Artículos de revistas:

1

Tang, Peifu, Wei Zhang, Yan Wang, Boxun Zhang, Hao Wang, Changjian Lin y Lihai Zhang. "Effect of Superhydrophobic Surface of Titanium onStaphylococcus aureusAdhesion". Journal of Nanomaterials 2011 (2011): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/178921.

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Despite the systemic antibiotics prophylaxis, orthopedic implants still remain highly susceptible to bacterial adhesion and resulting in device-associated infection. Surface modification is an effective way to decrease bacterial adhesion. In this study, we prepared surfaces with different wettability on titanium surface based on TiO2nanotube to examine the effect of bacterial adhesion. Firstly, titanium plates were calcined to form hydrophilic TiO2nanotube films of anatase phase. Subsequently, the nanotube films and inoxidized titaniums were treated with 1H, 1H, 2H, 2H-perfluorooctyl-triethoxysilane (PTES), forming superhydrophobic and hydrophobic surfaces. Observed by SEM and contact angle measurements, the different surfaces have different characteristics.Staphylococcus aureus(SA) adhesion on different surfaces was evaluated. Our experiment results show that the superhydrophobic surface has contact angles of water greater than 150∘and also shows high resistance to bacterial contamination. It is indicated that superhydrophobic surface may be a factor to reduce device-associated infection and could be used in clinical practice.

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2

Dearnley, Peter A. "Engineering titanium surfaces". Surface Engineering 23, n.º 6 (noviembre de 2007): 399–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/174329407x260555.

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3

Cao, Y., Li Ping Wang, Bo Zhang, Qiang Lin, Xu Dong Li, C. Y. Bao, Ji Yong Chen, L. Yang y Xing Dong Zhang. "The Effect of Microporous Structure on Bone-Bonding Ability of Titanium". Key Engineering Materials 284-286 (abril de 2005): 211–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.284-286.211.

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The three different structures of titanium oxide film were prepared: (1) The commercial pure titanium was treated with heating in air at 700°C for half hour and gotten a dense rutile film on titanium (HS Samples); (2) The commercial pure titanium was treated by chemically treating and gotten a layer of amorphous titania gel on the Ti surface (TS Samples); (3) After chemically treating, the samples were heated in air at 700 °C for half hour, and gotten nano-particles coalesced microporous titanium oxide (rutile) film on titanium surface (XS sample). The dense rutile and amorphous titania gel did not induce apatite formation on their surfaces in SBF solution for 48 hours, whereas the nano-particles coalesced microporous rutile structure induced apatite formation on their surfaces. Mechanical test and histological examination were investigated after the samples implanted in dogs limbs for 3 months. The results of push-out test are 12.96, 29.48 and 35.83 MPa respectively for HS, TS and XS sample. Histological results showed that TS sample and XS sample contacted the bone directly, without any intervening fibrous tissue, and there was a fibrous tissue layer between the bone and HS samples.

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4

Say, Wen C., Chin C. Yeh y Chih-Hwa Chen. "SURFACE MORPHOLOGIES ON THE ADDITION OF TiO2 TO CALCIUM PHOSPHATE BIO-GLASS". Biomedical Engineering: Applications, Basis and Communications 19, n.º 06 (diciembre de 2007): 389–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4015/s1016237207000495.

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Titanium dioxide is added into calcium phosphate bio-glass (CPG) to have crystalline phases of titanium phosphoric ( TiP 2 O 7) and calcium phosphoric ( CaP 2 O 7) on its surfaces. The bio-glass synthesis with the addition of titanium dioxide herein is denoted as TCPG. To elucidate their surface morphologies, both specimens of CPG and TCPG were immersed in Hanks' solution for two days before soaking in the mixed solutions of ( NH 4)2 HPO 4 and Ca ( NO 3)2 at 70°. Crystalline layers of titanium phosphoric were observed on the surfaces of TCPG from immersing in Hanks' solution. After which calcium pyrophosphate appeared on the second step of soaking process from the calcium ion contained solutions. Due to the absence of crystalline phases on the surfaces of CPG specimen, it can be deduced that the addition of titania ( TiO 2) causes the hydroxyapatite formation on the surface of bio-glass.

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5

Lee, Yang-Jin, De-Zhe Cui, Ha-Ra Jeon, Hyun-Ju Chung, Yeong-Joon Park, Ok-Su Kim y Young-Joon Kim. "Surface characteristics of thermally treated titanium surfaces". Journal of Periodontal & Implant Science 42, n.º 3 (2012): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5051/jpis.2012.42.3.81.

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6

Watazu, Akira, Kay Teraoka, Hirofumi Kido, Kenzo Morinaga, Kae Okamatsu, Yoshiyuki Nagashima, Masaro Matsuura y Naobumi Saito. "Formation of Titanium Oxide/Titanium/Plastic Composites". Key Engineering Materials 361-363 (noviembre de 2007): 487–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.361-363.487.

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Titanium oxide/ titanium/ plastic composite implants were formed by coating commercially pure titanium thin films on the surfaces of plastic cylinders by DC magnetron sputtering method. The composite is uniformly formed and the surface of the composite implant is smooth. The implants in rat tibias were not broken and the films on the surfaces of the samples did not decompose. The samples with bone were able to cut by diamond knife and observations between bone and titanium oxide on titanium by TEM succeeded. Therefore, the composite is useful for implants or observations the interactions between titanium oxide and bone in detail.

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7

Komasa, Satoshi, Tetsuji Kusumoto, Yoichiro Taguchi, Hiroshi Nishizaki, Tohru Sekino, Makoto Umeda, Joji Okazaki y Takayoshi Kawazoe. "Effect of Nanosheet Surface Structure of Titanium Alloys on Cell Differentiation". Journal of Nanomaterials 2014 (2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/642527.

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Titanium alloys are the most frequently used dental implants partly because of the protective oxide coating that spontaneously forms on their surface. We fabricated titania nanosheet (TNS) structures on titanium surfaces by NaOH treatment to improve bone differentiation on titanium alloy implants. The cellular response to TNSs on Ti6Al4V alloy was investigated, and the ability of the modified surfaces to affect osteogenic differentiation of rat bone marrow cells and increase the success rate of titanium implants was evaluated. The nanoscale network structures formed by alkali etching markedly enhanced the functions of cell adhesion and osteogenesis-related gene expression of rat bone marrow cells. Other cell behaviors, such as proliferation, alkaline phosphatase activity, osteocalcin deposition, and mineralization, were also markedly increased in TNS-modified Ti6Al4V. Our results suggest that titanium implants modified with nanostructures promote osteogenic differentiation, which may improve the biointegration of these implants into the alveolar bone.

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8

Li, Yun Cang, Jian Yu Xiong, C. S. Wong, Peter D. Hodgson y Cui E. Wen. "Bioactivating the Surfaces of Titanium by Sol-Gel Process". Materials Science Forum 614 (marzo de 2009): 67–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.614.67.

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In the present study, titanium (Ti) samples were surface-modified by titania (TiO2), silica (SiO2) and hydroxyapatite (HA) coatings using a sol-gel process. The bioactivity of the film-coated Ti samples was investigated by cell attachment and morphology study using human osteoblast-like SaOS-2 cells. Results of the cell attachment indicated that the densities of cell attachment on the surfaces of Ti samples were significantly increased by film coatings; the density of cell attachment on HA film-coated surface was higher than those on TiO2 and SiO2 film-coated surfaces. Cell morphology study showed that the cells attached, spread and grew well on the three kinds of film-coated surfaces. It can be concluded that the three kinds of film coatings can bioactivate the surfaces of Ti samples effectively. Overall, Ti sample with HA film-coated surface exhibited the best bioactivity.

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9

Okubo, Takahisa, Takayuki Ikeda, Juri Saruta, Naoki Tsukimura, Makoto Hirota y Takahiro Ogawa. "Compromised Epithelial Cell Attachment after Polishing Titanium Surface and Its Restoration by UV Treatment". Materials 13, n.º 18 (7 de septiembre de 2020): 3946. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13183946.

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Titanium-based implant abutments and tissue bars are polished during the finalization. We hypothesized that polishing degrades the bioactivity of titanium, and, if this is the case, photofunctionalization-grade UV treatment can alleviate the adverse effect. Three groups of titanium disks were prepared; machined surface, polished surface and polished surface followed by UV treatment (polished/UV surface). Polishing was performed by the sequential use of greenstone and silicon rubber burs. UV treatment was performed using a UV device for 12 min. Hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity was examined by the contact angle of ddH2O. The surface morphology and chemistry of titanium were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), respectively. Human epithelium cells were seeded on titanium disks. The number of cells attached, the spreading behavior of cells and the retention on titanium surfaces were examined. The polished surfaces were smooth with only minor scratches, while the machined surfaces showed traces and metal flashes made by machine-turning. The polished surfaces showed a significantly increased percentage of surface carbon compared to machined surfaces. The carbon percentage on polished/UV surfaces was even lower than that on machined surfaces. A silicon element was detected on polished surfaces but not on polished/UV surfaces. Both machined and polished surfaces were hydrophobic, whereas polished/UV surfaces were hydrophilic. The number of attached cells after 24 h of incubation was 60% lower on polished surfaces than on machined surfaces. The number of attached cells on polished/UV surfaces was even higher than that on machined surfaces. The size and perimeter of cells, which was significantly reduced on polished surfaces, were fully restored on polished/UV surfaces. The number of cells remained adherent after mechanical detachment was reduced to half on polished surfaces compared to machined surfaces. The number of adherent cells on polished/UV surfaces was two times higher than on machined surfaces. In conclusion, polishing titanium causes chemical contamination, while smoothing its surface significantly compromised the attachment and retention of human epithelial cells. The UV treatment of polished titanium surfaces reversed these adverse effects and even outperformed the inherent bioactivity of the original titanium.

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10

Elias, Carlos Nelson. "Titanium dental implant surfaces". Matéria (Rio de Janeiro) 15, n.º 2 (2010): 138–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1517-70762010000200008.

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11

Meyers, S. R., P. T. Hamilton, E. B. Walsh, D. J. Kenan y M. W. Grinstaff. "Endothelialization of Titanium Surfaces". Advanced Materials 19, n.º 18 (17 de septiembre de 2007): 2492–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.200700029.

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12

AHMED, SABBIR, DEBABRATA CHAKRABARTY, SUBROTO MUKHERJEE y SHANTANU BHOWMIK. "ADHESION CHARACTERISTICS ON ANODIZED TITANIUM AND ITS DURABILITY UNDER AGGRESSIVE ENVIRONMENTS". Surface Review and Letters 23, n.º 05 (24 de agosto de 2016): 1650033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x16500335.

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In this investigation, an attempt has been made to improve the interfacial adhesion characteristics of titanium (Ti) surface at elevated temperature and in aqueous salt solution. In order to ensure the presence of titanium oxide coating on the surface of titanium, anodization on titanium was carried out by sodium hydroxide. This oxide coating etches the surfaces of titanium. These etching surfaces of titanium increase the surface energy and surface roughness of the titanium. Physicochemical characteristics of surface modified titanium were carried out by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) study and the results reveal that there is a significant increase in oxygen functionalities due to anodization. The oxide etching on the surface of anodized titanium is further confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) study. The contact angle and surface energy are measured by the use of two liquids namely water and glycerol. It is observed that the formation of oxide not only improves the surface energy of titanium but also protects the surface of titanium when exposed to aggressive environments. The lap-shear tensile strengths of two anodized titanium surfaces were fabricated by adhesive. There has been significant improvement in the adhesive bond strength, and subsequently in the durability of adhesive bonded joint, of titanium when exposed to aggressive environments.

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13

Miralami, Raheleh, Laura Koepsell, Thyagaseely Premaraj, Bongok Kim, Geoffrey M. Thiele, J. Graham Sharp, Kevin L. Garvin y Fereydoon Namavar. "Comparing Biocompatibility of Nanocrystalline Titanium and Titanium-Oxide with Microcrystalline Titanium". MRS Proceedings 1569 (2013): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2013.804.

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ABSTRACTTitanium (Ti) is the material of choice for orthopaedic applications because it is biocompatible and encourages osteoblast ingrowth. It was shown that the biocompatibility of Ti metal is due to the presence of a thin native sub-stoichiometric titanium oxide layer which enhances the adsorption of mediating proteins on the surface [1]. The present studies were devised to evaluate the adhesion, survival, and growth of cells on the surface of new engineered nano-crystal films of titanium and titanium oxides and compare them with orthopaedic-grade titanium with microcrystals. The engineered nano-crystal films with hydrophilic properties are produced by employing an ion beam assisted deposition (IBAD) technique. IBAD combines physical vapor deposition with concurrent ion beam bombardment in a high vacuum environment to produce films (with 3 to 70 nm grain size) with superior properties. These films are “stitched” to the artificial orthopaedic implant materials with characteristics that affect the wettability and mechanical properties of the coatings.To characterize the biocompatibility of these nano-engineered surfaces, we have studied osteoblast function including cell adhesion, growth, and differentiation on different nanostructured samples. Cell responses to surfaces were examined using SAOS-2 osteoblast-like cells. We also studied a correlation between the surface nanostructures and the cell growth by characterizing the SAOS-2 cells with immunofluorescence and measuring the amount alizarin red concentration produced after 7 and 14 days. The number of adherent cells was determined by means of nuclei quantification on the nanocrystalline Ti, TiO2, and microcrystalline Ti and analysis was performed with Image J. Our experimental results indicated that nanocrystalline TiO2 is superior to both nano and microcrystalline Ti in supporting growth, adhesion, and proliferation. Improving the quality of surface oxide, i.e. fabricating stoichiometric oxides as well as nanoengineering the surface topology, is crucial for increasing the biocompatibility of Ti implant materials.

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14

Vishnu, Jithin y Geetha Manivasagam. "Nature-Inspired Nanoflower Structures on Titanium Surface via Alkali Treatment for Biomedical Applications". Journal of Biomimetics, Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering 52 (10 de agosto de 2021): 20–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jbbbe.52.20.

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Titanium based metallic biomaterials for orthopedic implant applications are often associated with biocompatibility problems which can be ameliorated via proper surface modification strategies. Improving the hydrophilic nature of the titanium surface offers an effective strategy to sort out such limitations by intensifying the cellular activity. Development of titania as well as titanate layers on the titanium surface via alkali treatment represents an effective strategy to improve the hydrophilicity of native titanium surface. Inspired from nature, in the present work, we report the formation of three-dimensional (3D) hierarchical nanoflowers resembling Gomphrena globosa flowers developed on commercially pure titanium (cp-Ti) surface via a facile alkali treatment technique. X-ray diffraction studies evidenced anatase and rutile phases of TiO2 confirming the development of titania on the surface. In addition to the TiO2 phase, presence of titanate (Na2Ti3O7) has also been observed as alkali treatment was conducted in NaOH solution. The hydrophilicity of the Ti surface has been enhanced after the alkali treatment as evidenced from wettability studies using static contact angle measurements. This increase in hydrophilicity is due to the enrichment of the surface by TiO2 and titanate and increased roughness of nanoflower surface based on classical Wenzel law. In addition, the alkali-treated surface demonstrated an increased polar surface energy beneficial for biocompatible surfaces.

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15

Almeida, Tiago, Alexandra Alves, Fatih Toptan, Mariano Herrero, Paula Vaz y João Sampaio‐Fernandes. "Titanium implant surfaces characterization after different surface treatments". Clinical Oral Implants Research 31, S20 (octubre de 2020): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/clr.87_13644.

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16

de Jonge, Lise T., Sander C. G. Leeuwenburgh, Joop G. C. Wolke y John A. Jansen. "Organic–Inorganic Surface Modifications for Titanium Implant Surfaces". Pharmaceutical Research 25, n.º 10 (29 de mayo de 2008): 2357–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11095-008-9617-0.

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17

Tan, Guo Xin, Ying Tan, Cheng Yun Ning, Lin Zhang, Lei Zhou y Hang Wang. "Protein Adsorption on Titanium Surface Functionalized with Bioactive Gelatin Methacrylate Hydrogel Coating". Advanced Materials Research 936 (junio de 2014): 663–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.936.663.

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Gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) hydrogel comprised of modified natural extracellular matrix (ECM) components, making it a potentially attractive material for surface modification. In this paper, we hypothesize that establishing a GelMA hydrogel coating on titanium surface will accelerate osseointegration. Titanium substrates were silanized with 3-Aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES), which was treated by alkali-heated treatment firstly. The GelMA hydrogel coating was constructed on the silanized titanium surface by in situ photopolymerization under UV illumination. Adsorption of bovine serum albumin (BSA) onto modifed titanium surfaces was investigated. The results showed that GelMA-coated titanium adsorbed greater amount of protein than other Ti surfaces. The differences in protein adsorption behavior could result in very different initial cellular behavior on GelMA-coated titanium implant surfaces.

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18

Shayganpour, Amirreza, Alberto Rebaudi, Pierpaolo Cortella, Alberto Diaspro y Marco Salerno. "Electrochemical coating of dental implants with anodic porous titania for enhanced osteointegration". Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 6 (20 de noviembre de 2015): 2183–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.6.224.

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Clinical long-term osteointegration of titanium-based biomedical devices is the main goal for both dental and orthopedical implants. Both the surface morphology and the possible functionalization of the implant surface are important points. In the last decade, following the success of nanostructured anodic porous alumina, anodic porous titania has also attracted the interest of academic researchers. This material, investigated mainly for its photocatalytic properties and for applications in solar cells, is usually obtained from the anodization of ultrapure titanium. We anodized dental implants made of commercial grade titanium under different experimental conditions and characterized the resulting surface morphology with scanning electron microscopy equipped with an energy dispersive spectrometer. The appearance of nanopores on these implants confirm that anodic porous titania can be obtained not only on ultrapure and flat titanium but also as a conformal coating on curved surfaces of real objects made of industrial titanium alloys. Raman spectroscopy showed that the titania phase obtained is anatase. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that by carrying out the anodization in the presence of electrolyte additives such as magnesium, these can be incorporated into the porous coating. The proposed method for the surface nanostructuring of biomedical implants should allow for integration of conventional microscale treatments such as sandblasting with additive nanoscale patterning. Additional advantages are provided by this material when considering the possible loading of bioactive drugs in the porous cavities.

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19

Hayakawa, Tohru, Eiji Yoshida, Yoshitaka Yoshimura, Motohiro Uo y Masao Yoshinari. "MC3T3-E1 Cells on Titanium Surfaces with Nanometer Smoothness and Fibronectin Immobilization". International Journal of Biomaterials 2012 (2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/743465.

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The present study was aimed to evaluate the viability and total protein contents of osteoblast-like cells on the titanium surface with different surface mechanical treatment, namely, nanometer smoothing (Ra: approximately 2.0 nm) and sandblasting (Ra: approximately 1.0 μm), and biochemical treatment, namely, with or without fibronectin immobilization. Fibronectin could be easily immobilized by tresyl chloride-activation technique. MC3T3-E1 cells were seeded on the different titanium surfaces. Cell viability was determined by MTT assay. At 1 day of cell culture, there were no significant differences in cell viability among four different titanium surfaces. At 11 days, sandblasted titanium surface with fibronectin immobilization showed the significantly highest cell viability than other titanium surface. No significant differences existed for total protein contents among four different titanium surfaces at 11 days of cell culture. Scanning electron microscopy observation revealed that smoothness of titanium surface produced more spread cell morphologies, but that fibronectin immobilization did not cause any changes of the morphologies of attached cells. Fibronectin immobilization provided greater amount of the number of attached cells and better arrangement of attached cells. In conclusion, the combination of sandblasting and fibronectin immobilization enhanced the cell viability and fibronectin immobilization providing better arrangements of attached cells.

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20

Yao, Chang y Thomas J. Webster. "Anodization: A Promising Nano-Modification Technique of Titanium Implants for Orthopedic Applications". Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 6, n.º 9 (1 de septiembre de 2006): 2682–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2006.447.

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Anodization is a well-established surface modification technique that produces protective oxide layers on valve metals such as titanium. Many studies have used anodization to produce micro-porous titanium oxide films on implant surfaces for orthopedic applications. An additional hydrothermal treatment has also been used in conjunction with anodization to deposit hydroxyapatite on titanium surfaces; this is in contrast to using traditional plasma spray deposition techniques. Recently, the ability to create nanometer surface structures (e.g., nano-tubular) via anodization of titanium implants in fluorine solutions have intrigued investigators to fabricate nano-scale surface features that mimic the natural bone environment. This paper will present an overview of anodization techniques used to produce micro-porous titanium oxide structures and nano-tubular oxide structures, subsequent properties of these anodized titanium surfaces, and ultimately their in vitro as well as in vivo biological responses pertinent for orthopedic applications. Lastly, this review will emphasize why anodized titanium structures that have nanometer surface features enhance bone forming cell functions.

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21

Sun, Argus, Nureddin Ashammakhi y Mehmet R. Dokmeci. "Methacrylate Coatings for Titanium Surfaces to Optimize Biocompatibility". Micromachines 11, n.º 1 (13 de enero de 2020): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11010087.

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Currently, there are more than 1.5 million knee and hip replacement procedures carried out in the United States. Implants have a 10–15-year lifespan with up to 30% of revision surgeries showing complications with osteomyelitis. Titanium and titanium alloys are the favored implant materials because they are lightweight and have high mechanical strength. However, this increased strength can be associated with decreased bone density around the implant, leading to implant loosening and failure. To avoid this, current strategies include plasma-spraying titanium surfaces and foaming titanium. Both techniques give the titanium a rough and irregular finish that improves biocompatibility. Recently, researchers have also sought to surface-conjugate proteins to titanium to induce osteointegration. Cell adhesion-promoting proteins can be conjugated to methacrylate groups and crosslinked using a variety of methods. Methacrylated proteins can be conjugated to titanium surfaces through atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). However, surface conjugation of proteins increases biocompatibility non-specifically to bone cells, adding to the risk of biofouling which may result in osteomyelitis that causes implant failure. In this work, we analyze the factors contributing to biofouling when coating titanium to improve biocompatibility, and design an experimental scheme to evaluate optimal coating parameters.

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22

Ballini, Andrea, Apollonia Desiate y Stefania Cantore. "In vitro Comparison between Two Different Implant Titanium Surfaces in Osseointegration Process". International Journal of Experimental Dental Science 1, n.º 2 (2012): 84–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10029-1021.

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ABSTRACT The osseointegration rate of titanium dental implants is related to their composition and surface roughness. Rough-surfaced implants favor both bone anchoring and biomechanical stability. The future of dental implantology should aim to develop surfaces with controlled and standardized topography or chemistry. This approach will be the only way to understand the interactions between proteins, cells and tissues and implant surfaces. The local release of bone stimulating or resorptive drugs in the peri-implant region may also respond to difficult clinical situations with poor bone quality and quantity, such as implant design and surface. These therapeutic strategies should ultimately enhance the osseointegration process of dental implants for their immediate loading and long-term success. Aim of this work was to compare implant titanium surfaces prepared with two different topographies for evaluating osteoblasts adhesion and growth. How to cite this article Ballini A, Desiate A, Cantore S. In vitro Comparison between Two Different Implant Titanium Surfaces in Osseointegration Process. Int J Experiment Dent Sci 2012; 1(2):84-88.

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Santiago-Medina, P., P. A. Sundaram y N. Diffoot-Carlo. "Titanium Oxide: A Bioactive Factor in Osteoblast Differentiation". International Journal of Dentistry 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/357653.

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Titanium and titanium alloys are currently accepted as the gold standard in dental applications. Their excellent biocompatibility has been attributed to the inert titanium surface through the formation of a thin native oxide which has been correlated to the excellent corrosion resistance of this material in body fluids. Whether this titanium oxide layer is essential to the outstanding biocompatibility of titanium surfaces in orthopedic biomaterial applications is still a moot point. To study this critical aspect further, human fetal osteoblasts were cultured on thermally oxidized and microarc oxidized (MAO) surfaces and cell differentiation, a key indicator in bone tissue growth, was quantified by measuring the expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) using a commercial assay kit. Cell attachment was similar on all the oxidized surfaces although ALP expression was highest on the oxidized titanium alloy surfaces. Untreated titanium alloy surfaces showed a distinctly lower degree of ALP activity. This indicates that titanium oxide clearly upregulates ALP expression in human fetal osteoblasts and may be a key bioactive factor that causes the excellent biocompatibility of titanium alloys. This result may make it imperative to incorporate titanium oxide in all hard tissue applications involving titanium and other alloys.

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Qi†, Xingying, Yuli Shang y Lei Sui. "State of Osseointegrated Titanium Implant Surfaces in Topographical Aspect". Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 18, n.º 12 (1 de diciembre de 2018): 8016–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2018.16381.

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Titanium is a primary metallic biomaterial widely used in dental implants because of its favorable mechanical properties and osseointegration capability. Currently, increasing interests have been taken in the interaction between titanium implant surface and surrounding bone tissue, particularly in surface topographical aspect. There are currently several techniques developed to modify surface topographies in the world market of dental implant. In this review, state of titanium implant surfaces in topographical aspect is presented from relatively smooth surfaces to rougher ones with microtopographies and/or nanotopographies. Each surface is summarized with basic elaborations, preparation methods, mechanisms for cellular responses and current availabilities. It has been demonstrated that rough surfaces evolving from micro- to nano-scale, especially hierarchical micro-and nanotopographies, are favorable for faster and stronger osseointegration. Further experimental and clinical investigations will aid in the optimization of surface topography and clinical selection of suitable implants.

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25

Langhoff, J., J. Mayer, L. Faber, S. Kaestner, G. Guibert, K. Zlinszky, J. A. Auer y B. von Rechenberg. "Does surface anodisation of titanium implants change osseointegration and make their extraction from bone any easier?" Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 21, n.º 03 (2008): 202–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1617362.

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Summary Objectives: Titanium implants have a tendency for high bone-implant bonding, and, in comparison to stainless steel implants are more difficult to remove. The current study was carried out to evaluate, i) the release strength of three selected anodized titanium surfaces with increased nanohardness and low roughness, and ii) bone-implant bonding in vivo. These modified surfaces were intended to give improved anchorage while facilitating easier removal of temporary implants. Material and methods: The new surfaces were referenced to a stainless steel implant and a standard titanium implant surface (TiMAX™). In a sheep limb model, healing period was 3 months. Bone-implant bonding was evaluated either biomechanically or histologically. Results: The new surface anodized screws demonstrated similar or slightly higher bone-implantcontact (BIC) and torque release forces than the titanium reference. The BIC of the stainless steel implants was significant lower than two of the anodized surfaces (p=0.04), but differences between stainless steel and all titanium implants in torque release forces were not significant (p=0.06). Conclusion: The new anodized titanium surfaces showed good bone-implant bonding despite a smooth surface and increased nanohardness. However, they failed to facilitate implant removal at 3 months.

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Sarinnaphakorn, Lertrit, Patrick Mesquida, Roberto Chiesa, C. Giordano, Michael Fenlon y Lucy DiSilvio. "Novel Silicon Based Anodic Spark Deposition Treatment for Dental Implant". Advanced Materials Research 47-50 (junio de 2008): 1434–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.47-50.1434.

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Surface treated titanium implants are increasingly being used in dental and orthopaedic applications. This study examined the biological response of primary human alveolar osteoblast (aHOB) cells to a novel silicon based anodic spark deposition treated titanium surfaces. Three different titanium surfaces were investigated: anodic spark deposition (ASD) with silicon based (ASDSi), BioSpark™ (BS), and chemically etched (BioRough™, BR). Commercially pure titanium (cpTi) was the non-treated control surface. Physiological and biological evaluations were conducted on all test and control surfaces. Surface scanning (SEM, EDS, and AFM) confirmed a nano-topography, which was textured for all surfaces; and similar surface chemical composition (Ca and P), of significant was the Si peak on the ASDSi surface. Cell morphological study (SEM) showed good adhere and spreading over the surface, with metabolically active cells having extended filopodia. Biological response was observed with cell proliferation on all test surfaces for the period studied. Proliferation rate was seen to increase with time. This initial favourable cell response will be of benefit in the long term osseointegration of the implant surfaces.

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Babuska, Vaclav, Jan Palan, Jana Kolaja Dobra, Vlastimil Kulda, Michal Duchek, Jan Cerny y Daniel Hrusak. "Proliferation of Osteoblasts on Laser-Modified Nanostructured Titanium Surfaces". Materials 11, n.º 10 (26 de septiembre de 2018): 1827. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11101827.

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Nanostructured titanium has become a useful material for biomedical applications such as dental implants. Certain surface properties (grain size, roughness, wettability) are highly expected to promote cell adhesion and osseointegration. The aim of this study was to compare the biocompatibilities of several titanium materials using human osteoblast cell line hFOB 1.19. Eight different types of specimens were examined: machined commercially pure grade 2 (cpTi2) and 4 (cpTi4) titanium, nanostructured titanium of the same grades (nTi2, nTi4), and corresponding specimens with laser-treated surfaces (cpTi2L, cpTi4L, nTi2L, nTi4L). Their surface topography was evaluated by means of scanning electron microscopy. Surface roughness was measured using a mechanical contact profilometer. Specimens with laser-treated surfaces had significantly higher surface roughness. Wettability was measured by the drop contact angle method. Nanostructured samples had significantly higher wettability. Cell proliferation after 48 hours from plating was assessed by viability and proliferation assay. The highest proliferation of osteoblasts was found in nTi4 specimens. The analysis of cell proliferation revealed a difference between machined and laser-treated specimens. The mean proliferation was lower on the laser-treated titanium materials. Although plain laser treatment increases surface roughness and wettability, it does not seem to lead to improved biocompatibility.

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Ueda, Masato, Chihiro Sawatari, Tomoyuki Takahashi, Hiroaki Tsuruta, Hidenobu Tokushige, Hirohisa Hikosaka, Daigo Yonetsu y Masahiko Ikeda. "Utilisation of Titanium and Titanium Dioxide as Scaffolds for Proliferating Coral Reef". Materials Science Forum 1016 (enero de 2021): 1497–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1016.1497.

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Estimated 30 percent or more of coral reefs are now in danger of extinction by coastal construction increases and global temperatures rise. Several restoration techniques such as fragmentation, forming, Biorock have been developed in the past few years. In vertebrates such as mammals, osteoblast is known to form the bones composed of hydroxyapatite. Therefore, bone substitutional devices are generally surface modified to improve the adhesion of osteoblasts on the surfaces. Titanium dioxide film is often employed as the surface material for hard tissue substitutes made of titanium and its alloys. In hard corals, on the other hand, the soft tissue covered on the skeletons made of calcium carbonate has osteoblasts as well. The purpose of this work was to investigate the potential of titanium (Ti) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) as scaffolds for proliferating coral reefs by analysing the several interfacial reactions. The rods of pure Ti were anodised in aqueous phosphoric acid at a constant voltage of 80 V. The surfaces were confirmed to be anatase type TiO2. The coral fragments were kept in contact with the rods in a lab-scale aquarium with artificial seawater for several days. The colony of polyps vigorously expanded on the surfaces. Fragments of coral were placed on pure Ti, TiO2 coated pure Ti in Petri dishes and were reared in artificial seawater. Fine spherical precipitates of calcium carbonate with aragonite structure, which is the same inorganic substance as corals, were observed radially and regularly on the surfaces of TiO2. In addition, the adherence of planula larva to the sputtered TiO2 film was observed by using a QCM (Quartz Crystal Microbalance) method. The approach and adhesion of planula larva to the surface could be detected by monitoring the resonance frequency and resistance. The surfaces might have a great potential in coral reef regenerations.

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29

Russell, S. W., M. ‐J Rack, Daniel Adams, T. L. Alford, T. E. Levine y M. Nastasi. "Titanium Nitridation on Copper Surfaces". Journal of The Electrochemical Society 143, n.º 7 (1 de julio de 1996): 2349–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.1837005.

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30

Grieggs, R. J. y W. D. Cornelius. "Titanium nitridation of metallic surfaces". Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films 7, n.º 3 (mayo de 1989): 2515–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.575889.

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31

Dong, Hanshan y Tom Bell. "Designer surfaces for titanium components". Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 50, n.º 6 (diciembre de 1998): 282–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00368799810245891.

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32

Jia, Shengnan, Yu Zhang, Ting Ma, Haifeng Chen y Ye Lin. "Enhanced Hydrophilicity and Protein Adsorption of Titanium Surface by Sodium Bicarbonate Solution". Journal of Nanomaterials 2015 (2015): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/536801.

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The aim of this study was to investigate a novel and convenient method of chemical treatment to modify the hydrophilicity of titanium surfaces. Sand-blasted and acid-etched (SLA) titanium surfaces and machined titanium surfaces were treated with sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) solution. The wetting behavior of both kinds of surfaces was measured by water contact angle (WCA) test. The surface microstructure was assessed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and three-dimensional (3D) optical microscopy. The elemental compositions of the surfaces were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The protein adsorption analysis was performed with fibronectin. Results showed that, after 1 M NaHCO3treatment, the hydrophilicity of both SLA and machined surfaces was enhanced. No significant microstructural change presented on titanium surfaces after NaHCO3treatment. The deprotonation and ion exchange activities might cause the enhanced hydrophilicity of titanium surfaces. The increased protein adsorption of NaHCO3-treated SLA surfaces might indicate their improved tissue-integration in clinical use.

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Yeniyol, Sinem, Nilüfer Bölükbaşı, Ayhan Bilir, Ali Fuat Çakır, Mefail Yeniyol y Tayfun Ozdemir. "Relative Contributions of Surface Roughness and Crystalline Structure to the Biocompatibility of Titanium Nitride and Titanium Oxide Coatings Deposited by PVD and TPS Coatings". ISRN Biomaterials 2013 (16 de junio de 2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2013/783873.

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This study was conducted to characterize titanium (Ti) metal surfaces modified by polishing, coating with titanium nitride, coating with titanium oxide, sandblasting with alumina (Al2O3) particles and coating with titanium oxide, coating with titanium plasma spray (TPS); and to evaluate the effect of surface roughness and crystalline structure on adhesion of human fetal osteoblast cells (CRL-11372) in vitro after 24 hours. Surface topography and roughness were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and a noncontacting optical profilometer, respectively. The crystalline structures of the coatings were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD). CRL-11372 cells were incubated at these surfaces for 24 h and were evaluated for their mean total cell counts and cell viabilities. Cell morphologies were examined qualitatively by SEM images. Glass discs served as control group (CG) for the cell culture experiments. Surfaces at the Group TPS had the highest Ra and Rz values. Highest mean total cell counts were found for the CG. SC (sandblasted and TiO2 coated) surfaces had shown sparsely oriented CRL-11372 cells while other surfaces and CG showed confluency. Surfaces displayed diverse crystalline structures. Crystalline structures led to different cellular adhesion responses among the groups regardless of the surface roughness values.

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34

Yoo, Sehoon, Suliman A. Dregia, Sheikh A. Akbar, Helene Rick y Kenneth H. Sandhage. "Kinetic mechanism of TiO2 nanocarving via reaction with hydrogen gas". Journal of Materials Research 21, n.º 7 (1 de julio de 2006): 1822–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2006.0225.

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Dense polycrystalline titania (TiO2, rutile) was converted into oriented arrays of single-crystal titania nanofibers by reaction with a noncombustible, hydrogen-bearing gas mixture at only 680–780 °C. Such nanofiber formation resulted from anisotropic etching (“nanocarving”) of the titania grains. The fibers possessed diameters of 20–50 nm and lengths of up to several microns, with the long fiber axes oriented parallel to the [001] crystallographic direction of rutile. Mass spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy indicated that oxygen, but not titanium, was removed from the specimen during the reaction with hydrogen. The removal of substantial oxygen and solid volume from the reacting surfaces, without an appreciable change in the Ti:O ratio at such surfaces, was consistent with the solid-state diffusion of titanium cations from the surface into the bulk of the specimen. The reaction-induced weight loss followed a parabolic rate law, which was also consistent with a solid-state diffusion-controlled process.

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35

Antonini, Leonardo Marasca, Rafael Gomes Mielczarski, Caroline Pigatto, Iduvirges Lourdes Müller y Célia de Fraga Malfatti. "The Influence of the Operating Parameters of Titanium Electropolishing to Obtain Nanostructured Titanium Surfaces". Materials Science Forum 727-728 (agosto de 2012): 1638–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.727-728.1638.

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Titanium and Ti alloys have been widely used as biomaterial due to their mechanical properties and high in vitro and in vivo cytocompatibility. Studies have showed that the acceleration of the osseointegration process is associated to the modification of the surface morphology. The aim of this work is to study the influence of the operating parameters of titanium electropolishing to obtain nanostructured titanium surfaces. The titanium electropolishing was carried out with different temperatures (7°C, 18°C and 25°C), current density of 0.19 A/cm2 and electropolishing time of 8 minutes. After the electropolishing process the titanium samples were characterized by Atomic Force Microscopy, profilometry (mechanical profilometer) and contact angle measurements. Preliminary results showed that the Ti nanostructured surfaces formation, strongly depends on the control of operating parameters.

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36

Deng, Zhen Nan, Jin Song Liu, Yun He, Si Qian Wang y Jian Feng Ma. "Synthesis and Properties of Hydroxyapatite-Containing Porous Titania Coating on Titanium by Ultrasonic Shot Peening and Micro-Arc Oxidation". Advanced Materials Research 690-693 (mayo de 2013): 2081–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.690-693.2081.

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Titanium with surface nanostructure has superior mechanical and biological properties, which benefits titanium implants. To further improve the bioactivity of Ti surfaces, Ca/P-containing porous titania coatings were prepared on Ti with surface nanostructure by ultrasonic shot peening (USP) and micro-arc oxidation (MAO). The phase identification, composition, morphology and microstructure of the coatings of Ti with surface nanostructure during MAO were investigated subsequently. The amounts of Ca, P and the Ca/P ratio of the coatings formed on Ti with surface nanostructure were greater than those on coarse-grained Ti. Incubated in a simulated body fluid, bone-like apatite was completely formed on the surface of Ti, thus evidencing preferable bioactivity.

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37

Bernardi, Sara, Serena Bianchi, Anna Rita Tomei, Maria Adelaide Continenza y Guido Macchiarelli. "Microbiological and SEM-EDS Evaluation of Titanium Surfaces Exposed to Periodontal Gel: In Vitro Study". Materials 12, n.º 9 (4 de mayo de 2019): 1448. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12091448.

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Inflammatory diseases affecting the soft and hard tissues surrounding an implant represent a new challenge in contemporary implant dentistry. Among several methods proposed for the decontamination of titanium surfaces, the administration of topical 14% doxycycline gel seems to be a reliable option. In the present study, we evaluated the microbial effect of 14% doxycycline gel applied on titanium surfaces and exposed to human salivary microbes in anaerobic conditions. We also examined the composition of the exposed surfaces to assess the safe use of periodontal gel on titanium surfaces. Six anatase and six type 5 alloy titanium surfaces were used and divided into two groups: The test group and the positive control group. Both were cultured with human salivary samples in anaerobic conditions. On the test groups, 240 mg of periodontal gel was applied. The microbial assessment was performed with a colony-forming unit (CFU) count and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) to identify the species. The surface integrity was assessed using scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDS). The results demonstrated the microbial efficacy of the 14% doxycycline periodontal gel and its safe use on titanium surfaces. However, the SEM observations revealed the permanence of the gel on the titanium surfaces due to the physical composition of the gel. This permanence needs to be further investigated in vivo and a final polishing protocol on the titanium surface is recommended.

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38

Stigler, Robert, Kathrin Becker, Michela Bruschi, Doris Steinmüller-Nethl y Robert Gassner. "Impact of Nano-Crystalline Diamond Enhanced Hydrophilicity on Cell Proliferation on Machined and SLA Titanium Surfaces: An In-Vivo Study in Rodents". Nanomaterials 8, n.º 7 (13 de julio de 2018): 524. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano8070524.

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By coating surfaces with nano-crystalline diamond (NCD) particles, hydrophilicity can be altered via sidechain modifications without affecting surface texture. The present study aimed to assess the impact of NCD hydrophilicity on machined and rough SLA titanium discs on soft tissue integration, using a rodent model simulating submerged healing. Four different titanium discs (machined titanium = M Titanium, NCD-coated hydrophilic machined titanium = M-O-NCD, sand blasted acid etched (SLA Titanium) titanium, and hydrophilic NCD-coated SLA titanium = SLA O-NCD) were inserted in subdermal pockets of 12 Wistar rats. After one and four weeks of healing, the animals were sacrificed. Biopsies were embedded in methyl methacrylate (MMA), and processed for histology. The number of cells located within a region of interest (ROI) of 10 µm around the discs were counted and compared statistically. Signs of inflammation were evaluated descriptively employing immunohistochemistry. At one week, M-O-NCD coated titanium discs showed significantly higher amounts of cells compared to M Titanium, SLA Titanium, and SLA-O-NCD (p < 0.001). At four weeks, significant higher cell counts were noted at SLA-O-NCD surfaces (p < 0.01). Immunohistochemistry revealed decreased inflammatory responses at hydrophilic surfaces. Within the limits of an animal study, M-O-NCD surfaces seem to stimulate cell proliferation in the initial healing phase, whereas SLA-O-NCD surfaces appeared advantageous afterwards.

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39

Gonçalves, Juliana P. L., Afnan Q. Shaikh, Manuela Reitzig, Daria A. Kovalenko, Jan Michael, René Beutner, Gianaurelio Cuniberti, Dieter Scharnweber y Jörg Opitz. "Detonation nanodiamonds biofunctionalization and immobilization to titanium alloy surfaces as first steps towards medical application". Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 10 (26 de noviembre de 2014): 2765–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.10.293.

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Due to their outstanding properties nanodiamonds are a promising nanoscale material in various applications such as microelectronics, polishing, optical monitoring, medicine and biotechnology. Beyond the typical diamond characteristics like extreme hardness or high thermal conductivity, they have additional benefits as intrinsic fluorescence due to lattice defects without photobleaching, obtained during the high pressure high temperature process. Further the carbon surface and its various functional groups in consequence of the synthesis, facilitate additional chemical and biological modification. In this work we present our recent results on chemical modification of the nanodiamond surface with phosphate groups and their electrochemically assisted immobilization on titanium-based materials to increase adhesion at biomaterial surfaces. The starting material is detonation nanodiamond, which exhibits a heterogeneous surface due to the functional groups resulting from the nitrogen-rich explosives and the subsequent purification steps after detonation synthesis. Nanodiamond surfaces are chemically homogenized before proceeding with further functionalization. Suspensions of resulting surface-modified nanodiamonds are applied to the titanium alloy surfaces and the nanodiamonds subsequently fixed by electrochemical immobilization. Titanium and its alloys have been widely used in bone and dental implants for being a metal that is biocompatible with body tissues and able to bind with adjacent bone during healing. In order to improve titanium material properties towards biomedical applications the authors aim to increase adhesion to bone material by incorporating nanodiamonds into the implant surface, namely the anodically grown titanium dioxide layer. Differently functionalized nanodiamonds are characterized by infrared spectroscopy and the modified titanium alloys surfaces by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The process described shows an adsorption and immobilization of modified nanodiamonds on titanium; where aminosilanized nanodiamonds coupled with O-phosphorylethanolamine show a homogeneous interaction with the titanium substrate.

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40

Yeo, In-Sung. "Reality of Dental Implant Surface Modification: A Short Literature Review". Open Biomedical Engineering Journal 8, n.º 1 (31 de octubre de 2014): 114–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874120701408010114.

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Screw-shaped endosseous implants that have a turned surface of commercially pure titanium have a disadvantage of requiring a long time for osseointegration while those implants have shown long-term clinical success in single and multiple restorations. Titanium implant surfaces have been modified in various ways to improve biocompatibility and accelerate osseointegration, which results in a shorter edentulous period for a patient. This article reviewed some important modified titanium surfaces, exploring the in vitro, in vivo and clinical results that numerous comparison studies reported. Several methods are widely used to modify the topography or chemistry of titanium surface, including blasting, acid etching, anodic oxidation, fluoride treatment, and calcium phosphate coating. Such modified surfaces demonstrate faster and stronger osseointegration than the turned commercially pure titanium surface. However, there have been many studies finding no significant differences in in vivo bone responses among the modified surfaces. Considering those in vivo results, physical properties like roughening by sandblasting and acid etching may be major contributors to favorable bone response in biological environments over chemical properties obtained from various modifications including fluoride treatment and calcium phosphate application. Recently, hydrophilic properties added to the roughened surfaces or some osteogenic peptides coated on the surfaces have shown higher biocompatibility and have induced faster osseointegration, compared to the existing modified surfaces. However, the long-term clinical studies about those innovative surfaces are still lacking.

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41

Gil, Javier, Jose Maria Manero, Elisa Ruperez, Eugenio Velasco-Ortega, Alvaro Jiménez-Guerra, Iván Ortiz-García y Loreto Monsalve-Guil. "Mineralization of Titanium Surfaces: Biomimetic Implants". Materials 14, n.º 11 (27 de mayo de 2021): 2879. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14112879.

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The surface modification by the formation of apatitic compounds, such as hydroxyapatite, improves biological fixation implants at an early stage after implantation. The structure, which is identical to mineral content of human bone, has the potential to be osteoinductive and/or osteoconductive materials. These calcium phosphates provoke the action of the cell signals that interact with the surface after implantation in order to quickly regenerate bone in contact with dental implants with mineral coating. A new generation of calcium phosphate coatings applied on the titanium surfaces of dental implants using laser, plasma-sprayed, laser-ablation, or electrochemical deposition processes produces that response. However, these modifications produce failures and bad responses in long-term behavior. Calcium phosphates films result in heterogeneous degradation due to the lack of crystallinity of the phosphates with a fast dissolution; conversely, the film presents cracks, which produce fractures in the coating. New thermochemical treatments have been developed to obtain biomimetic surfaces with calcium phosphate compounds that overcome the aforementioned problems. Among them, the chemical modification using biomineralization treatments has been extended to other materials, including composites, bioceramics, biopolymers, peptides, organic molecules, and other metallic materials, showing the potential for growing a calcium phosphate layer under biomimetic conditions.

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42

Saruta, Juri, Nobuaki Sato, Manabu Ishijima, Takahisa Okubo, Makoto Hirota y Takahiro Ogawa. "Disproportionate Effect of Sub-Micron Topography on Osteoconductive Capability of Titanium". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, n.º 16 (18 de agosto de 2019): 4027. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20164027.

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Titanium micro-scale topography offers excellent osteoconductivity and bone–implant integration. However, the biological effects of sub-micron topography are unknown. We compared osteoblastic phenotypes and in vivo bone and implant integration abilities between titanium surfaces with micro- (1–5 µm) and sub-micro-scale (0.1–0.5 µm) compartmental structures and machined titanium. The calculated average roughness was 12.5 ± 0.65, 123 ± 6.15, and 24 ± 1.2 nm for machined, micro-rough, and sub-micro-rough surfaces, respectively. In culture studies using bone marrow-derived osteoblasts, the micro-rough surface showed the lowest proliferation and fewest cells attaching during the initial stage. Calcium deposition and expression of osteoblastic genes were highest on the sub-micro-rough surface. The bone–implant integration in the Sprague–Dawley male rat femur model was the strongest on the micro-rough surface. Thus, the biological effects of titanium surfaces are not necessarily proportional to the degree of roughness in osteoblastic cultures or in vivo. Sub-micro-rough titanium ameliorates the disadvantage of micro-rough titanium by restoring cell attachment and proliferation. However, bone integration and the ability to retain cells are compromised due to its lower interfacial mechanical locking. This is the first report on sub-micron topography on a titanium surface promoting osteoblast function with minimal osseointegration.

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43

HONDA, RYO, MASAYOSHI MIZUTANI, HITOSHI OHMORI y JUN KOMOTORI. "BIOCOMPATIBILITY EVALUATION OF NANOSECOND LASER TREATED TITANIUM SURFACES". International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 06 (enero de 2012): 682–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194512003972.

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We developed surface modification technologies for dental implants in this study. The study contributes to shortening the time required for adhesion between alveolar bone and fixtures which consist of dental implants. A Nd : YVO 4 nanosecond laser was used to modify the surfaces of commercially pure titanium (CP Ti ) disks, and their biocompatibility was evaluated cytocompatibility and bioactivity. First, rows of 200 µm spaced rectilinear laser treatments were performed on surfaces of CP Ti disks. Osteoblasts derived from rat mesenchymal stem cells were then cultured on the treated surfaces. Cytocompatibility on the laser treated area was evaluated by observing adhesion behavior of cells on these surfaces. The results indicated that the micro-order structure formed by the laser treatment promoted adhesion of osteoblasts and that traces of laser treatment without microstucture didn't affect the adhesion. Second, surfaces of CP Ti disks were completely covered by traces of laser treatment, which created complex microstructures of titania whose crystal structure is rutile and anatase. This phenomenon allowed the creation of hydroxyapatite on the surface of the disks in 1.5-times simulated body fluid (1.5SBF) while no hydroxyapatite was observed on conventional polished surfaces in the same conditions. This result indicates that bioactivity was enabled on CP Ti by the laser treatment. From these two results, laser treatment for CP Ti surfaces is an effective method for enhancing adhesion of osteoblasts and promoting bioactivity, which are highly appreciated properties for dental implants.

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Chen, Cheng, Jun Ying Chen, Quan Li Li, Jia Long Chen, Qiu Fen Tu, Song Mei Chen, Shi Hui Liu y Nan Huang. "The Biological Behavior of Endothelial Progenitor Cells on Titanium Surface Immobilized by CD34 Antibody". Advanced Materials Research 79-82 (agosto de 2009): 707–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.79-82.707.

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The biological modification of biomaterials surface was an important means for surface endothelialization. In this work, an extracellular matrix-like (ECM-like) surface modification was developed for inducing endothelialization on titanium cardiovascular implant surface. To solve the problem of antibody denaturing caused in the randomly immobilizing, cluster of differentiation 34 (CD34) antibody was directly immobilized on titanium surface using a layer-by-layer self-assembly (LBL) technique. The biological behaviors of the endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) on modified titanium surface were investigated by in vitro cell culture experiment. The results showed that the avidin, biotinylated protein A and the CD34 antibody were successfully assembled onto the NaOH etched titanium surface. The results of cells experiment suggested that the CD34 antibody immobilized surfaces promoted EPCs attachment and capture in vitro. It was believed that the response of adhesion, proliferation, differentiation of EPCs to titanium surface was regulated by modifying the surface chemistry which controlled the cell-biomaterial interactions. This work provided a surface biomodification means to increase the biocompatibility of titanium-based vascular implant surfaces.

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45

Zhang, En Wei, Yan Bo Wang, Fei Gao, Shi Cheng Wei y Yu Feng Zheng. "Enhanced Bioactivity of Sandblasted and Acid-Etched Titanium Surfaces". Advanced Materials Research 79-82 (agosto de 2009): 393–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.79-82.393.

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Two new modified sandblasted and acid etched (SLA) surface methods had been used on commercially pure Ti (Cp-Ti) surface. Scanning electron microscopy investigation showed that modified SLA surfaces had micro- and nano-structure surface topography. Contact angle test showed that surface hydrophilicity was significantly increased after modified SLA surface modification. Human osteoblast-like MG63 cell attachment test showed that modified SLA surfaces would attach more cells than simple SLA surface. The alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity assay indicated that ALP activity was enhanced on two modified SLA surfaces relative to SLA and mechanically polished Cp-Ti surface at early stage. Thus, subsequent chemical modification of SLA surface seems to be a promising method to generate better bioactive surface properties.

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46

Drabu, K. J., R. J. Michaud, P. J. J. McCullagh, K. Brummitt y R. A. Smith. "Assessment of Titanium Alloy on Polyethylene Bearing Surfaces in Retrieved Uncemented Total Hip Replacements". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine 208, n.º 2 (junio de 1994): 91–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1994_208_270_02.

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Changes to the bearing surfaces of eighteen uncemented total hip replacements retrieved at revision surgery were assessed by three-dimensional binocular microscopy, Rank Taylor Hobson talysurf measurements, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray dispersive analysis. Abrasions on the non-articular surface of the polyethylene cups were present. Bone particles were found in tracks in the bearing surfaces of both the titanium femoral heads and the polyethylene cups and were responsible for wear of these surfaces. Although the wear of the femoral heads appeared substantial to naked eye examination, the surface finish of these surfaces remained within the British ISO standards for titanium alloy when assessed by the methods used above. This study concluded that direct contact between polyethylene and bone should be avoided in total hip arthroplasty and that ‘third body’ wear from bone particles occurred in these uncemented prostheses. Both components of this type of implant should be replaced at revision surgery and titanium should be avoided as a bearing surface in hip arthroplasty. Present methods of assessing the surface finish of titanium should be re-evaluated and more reliable ones considered.

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47

Ogawa, T., L. Saruwatari, K. Takeuchi, H. Aita y N. Ohno. "Ti Nano-nodular Structuring for Bone Integration and Regeneration". Journal of Dental Research 87, n.º 8 (agosto de 2008): 751–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154405910808700809.

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Nanostructuring technology has been proven to create unique biological properties in various biomaterials. Here we present a discovered phenomenon of titanium nano-nodular self-assembly that occurs during physical vapor depositions of titanium (Ti) onto specifically conditioned micro-textured titanium surfaces, and test a hypothesis that the Ti nanostructure has the potential to enhance bone-titanium integration. The nanostructure creation effectively provided geometrical undercut and increased the surface area by up to 40% compared with the acid-etched surface with microtopography. Depending on the size control, the nano-nodules can be added without smearing the existing micro-texture, creating a nano-micro-hybrid architecture. Titanium implants with 560-nm nano-nodules produced 3.1 times greater strength of osseointegration than those with an acid-etched surface in a rat femur model. The discovered titanium nano-nodular self-structuring has been proven feasible on biocompatible materials other than titanium, offering new avenues for the development of implant surfaces and other implantable materials for better bone-generative and -regenerative potential.

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48

Faria, Adriana Cláudia Lapria, Angelo Rafael de Vito Bordin, Vinícius Pedrazzi, Renata Cristina Silveira Rodrigues y Ricardo Faria Ribeiro. "Effect of whitening toothpaste on titanium and titanium alloy surfaces". Brazilian Oral Research 26, n.º 6 (19 de julio de 2012): 498–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1806-83242012005000014.

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49

Petersson, Ingela U., Johanna E. L. Löberg, Anette S. Fredriksson y Elisabet K. Ahlberg. "Semi-conducting properties of titanium dioxide surfaces on titanium implants". Biomaterials 30, n.º 27 (septiembre de 2009): 4471–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.05.042.

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50

Xia, Wei, Carl Lindahl, Jukka Lausmaa, Per Borchardt, Ahmed Ballo, Peter Thomsen y Håkan Engqvist. "Biomineralized strontium-substituted apatite/titanium dioxide coating on titanium surfaces". Acta Biomaterialia 6, n.º 4 (abril de 2010): 1591–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2009.10.030.

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