Literatura académica sobre el tema "Tourisme – Tunis (Tunisie)"

Tunisia is a destination where organised mass tourism has prevailed since 1985. This trend is still being observed, despite the unstable geopolitical situation in North Africa. Current reports from booking portals indicate that this country will be one of the most popular tourist destinations in 2020. Therefore, the aim of the study was to determine the prospects for sustainable development in Tunisia in 2020–2025 as means to prevent the negative effects of overtourism. The research was conducted in three stages: (1) analysis of the phases of tourism development in Tunisia from 1960 to 2019 in relation to the Tourism Area Life Cycle concept, (2) identification of the destination’s evolution in 2015–2019 with the method of trend function exploration, and (3) an attempt to assess the risk of overtourism in Tunisia in light of Tourism Carrying Capacity on the basis of the Tourism Intensity Index and Tourism Density index. The study results revealed three phases of development in Tunisia, i.e. exploration, involvement, and development. The verification of the trend function indicated that Tunisia would enter the consolidation phase in 2020. The highest risk of overtourism is estimated for three governorates—Tunis, Sousse, and Monastir.

In this paper, the author addresses spatial injustices in Tunisia, and seeks to which extent social and territorial inequalities could hamper democracy. Many urban disparities and social anomies such as informal sector, terrorism, unemployment, and usustainable development process threaten the vulnerable democracy transition in Tunisia. The author described and analyzed urban planning process since independency to noawadays. He analyzed the successive economic development policy makings undertook by a mono-party Nation-State. The top down development policies implemented until nowadays entailed a big gap between coastal areas and inland. The former benefitted of its site across the sea shores and proximity to Tunis and former regime. Many factors fostered export industries and tourism activities. The latters were left behind due to their lack of resources and urban planning policy dominated by neo liberal capitalist development in favor of Tunis urban primacy and the littoral where concentrated most foreign and local investments. Urban disparities and inequalities in Tunisia join in a networked society where local and global actors play a key role in economic, social, and urban development process in Tunisia. Tunisian society is a subsystem within a global system (Wallerstein2012), and what is happening is not conjonctural, but it is due to global social movements (Sassen 2007 ; Castells 2012 ; Braudel, 1992 ; Amin, 2003). Terrorism, pollution, inequalities are not per se, but are the negative results of a a myriad of factors: economic, politics, cultural, emotional, aesthetics, social and urban morphologies. Many economic, social, and political actors intervened and interconnected in public and private arenas and triggered those anomies. Fair urban policies are expected to be achieved through a multilevel governance in order to implement the revolution objectives in Tunisia. Otherwise, a representative democracy only, won't fulfil the well-being expected by large Tunisian people. Sustainable urban governance requires a multi-scalar bottom-up and top-down policy-making. In Tunisia, after democratic transition success, the state should be revamped, and compensate its deficit. A sustainable urban planning implies a holistic policy framework involving private and public sectors, and civil society actors locally, regionally, and globally.

This paper proposes a new guidebook analysis method for the study of tourist–historic cities, which are well recognized in the Maghreb; hence, six cities from this region were selected for the research sample (Algiers and Constantine in Algeria, Marrakesh and Tangier in Morocco, and Sousse and Tunis in Tunisia). The main purpose of this research paper is to indicate the advantages and disadvantages of this original method.

This research stems from a theoretical study of the Medina of Tunis, as a continuity of the author’s doctoral research. The broader study from which the concepts are drawn is part of a PhD project, in architecture and humanities, focused on the effects of globalization on the Medina of Tunis. Studies and publications of the houses of the Medina of Tunis are lacking from the literature, in the Anglo-Saxon world, thus the interest of the author is to build a new body of knowledge examining historical restoration projects in Tunisia. This research article traces the challenges faced by the Medina of Tunis in the twenty-first century. It does so by evaluating a restoration and conversion project of seventeenth century Dar Ben-Gacem into a boutique hotel or ‘Hotel de Charme’. The project is unique as it reflects an architectural and entrepreneurial initiative of its owners aiming to work alongside the Medina’s small businesses, local artisans and the community at large. In this context, this research examines the architectural and socio-cultural challenges faced by the owners as well as the architects to preserve the identity of the building while diversifying the use of its spaces. This study first examines the history of Dar Ben-Gacem and the transition of the traditional courtyard house into a ‘cosmopolitan’ guest house that attracts visitors and tourists from all cultures and nationalities. Later, it explores the motivations and commitments of the owners to revive tangible and intangible artefacts through architecture as well as the social and cultural entrepreneurship of Tunisia’s rich cultural history. Ultimately, this theoretical study evaluates the challenges faced in such projects to revive the cultural heritage of the house while shaping a ‘story’ of a generation. Restoration projects in the Medina vary in scale and purpose. The consideration of both tangible and intangible artefacts in this historical context is highly important as it delves into the question of heritage in the age of tourism and globalization.

IntroductionA large number of foreign travellers and expatriates visits or lives in Tunisia.ObjectivesTo explore socio-demographic, clinical and therapeutic characteristics of European patients admitted to psychiatric care in Tunisia.MethodsThis is a retrospective, descriptive study on all European patients admitted to Razi psychiatric university hospital, which is situated at the outskirts of the capital Tunis, between 2000 and 2015.ResultsA total of 44 Europeans was admitted. Most frequent nationalities were: French and Germans (19 and 16 patients). The stay in Tunisia was mainly due to pathologic travel (17 subjects) and tourism (13 subjects). In total, 25 patients travelled without being accompanied. Average age was 51.3 years with extremes from 16 to 78 years. A history of psychiatric disorder was found in 15 patients, of whom almost all had stopped treatment. A majority (19 patients) was diagnosed with bipolar I disorder, and 8 patients suffered from schizophrenia. Average duration of hospitalization was 19 days. A total of, 22 patients were repatriated for medical reasons. Major difficulties during hospitalization were the language barrier, difficulties to contact family members or former treating psychiatrists for further information on the patient and his medical history, and the lack of insurance covering repatriation for medical reasons.ConclusionPsycho-education and early action on the precipitating factors could help to prevent psychiatric illness or relapse in these patients. Furthermore, attention of public authorities should be drawn to incomplete insurance coverage in many psychiatric patients.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Henry de Montherlant a parcouru dans les années trente le bassin méditerranéen avec pour seul objectif se détacher de tout. Dans les livres composés à cette période, Montherlant est éblouissant dans ses descriptions de ces populations arabes, des oasis où les touristes s'ennuient, de villes comme Fez, Grenade, Sidi-bou-Saïd, perle de la Méditerranée près de Tunis, et des splendeurs du Sahara. Je propose d'explorer l'univers mental du voyageur assoiffé et dont rien n'étanche la soif. Montherlant pose le problème de la limite, de la frontière du rêve et du voyage; la féerie ne se réalise pas toujours et l'errance peut devenir une prison. Cela représente l'itinéraire d'un créateur de génie qui à travers son œuvre a dessiné le voyage intérieur d'une âme vagabonde.

Soft bottom molluscan assemblages from the Bay of Tunis have been studied in order to analyse their seasonality and trophic diversity in relation to environmental variables. A total of 147 species of molluscs was identified, with gastropods displaying the highest species richness and bivalves the highest abundances, and including five non-indigenous species such as the dominant ectoparasite Polycerella emertoni. Carnivorous and scavenger gastropods were among the most frequent species, reflecting a diverse benthic community. Seasonal changes were significant, being more acute at 3-4 m than at 10-15 m depth, and were driven mainly by seawater temperature and percentage of organic matter in the sediment. The high affluence of tourists in summer was coincident with high decreases in species richness and abundance of molluscs, together with a strong siltation of the sediment. Nevertheless, most trophic groups remained and the trophic diversity was relatively high. Significant relationships were found between the index of trophic diversity and Shannon-Wiener diversity and evenness indices, suggesting that the identity of the species with its particular trophic trait, together with the good distribution of the individuals among the species (density) would be the drivers for the maintenance of the molluscan food web under environmental stress. The abundance of P. emertoni altered the trophic structure of the molluscan assemblage, with the ectoparasite trophic group reaching an unusual punctual higher dominance. Soft bottom molluscan assemblages of the Bay of Tunis should be taken into account in monitoring programs for anthropogenic impacts and non-indigenous species trends throughout the Mediterranean basin.

Le tourisme contribue à hauteur de plus de 15 % dans le PIB national tunisien (WTTC, 2017 : p 1). Ce secteur, depuis sa création dans le milieu des années soixante-dix, a toujours été un des plus importants moteurs de l’économie du pays. Depuis le début des années deux mille, le modèle, basé sur la commercialisation des produits classiques [4 S : sea, sun, sand (plage), sand (désert)] à une clientèle majoritairement occidentale, a atteint la saturation. Au cours de cette période, la chute a commencé à se sentir jusqu’à atteindre une situation critique aggravée par les événements terroristes qu’a subi le pays en 2015. Pour faire face à cette situation, les acteurs du secteur sont allés épuiser dans leur réserve stratégique qui n’était rien d’autre que le touriste national et le touriste maghrébin, essentiellement les Algériens et les Libyens : voisins immédiats de la Tunisie. Actuellement, ces touristes représentent les nationalités les plus présentes en Tunisie post-révolution.Cette thèse de doctorat a examiné le sujet via le recours à des analyses des documents statistiques officiels, des entretiens auprès des différents acteurs qui agissent sur le secteur touristique tunisien, des observations ciblant plusieurs hauts lieux touristiques dans la métropole Tunis et une enquête statistique. La population touristique ciblée est riche et variée puisqu’elle concerne les tunisiens (touristes nationaux), les Algériens, les Libyens, les Marocains, les mauritaniens et la diaspora maghrébine qui émane essentiellement des pays en dehors du territoire du Grand Maghreb, majoritairement de l’Occident. De ce fait, nous avons commencé par réfuter la thèse adoptée par des chercheurs occidentaux prétendant que l’accès au tourisme pour les sociétés en voie de développement est un phénomène récent. Par la suite, nous avons présenté comment ces touristes maghrébins consomment l’espace du Grand Tunis et dans quels lieux ils se concentrent. La thèse a permis également de dresser des profils des touristes maghrébins. Ce profilage se base sur l’âge, le sexe, la catégorie socioprofessionnelle et sur le pays de provenance du touriste. Dans d’autres termes, cette analyse répond aux besoins d’une population touristique nationale et maghrébine actuelle, mais aussi elle se considère comme une étude stratégique pour la population touristique du futur : les jeunes qui seront adultes et les adultes qui seront plus âgés
Tourism contributes more than 15% of Tunisia's national GDP (WTTC, 2017: p 1). This sector, since its creation in the mid-seventies, has always been one of the most important engines of the country's economy. Since the beginning of the two thousand years, the model, based on the marketing of classic products [4 S: sea, sun, sand (beach), sand (desert)] to a predominantly Western clientele, has reached saturation. During this period, the fall began to feel until reaching a critical situation aggravated by the terrorist events that the country suffered in 2015. To cope with this situation, the actors of the sector went to exhaust in their strategic reserve that was nothing but the national tourist and the Maghreb tourist, mainly Algerians and Libyans: immediate neighbors of Tunisia. Currently, these tourists represent the nationalities most present in post-revolution Tunisia. This doctoral thesis examined the subject through the use of analyzes of official statistical documents, interviews with the various actors who act on the Tunisian tourism sector, observations targeting several major tourist sites in the Tunis metropolis and a statistical survey. The targeted tourist population is rich and varied since it concerns Tunisians (national tourists), Algerians, Libyans, Moroccans, Mauritanians and the Maghreb diaspora, which comes mainly from countries outside the territory of the Greater Maghreb, mainly 'West. As a result, we began by refuting the thesis adopted by Western researchers claiming that access to tourism for developing societies is a recent phenomenon. Subsequently, we presented how these Maghreb tourists consume the space of Greater Tunis and in what places they focus. The thesis also made it possible to draw profiles of Maghreb tourists. This profiling is based on the age, gender, socio-professional category and country of origin of the tourist. In other words, this analysis meets the needs of a current national and North African tourist population, but it also considers itself a strategic study for the tourist population of the future: young adults and adults who will be older

Ce travail essaye de détecter les réelles potentialités apparentes et latentes d’un tourisme renouvelé dans deux sites remarquables de la Tunisie, d’une part, la chaine hôtelière de la ville de Sousse, en rapport avec la Médina, et d’autre part, le projet de restructuration convoitée pour une hôtellerie de luxe sis à la banlieue Nord de Tunis. Notons que, cette recherche soulève une démarche urgente pour répondre aux nouvelles exigences de développement et de durabilité des paysages touristiques. En l’occurrence, la Tunisie est un terrain d’application favori et annonciateur des horizons modernes plausibles pour des échelles spatiales différentielles, mais ils disposent tous les deux des ressources de richesses naturelles, patrimoniales, identitaires et socioéconomiques. Il a été question de saisir les différentes évolutions structurelles et institutionnelles du tourisme tunisien, ses atouts et ses contraintes, notamment, après la période du printemps arabe qualifiée d’une période « d’hésitation ». D’ores et déjà, il s’avère le rôle simpliste de l’Etat en s’articulant sur les relatives règles du contrôle et de l’assistance partielle pour le déroulement de cette ressource économique. Le secteur privé n’a pas révélé encore de réelles capacités de redressement et de reprise ; leurs actions restent globalement chimériques. C’est dans ce cadre que s’insère notre travail de recherche qui vise à mettre en place un nouveau modèle de tourisme de luxe qui renforce l’attraction de ces hôtels et leur permet d’attribuer un caractère culturel et patrimonial à travers un choix judicieux des sites d’étude. Au niveau de la ville de Sousse : la méthodologie suivie, se base sur une classification des hôtels qui ont vécu une démolition totale et reconstruction ; des hôtels qui ont eu une rénovation partielle ou intérieure en conservant les façades ; des hôtels qui ont gardé l’état initial et des hôtels qui ont changé d’activité principale. Le dysfonctionnement partiel observable de l’activité touristique exige des éléments de réponses urgentes quant aux aspirations et au développement des relations entre les structures hôtelières et les autres composantes de la ville, notamment, sa Médina. Le projet de réhabilitation de la Médina est un exemple peut offrir une autre image d’un paysage et d’une animation multi culturelle. De nos jours, la diversification des produits et des services touristiques est une nécessité et ce, pour esquiver au modèle uni fonctionnel basé sur un tourisme balnéaire de masse. Ce dernier doit être révisé tout en adoptant des stratégies de multifonctionnalité et de valorisation territoriale. Les enquêtes entreprises directement de la grille SERVQUAL, ont montré que l’effort déployé reste encore en dessous des normes, on enregistre des indicateurs significatifs. Pour la banlieue Nord de Tunis : Actuellement, le monde du tourisme est en évolution, ce qui nous a conduit à choisir une structure hôtelière en voie de reconversion en « hôtel de luxe ». Des déterminants ont été identifiés pour définir les composantes de conception et de création de ce nouveau tropisme touristique. Un essai de référentiel multi échelle est ainsi proposé pour qu’il soit un schéma d’aide à la décision pour tout programme de rénovation en « hôtellerie de luxe » en Tunisie. Une tentative de labélisation a été envisagée « nTulux » afin de prescrire des recommandations et des nouveaux repères à l’industrie du tourisme tunisien
This work tries to detect the real apparent and latent potentialities of a renewed tourism in two remarkable sites of Tunisia. On the one hand, the hotel chain of the city of Sousse, in connection with the Medina, and on the other hand, the coveted restructuring project for a luxury hotel located in the northern cost of Tunis. It should be noted that this research raises an urgent approach to meet the new requirements for the development and sustainability of tourist landscapes. In this case, Tunisia is a favorite field of application and a predictor of plausible modern horizons for differential spatial scales. Both sites have resources of natural, patrimonial, identity and socio-economic wealth. It has been a question of grasping the various structural and institutional developments of Tunisian tourism, its strengths and its constraints, especially after the period of the Arab spring termed a period of "hesitation". Already, it turns out the simplistic role of the state by articulating the relative rules of control and partial assistance for the development of this economic resource. The private sector has not yet revealed real recovery and recovery capabilities; their actions remain globally chimerical. It is in this context that our research work, which aims to set up a new model of luxury tourism, reinforces the attraction of these hotels and allows them to attribute a cultural and heritage character through a choice of two judicious sites. At the level of the city of Sousse: the methodology followed, is based on a classification of the hotels which lived a total demolition and reconstruction; hotels that have had a partial or interior renovation while preserving the facades; hotels that have kept the original state and hotels that have changed main business. The partial observable dysfunction of the tourist activity requires elements of urgent answers regarding the aspirations and the development of the relations between the hotel structures and the other components of the city, in particular, its Medina. The Medina Rehabilitation Project is an example that can offer another image of a multi-cultural landscape and animation. Today, the diversification of tourism products and services is a necessity, to avoid the uni-functional model based on mass seaside tourism. The latter must be revised while adopting strategies of multifunctionality and territorial valorisation. Surveys undertaken directly from the SERVQUAL grid, have shown that the effort deployed remains below the norms, we record significant indicators. For the northern cost of Tunis: currently, the world of tourism is changing, which has led us to choose a hotel structure being converted into a "luxury hotel". Determinants have been identified to define the design and creation components of this new tourist tropism. A multi-scale benchmark test is proposed so that it is a decision-making scheme for a renovation program in "luxury hotels" in Tunisia. An attempt at labeling was considered "nTulux" to prescribe recommendations and new benchmarks to the Tunisian tourism industry

Ce travail essaye de détecter les réelles potentialités apparentes et latentes d’un tourisme renouvelé dans deux sites remarquables de la Tunisie, d’une part, la chaine hôtelière de la ville de Sousse, en rapport avec la Médina, et d’autre part, le projet de restructuration convoitée pour une hôtellerie de luxe sis à la banlieue Nord de Tunis. Notons que, cette recherche soulève une démarche urgente pour répondre aux nouvelles exigences de développement et de durabilité des paysages touristiques. En l’occurrence, la Tunisie est un terrain d’application favori et annonciateur des horizons modernes plausibles pour des échelles spatiales différentielles, mais ils disposent tous les deux des ressources de richesses naturelles, patrimoniales, identitaires et socioéconomiques. Il a été question de saisir les différentes évolutions structurelles et institutionnelles du tourisme tunisien, ses atouts et ses contraintes, notamment, après la période du printemps arabe qualifiée d’une période « d’hésitation ». D’ores et déjà, il s’avère le rôle simpliste de l’Etat en s’articulant sur les relatives règles du contrôle et de l’assistance partielle pour le déroulement de cette ressource économique. Le secteur privé n’a pas révélé encore de réelles capacités de redressement et de reprise ; leurs actions restent globalement chimériques. C’est dans ce cadre que s’insère notre travail de recherche qui vise à mettre en place un nouveau modèle de tourisme de luxe qui renforce l’attraction de ces hôtels et leur permet d’attribuer un caractère culturel et patrimonial à travers un choix judicieux des sites d’étude. Au niveau de la ville de Sousse : la méthodologie suivie, se base sur une classification des hôtels qui ont vécu une démolition totale et reconstruction ; des hôtels qui ont eu une rénovation partielle ou intérieure en conservant les façades ; des hôtels qui ont gardé l’état initial et des hôtels qui ont changé d’activité principale. Le dysfonctionnement partiel observable de l’activité touristique exige des éléments de réponses urgentes quant aux aspirations et au développement des relations entre les structures hôtelières et les autres composantes de la ville, notamment, sa Médina. Le projet de réhabilitation de la Médina est un exemple peut offrir une autre image d’un paysage et d’une animation multi culturelle. De nos jours, la diversification des produits et des services touristiques est une nécessité et ce, pour esquiver au modèle uni fonctionnel basé sur un tourisme balnéaire de masse. Ce dernier doit être révisé tout en adoptant des stratégies de multifonctionnalité et de valorisation territoriale. Les enquêtes entreprises directement de la grille SERVQUAL, ont montré que l’effort déployé reste encore en dessous des normes, on enregistre des indicateurs significatifs. Pour la banlieue Nord de Tunis : Actuellement, le monde du tourisme est en évolution, ce qui nous a conduit à choisir une structure hôtelière en voie de reconversion en « hôtel de luxe ». Des déterminants ont été identifiés pour définir les composantes de conception et de création de ce nouveau tropisme touristique. Un essai de référentiel multi échelle est ainsi proposé pour qu’il soit un schéma d’aide à la décision pour tout programme de rénovation en « hôtellerie de luxe » en Tunisie. Une tentative de labélisation a été envisagée « nTulux » afin de prescrire des recommandations et des nouveaux repères à l’industrie du tourisme tunisien
This work tries to detect the real apparent and latent potentialities of a renewed tourism in two remarkable sites of Tunisia. On the one hand, the hotel chain of the city of Sousse, in connection with the Medina, and on the other hand, the coveted restructuring project for a luxury hotel located in the northern cost of Tunis. It should be noted that this research raises an urgent approach to meet the new requirements for the development and sustainability of tourist landscapes. In this case, Tunisia is a favorite field of application and a predictor of plausible modern horizons for differential spatial scales. Both sites have resources of natural, patrimonial, identity and socio-economic wealth. It has been a question of grasping the various structural and institutional developments of Tunisian tourism, its strengths and its constraints, especially after the period of the Arab spring termed a period of "hesitation". Already, it turns out the simplistic role of the state by articulating the relative rules of control and partial assistance for the development of this economic resource. The private sector has not yet revealed real recovery and recovery capabilities; their actions remain globally chimerical. It is in this context that our research work, which aims to set up a new model of luxury tourism, reinforces the attraction of these hotels and allows them to attribute a cultural and heritage character through a choice of two judicious sites. At the level of the city of Sousse: the methodology followed, is based on a classification of the hotels which lived a total demolition and reconstruction; hotels that have had a partial or interior renovation while preserving the facades; hotels that have kept the original state and hotels that have changed main business. The partial observable dysfunction of the tourist activity requires elements of urgent answers regarding the aspirations and the development of the relations between the hotel structures and the other components of the city, in particular, its Medina. The Medina Rehabilitation Project is an example that can offer another image of a multi-cultural landscape and animation. Today, the diversification of tourism products and services is a necessity, to avoid the uni-functional model based on mass seaside tourism. The latter must be revised while adopting strategies of multifunctionality and territorial valorisation. Surveys undertaken directly from the SERVQUAL grid, have shown that the effort deployed remains below the norms, we record significant indicators. For the northern cost of Tunis: currently, the world of tourism is changing, which has led us to choose a hotel structure being converted into a "luxury hotel". Determinants have been identified to define the design and creation components of this new tourist tropism. A multi-scale benchmark test is proposed so that it is a decision-making scheme for a renovation program in "luxury hotels" in Tunisia. An attempt at labeling was considered "nTulux" to prescribe recommendations and new benchmarks to the Tunisian tourism industry

Safety is essential in order for a destination to maintain and increase tourism activities (Gupta et al., 2010; Hall et al., 2004). In comparison, terrorist attacks are more likely to have negative effects on tourism than natural disasters (Sönmez et al., 1999). During the last decades, several terrorist acts have been committed in touristic cities of the North and South (including Boston, Istanbul, Manchester, New Delhi, New York, Paris, and Tunis). Security concerns and the threat of violence perpetrated by certain groups with radical political and religious demands do not only affect a destination’s image and reputation and individual decisions about whether to visit a given destination. They also influence the political and economic balance, which in turn affects the environment in which the tourism industry operates (Hall et al., 2004). While some destinations appear to be suffering the long-term consequences of terrorist attacks on their tourism industry (Liu and Pratt, 2017), others are successfully keeping their industry afloat and avoiding significant economic downturns (Gurtner, 2007; Putra and Hitchcock, 2006). We are therefore seeking to understand the reasons why some destinations manage to maintain their image and remain attractive to tourists despite terrorist acts and others struggle to overcome the consequences of such acts on their industry, even years after the fact.