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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Trade-Regionalism"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 4 de junio de 2021

Última modificación: 1 de febrero de 2022

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1

HERRMANN-PILLATH, CARSTEN. "Endogenous regionalism". Journal of Institutional Economics 2, n.º 3 (13 de octubre de 2006): 297–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744137406000427.

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For more than a decade regionalism has been on the rise in the global economy. Based on the concept of allocative efficiency, standard trade theory regards regionalism as a form of protectionism. The paper confronts this view with an institutionalist explanation and draws on recent research on the role of specific investments into international market access, uncertainty and asymmetric information in policy coordination. A distinction between regionalism and regionalist policies is proposed. Endogenous regionalism reflects the economic forces of path-dependent comparative advantage and manifests the embeddedness of trade relations in social networks. Regionalism translates into regionalist policies via political entrepreneurship in policy networks that aims at stabilizing expectations about future market access and balancing negotiation power in a multilateral setting. Regionalism is thus presented as the standard case in global economic integration between the two extremes of unilateral liberalization and complete multilateralism.

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2

Tweeten, Luther. "Trade Regionalism: Promise and Problems". American Journal of Agricultural Economics 75, n.º 3 (agosto de 1993): 810–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1243598.

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3

McCleery, Robert K. "Regionalism versus multilateral trade agreements". Journal of Asian Economics 9, n.º 2 (junio de 1998): 365–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1049-0078(99)80089-x.

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4

Panitchpakdi, Supachai. "Trade, development and developmental regionalism". Adelphi Series 54, n.º 450 (3 de octubre de 2014): 79–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19445571.2014.1019719.

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5

Kim, Joongi. "Sub-regionalism, regionalism, trans-regionalism. Implications for economic integration and international trade policies". Asia Europe Journal 1, n.º 2 (1 de mayo de 2003): 183–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s103080300021.

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6

Bouzas, Roberto y Julieta Zelicovich. "La Organización Mundial de Comercio, los acuerdos mega-regionales y los usos estratégicos del regionalismo". Studies of Applied Economics 32, n.º 3 (5 de marzo de 2020): 963. http://dx.doi.org/10.25115/eea.v32i3.3244.

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The paralysis of the Doha Round, the proliferation of preferential trade agreement and the launching of mega-regional trade negotiations have encouraged the debate about the governance of international trade. In contrast to a benign interpretation of the relationship between “XXI century regionalism” and the multilateral trade regime, we argue that there is a remarkable continuity between the incentives and characteristics of the “new regionalism” and those of “XXI century regionalism”. Even when the content of the regulatory agenda may have reduced the discriminatory nature of the new agreements, the basic conflict between the two modalities of governance of the international trade regime remains in place.

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7

Lubin, Mawar. "THE EFFECT OF MULTILATERALISM, REGIONALISM, AND OPEN REGIONALISM TOWARDS EXPORTS: ASEAN-5 STUDY CASE". Journal of Developing Economies 1, n.º 2 (21 de febrero de 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jde.v1i2.3293.

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Conceptually elimination or reduction of trade barriers through a Regional Trading Arrangement would increase export and import in the region. Trade diversion would take effect and make member countries buy each other goods and services that become cheaper. Open regionalism is another regionalism concept in which the parties involved promise to extend lower tariffs concession not only to member countries but also to other trading parters. This will hinder member countries to reap the benefit of trade diversion. This study examines the effect of Regionalism (afterAFTA was fully effective) and Open Regionalism (after Open Regionalism was fully effective for more developed APEC members) on ASEAN-5 countries’ export. Using ARIMAX model, the results show that regionalism has a significant yet negative effect on Malaysia and The Philippines and a positive significant effect on Singapore, whereas it is not significant for Indonesia and Thailand’s exports. Open regionalism is shown to be not significant for Indonesia, Thailand, and The Philippines exports but it has a negative significant impact for Singapore and Malaysia’s exports.

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8

Michaely, Michael. "Regionalism in Trade: An Overview of the Last Half-Century". Global Economy Journal 14, n.º 03n04 (15 de julio de 2014): 425–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gej-2014-0031.

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The paper starts with a discussion of potential sources of regionalism in trade; and what, on this basis, might have been expected to be the performance of regionalism. In its main part, this is an empirical analysis of the actual change in the degree of regionalism over the last half-century, distinguishing four major groups of countries as “regions”. Judging by two complementary indices, it appears that the share of regional trading in world trade has increased substantially, so that much of the remarkable expansion of global trade has taken place via the channel of trade within specific regions.

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9

Baccini, Leonardo y Andreas Dür. "The New Regionalism and Policy Interdependence". British Journal of Political Science 42, n.º 1 (24 de junio de 2011): 57–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123411000238.

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Since 1990, the number of preferential trade agreements has increased rapidly. The argument in this article explains this phenomenon, known as the new regionalism, as a result of competition for market access; exporters facing trade diversion because of their exclusion from a preferential trade agreement concluded by foreign countries push their governments into signing an agreement with the country in which their exports are threatened. The argument is tested in a quantitative analysis of the proliferation of preferential trade agreements among 167 countries between 1990 and 2007. The finding that competition for market access is a major driving force of the new regionalism is a contribution to the literature on regionalism and to broader debates about global economic regulation.

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10

Kefayati, Soheyla y Mehdi Ashouri. "International Bankruptcy with an Emphasis on Trade Bill Approved in 2013". Journal of Politics and Law 10, n.º 2 (26 de enero de 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v10n2p1.

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International bankruptcy has been grown by international trade. It has been created a wide literature about it. It is one of the essential factors to survive in the international trade space. Setting and enacting laws in this regard remarkably will help solve the legal troubles in the case of international trade. The aim of the present research is to investigate international bankruptcy with an emphasis on trade bill approved in 2013. The results show that new bill has somewhat been able to make general regulations and intended fundamental principles in UNCITRAL Model Law considered. It is done with regard to United Nations Commission on International Trade Law regarding borderless bankruptcy. By investigating different articles of the new bill it can be inferred that the tendency of the legislator is towards a theory of regionalism. Although it is somehow adjusted (regionalism based on interactions). The absolute basis of regionalism has been deduced from that. Therefore it could be said that the legislator has somewhat been lead to the theory of regionalism based on international interactions.

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11

Potter, Pitman, David S. Goodman, Gerald Segal, James Tyson y Ann Tyson. "China Deconstructs: Politics, Trade and Regionalism." Pacific Affairs 69, n.º 4 (1996): 566. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2761193.

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12

Bramall, Chris. "China deconstructs: politics, trade and regionalism". International Affairs 71, n.º 3 (julio de 1995): 676–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2624952.

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13

Piazolo, Daniel. "European regionalism and multilateral trade negotiations∗". Journal of European Integration 21, n.º 3 (enero de 1998): 251–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07036339808429069.

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14

Baum, Richard, David S. G. Goodman y Gerald Segal. "China Deconstructs: Politics, Trade, and Regionalism". Contemporary Sociology 26, n.º 4 (julio de 1997): 473. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2655104.

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15

Borrmann, Axel y Georg Koopmann. "Regionalisation and regionalism in world trade". Intereconomics 29, n.º 4 (julio de 1994): 163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02926434.

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16

Pomfret, Richard. "‘Regionalism’ and the global trade system". World Economy 44, n.º 9 (16 de junio de 2021): 2496–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/twec.13155.

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17

Miková, Ivana. "Causes of Regionalism. How ASEAN-China FTA Fits the (New) Wave of Regionalism?" Slovak Journal of Political Sciences 17, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2017): 66–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sjps-2017-0004.

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AbstractThe main aim of this paper is to discuss standard explanations of the causes respective to each wave of economic regionalism and to introduce an alternative approach suggesting the existence of a common mechanism driving all three periods of intensified economic integration. This study argues for the general logic to economic regionalism based on the balance mechanism. Proposed mechanism embraces standard theoretical explanations and places them into a broader context of general encompassing logic common to all three occurrences of economic regionalism. For acquiring empirical evidence of this mechanism, all three waves of regionalism and their causes are analysed as well as on one particular case of the third wave of regionalism - ASEAN-China FTA. Central motivation is the existence of plethora of factors leading to the preference of the regional trade strategies in particular time periods without offering explanation common to all three main occurrences of regionalism. However, this study argues that every instance of economic turmoil leads to protectionist tendencies in the form of economic regionalism followed by the multilateral trade liberalisation mitigating negative effects of protectionist tendencies.

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18

CAPLING, ANN y KIM RICHARD NOSSAL. "The contradictions of regionalism in North America". Review of International Studies 35, S1 (febrero de 2009): 147–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210509008468.

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AbstractStudents of regionalism almost reflexively include North America in their lists of regions in contemporary global politics. Inevitably students of regionalism point to the integrative agreements between the countries of North America: the two free trade agreements that transformed the continental economy beginning in the late 1980s – the Canada–US Free Trade Agreement that came into force on 1 January 1989, and the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) between the United States, Mexico, and Canada, that came into force on 1 January 1994 – and the Secutity and Prosperity Partnership of North America (SPP), launched in March 2005. These agreements, it is implied, are just like the integrative agreements that forge the bonds of regionalism elsewhere in the world. We argue that this is a profound misreading, not only of the two free trade agreements of the late 1980s and early 1990s and the SPP mechanism of 2005, but also of the political and economic implications of those agreements. While these integrative agreements have created considerable regionalisation in North America, there has been little of the regionalism evident in other parts of the world. We examine the contradictions of North America integration in order to explain why North Americans have been so open to regionalisation but so resistant to regionalism.

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19

Miljkovic, Dragan y Rodney Paul. "Agricultural trade in North America: Trade creation, regionalism and regionalisation". Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 47, n.º 3 (26 de agosto de 2003): 349–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8489.00218.

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20

Pal, Parthapratim. "Regional Trade Agreements in a Multilateral Trade Regime". Foreign Trade Review 40, n.º 1 (abril de 2005): 27–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0015732515050102.

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One of the most striking developments in the world trading system since the mid 1990s has been the surge in Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs). From about 50 till 1990, the number of RTAs has crossed 250 in 2003. As trading within RTAs does not come under the purview of World Trade Organization (WTO), this explosive growth of regionalism is threatening to emerge as an alternative to the WTO led international trading system. This has initiated an intense debate among economists whether RTAs are “building blocks” or “stumbling blocks” of the multilateral trading system. In this backdrop, this paper traces the reasons behind this resurgent regionalism and surveys the literature on RTAs and its interaction with the multilateral trading system. This paper attempts to look at these issues from the perspective of a developing country.

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21

Martonyi, János. "Multilateralism and regionalism in international trade law". Hungarian Journal of Legal Studies 58, n.º 4 (diciembre de 2017): 384–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/2052.2017.58.4.2.

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22

DeRosa, Dean A. y Kumaresan Govindan. "Agriculture, trade, and regionalism in South Asia". Journal of Asian Economics 7, n.º 2 (junio de 1996): 293–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1049-0078(96)90009-3.

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23

Perroni, Carlo y John Whalley. "The new regionalism: trade liberalization or insurance?" Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue Canadienne d`Economique 33, n.º 1 (febrero de 2000): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0008-4085.00001.

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24

Lamy, Pascal. "Is trade multilateralism being threatened by regionalism?" Adelphi Series 54, n.º 450 (3 de octubre de 2014): 61–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19445571.2014.1019718.

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25

Estevadeordal, Antoni, Caroline Freund y Emanuel Ornelas. "Does Regionalism Affect Trade Liberalization toward NonMembers?*". Quarterly Journal of Economics 123, n.º 4 (noviembre de 2008): 1531–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/qjec.2008.123.4.1531.

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26

CREAMER, GERMÁN. "Open regionalism in the Andean Community: a trade flow analysis". World Trade Review 2, n.º 1 (marzo de 2003): 101–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745603001344.

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This article evaluates the extent to which the establishment of the Andean Free Trade Zone (AFTZ) has led to an improvement of intra-regional trade, as promised by open regionalism, without reducing extra-regional trade. Open regionalism is a dynamic process in which economic agreements serve as intermediate steps towards integration with the world economy. The calculations of ex post income elasticities of import demand show that the establishment of the AFTZ in 1993 led to an increase in Andean Community trade, and not to a contraction of extra-regional trade. The intensity of trade index and the propensity to export intra- and extra-regionally confirm this finding. The article discusses these results in the context of the multilateral trading system and the trade relations between the Andean Community and the rest of the world.

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27

Lee, Hyun-Hoon, Peter J. Lloyd y Chung-Mo Koo. "New Regionalism in East Asia and its Relationship with the WTO and APEC". International Area Review 5, n.º 2 (septiembre de 2002): 87–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/223386590200500205.

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Since the 1997–98 financial crisis, the countries of East Asia have been giving more attention to ways of expanding intra regional trade that include: the establishment of regional trade agreements (RTAs) such as ASEAN+3; plans to establish a free trade area involving the economies of ASEAN and China; as well as moves towards bilateral trade agreements. The trend towards this new regionalism, the reasons for it, its impact upon the region, its future evolution and prospects are of profound regional, and indeed global, significance This paper reviews the new regionalism in East Asia in recent years, and discusses how it relates with the WTO and APEC.

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28

Lakshminarasaiah, M. "New Agenda of the World Trade Organization". Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers 21, n.º 4 (octubre de 1996): 69–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0256090919960407.

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In this feature, M Lakshminarasaiah discusses the new agenda of the World Trade Organization such as trade and environment, trade and investment, trade and social standard, reciprocity and regionalism, etc. Readers are invited to contribute to this feature.

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29

Savic, Biljana. "Multilateral trading system and regional economic integrations". Medjunarodni problemi 62, n.º 4 (2010): 678–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp1004678s.

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Development in recent years suggets that Regional Trade Agreements have become a very prominent feature of the Multilateral Trading System and an important trade policy instrument for WTO Members. Regional agreements can play an important role in promoting trade and in fostering economic development by increasing trade and FDI flows, and by integrating developing countries into the world economy. However, the proliferation of regional agreements and the development of complex network of preferential trade relations known as the ?spaghetti bowl? phenomenon leads to trade diversion which reduce economic efficiency. There is the need to multilateralize regionalism. WTO rules could and should be modified to ensure that regional agreements are designed and implemented so to complement the multilateral process and not to undermine it. A step forward in that direction would be a developing a WTO Action Plan on Regionalism.

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30

Hastiadi, Fithra Faisal. "MAKING EAST ASIAN REGIONALISM WORKS". Buletin Ekonomi Moneter dan Perbankan 13, n.º 1 (22 de noviembre de 2010): 103–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21098/bemp.v13i1.386.

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For the past few years, regionalism has been progressing in East Asia with the likes of Cina, Japan, and Korea (CJK) as the most prominent actors. Unfortunately, with the absence of trade arrangement amongst the CJK, the present regional trade scheme is not sufficient to reach sustainability. This paper uncovers the inefficient scheme through Engle-Granger Cointegration and Error Correction Mechanism. Moreover, the paper underlines the importance of triangular trade agreement for accelerating the phase of growth in CJK which eventually create a spillover effect to East Asia as a whole. Employing Two Stage Least Squares in a static panel fixed effect model, the paper argues that the spillover effect will function as an impetus for creating region-wide FTA. Furthermore, the paper also identifies a number of economic and political factors that can support the formation of East Asian Regionalism.JEL Classification: F15, C13, C22, C33Keywords: Regionalism, Engle-Granger Cointegration, Error Correction Mechanism, Fixed Effect, Two Stage Least Squares

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31

Bouzas, Roberto. "The "New Regionalism" and the Negotiation of a Free Trade Area of the Americas". International Negotiation 12, n.º 3 (2007): 333–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/138234007x240664.

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AbstractThis article examines the pros and cons of the "new regionalism," with the negotiations for a Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) taken as a landmark. It summarizes the main features of the "new regionalism" and reviews some of the challenges and opportunities opened by North-South preferential trade agreements (a category that includes many of the new vintage of such agreements). The article also evaluates the record of the FTAA negotiations, emphasizing recent trends and prospects, especially the foundations of the current stalemate.

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32

Spartak, Andrey N. "Metamorphosis of Regionalization: from Regional Trade Agreements to Megaregional Projects". Outlines of global transformations: politics, economics, law 10, n.º 4 (28 de noviembre de 2017): 13–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.23932/2542-0240-2017-10-4-13-37.

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The article reviews history and contemporary state of such an economic and trade policy phenomenon as regionalism. Three consecutive stages of regionalization are identified. First stage – prehistory of regionalism – lasted from the middle of the XIX century till 1940-s and was characterized by the formation of bilateral customs unions in Europe with strong political motivation. Second stage – classic regionalism – covers the second part of the XX century and is mostly determined by integration processes in the European region, creation of the EEC and then the EU, organization of a big number of alliances among developing countries mainly in the form of customs union following the EU example and some trade blocs between developed economies beyond the EU (i.a. NAFTA). In this period special disciplines for RTA’s were elaborated under the framework of GATT/WTO. Third stage – globalizing networking regionalism – gained momentum at the start of 2000-s and continues, with certain reservations, till nowadays. Contemporary regionalism has qualitative distinctions from regionalism of the past century. Besides fast and universal, covering all regions and subregions of the world, growth of RTA’s number, their agenda is widening and deepening significantly going far beyond WTO. We could also witness increasing frequency of interregional and transcontinental RTA’s, as well as RTA’s with participation of trade blocks, including interbloc RTA’s. Peculiarity of the current decade is the appearance of a considerable number of RTA’s parties to which represent large and largest world economies, and that was not the case before. But the principal shift is related to the formation of megaregional trade agreements with ambitious, prointegration agenda. New generation RTA’s, containing wide regulatory garmonization agenda and suggesting increasing institutional homogenity of participating economies, de facto promote alternative vis-à-vis classic approach model for the creation of common economic space, though without supranational elements. Nowaday regionalism is definitely drifting towards megaregionalism – the higher stage of regionalization process. Politics of the new American administration and Brexit, which stimulated deglobalization and isolationist tendencies in part of Western world, in practice have only led to some regrouping and deceleration of certain megaregional projects followed by enhancing China’s position on the track of megaregionalism (RCEP, Belt and Road, megaproject with accompanying RTA’s, latest BRICS+ and BRICS++ initiative). Megaregionalism, under any scenario, will exert deep influence on the world trading system and the WTO. In certain conditions megaregional agreements could serve as the foundation for the emergence of new and by large universal system of global management in the sphere of international trade and economic cooperation either as a WTO plus arrangement or in some other form. But this needs long-lasting preparatory interaction for the convergence and finding common denominators between quite different megaprojects as regards their scope and depth.

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Melchior, Arne. "Russia in world trade: Between globalism and regionalism". Russian Journal of Economics 5, n.º 4 (20 de diciembre de 2019): 354–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/j.ruje.5.49345.

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The article examines Russia’s participation in world trade and trade policy, using trade data for 1996–2017 and simulations of a numerical world trade model where Russia is divided into domestic regions. Since the mid-1990s, Russia’s foreign trade has grown much faster than the world average. This was accompanied by rapid deterioration in the trade balance for manufacturing, and fast redirection of imports, with more from China and relatively less from others, especially Eastern Europe. Only 1/8 of Russia’s foreign trade in 2017 was with Eastern Europe. This is why Russia can gain more from trade integration with the world beyond Eastern Europe, according to the model simulation analysis. For Russian domestic regions, multilateral liberalization among all countries has a similar effect across all of them, with a welfare gain due to lower import prices. For the commodity-exporting regions of Russia, preferential free trade agreements (FTAs) have a similar impact. For the more industrialized Russian regions, on the other hand, FTAs lead to manufacturing growth, rising wages and higher prices, and a larger welfare gain. According to the model simulations, trade integration promotes industrial diversification, with manufacturing growth also in some commodity regions. The results indicate that external liberalization is particularly important for the central parts of Russia; with Volga and West Siberia generally obtaining the strongest manufacturing boost from trade integration.

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PEKKANEN, SAADIA. "Investment regionalism in Asia: new directions in law and policy?" World Trade Review 11, n.º 1 (13 de diciembre de 2011): 119–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745611000383.

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AbstractAlthough Asian regionalism has commanded much attention from academics and policymakers, it has largely been restricted to the trade and financial realms. This paper focuses specifically on the scope and limits of ‘investment regionalism’ involving Asia. A combination of regional foreign direct investment (FDI) stakes and international socialization patterns has led Asian actors to mark investments as a key issue in their regionalism strategy overall. As elsewhere, they too have moved toward a mode of governance favoring the formal legalization of investments in terms of the precision, obligation, and delegation of rules. Already the endeavors of both the middle and dominant economies in the region have shifted from just concluding Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs) and investment-related chapters in Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) to designing region-wide investment agreements and initiatives by-and-for Asian countries. Although the legal effectiveness of this rule-making change will play out in the long run in and across Asian societies, the more immediate policy implication relates to its potential impact on the evolution of Asian regionalism as a whole.

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35

Soloaga, Isidro y L. Alan Wintersb. "Regionalism in the nineties: what effect on trade?" North American Journal of Economics and Finance 12, n.º 1 (marzo de 2001): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1062-9408(01)00042-0.

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36

Pekkanen, Saadia M. "Bilateralism, Multilateralism, or Regionalism? Japan's Trade Forum Choices". Journal of East Asian Studies 5, n.º 1 (abril de 2005): 77–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1598240800006263.

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The Japanese government today is actively and strategically choosing among various institutional forums to deal with its trade partners, namely bilateral venues, multilateral settings, and even preferential regional arrangements. This ongoing high-profile institutional selection is somewhat unprecedented for Japan, and demands a review of the historical and analytical reasons that drive decisionmakers to select one forum over another. Overall, the Japanese case suggests that the aggregate trade forum choices are influenced both by the desire to institutionalize mechanisms for stabilizing a range of expectations and by the necessity of guaranteeing market access and protection of investment in the fastest time possible.

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37

Takarada, Yasuhiro, Yasushi Kawabata, Akihiko Yanase y Hiroshi Kurata. "Standards policy and international trade: Multilateralism versus regionalism". Journal of Public Economic Theory 22, n.º 5 (9 de enero de 2020): 1420–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jpet.12425.

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Govindan, Kumaresan. "Regionalism in South Asia: Extent of Agricultural Trade". Foreign Trade Review 29, n.º 1 (abril de 1994): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0015732515940101.

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39

Hadjiyiannis, Costas. "Regionalism and Multilateral Trade Liberalization with Asymmetric Countries". Review of International Economics 12, n.º 3 (agosto de 2004): 395–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9396.2004.00457.x.

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40

Tussie, Diana. "Globalization and world trade: From multilateralism to regionalism". Oxford Development Studies 26, n.º 1 (febrero de 1998): 33–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13600819808424144.

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41

Taneja, Nisha, Isha Dayal y Samridhi Bimal. "India–Pakistan Trade and Regionalism in South Asia". International Studies 50, n.º 4 (octubre de 2013): 318–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020881717713597.

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42

Grady, Patrick, Donald Barry y Ronald C. Keith. "Regionalism, Multilateralism, and the Politics of Global Trade". Canadian Public Policy / Analyse de Politiques 26, n.º 4 (diciembre de 2000): 497. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3552616.

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43

Chortareas, G. E. y T. Pelagidis. "Trade flows: a facet of regionalism or globalisation?" Cambridge Journal of Economics 28, n.º 2 (18 de febrero de 2004): 253–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cje/28.2.253.

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44

Chen, Maggie Xiaoyang y Aaditya Mattoo. "Regionalism in standards: good or bad for trade?" Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique 41, n.º 3 (9 de julio de 2008): 838–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5982.2008.00488.x.

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45

Klom, Andy. "Latin America and International Trade: Regionalism and Beyond". Latin American Research Review 40, n.º 3 (2005): 354–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lar.2005.0055.

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46

Sapir, André. "Trade Regionalism in Europe: Towards an Integrated Approach". JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 38, n.º 1 (marzo de 2000): 151–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-5965.00213.

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47

Cheong, Inkyo. "Regionalism and Free Trade Agreements in East Asia". Asian Economic Papers 2, n.º 2 (marzo de 2003): 145–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/153535103772624853.

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This paper gives an overview of the progress of regionalism in East Asia and examines the background of the recent embrace of trade agreements by China, Japan, and South Korea. It discusses the progress toward free trade agreements (FTAs) within East Asia and offers reasons for their slow development. The impacts of eight hypothetical East Asian FTAs are estimated using a computable generalized equilibrium model. The model predicts that countries will benefit from both bilateral FTAs and regional FTAs (such as a Northeast Asian FTA and an East Asian FTA); however, greater economic benefits would be gained under regional FTAs than under bilateral FTAs. Although the simulation used in the study estimates that a Northeast Asian FTA and an East Asian FTA would bring a similar level of economic benefits, results indicate that greater benefits would accrue under an East Asian FTA. Discussions of a Japan–ASEAN FTA are under way, after talks of an FTA between ASEAN and China blossomed in late 2000. China and Japan are competitively promoting bilateral FTAs with ASEAN. As discussions of an FTA with ASEAN heat up in China and Japan, South Korea has also begun reviewing the economic feasibility of an FTA with ASEAN. If China, Japan, and South Korea competitively pursue bilateral FTAs with ASEAN, this may result in several important problems, including spaghetti bowl effects, a hub-and-spoke dilemma, or struggles for regional leadership. This paper tries to show that an East Asian FTA covering the whole region is economically desirable and stresses that East Asian countries should introduce a regionwide FTA, rather than multiple bilateral or subregional FTAs. An East Asian FTA can be realized only in the long term because of economic, political, and social obstacles. East Asia, which already lags behind other regions in terms of regionalism, should not passively wait for the establishment of an East Asian FTA, which is likely to take some time to be established.

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48

Koopmann, Georg y Lars Vogel. "Regionalisation of Trade and Regionalism in Trade Policy – Patterns, Strategies and Impact". Intereconomics 43, n.º 5 (septiembre de 2008): 298–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10272-008-0264-9.

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49

Kostyunina, Galina Mikhailovna. "Regionalism in the Modern World Economy: Evolution and Main Trends". Vestnik RUDN. International Relations 20, n.º 2 (15 de diciembre de 2020): 303–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-0660-2020-20-2-303-317.

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The proposed article is aimed at identifying the essence, history of development and evaluation of the current stage of regionalism. The principles of the theory of economic integration are briefly outlined, including its forms and their practical implementation. The author discusses the regulation of integration agreements within the framework of the GATT - WTO multilateral trade system. The motives for the participation of states in integration agreements, such as strategic, political and economic ones, as well as participation of the country in global and / or regional value of chains, are examined in detail. The author characterizes the main trends of modern regionalism and well-known integration mega-projects, such as the Trans-Pacific Partnership, and the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership. The main results of the study, which the author came to: 1) regionalism is a politics, and regionalization is the process of uniting countries into a larger region with elements of the free movement of certain factors; 2) old regionalism reflected the goals of promoting the growth of international trade and ensuring security. It corresponds to the concept of shadow integration; 3) the new regionalism was the result of an integrated approach to the development of globalization and a multipolar world. It is characterized by the concept of deep integration with deeper integration processes; 4) when signing the RTAs, the country takes into account strategic, political and economic factors; 5) integration agreements vary in scope and structure, reflecting the growing differentiation of the global trading system and the diversity of bilateral and multilateral regional trade agreements; 6) the signing of mega-projects reduces the effect of spaghetti bowl due to a decrease in the number of bilateral integration agreements between countries and the development of general rules of trade, and also simplifies international commercial disputes; there is a gradual unification of not only the rules of law, but also their interpretation and application.

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50

Pelagidis, Theodore y Harry Papasotiriou. "Globalisation or regionalism? States, markets and the structure of international trade". Review of International Studies 28, n.º 3 (julio de 2002): 519–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210502005193.

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The structure of international trade is determined not only by market forces, but also by the political objectives of states. Weak states participate least in the open international trading system. The strong states that do participate channel trade largely within regional trading blocks. The major states in Europe and East Asia have an incentive to diminish their dependence on the hegemonic power, that is, the United States, which has reacted with its own regionalism (NAFTA). Moreover, regionalism is interpreted as a strategy that reduces states' exposure to major shocks in the global economy. Additionally, it permits them to support weak sectors of their economies at a regional level without entirely undermining the long-term growth benefits of international trade, since a substantial degree of autarky is more feasible and efficient at a regional rather than at the national level.

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