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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "The Orphan of China"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 4 de junio de 2021

Última modificación: 1 de febrero de 2022

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1

Zhao, Qi, Hui He, Huang Gu, Junfeng Zhao, Peilian Chi y Xiaoming Li. "Facial Expression Processing of Children Orphaned by Parental HIV/AIDS: A Cross-Sectional ERP Study with Rapid Serial Visual Presentation". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, n.º 19 (23 de septiembre de 2021): 9995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18199995.

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Existing behavioral studies have suggested that individuals with early life stress usually show abnormal emotional processing. However, limited event-related brain potentials (ERPs) evidence was available to explore the emotional processes in children orphaned by parental HIV/AIDS (“AIDS orphans”). The current study aims to investigate whether there are behavioral and neurological obstacles in the recognition of emotional faces in AIDS orphans and also to further explore the processing stage at which the difference in facial emotion recognition exists. A total of 81 AIDS orphans and 60 non-orphan children were recruited through the local communities and school systems in Henan, China. Participants completed a computer version of the rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) task while recording ERPs. Behavioral results showed that orphans displayed higher response accuracy and shorter reaction time than the control (ps < 0.05). As for the ERPs analysis, the attenuated amplitude of N170 (i.e., an early component sensitive to facial configuration) was observed in AIDS orphans compared to the non-orphan control with happy and neutral faces; P300 (i.e., an endogenous component for affective valence evaluation in emotional processing) also showed significant differences in parietal lobe between groups, the non-orphan control group produced larger P300 amplitudes than orphans (p < 0.05). The results suggested that compared to the control group, AIDS orphans showed impaired facial emotion recognition ability with reduced brain activation.

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2

Gambari, J., M. Yang, CA Chowdhury y S. Duttagupta. "Title: Access to Orphan and Ultra-Orphan Drugs in China". Value in Health 19, n.º 7 (noviembre de 2016): A826. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2016.08.654.

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3

Qiu, T., E. Hanna, F. Ma y M. Toumi. "Europe-China Comparison of Orphan Drugs Approvals". Value in Health 21 (septiembre de 2018): S110—S111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2018.07.845.

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4

Ou, H. y. "Four Epistles Concerning The Orphan of China". Notes and Queries 54, n.º 1 (1 de marzo de 2007): 65–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/notesj/gjm024.

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5

Zhang, Xingli, Mingxin Liu, Mingjing Zhu, Jiannong Shi y Li Cheng. "Personality Predictors of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Orphaned Survivors of the Sichuan Earthquake". Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 38, n.º 8 (1 de septiembre de 2010): 1057–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2010.38.8.1057.

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The personality predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder in orphan survivors after the 2008 Sichuan earthquake in China were investigated. Half a year after the earthquake, 196 preearthquake and 116 postearthquake orphans who survived were recruited. All participants completed the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire for Children (Gong, 1984) and Children's Revised Impact of Event Scale (Smith, Perrin, Dyregrov, & Yule, 2003). The regression analysis showed that the Neuroticism score was the strongest predictor of the severity of PTSD symptoms for both pre- and postearthquake orphans. For the preearthquake orphans, the Extraversion trait predicted Arousal negatively, and the Lie trait predicted Intrusion and Arousal positively. However, for the postearthquake orphans, only the Extraversion trait predicted Avoidance positively.

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6

Zhang, Shuyang, Limeng Chen, Zongjiu Zhang y Yupei Zhao. "Orphan drug development in China: progress and challenges". Lancet 394, n.º 10204 (septiembre de 2019): 1127–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(19)32179-8.

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7

Jin, Xiaowei y Li Chen. "Orphan drug development in China ‒ Turning challenges into opportunities". Intractable & Rare Diseases Research 5, n.º 4 (2016): 308–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5582/irdr.2016.01025.

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8

SHI, H., L. Huang y L. Xu. "Current Situation and Prospect of Orphan Drugs in China". Value in Health 19, n.º 7 (noviembre de 2016): A883. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2016.08.295.

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9

Zhang, YJ, JJ Guo y JB Wang. "PHP3 RARE DISEASES, ORPHAN DRUGS, AND THE LEGISLATION IN CHINA". Value in Health 13, n.º 7 (noviembre de 2010): A533. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1098-3015(11)73212-0.

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10

Ou, Hsin-yun. "David Garrick's reaction against French Chinoiserie inThe Orphan of China". Studies in Theatre and Performance 27, n.º 1 (3 de enero de 2007): 25–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/stap.27.1.25_1.

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11

Jiang, Jindi y Mingxin Wang. "The Orphan of China in Voltaire’s Eyes: Analysis on Elements of Chinese Cultures in Ji Junxiang’s The Orphan of Zhao". Journal of Humanities Therapy 10, n.º 1 (30 de junio de 2019): 139–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.33252/jht.2019.06.10.1.139.

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12

Shang, Xiaoyuan, Morris Saldov y Karen R. Fisher. "Informal Kinship Care of Orphans in Rural China". Social Policy and Society 10, n.º 1 (8 de diciembre de 2010): 103–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474746410000436.

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This study examines kinship care of orphans throughout China. It finds that in addition to children becoming orphaned if both parents die, some children are treated as orphans when their father dies and rural traditional kinship care obligations restrict the viability of widowed mothers continuing to care for their child. When mothers are forced for socioeconomic reasons to leave the paternal extended family, children effectively become orphans, dependent on ageing grandparents. Girls and disabled children are most at risk. Implementing financial and other support to orphans, widowed mothers and kinship carers could improve the sustainability of these family relationships.

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13

Qiu, T., E. Hanna y M. Toumi. "PRO11 Policy Initiatives to Facilitate the Patient Access to Orphan Drugs in China". Value in Health Regional Issues 22 (septiembre de 2020): S96—S97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vhri.2020.07.506.

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14

Lee, Jyh-An y Yangzi Li. "The Pathway Towards Digital Superpower: Copyright Reform in China". GRUR International 70, n.º 9 (15 de julio de 2021): 861–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/grurint/ikab087.

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Abstract After going through four drafts and several consultations in the past decade, the Third Amendment of Copyright Law was finally adopted in China on 11 November 2020. The new Copyright Law came into effect on 1 June 2021. This report presents a comprehensive analysis of the major changes in the Third Amendment, including originality, copyright subject matter, scope of exclusive rights, copyright collective management organisations, digital rights management, and remedies. In addition, this report discusses unsolved issues in the Third Amendment ‒ namely orphan works and those associated with artificial intelligence technologies ‒ for future copyright reform. By examining the amended provisions in the Third Amendment, this report illustrates the multiple purposes underlying China’s recent copyright reform.

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15

Li, Xiao-Qiao, Xiao-Xia Peng y Chun-Xiu Gong. "Access to Orphan Drugs is a Challenge for Sustainable Management of Cystinosis in China". Chinese Medical Journal 131, n.º 19 (octubre de 2018): 2388–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0366-6999.241814.

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16

Guan, Xiaodong, Jingyuan Zhang, Chunxia Man, Bingyu Ni y Luwen Shi. "How Far Have We Come? Challenges to Orphan Drug Access in China, 2011-2017". Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 108, n.º 6 (junio de 2019): 2199–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.xphs.2019.01.012.

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17

Lu, Xianping, Zhiqiang Ning, Zhibin Li, Haixiang Cao y Xinhao Wang. "Development of chidamide for peripheral T-cell lymphoma, the first orphan drug approved in China". Intractable & Rare Diseases Research 5, n.º 3 (2016): 185–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5582/irdr.2016.01024.

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18

Hu, Bi Ying y Judit Szente. "The Care and Education of Orphan Children with Disabilities in China: Progress and Remaining Challenges". Childhood Education 86, n.º 2 (diciembre de 2009): 78–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00094056.2010.10523118.

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19

Liu, Bao-cheng, Lin He, Guang He y Yun He. "A cross-national comparative study of orphan drug policies in the United States, the European Union, and Japan: Towards a made-in-China orphan drug policy". Journal of Public Health Policy 31, n.º 4 (30 de noviembre de 2010): 407–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/jphp.2010.30.

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20

Li, Wenbo, Muyi Yang, Ruyin Long, Kristy Mamaril y Yuanying Chi. "TREATMENT OF ELECTRIC VEHICLE BATTERY WASTE IN CHINA: A REVIEW OF EXISTING POLICIES". Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management 29, n.º 2 (13 de mayo de 2021): 111–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/jeelm.2021.14220.

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This paper reviews existing policies for supporting the treatment of electric vehicle (EV) battery waste in China, and identifies some of their major shortcomings that policy makers may like to consider while making policy decisions. The shortcomings of existing policies identified in this paper include: 1) no clear provisions for historical and orphan batteries; 2) no target for battery collection; 3) unclear definition of the scope of authority among various central and local agencies involved in the regulation of waste battery treatment; 4) unclear requirements for data auditing and verification for tracking the entire life cycle of EV batteries; 5) limited consideration of the challenges to ensure stakeholder cooperation; and 6) no explicit specification of the mechanisms for financing waste battery treatment. This paper also makes some practical policy suggestions for overcoming these shortcomings.

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21

Li, T. "Compare Policies And Research Situation Of Rare Diseases And Orphan Drugs Between China And Other Countries". Value in Health 19, n.º 7 (noviembre de 2016): A883. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2016.08.293.

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22

Liang, Zhiwen. "Regulatory exclusivity protection for undisclosed test data in China: an innovative approach to implementing the TRIPS Agreement". Queen Mary Journal of Intellectual Property 10, n.º 1 (19 de febrero de 2020): 115–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/qmjip.2020.01.05.

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Regulatory exclusivity, the TRIPS-plus protection for undisclosed test data, is considered as the principal means to extend market protection for brand-name pharmaceutical companies. When China joined the World Trade Organization in 2001, it promised to enact new laws or regulations that will comply with article 39.3 of the TRIPS Agreement. China's choice of implementing the TRIPS Agreement through regulatory exclusivity resulted mainly from intrinsic demands for China's strategy of innovative-driven development, and partly from the pressure of China-US trade disputes. There are two categories of regulatory exclusivities under China's laws. One is the market exclusivity for New Drugs and Traditional Chinese Medicine. The other is the data exclusivity for Innovative Drugs, Orphan Drugs, Paediatric Drugs, Innovative Biologics; and a ‘Generic Exclusivity’ for the first generic drug company that succeeds in challenging weak patents of pharmaceutical products.

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23

Hsin-yun Ou. "Gender, Consumption, and Ideological Ambiguity in David Garrick’s Production of The Orphan of China (1759)". Theatre Journal 60, n.º 3 (2008): 383–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tj.0.0073.

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24

Jandoo, Tarveen, Baris Deniz y Shuo Yang. "PP355 Evolution Of Health Technology Assessment For Rare Diseases In Asia". International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 36, S1 (diciembre de 2020): 30–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462320001646.

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IntroductionWe reviewed the health technology assessment (HTA) guidelines for therapies targeting orphan conditions in four countries/regions in Asia.MethodsA pragmatic literature search was conducted to identify and review key documents outlining reimbursement, pricing, and coverage policies in China, Taiwan, Korea, and Japan.ResultsTherapies for rare diseases in Japan and those for ultra-rare diseases in Korea are exempt from cost-effectiveness evaluations. Taiwan provides full financial coverage for rare disease therapies. China has no special considerations for rare diseases. Drugs included in the medical insurance list are reimbursed at varying levels depending on the “class” of the listing. Unlike prior variations at provincial levels for coverage of off-the-list drugs, new national policy has introduced consistency in coverage.ConclusionsAccess and reimbursement processes vary between markets in Asia. New HTA guidelines in Japan allow for easier access to therapies targeting rare diseases by eliminating cost-effectiveness analysis for price determination. On the other hand, a value dossier including an economic evaluation is necessary for rare diseases in Korea. However, manufacturers can provide risk-sharing schemes for rare diseases. China has not yet introduced any specific evaluations or reimbursement criteria for therapies targeting rare diseases. Policies for rare diseases are evolving rapidly to improve access and affordability.

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25

Willson, Timothy M., Peter J. Brown, Daniel D. Sternbach y Brad R. Henke. "ChemInform Abstract: The PPARs: From Orphan Receptors to Drug Discovery". ChemInform 31, n.º 22 (8 de junio de 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.200022291.

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26

Cui, Yazhou y Jinxiang Han. "A proposed definition of rare diseases for China: from the perspective of return on investment in new orphan drugs". Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 10, n.º 1 (2015): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13023-015-0241-x.

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27

Kalashnyk, Lyubov. "Pprofessional and labor socialization of orphans in China". Comparative Professional Pedagogy 4, n.º 1 (1 de marzo de 2014): 66–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rpp-2014-0010.

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ABSTRACT It has been defined that the problem of labor socialization of young specialists is a problem of great interest and practical importance for modern pedagogical science. Current issues of professional socialization of young people have been considered. Special attention has been paid to orphans - inmates of institutions of social care in China. It has been determined that labor education throughout the history was considered to play the primary role among all kinds of educational work with young people both in classical and modern China. The experience of China as to the problem mentioned has been characterized. Special attention has been paid to the issues which play a practical role both in motivating orphans to professional and labor search (holding “weeks of professions”, participation in daily work as to maintaining the orphanage, caring for youngsters and olds, work in gardens and workshops located on the territory of orphanage etc.) and the society to taking care of orphans (patronage and guarding from factories and plants, granting jobs’ quotas for orphanages’ graduates, making production areas on the territories of the orphanages etc.). It has been found out that adequate labor and professional socialization of orphans in China is considered to be an important part of public campaigns aimed at making staff reserve for different plants and factories (especially with hard or harmful working conditions), law enforcement agencies and agriculture. It has been defined that appropriate level of labor and professional socialization of orphans in China is seen by the State as an essential condition of their full integration into modern Chinese society.

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28

Sherwin, G., P. Akpinar y B. Yap. "Pricing and Market Access of Orphan Drugs in China: Analysis of National and Provincial Policy and the Associated Impact on Coverage". Value in Health 19, n.º 7 (noviembre de 2016): A835. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2016.08.561.

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29

Zhou, Xiaoqing, Huanpeng Chen, Fengjiao Wei, Qingyu Zhao, Qiao Su, Jinhao Liang, Meng Yin et al. "3β-Acetyloxy-oleanolic Acid Attenuates Pristane-Induced Lupus Nephritis by Regulating Th17 Differentiation". Journal of Immunology Research 2019 (22 de mayo de 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2431617.

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Th17 activity has been implicated in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), which is a systemic autoimmune disease with a typical clinical manifestation of lupus nephritis (LN). Retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor gamma t (RORγt) has been shown to be important for Th17 differentiation. In this study, we evaluated the inhibition of RORγt activity by 3β-acetyloxy-oleanolic acid (AOA), a small molecule isolated from the root of Symplocos laurina, a traditional herb belonging to South China. We demonstrated that AOA can inhibit RORγt activity and prevent SLE pathogenesis in a pristane-induced LN model. The results showed that AOA decreased RORγt transcription activity in a reporter assay and prevented Th17 differentiation in vitro. In vivo studies showed that AOA treatment decreased serum anti-dsDNA antibody and alleviated renal pathologic damage as well as antibody complex accumulation in the pristane-induced LN model. These results demonstrated that AOA can improve the clinical manifestation of LN, indicating potential application in SLE therapy.

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30

Kim, Dong-hwan, Do-hun Kim, Hyun Seok Kim, Seong-il Kim y Dong-Ho Lee. "Determinants of Bilateral REDD+ Cooperation Recipients in Kyoto Protocol Regime and Their Implications in Paris Agreement Regime". Forests 11, n.º 7 (12 de julio de 2020): 751. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11070751.

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A cooperative approach for REDD+ between developing and developed countries can be a sound means to achieve national and global mitigation targets. To accomplish the Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) of countries and the global 2 °C climate target more effectively, it is necessary to explore the coordination options, based on the understanding of bilateral REDD+ cooperation. This study explains the current status of bilateral REDD+ cooperation and investigates determinants affecting REDD+ recipient decisions of donor countries, by analyzing bilateral REDD+ arrangements, which has been promoted for 10 years under the the Kyoto Protocol regime from 2006 until 2015. The results show that Norway and Japan supported more than half of the total financial pledges for bilateral REDD+ projects for 10 years. Out of 87 REDD+ recipients, four countries—Brazil, India, Indonesia, and China—accounted for more than half of the 10-year financial pledges. Approximately 78% of total financing was found to be concentrated in the top 10 recipients. The aid darlings and orphans problem, the concentration of bilateral supports in a few developing countries and the exclusion of several developing countries from the recipient selection process, which has been discussed in ODA researches, was also observed. Applying a shared frailty model, recipient need, recipient merit, and donor interest was found to be the main determinants of donors’ REDD+ recipient decision. Donor interest and recipient merit were found to have more significant effects on the decision than recipient need. A balanced two-track approach is further required, in which, along with the bilateral REDD+ cooperation in the REDD+ darling countries, international organizations and multilateral funds for REDD+ need to increase financial accessibility, including the result-based compensation system for the REDD+ orphan countries.

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31

Nishimura, Osamu, Nobuyuki Koyama, Takashi Itoh, Masato Suenaga, Takeo Moriya, Masanori Miwa, Yoko Tanaka, Chieko Kitada y Masahiko Fujino. "ChemInform Abstract: A Novel System for the Preparation of Orphan Receptor Ligand Peptides." ChemInform 32, n.º 52 (23 de mayo de 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.200152191.

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32

HATTA, Fusaich. "A Study on Japanese Orphans' Weltbild in China". New Geography 37, n.º 1 (1989): 30–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5996/newgeo.37.30.

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33

Xu, Ning. "Caring for orphaned children in China". Disability & Society 29, n.º 9 (8 de agosto de 2014): 1501–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2014.931649.

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34

Wang, Zhengyang, Hailing Zhuang, Min Wang y Naomi E. Pierce. "Thitarodes shambalaensis sp. nov. (Lepidoptera, Hepialidae): a new host of the caterpillar fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis supported by genome-wide SNP data". ZooKeys 885 (4 de noviembre de 2019): 89–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.885.34638.

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A new species of ghost moth, Thitarodes shambalaensissp. nov., is described from Yanzigou glacier, Mt. Gongga, Sichuan, China. The species is a host of the economically important caterpillar fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis. Establishment of this new species is supported by morphology and genetic differentiation measured in a CO1 phylogeny and in genome-wide SNP coverage. A summary tree from 538 sequences of different genetic markers from Thitarodes (including sequences extracted from caterpillar fungus sclerotium samples) support the genus Thitarodes as a monophyletic group, and indicate that Thitarodes is the host genus for O. sinensis. Sampling efforts so far have centered on half of the known phylogenetic diversity of Thitarodes, with some species-level clusters (separated by < 2.5% genetic distance) containing 17 described species. Fifteen clusters are known from either a single “orphan taxon” or a single sequence from a caterpillar fungus sclerotium sample. We provide suggestions for building a more robust phylogeny of the genus Thitarodes and highlight some of the conservation threats that species from this genus face due to unprecedented habitat exploitation.

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35

Ngwakwe, Collins C. "A review of causes of school dropouts in BRICS countries: A South African case". Corporate Ownership and Control 12, n.º 1 (2014): 911–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv12i1c9p13.

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This paper presents a review of causes of school dropout in BRICS countries – Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. This review is apposite considering that previous literatures have not closely dwelt on such a comparative stance, but given that this group of countries have some economic interest in common, that also translates to social development, it is thus pertinent to review similarities in their school dropout factors. Insight from the literature indicates that school dropout in BRICS countries is an amalgam of closely related factors that culminate to learners dropping out of school. These factors include inter alia, poverty, disability, family configuration, orphan-hood, teenage pregnancy, drug abuse, lack of effective teaching method, poor academic performance, and child labour. The paper goes beyond the review and evaluates the relationship between school dropout, government education expenditure and poverty in South Africa. The result indicates that a combination of poverty and low government expenditure on education may aggravate school dropout. This thus suggests that government education expenditure should be formulated to effectively accommodate the rural poor communities

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36

Zeng, Xiaoxuan, Dahui Liu y Luqi Huang. "Metabolome Profiling of Eight Chinese Yam (Dioscorea polystachya Turcz.) Varieties Reveals Metabolite Diversity and Variety Specific Uses". Life 11, n.º 7 (14 de julio de 2021): 687. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life11070687.

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The Chinese yam (Dioscorea polystachya Turcz.) is an underutilized orphan tuber crop. However, in China it has been used in traditional medicine and food for centuries due to the presence of high starch, protein, fiber, and biologically active compounds. Knowledge on the metabolomic profiles of Chinese yam varieties is needed to explore the underutilized metabolites and variety specific uses. Here, the metabolome of eight Chinese yam varieties that are cultivated in different Chinese regions was profiled. A total of 431 metabolites belonging to different biochemical classes was detected. The majority of detected metabolites were classified as amino acids and derivatives. The different yam varieties offer unique uses; e.g., Hebei Ma Yam, Henan Huai Yam, and Henan Wild Yam were the most metabolically enriched and suitable as food and medicine. Yams from Hubei region had comparable nutritional profiles, which is most probably due to their geographical origin. Specifically, Henan Wild Yam had the highest concentrations of diosgenin, vitamins, and polysaccharides. Overall, this study presents a metabolome reference for D. polystachya varieties.

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37

Kuo, Margaret. "“Pagan Babies”: Orphan Imagery in the Passionist China Collection and the Emergence of American Sympathy for the Chinese in the Early Twentieth Century". Chinese Historical Review 26, n.º 2 (3 de julio de 2019): 128–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1547402x.2019.1757212.

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38

Li, Xiao-Qiao, Di Wu, Xue-Jun Liang, Wen-Jing Li, Min Liu, Bing-Yan Cao, Chang Su, Xi Meng y Chun-Xiu Gong. "The diagnosis of cystinosis in patients reveals new CTNS gene mutations in the Chinese population". Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism 32, n.º 4 (24 de abril de 2019): 375–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jpem-2018-0263.

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Abstract Background Cystinosis is a rare autosomal-recessive disorder caused by a defective transport of cystine across the lysosomal membrane. Previous studies have mapped cystinosis to the CTNS gene which is located on chromosome 17p13, and various CTNS mutations have been identified to correlate them with this disease. Methods We analyzed six patients from five unrelated families who were diagnosed with cystinosis in our hospital. We described the diagnostic procedures for all the patients and proposed alternative therapies for cystinosis patients instead of using cysteamine, an orphan drug which was commercially unavailable in China. Moreover, genetic analysis of all patients’ samples was carried out to identify novel CTNS gene mutations. Results and conclusions The patients in this study were followed up from 1 to more than 10 years to monitor their growth and development, which indicated that the alternative therapies we used were helpful to ameliorate the complications of the cystinosis patients without cysteamine. Furthermore, by sequencing the patients’ genome, we identified novel mutations in the CTNS gene including: c.477C > G (p.S159R), c.274C > T (p.Q92X) and c.680A > T (p.E227V); these mutations were only observed in cystinosis patients and had never been reported in any other populations, suggesting they might be specific to Chinese cystinosis patients.

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39

Kim, Seung-Hyung, Jung-Hee Hong, Won-Kyung Yang, Hyo-Jung Kim, Hyo-Jin An y Young-Cheol Lee. "Cryptotympana pustulata Extract and Its Main Active Component, Oleic Acid, Inhibit Ovalbumin-Induced Allergic Airway Inflammation through Inhibition of Th2/GATA-3 and Interleukin-17/RORγt Signaling Pathways in Asthmatic Mice". Molecules 26, n.º 7 (25 de marzo de 2021): 1854. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26071854.

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Cicadae Periostracum (CP), derived from the slough of Cryptotympana pustulata, has been used as traditional medicine in Korea and China because of its diaphoretic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antianaphylactic activities. The major bioactive compounds include oleic acid (OA), palmitic acid, and linoleic acid. However, the precise therapeutic mechanisms underlying its action in asthma remain unclear. The objective of this study was to determine the antiasthmatic effects of CP in an ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthmatic mouse model. CP and OA inhibited the inflammatory cell infiltration, airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), and production of interleukin (IL)7 and Th2 cytokines (IL-5) in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and OVA-specific imunoglobin E (IgE) in the serum. The gene expression of IL-5, IL-13, CCR3, MUC5AC, and COX-2 was attenuated in lung tissues. CP and OA might inhibit the nuclear translocation of GATA-binding protein 3 (GATA-3) and retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor γt (RORγt) via the upregulation of forkhead box p3 (Foxp3), thereby preventing the activation of GATA-3 and RORγt. In the in vitro experiment, a similar result was observed for Th2 and GATA-3. These results suggest that CP has the potential for the treatment of asthma via the inhibition of the GATA-3/Th2 and IL-17/RORγt signaling pathways.

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40

Chui, Cheryl y Lucy P. Jordan. "The role of international non-governmental organizations in service delivery for orphans and abandoned children in China". International Social Work 60, n.º 5 (14 de octubre de 2016): 1154–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020872816660603.

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This article examines the role of international non-governmental organizations (INGOs) in social welfare provision in addressing the developmental and material needs of orphans in rural China. Data from qualitative interviews with INGO representatives and state officials were combined with documentary analysis to investigate the ways in which the state and civil society respond to orphans’ needs. It was found that while INGOs are actively contributing to the social provision of orphans, in part reflecting the pluralization of welfare, there is an urgent need for the Chinese government to play a more proactive role in safeguarding the care and protection of one of China’s most vulnerable population groups.

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41

Willson, Timothy M., Stacey A. Jones, John T. Moore y Steven A. Kliewer. "ChemInform Abstract: Chemical Genomics: Functional Analysis of Orphan Nuclear Receptors in the Regulation of Bile Acid Metabolism." ChemInform 32, n.º 52 (23 de mayo de 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.200152297.

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42

Sabbath, Roberta. "Tiananmen Square and Han-let or The Orphan of China: A Collaboration between History and Co-authors—An Interview with Faye C. Fei and William Sun". Theatre Topics 2, n.º 2 (1992): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tt.2010.0052.

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43

Plum, M. Colette. "Lost Childhoods in a New China: Child-Citizen-Workers at War, 1937–1945". European Journal of East Asian Studies 11, n.º 2 (2012): 237–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700615-20121106.

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This article examines the emerging discourse of child-citizen-workers in wartime China and demonstrates how this concept of children’s citizenship was put into practice in work training programs within wartime children’s homes. This article argues that the idea of child-citizen-workers grew from three pre-war antecedents that converged and were greatly accelerated by China’s war with Japan: the new idea of an autonomous sphere of childhood articulated during the early Republican period; a progressive education movement to introduce labor training and experiential learning as essential elements of modern education; and Nationalist state-building and activist efforts at family reform, which viewed traditional parents with distrust and increasingly intervened in family life. The second half of the article focuses particularly on orphans, who were considered potentially unstable social elements due to their position outside the control of families, and whose lack of parental protection made them available for appropriation. This article demonstrates that the war opened up a space in which Guomindang state-builders, working with educators and childcare workers, attempted to restructure orphans lives within wartime child welfare institutions to realize a vision for China’s future: the ideal of child-citizen-workers habituated toward sacrifice for the nation.

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44

Zhang, Lan. "The Chinese Foster Parents of “Japanese War Orphans Left in China”". Annual review of sociology 2010, n.º 23 (2010): 106–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5690/kantoh.2010.106.

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Lee, Won June y Hee Jin Lee. "A Study on variables related to suicide ideation of AIDS orphans in China". Korean-Chinese Social Science Studies 16, n.º 3 (31 de julio de 2018): 169–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.36527/kcsss.16.3.7.

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46

Shang, Xiaoyuan y Karen R. Fisher. "Everything for the Children: Orphans Growing Up in Informal Adoptive Families in China". Journal of Social Service Research 45, n.º 2 (14 de enero de 2019): 166–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01488376.2018.1479674.

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47

Zhao, Qun, Xiaoming Li, Xiaoyi Fang, Bonita Stanton, Guoxiang Zhao, Junfeng Zhao y Liying Zhang. "Life Improvement, Life Satisfaction, and Care Arrangement Among AIDS Orphans in Rural Henan, China". Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care 20, n.º 2 (marzo de 2009): 122–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jana.2008.09.009.

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48

Zhao, Qun, Xiaoming Li, Xiaoyi Fang, Guoxiang Zhao, Junfeng Zhao, Xiuyun Lin y Bonita Stanton. "Difference in Psychosocial Well-Being Between Paternal and Maternal AIDS Orphans in Rural China". Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care 21, n.º 4 (julio de 2010): 335–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jana.2009.12.001.

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49

Kaufman, Joan A., Wu Zeng, Liyao Wang y Ying Zhang. "Community-based mental health counseling for children orphaned by AIDS in China". AIDS Care 25, n.º 4 (13 de agosto de 2012): 430–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2012.712661.

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50

Gong, J., X. Li, X. Fang, G. Zhao, Y. Lv, J. Zhao, X. Lin, L. Zhang, X. Chen y B. Stanton. "Sibling separation and psychological problems of double AIDS orphans in rural China - a comparison analysis". Child: Care, Health and Development 35, n.º 4 (julio de 2009): 534–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2214.2009.00969.x.

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