48
Loeffelholz, Michael J. y Bradley W. Fenwick. "Taxonomic Changes and Additions for Human and Animal Viruses, 2012 to 2015". Journal of Clinical Microbiology 55, n.º 1 (19 de octubre de 2016): 48–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.01525-16.
Texto completoResumen
ABSTRACT Taxonomical classification of newly discovered viruses and reclassification of previously discovered viruses provide an important foundation for detailing biological differences of scientific and clinical interest. The development of molecular analytical methods has enabled finer levels and more precise levels of classification. Periodically, there is need to refresh the literature and common understanding of current taxonomic classification, which we attempt to do here in addressing changes in human and animal viruses of medical significance between 2012 and 2015.
49
DUBOIS, ALAIN. "Phylogeny, taxonomy and nomenclature:the problem of taxonomic categories and of nomenclatural ranks". Zootaxa 1519, n.º 1 (2 de julio de 2007): 27–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1519.1.3.
Texto completoResumen
The use of ranks and nominal-series in zoological nomenclature has recently been challenged by some authors who support unranked systems of nomenclature. It is here shown that this criticism is based on a double misunderstanding: (1) the confusion between nomenclatural ranks and taxonomic categories; (2) the request for a monosemic nomenclatural system, not for scientific reasons, but to please non-taxonomists, especially customers of the web. It is here argued that nomenclatural ranks and taxonomic categories should be clearly distinguished and designated by different terms, and that the Code should be modified in order to make this distinction clear. Whereas taxonomic categories have biological definitions, nomenclatural ranks do not, as they express only a position in a taxonomic hierarchy. If used consistently (which is not always the case), the system of nomenclatural ranks is very useful for the storage and retrieval of taxonomic and phylogenetic information. Taxa referred to a given rank in different groups cannot therefore be considered equivalent by any criterion, so that using ranks for comparisons between taxa (e.g., for biodiversity richness assessment) is irrelevant and misleading. Although the current Code needs to be improved in several respects, the superiority of this nomenclatural system, which is theory-free regarding taxonomy as it relies on ostensional allocation of nomina to taxa rather than on intensional definitions of nomina, is again stressed. It is suggested that all taxonomists should follow the Code for the allocation and validity of nomina, whatever taxonomic theory they favour, and in particular whatever kinds of definitions or diagnoses they wish to use for taxa. This would avoid the considerable loss of manpower, time and energy that would be required by the implementation of a new nomenclatural system (e.g., in order to require “phylogenetic definitions” for nomina, or to make nomenclature fully monosemic), and the confusion that would result for most users of nomina. The new paradigm imposed to biology by the combination of the taxonomic impediment and of the biodiversity crisis requires from taxonomists, who are already considerably much less numerous than required by this new situation, to concentrate on what should be their priority at the beginning of the century of extinctions, namely the inventory of the living species of our planet before they get extinct.
50
Listiowarni, Indah y Nindian Puspa Dewi. "Pemanfaatan Klasifikasi Soal Biologi Cognitive Domain Bloom’s Taxonomy Menggunakan KNN Chi-Square Sebagai Penyusunan Naskah Soal". Digital Zone: Jurnal Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi 11, n.º 2 (1 de noviembre de 2020): 186–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.31849/digitalzone.v11i2.4798.
Texto completoResumen
The question manuscript is a document that contains a collection of exam questions that are commonly used by an educator to test the absorption of their students on the material that has been presented in class. Question manuscripts made by educators are made based on a pre-made question grid, and contain a certain percentage of each cognitive domain category in the bloom taxonomy. The level in the bloom taxonomic cognitive domain describes the level of difficulty of each item made, so that an educator must first make a formula in a planning script called a question grid. The items that have been classified based on the cognitive domain taxonomic level of bloom using the KNN classifier method and the Chi-square feature selection are proven to be the right combination, the classification results of these items will be used for the preparation of a text for exam questions with an adjusted percentage formula. With the question grid that has been made beforehand, it is hoped that this research can be used to facilitate educators in drafting appropriate exam questions for their students