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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Tonga"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 4 de junio de 2021

Última modificación: 25 de julio de 2025

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1

Henry, Todd M. "PHOTOESSAY: Gangsters in Paradise: The Deportees of Tonga." Pacific Journalism Review : Te Koakoa 25, no. 1&2 (2019): 278–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v25i1.489.

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This photoessay is based around photographs taken during the making of the documentary Gangsters in Paradise: The Deportees of Tonga. As a documentary photographer with a tendency to focus on social issues and subcultures, the author was interested in documenting the lives of deportees in Tonga. Through the film, he hoped to highlight the various complexities of identity, belonging and adaptation in relation to the deportee community of Tonga. More importantly, he wanted to start a conversation in Tonga itself regarding how this growing community can be better supported and understood by the w

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2

Kalavite, Telesia. "Indigenous Intergenerational Relational Rhythms." Art/Research International: A Transdisciplinary Journal 8, no. 2 (2024): 636–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.18432/ari29742.

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This article unfolds intergenerational sustainability and relational rhythms through Tongan language and culture and the interrelationships between older and younger Tongan people and between Tongans and non-Tongans in Aotearoa New Zealand (NZ). It also unpacks the interconnected ways in which Tongans as Indigenous people honour the inseparability and sensibilities of knowing–seeing–feeling–doing–being–becoming Tongan across tā–vā (time–space) in language and cultural realities, and their implications on Tongan people’s success in life. I argue that there is still space to strengthen Tongan la

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3

Kalavite, Telesia. "Tongan translation realities across Tā ('Time') and Vā ('Space')." Journal of New Zealand & Pacific Studies 7, no. 2 (2019): 173–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/nzps_00004_1.

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Abstract The kingdom of Tonga known as the Friendly Islands is a bilingual country where the official languages are Tongan (lea faka-Tonga) and English (lea faka-Pilitānia). In a bilingual environment like Tonga, the ability to translate effectively between the two languages is a fundamental skill to communicate well and to achieve academic success. The main focus of this article is to approach translation through a sociocultural lens, and more specifically, through a Tongan-inspired tāvāist perspective: 'Okusitino's Māhina's Tā‐Vā ('Time‐Space') Theory of Reality. This theory has influenced a

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4

Vikilani, Sione Fatanitavake. "Media freedom and state control in Tonga." Pacific Journalism Review : Te Koakoa 16, no. 2 (2010): 62–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v16i2.1035.

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The Tongan Constitution guarantees free speech and media freedom but this guarantee has often been misunderstood and misinterpreted by the media industry, the government and politicians alike. Freedom of speech was integrated into the Constitution from the beginning in 1875. However, as history has shown, this freedom has often been altered to silence opposition and critics’ voices. As early as 1882, the Tongan media had their first confrontation with the government and in 2003 saw a parallel incident unfolding. This article examines the influence of state control on the media in Tonga through

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5

McLean, Angus. "CORPORAL PUNISHMENT OF CHILDREN IN TONGA – A VIOLATION OF CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS." ASIA-PACIFIC JOURNAL ON HUMAN RIGHTS AND THE LAW 15, no. 1-2 (2014): 73–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718158-15010205.

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Corporal punishment of children is pervasive throughout the Pacific Island nation of Tonga. In May 2014, a mother was imprisoned for causing the death of her 14-year-old daughter who was beaten with a stick, watering hose and hammer and left to die on her living room floor. Tonga remains in a group of 39 countries that retain corporal punishment of children as a legal sanction for a crime and has defied recent calls during the Universal Periodic Review to abolish these laws. Despite the Tongan Court of Appeal observing corporal punishment to be a violation of the Constitution of Tonga and the

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6

Fainga'a-Manu Sione, Inez, Ruth Faleolo, and Cathleen Hafu-Fetokai. "Finding Harmony between Decolonization and Christianity in Academia." Art/Research International: A Transdisciplinary Journal 8, no. 2 (2024): 519–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.18432/ari29764.

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This article presents our theoretical musings on practicing decolonization as Christian Tongan academics, recorded and shared within our Australian collective during 2022-2023. We aim to discuss the strength and power that comes from our Indigenous inheritance of God and Tonga, living in diaspora of Australia and Aotearoa New Zealand (tu'a Tonga). Amidst this Indigenous strength, there are also subtleties and crescendos of coloniality taking place in and around us, as well as the complexities and vulnerabilities with which Tongan Christian academics grapple in their sense making and meaning ma

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7

Clark, Geoffrey, and Christian Reepmeyer. "Stone architecture, monumentality and the rise of the early Tongan chiefdom." Antiquity 88, no. 342 (2014): 1244–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00115431.

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Monumental construction is commonly associated with the rise of complex societies and frequently supported the ceremonies and ideologies that were instrumental in the creation of the new social order. Recent fieldwork at Heketa in eastern Tongatapu recorded stone-built platforms for houses and seats, and a three-tiered tomb and trilithon. Tongan tradition and archaeology combine to show that these were the setting for new ceremonies instituted by the emergent Tu’i Tonga lineage in the fourteenth century AD as they laid the foundations of the early Tongan chiefdom. Key to their success were act

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8

Robie, David. "REVIEW: Noted: Democracy and the price of silence." Pacific Journalism Review 18, no. 1 (2012): 246. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v18i1.305.

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Review of: Shoot the messenger: The report on the Nuku'alofa reconstruction project and why the government of Tonga dumped it, By Teena Brown Pulu. Auckland and Nuku'alofa: Taimi Publishers. Investigative journalism is critical to good governance in evolving South Pacific democracies, particularly the youngest, Tonga, which embarked on the biggest democratic reforms in a century in 2010. This is the view of Auckland Tongan anthropologist, social commentator and now author of a suppressed-then-exposed report about post-riots urban development.

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9

Ouliaris, Sam, Celine Rochon, and Daniel Taumoepeau. "A Quarterly Projection Model for Tonga." IMF Working Papers 2025, no. 121 (2025): 1. https://doi.org/10.5089/9798229013390.001.

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This paper customizes to the Tongan economy a macroeconomic model for medium-term quarterly projections of key macro variables (QPM): output, inflation, interest rate, and exchange rate. The model is calibrated to embody the specific attributes of the Tongan economy such as the persistence of domestic output, core inflation and interest rates, as well as Tonga’s monetary policy transmission. It is then used to study three scenarios and assess their impact on the baseline. The first scenario involves shocks proxying for a bank failure. The second scenario introduces shocks that simulate the con

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10

‘Esau, Raelyn Lolohea. "Tongan Immigrants in New Zealand." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 14, no. 4 (2005): 441–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719680501400403.

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This study sought to shed light on the experiences of Tongan immigrants in New Zealand. Three major areas were explored: the migration decision-making process, socio-economic changes in the host country, and transnational networks with Tonga. With respect to migration decision-making, the nuclear family plays an important role as the final decision-making unit. Family-related reasons, jobs, and study were the typical reasons for migration to New Zealand. Regarding socio-economic changes, the immigrants' income tends to increase as their duration of stay in New Zealand lengthens. Most of them w

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11

Salomon, Tim René. "A Balancing Act: Modern Equality vs Traditional Nobility in Tonga." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 40, no. 1 (2009): 369. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v40i1.5394.

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The article examines the treatment of commoners and nobles under the Tongan Constitution and ordinary legislation. This paper argues that Tonga fails to meet internationally acknowledged equality standards because "Tongan culture clashes head-on with basic human rights requirements". The article provides some suggestions how to achieve a balance between upholding Tongan culture and traditions and complying with internationally accepted equality standards.

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12

Helweg, David, Peter Jenkins, Douglas Cat, Robert McCauley, and Claire Garrigue. "Geograpmc Variation in South Pacific Humpback Whale Songs." Behaviour 135, no. 1 (1998): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853998793066438.

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AbstractEvery winter, (male) humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) produce long complex songs. Song content is dynamic and singers incorporate changes as they occur, thus song is shared through cultural transmission. We compared songs recorded in winter migratory termini in Tonga, New Caledonia, Eastern Australia, and on migration paths off Eastern Australia and New Zealand, in the winter of 1994. Seven themes were shared by all regions, with an additional two themes shared by all but Tonga. Differences in regional variants were most pronounced between Tongan and Eastern Australian song. Ne

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13

Gillet, Nelly. "‘The White Link in the Tongan Heritage’: the Unusual Case of Patricia Ledyard." Heritage 27, no. 1 (2004): 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/123z5.

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In Tonga, riches can be calculated with reference either to handicrafts (koloa), made by women and passed on from generation to generation, or to the oral memory of one’s family lineage. Through her Tongan best friend and her daughters, Patricia Ledyard, a papalangi (Tongan for ‘Westerner’) gained access and even made her own contribution to this Tongan heritage. Through her writing, she has become the white link in the Tongan heritage.

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14

Ofanoa, Malakai, and Samuela Ofanoa. "KAVA CONSUMPTION AND FAMILY VIOLENCE." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 8, no. 9 (2021): 303–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.89.10928.

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Kava drinking has become an intrinsic part of Tongan culture. It involves regular participation and high consumption of kava drink in kava clubs and other kava venues in Tonga and New Zealand. However, mounting evidence has indicated that the reasons for, and perceived effects of kava consumption are yet to be fully understood (Nosa and Ofanoa, 2009, Ofanoa, 2010). A qualitative study to explore the issues related with Tongan men abusing kava consumption was conducted in Tonga and Auckland, New Zealand (Ofanoa, 2010).  The study used culturally safe, Pacific qualitative research ap

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15

Kaeppler, Adrienne L. "Early photographers encounter Tongans." Journal of New Zealand & Pacific Studies 8, no. 2 (2020): 209–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/nzps_00038_1.

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Four early photographers are examined here in relation to their encounters with Tongans and Tonga. These photographers are Andrew Garrett, Gustav Adolph Riemer, Clarence Gordon Campbell and Walter Stanhope Sherwill. Garrett, an American natural historian who specialized in shells and fish, took two ambrotypes of Tongans in Fiji in 1868, which are two of the earliest Tongan photographs known. Riemer, born in Saarlouis, Germany, was a marine photographer on S.M.S. Hertha on an official diplomatic visit and took at least 28 photographs in Tonga in 1876. Campbell, a tourist from New York, took 25

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16

Garellek, Marc, and Marija Tabain. "Tongan." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 50, no. 3 (2019): 406–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100318000397.

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Tongan (lea fakatonga, ISO 639-3 code ton) is a Polynesian language spoken mainly in Tonga, where it is one of two official languages (with English). There are about 104,000 speakers of the language in Tonga, with nearly 80,000 additional speakers elsewhere (Simons & Fennig 2017). It is most closely related to Niuean, and more distantly related to West Polynesian languages (such as Tokelauan and Samoan) and East Polynesian languages (such as Hawaiian, Māori, and Tahitian). Previous work on the phonetics and phonology of Tongan includes a general grammar (Churchward 1953), a dissertation wi

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17

Sullivan-Lee, Amanda, and Patricia Trish Tupou. "Tonga." Contemporary Pacific 34, no. 1 (2022): 217–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cp.2022.0013.

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18

Tupou, Trish, and Amanda Sullivan-Lee. "Tonga." Contemporary Pacific 33, no. 1 (2021): 252–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cp.2021.0019.

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19

James, Kerry. "Tonga." Contemporary Pacific 13, no. 1 (2001): 258–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cp.2001.0015.

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20

James, Kerry. "Tonga." Contemporary Pacific 14, no. 1 (2002): 236–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cp.2002.0013.

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21

James, Kerry. "Tonga." Contemporary Pacific 15, no. 1 (2003): 187–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cp.2003.0015.

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22

Young Leslie, Heather E. "Tonga." Contemporary Pacific 19, no. 1 (2007): 262–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cp.2007.0021.

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23

Ratuva, Steven. "Tonga." Contemporary Pacific 29, no. 1 (2017): 181–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cp.2017.0014.

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24

Ratuva, Steven. "Tonga." Contemporary Pacific 30, no. 1 (2018): 204–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cp.2018.0015.

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25

Veatupu, Loma, Viliami Puloka, Moira Smith, Christina McKerchar, and Louise Signal. "Me’akai in Tonga: Exploring the Nature and Context of the Food Tongan Children Eat in Ha’apai Using Wearable Cameras." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 10 (2019): 1681. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16101681.

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Unhealthy food consumption is a key driver of the global pandemic in non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The Government of Tonga has prioritised NCD prevention due to the very high rates of NCDs in the Kingdom. This research examines the nature and context of the me’akai (food) consumed by Tongan children in Ha’apai using wearable cameras. Thirty-six randomly selected 11-year-old children used wearable cameras to record their lives for three days, as part of the wider Kids’Cam Tonga project. Images were analysed to assess the participants’ food consumption according to a new data analysis protoc

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26

Fonua, Sonia M., Fire U. F. A. T. M. I. Fonua, Lavinia T. Fonua, Sulieti Fieme’a Burrows, and Tui Emma Gillies. "Engaging with Tapa and Ngatu." Art/Research International: A Transdisciplinary Journal 8, no. 2 (2024): 415–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.18432/ari29746.

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The making and gifting of koloa faka-Tonga (women’s valuables, also known as koloa) has been an integral part of Tongan identity and culture for as long as anyone can remember. Working collaboratively on tapa and ngatu provides space for discussions and understanding, and reflections of Tongan identity and culture. The practice of gifting koloa has continued outside of the Kingdom of Tonga as Tongans migrate for new opportunities, including Aotearoa New Zealand (henceforth Aotearoa NZ). Using two different examples, this article will explore, through talatalanoa, how Tongan family partnerships

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27

L. Burns, Emma, Brian H. Costello, and Bronwyn A. Houlden. "Three evolutionarily significant units for conservation in the iguanid genus Brachylophus." Pacific Conservation Biology 12, no. 1 (2006): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc060064.

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We examined phylogenetic relationships within the genus Brachylophus, which comprises two endangered iguana species endemic to the South Pacific islands of Fiji and Tonga. Genetic variation among Fijian Crested Iguanas B. vitiensis and Fijian and Tongan Banded Iguanas B. fasciatus was analysed using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) cytochrome b (cyt b) characterized from 35 individuals from island populations. Three distinct clades of Brachylophus were identified. The most divergent clade comprised B. fasciatus from Tonga, which supports the recognition of Tongan iguanas as a separate species. Molecu

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28

Yangailo, Tryson. "The Impact of Industrialization on Economic Growth in Tonga." International Journal of Applied Research in Business and Management 4, no. 3 (2023): 87–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.51137/ijarbm.2023.4.3.4.

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This study examines the impact of industrialization on economic growth in Tonga. The Tongan government has worked tirelessly to ensure that the country achieves and sustains industrialization to drive economic growth. This study was undertaken because of conflicting findings from previous studies on the nature of the relationship that exists between economic growth and industrialization. Some studies have shown that industrialization has a positive and significant impact on economic growth, while others have not. The study used secondary data from World Bank data statistics and specified a mod

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Hafoka, Moana. "Using the Past to Guide the Future: Criminal Deportee (Re)integration in a New Homeland." International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy 13, no. 3 (2024): 71–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.3602.

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The United States regularly deports individuals to Tonga due to criminal convictions, and these deportees often struggle to reintegrate into Tongan society. This phenomenological study explored the lived experiences of 12 such criminal deportees through semi-structured interviews to elicit participants’ personal stories of deportation and transition. Common themes of family, religion, and Tongan culture emerged in their responses. These results are discussed, as well as recommendations to aid deportees. The study emphasizes that successful deportee reintegration can be facilitated with the col

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30

STEADMAN, DAVID W., and OONA M. TAKANO. "A new genus and species of pigeon (Aves, Columbidae) from the Kingdom of Tonga, with an evaluation of hindlimb osteology of columbids from Oceania." Zootaxa 4810, no. 3 (2020): 401–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4810.3.1.

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The region from New Guinea through Oceania sustains the world’s most diverse set of columbids. We describe osteological characters of the hindlimb (femur, tibiotarsus, tarsometatarsus) that divide the Papuan-Oceanic pigeons and doves into three groups based on functional morphology: “arboreal” (Hemiphaga, Ducula, Ptilinopus, Drepanoptila, Gymnophaps), “intermediate” (Columba, Macropygia, Reinwardtoena), and “terrestrial” (Gallicolumba [includes Alopecoenas], Trugon, Microgoura, Goura, Chalcophaps, Geopelia, Henicophaps, Caloenas, Didunculus, Otidiphaps). The arboreal and terrestrial groups are

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31

Vallance, Aaron K. "Kava Tonga." Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 8, no. 3 (2002): 231–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/10755530260127934.

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32

Rowe, Edward, and Dougal Greer. "MULTI-HAZARD RISK ASSESSMENT FOR TONGATAPU – A COASTAL INUNDATION LENS." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 37 (September 1, 2023): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v37.management.103.

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A multi-hazard disaster risk assessment was undertaken for Tongatapu through the Asian Development Bank (ADB) on behalf of the Government of Tonga. This was to inform investments, urban planning and improvements to natural hazard resilience across the island (ADB, 2021). This paper presents the methodology and findings of the coastal inundation and sea level rise components and how these relate to other hazards assessed and the overarching risk assessment. Due to its low elevation and flat topography, Tongatapu, and the Tongan capital of Nukualofa, are vulnerable to pluvial (surface) flooding

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Hrubcová, Pavla, and Václav Vavryčuk. "Contact of the Samoan Plume with the Tonga Subduction from Intermediate and Deep-Focus Earthquakes." Surveys in Geophysics 42, no. 6 (2021): 1347–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10712-021-09679-9.

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AbstractThe Tonga subduction zone in the south-west Pacific is the fastest convergent plate boundary in the world with the most active mantle seismicity. This zone shows unique tectonic features including Samoan volcanic lineament of plume-driven origin near the northern rim of the Tonga subducting slab. The proximity of the Samoa hotspot to the slab is enigmatic and invokes debates on interactions between the Samoa plume and the Tonga subduction. Based on long-term observations of intermediate and deep-focus Tonga earthquakes reported in the Global Centroid Moment Tensor (CMT) catalog, we pro

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M, Ofanoa. "Hear Our Voices: Experiences of Family Planning Services by Tongan Women in South Auckland, New Zealand." Nursing & Healthcare International Journal 6, no. 1 (2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/nhij-16000257.

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Access to family planning services have been widely accepted worldwide as a basic human right. However, findings from a study that involved 12 Tongan females in South Auckland, New Zealand reported that Pacific women were less likely to use available family planning services due to cultural taboo and sensitive reasons. This becomes a breach of basic human rights especially as Pacific women (including Tongan) have one of the highest rates of unplanned pregnancy in New Zealand. The purpose of this article is to present the key findings from a study that was undertaken in 2015 as part of the prim

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35

Moala, Kalafi. "The case for Pacific media reform to reflect island communities." Pacific Journalism Review : Te Koakoa 11, no. 1 (2005): 26–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v11i1.827.

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"The largest number of Tongans outside of Tonga lives in the United States. It is estimated to be more than 70,000; most live in the San Francisco Bay Area. On several occasions during two visits to the US by my wife and I during 2004, we met workers who operate the only daily Tongan language radio programmes in San Francisco. Our organisation supplies the daily news broadcast for their programmes. Our newspapers— in the Tongan and Samoan languages— also sell in the area. The question of what are the fundamental roles of the media came up in one of our discussions..."

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Mabugu, Patricia Ruramisai, Lovemore Mutonga, Cathrine Sibanda, and Letween Syadiobhe. "Resolving hiatus in Tonga." Journal for Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences 8, no. 2 (2020): 79–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.32642/.v8i2.1517.

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The study investigates hiatus contexts and hiatus resolution strategies in Zimbabwean Tonga. Data for this research were collected through intuition because one of the researchers is a native speaker of Tonga. The data were verified by other native speakers of Tonga. The analysis is couched within generative CV Phonology model (Clements & Keyser, 1983). The study establishes that Tonga does not allow vowel hiatus and when it occurs it is resolved by vowel deletion, secondary articulation, glide formation, glide epenthesis and vowel coalescence.These strategies do not operate haphazardly bu

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37

Xu, Jingyuan, Dan Li, Zhixuan Bai, Mengchu Tao, and Jianchun Bian. "Large Amounts of Water Vapor Were Injected into the Stratosphere by the Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha’apai Volcano Eruption." Atmosphere 13, no. 6 (2022): 912. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13060912.

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The Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha’apai (Tonga) injected only small amount of SO2 into the stratosphere, while our analyses of the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) measurements show that a massive amount of water vapor was directly injected into the stratosphere by the Tonga eruption, which is probably due to its submarine volcanic activity. The Tonga eruption injected a total amount of 139 ± 8 Tg of water vapor into the stratosphere and resulted in an increase of 8.9 ± 0.5% in the global stratospheric water vapor. Analyses also show that the uppermost altitude impacted by Tonga reached the 1 hPa level (~47

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Naidu, Suwastika, Anand Chand, and Paul Southgate. "Determinants of innovation in the handicraft industry of Fiji and Tonga: an empirical analysis from a tourism perspective." Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy 8, no. 4 (2014): 318–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jec-11-2013-0033.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the determinants of innovation in handicraft industry of Fiji and Tonga. Design/methodology/approach – Data for this study was collected via face-to-face interviews with handicraft sellers in Fiji and Tonga. In total, 368 interviews were conducted in Fiji and Tonga out of which, 48 was from Tonga and 320 was from Fiji. Findings – The results of this study show that eight factors; namely, value adding, design uniqueness, new product development, cultural uniqueness, advanced technology, experience of owner, ability of owner to adapt to trends in

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Naidu, Suwastika, and Anand Chand. "A comparative analysis of best human resource management practices in the hotel sector of Samoa and Tonga." Personnel Review 43, no. 5 (2014): 798–815. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pr-02-2013-0021.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to comparatively analyse the best human resource management (HRM) practices in the hotel sector of Samoa and Tonga. Design/methodology/approach – This study examined best HRM practices used by the hotel sector of Samoa and Tonga by using self-administered questionnaires. Self-administered questionnaires were distributed to 73 hotels in Samoa and 66 hotels in Tonga. Out of the 73 self-administered questionnaires that were distributed in Samoa, 58 usable questionnaires were returned resulting in a response rate of 79 per cent. In the case of Tonga, out of t

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40

Lubbungu, Jive. "The Use of Allusion in Tonga Work Songs: Its Social and Economic Implication." Journal of Law and Social Sciences 5, no. 3 (2023): 70–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.53974/unza.jlss.5.3.919.

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This article sets out to examine the use of allusion in selected Tonga work songs. Whereas there is extensive and impressive documentation about the Tonga people and their culture, their history, and even their literature, by authors like Elizabeth Colson, there is hardly any documentation on the use of allusion and its social implications in Tonga work songs. Therefore, this study gives utter attention to one poetic element – the allusion, in the Tonga work songs and argues that allusion reflects the Tonga people’s social and economic activities through work songs. The study mainly used the q

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41

Towner, Nick. "The effectiveness of the destination websites in promoting linkages between visitors and the community in Tonga." Journal of Pacific Studies 36, no. 2 (2016): 90–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.33318/jpacs.2016.36(2)-5.

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Whilst tourism has brought Tonga potentially significant prospects for job creation and local business ownership, many tourists lack knowledge about the cultural experiences on offer at their holiday destination. This signifies a lost opportunity to form linkages between foreign tourists and the Tongan community. This study analysed the content of 40 Tongan websites to see how effectively they promoted linkages to community based tourism industries. It found the majority of websites had very weak content on local handicrafts, food and cultural events and were ineffective at promoting linkages

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42

Gailey, Christine Ward. "“RAMBO” In Tonga: Video Films and Cultural Resistance in the Tongan Islands (South Pacific)." Culture 9, no. 1 (2021): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1080890ar.

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Video films and VCR’s have widespread popularity in the kingdom of Tonga (South Pacific). Based on field research in urban neighbourhoods, the author argues that local interpretations of videos can vary markedly from dominant meanings, but at times parallel them. Discussion of the distribution, ownership, video genres available, and viewing patterns - as well as shifting land rights, cash income needs, and international labor migration - provides the context of audience interpretations. The basis for congruence or difference in interpretation is sought in local view of Tongan history and of ch

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43

Ke, Fuyang, Xiangxiang Hu, Guan Hong, Lulu Ming, and Bao Song. "Characteristics and Evolution of the Response of the Lower Atmosphere to the Tonga Volcanic Eruption." Applied Sciences 13, no. 18 (2023): 10095. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app131810095.

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Research concerning the response characteristics of lower atmosphere to volcanic eruption is a key and hot topic in the field of volcanic environment research. Against the background of a submarine volcano in the South Pacific island country of Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha’apai (HTHH) on 15 January 2022, this paper explores the response characteristics of this volcanic eruption on environmental factors in the lower atmosphere region using a priori data such as ERA5 reanalysis data, water vapor data from GNSS inversion and surface temperature data from Landsat inversion for the Tonga Islands region. Am

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44

Hang’ombe, Khama, Minyono Mwembe, and Charton Siantumbu. "Aspects of the Causative Morpheme -i- in Tonga (M64)." Randwick International of Education and Linguistics Science Journal 1, no. 1 (2020): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.47175/rielsj.v1i1.25.

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This paper examines the phonological behaviour of the causative morpheme –i- in Tonga, using the Plateau and Valley Tonga varieties. It identifies the various segments in radical final positions of different verbal forms and seeks to establish how the introduction of the causative morpheme in their environment affects the segments. The paper finds that in some cases the morpheme induces phonological change to the segments preceding the morpheme, with more phonological ‘activity’ noted in Plateau Tonga. The influence of the morpheme identified in the study is that it induces fricativisation, pa

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45

Puthillath, Beena, Abishek Jose, Aswin S. Kumar, M. S. Shibin, and Shojo Johnson. "Recreation of Conventional Tonga." Asian Journal of Electrical Sciences 10, no. 2 (2021): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/ajes-2021.10.2.2948.

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This paper focus on designing of Electric Tonga gives emphasis on two domains namely electrical and mechanical. It scrutinizes all available technologies to find solutions to all issues to above mentioned domains. The major focus was to recreate the conventional Tonga by replacing the animal mode of transportation to electro-mechanical mode of transportation which can be run using Renewable energy. This recreated Tonga is eco-friendly, less cost, and creates less pollution. The three major components are a rechargeable battery, motor and wheels. Battery supplies electrical power to the motors

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46

Garrigue, Claire, Paul Forestell, Peter Gill, Patricia Naessig, Nathalie M. Patenaude, and Scott C. Baker. "Migratory movements of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) between New Caledonia, East Australia and New Zealand." J. Cetacean Res. Manage. 2, no. 2 (2000): 111–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.47536/jcrm.v2i2.494.

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‘Discovery’ marks and their recoveries from humpback whales in the southwest Pacific provide no evidence of migratory interchange between wintering grounds in New Caledonia and migratory corridors off east Australia (Moreton Island) and New Zealand, or wintering grounds in Tonga. To provide further insight into the migratory connections among these regions, images of 169 individually-identified humpback whales from New Caledonia were compared with the published catalogues of Australian (n = 1,088), Tongan (n = 78) and New Zealand (n = 1) humpback whales. Four of the New Caledonian humpbacks we

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47

International Monetary Fund. "Tonga: Statistical Annex." IMF Staff Country Reports 98, no. 128 (1999): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451837414.002.

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48

International Monetary Fund. "Tonga: Statistical Appendix." IMF Staff Country Reports 01, no. 167 (2001): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451837445.002.

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49

International Monetary Fund. "Tonga: Statistical Appendix." IMF Staff Country Reports 06, no. 242 (2006): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451837476.002.

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50

Pearce, Douglas G., and Douglas C. Johnston. "Travel Within Tonga." Journal of Travel Research 24, no. 3 (1986): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004728758602400303.

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