Siga este enlace para ver otros tipos de publicaciones sobre el tema: Trademark infringements.
Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Trademark infringements"
Crea una cita precisa en los estilos APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard y otros
Consulte los 50 mejores artículos de revistas para su investigación sobre el tema "Trademark infringements".
Junto a cada fuente en la lista de referencias hay un botón "Agregar a la bibliografía". Pulsa este botón, y generaremos automáticamente la referencia bibliográfica para la obra elegida en el estilo de cita que necesites: APA, MLA, Harvard, Vancouver, Chicago, etc.
También puede descargar el texto completo de la publicación académica en formato pdf y leer en línea su resumen siempre que esté disponible en los metadatos.
Explore artículos de revistas sobre una amplia variedad de disciplinas y organice su bibliografía correctamente.
1
Gongol, Tomáš. "Trademark infringements in the domain .cz". E+M Ekonomie a Management 22, n.º 4 (1 de diciembre de 2019): 162–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.15240/tul/001/2019-4-011.
Texto completo
2
Zhang, Yanan. "Punitive damages in trademark infringement disputes in China: challenges and prospects". Queen Mary Journal of Intellectual Property 11, n.º 3 (agosto de 2021): 362–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/qmjip.2021.03.05.
Texto completoResumen
Punitive damages were introduced into the intellectual property field in China by legislation permitting their imposition for malicious and serious infringements. This paper offers a comprehensive legal framework of punitive damages regarding trademark infringement and a critical analysis of the application of punitive damages in trademark infringement disputes in Chinese judicial practice. My research reveals that punitive damages have rarely been imposed since the punitive damages provision, Article 63 of the Trademark Law, took effect in 2014, whereas statutory damages have been applied extensively. The reason for this is that there are few guidelines for the application of this provision. The challenges to the application include undefined statutory requirements, difficulties in not only assessing compensation but also providing evidence and determining the multiple of compensation, and an unclear relationship between statutory damages and punitive damages. The 2019 Amendment of the Trademark Law retains these problems. Fortunately, the recently released Judicial Interpretation and typical cases concerning punitive damages contribute to resolving them. Moreover, those cases in which punitive damages have been applied have gradually revealed some basic principles for their application. Reform suggestions are offered in order to stimulate the development of a more thorough and uniform application of the punitive damages provision.
3
da Silva Lopes, Teresa y Mark Casson. "Brand Protection and the Globalization of British Business". Business History Review 86, n.º 2 (2012): 287–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007680512000414.
Texto completoResumen
In expanding on earlier analyses of the evolution of multinational business that have drawn from concepts of competition and innovation, this study examines the strategies used by British multinationals, between 1870 and 1929, to protect the global reputation of their brands, which were crucial to their survival and success. Even after the passage of new trademark legislation in 1876, enforcement of trademarks remained expensive, and often firms preferred to negotiate, rather than to prosecute violations. Many trademark imitators were based in the newly industrializing countries of the time—the United States, Germany, and Japan—and were part of the British export supply chains as licensees, franchisees, or wholesalers. British firms responded to infringements by lobbying governments, appointing local agents to provide intelligence, and collaborating with other firms.
4
Alawsi, Dr Husham. "The Role of Bahraini Law on Online Copyright Infringement". International Business & Economics Studies 2, n.º 4 (20 de noviembre de 2020): p23. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/ibes.v2n4p23.
Texto completoResumen
The main aim of this research paper is to look at the role of Bahraini law in copyright infringement. In Bahrain, many commercially pirated audio and video markets have been eliminated through various laws. However, video, software and audio piracy by end-users is still a huge problem. A copyright infringement is considered to be a violation of an organization or individual’s copyright. It describes the copyrighted material’s unauthorized use, such as images, text, videos, software, music and other original content. Copyright infringements have been formally addressed through various copyrights law in Bahrain, but there are some glaring omissions as well. No other protect has been attacked more than computer hardware and software in Bahrain, copying of computer software is “out of control” in Bahrain. Many companies have been accused of using illegal copies of Microsoft computer software products. The study argues that country might have a beautifully tidy and coherent law, but it might not be followed. The mechanisms of criminal and civil enforcement, and the working of patent and trademark offices and of the judicial system itself, are essential to the enforcement of copyright laws in practice. The absence of governmental interference helps Bahraini software pirates to work at will. The study concludes while contended that there should be a law with regard to compulsory licensing since this compulsory licensing would be required by the companies to transfer data to a domestic partner. Furthermore, stricter enforcement of copyright laws is essential because they would help prevent copyright infringements in Bahrain.
5
Sikora, Małgorzata. "Ochrona domen internetowych a posiadanie znaków towarowych". Studenckie Prace Prawnicze, Administratywistyczne i Ekonomiczne 28 (26 de septiembre de 2019): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/1733-5779.28.3.
Texto completoResumen
Artykuł odnosi się do złożonej relacji między znakami towarowymi a rejestracją domen internetowych. W związku z rosnącym znaczeniem domen internetowych można zaobserwować dynamicznie rozwijający się obszar potencjalnych naruszeń znaków towarowych, takich jak pasywna rejestracja domeny internetowej, rejestracja w złej wierze lub też zjawisko cybersquattingu. Opracowanie dotyczy kwestii związanych z międzynarodowym mechanizmem rozwiązywania sporów domenowych wypracowanych przez ICANN w postaci procedury UDRP oraz odpowiednich arbitraży akredytowanych przez tę instytucję. Co więcej, prezentuje istotne decyzje arbitrażowe oraz krajowe związane ze sporami o naruszenie znaku towarowego przez działania związane z domenami internetowymi. Relation between Internet domain protection and trademarksThis article attempt to describe the complex phenomenon of domain name usage and trademarks. It is well-known that domain names become more and more important as a brand element and may clash with trademarks especially when it comes to passive registration, registration in bad faith or cybersquatting. The article addresses the issue on an international level as presented by the ICANN procedure under UDRP and adequate arbitration with some national jurisdiction insights. It also presents some relevant case law addressing domain name registration in the light of trademark infringements.
6
Nedohybchenko, Yevheniia. "Criminal protection of objects of individualization in Ukraine and abroad". Theory and Practice of Intellectual Property, n.º 6 (16 de junio de 2021): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.33731/62020.233968.
Texto completoResumen
Keywords: object of individualization, trademark, mark for goods and services,criminal liability, criminal legal protection
Problems of criminal law protection and protection of meansof individualization among the participants of economic circulation has not found itscoverage and analysis in the legal literature.Legal regulation of industrial property protection at the international level takesplace within a number of agreements: the Paris Convention for the Protection of IndustrialProperty of 1883, the Madrid Agreement Concerning the International Registrationof Marks of 1891, the Hague Agreement Concerning the International Registrationof Industrial Designs of 1925, and others.The article examines the experience of criminal law protection of trademarks ofthe following countries: USA, Great Britain, Germany, Switzerland, Ukraine.The author speaks about the need to unify approaches to criminal prosecution inUkraine. This will facilitate effective litigation. Establish liability for infringement oftrademark rights. Will contribute to the improvement of the national system of protectionof intellectual property rights. Increase safeguards to protect intellectualproperty rights. It will raise Ukraine's image in the world.The laws of the countries define in detail the scope of rights of owners to intellectualproperty. The law provides a list of actions that are considered a crime.In the United States, a criminal case is initiated by the federal government or thestate. In the Federal Republic of Germany, most infringements of intellectual property rights are governed by civil law. An offense is a criminal offense if it is committedwith intent.Ukraine also has special legislation. Criminal liability is established in the relevantarticles of the Code. These articles are in different sections of the Criminal Codeof Ukraine. Such placement of norms negatively affects the punishment of violators.There is a need to unify approaches to prosecuting offenders. This will facilitate effectivelitigation. Establish liability for violations of the law. Will contribute to the improvementof the national system of protection of intellectual property rights. Increasingguarantees of protection of intellectual property rights. It is necessary to do so byintroducing the relevant into the Criminal Code of Ukraine.
7
Mukhtar, Sohaib, Zinatul Ashiqin Zainol y Sufian Jusoh. "Civil Procedure of Trademark Enforcement in Pakistan: A Comparative Analysis with Malaysia and USA". Journal of Asian Research 3, n.º 2 (3 de abril de 2019): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/jar.v3n2p95.
Texto completoResumen
<em>Civil procedure of trademark enforcement runs in Pakistan under Trade Marks Ordinance 2001, Code of Civil Procedure 1908 and Specific Relief Act 1877. Trademark is one of the components of Intellectual Property Law, it is a mark, name, sign, smell or a sound which distinguishes goods and services of one undertaking from goods and services of other undertakings. It is required to be distinctiveness and non-descriptive, it losses its distinctiveness when owner of registered trademark does not take prompt action against its infringement. The registered trademark owner may file civil suit against infringement of his registered trademark before the concerned District Court of Law for claiming damages and obtaining injunctions. The Trademark Registry works under Intellectual Property Organization of Pakistan (IPO-Pakistan) for registration and protection of trademarks in Pakistan. Similarly, Intellectual Property Corporation of Malaysia (MyIPO) is empowered agency of trademark registration and its protection in Malaysia. The United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) is responsible for registration and protection of trademarks in United States of America (USA). Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement) is the only International Treaty which contains exhaustive provisions on trademark enforcement includes civil procedure, administrative procedure, criminal procedure, provisional and border measures. Important civil procedure of trademark enforcement issues need to be clarified in trademark law of Pakistan includes trademark infringement, trademark dilution and rectification of trademark register. This article is comparative analysis of civil procedure of trademark enforcement in Pakistan, Malaysia and USA.</em>
8
Wauran, Indirani y Titon Slamet Kurnia. "CONFUSION DAN PEMBATALAN MEREK OLEH PENGADILAN". Mimbar Hukum - Fakultas Hukum Universitas Gadjah Mada 27, n.º 2 (13 de octubre de 2015): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jmh.15888.
Texto completoResumen
This article criticizes the judicial review practice over trademarks infringement in Indonesia. This article argues that to be fair the court should consider the confusion effect to determine whether there is a trademarks infringement case in accordance with Art. 16.1 of the TRIPs Agreement. This article concludes that Indonesia needs to improve its legislation to meet the requirement of the TRIPs Agreement and to improve the judges quality in applying the Trademarks Law properly by considering its purpose which grants the trademark owner a protection of the trademark’s identity and a protection against confusion against unauthorized use by third parties. Artikel ini mengkritisi praktik yudisial atas kasus pelanggaran merek di Indonesia. Atas dasar itu artikel ini berargumen bahwa supaya adil maka pengadilan seyogianya mempertimbangkan efek kebingungan untuk menentukan apakah ada pelanggaran merek sesuai Art. 16.1 TRIPs Agreement. Artikel ini menyimpulkan bahwa Indonesia perlu memperbaiki legislasinya supaya sesuai tuntutan TRIPs Agreement dan meningkatkan kualitas hakimnya dalam menerapkan Hukum Merek secara memadai dengan mempertimbangkan aspek purposivenya untuk memberikan kepada pemilik merek perlindungan atas identitas mereknya itu sendiri dan perlindungan atas kebingungan yang ditimbulkan oleh penggunaan merek tanpa hak oleh pihak ketiga.
9
Cho, Sungho, J. Lucy Lee, June Won y Jong Kwan (Jake) Lee. "Empirical Investigation of Sport Trademark Dilution Using Contingent Valuation Method". Journal of Sport Management 34, n.º 3 (1 de mayo de 2020): 189–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2019-0174.
Texto completoResumen
Under the federal trademark law, owners of famous sport trademarks may bring legal claims against unauthorized users of their marks under the infringement and dilution theory. Although the rationale of trademark infringement has been supported by various notions of consumer psychology and law and economics, the theory of dilution has been criticized for the lack of empirical support. This study investigated whether the junior use of major sport trademarks would have dilutive effects on the senior marks in financial terms. The study employed the contingent valuation method, a technique designed to estimate the economic values of nonpecuniary assets such as trademarks. A total of 140 subjects were exposed to dilutive information while they purchased sport brand merchandise. A series of pre- and posttests revealed that moderately famous sport trademarks suffered dilutive harm from junior use, whereas exceptionally famous marks were immune to the dilutive effects. Theoretical and practical implications were discussed.
10
Islam, Mahbubl. "Legal Responses to IPR Infringement in Internet Sphere". Asian Journal of Humanity, Art and Literature 5, n.º 1 (30 de junio de 2018): 19–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/ajhal.v5i1.329.
Texto completoResumen
The emergence of the Internet has changed the ways in which we create, distribute, access, and use information. The Internet provides manifold opportunities for users, operators, businesses, and the public at large for speedy, cheap, and global dissemination of information, knowledge, research, and entertainment. At the same time, it also poses complex conceptual and empirical challenges for intellectual property and related rights. Works of intellectual property can be digitized and transferred over the Internet. Many trademarks have been placed on it by the companies for advertising and marketing goods and services. In the field of copyright, a number of works of literature, film and art, and notably computer programs, have been transferred over the Internet. The patent system has also migrated onto the Internet. It is now popular for companies to patent their online business methods. In the Internet Sphere, the infringer can easily misdirect consumers to its website by using another’s trademark as a meta-tag, and it is also easy to copy and distribute other’s copyright materials unlawfully. Due to global nature of the Internet, an Internet IP infringement usually happens not only within one country but also across borders. All of these have raised many difficulties for the protection of IPRs in Internet sphere. Therefore everyone has been dubious of what the actual laws concerning Intellectual Property rights are in relation to Internet sphere. Today the Internet explosion has made the question of how to enforce IP law on a global scale as an imperative issue. In this Article, the author tries to accentuate the existing as well as changing IPR challenges brought about by the Internet and project what issues a national legislature should consider to meet the demands of the digital revolution. The core object of this study is to scrutinize the compelling factors behind the Intellectual Property Rights Infringements through the Internet and investigate the existing Legal Responses in International, Regional and Local levels. However, the findings demonstrate that mass-awareness, consensus and mutual co-operation among the developed and developing countries, proper enforcement of the existing laws as well as bringing amendments to some areas of Law can be cited as a potential solution.
11
Grady, John. "University of Kansas and Kansas Athletics, Inc., v. Larry Sinks et al. (collectively d/b/a/ Joe-College.com), 2008 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 23765 (D. Kan. 2008)". International Journal of Sport Communication 1, n.º 3 (septiembre de 2008): 378–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.1.3.378.
Texto completoResumen
The University of Kansas and its athletics department brought suit against Larry Sinks, a manufacturer and retailer of merchandise doing business as Joe-College.com. Joe-College.com sells merchandise that reference Kansas Athletics programs, including T-shirts with irreverent sayings, as well as references to drugs and alcohol. Plaintiffs allege that the defendant’s goods infringe the registered and unregistered trademarks of the University of Kansas, including its crimson and blue color scheme. The university asserted claims for trademark infringement, trademark dilution, and unfair competition. Approximately 140 T-shirt designs used by the defendant were at issue in the litigation. This case illustrates the expanding scope of protection afforded to trademarks in sport that are used to communicate and distinguish a particular team’s brand. The case also explores the viability of the First Amendment as a defense to trademark infringement for retailers who produce merchandise that allows sports fans to express their message.
12
Jacoby, Jacob y Maureen Morrin. "“Not Manufactured or Authorized by …”: Recent Federal Cases Involving Trademark Disclaimers". Journal of Public Policy & Marketing 17, n.º 1 (marzo de 1998): 97–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/074391569801700110.
Texto completoResumen
After discussing the value of trademarks to consumers and businesses, the authors outline the major objectives of trademark law. The authors review recent federal trademark infringement cases that involve the use of disclaimers, in terms of the extent to which disclaimers reduce the likelihood of consumer confusion. The authors then note recent trends and provide suggestions for further research.
13
Sadi-Makangila, Patrick y Yesdauletova Sabira. "The Place of Forensic Linguistics in the Resolution of Trademark Conflicts: Case of DOUBLEMINT & DOUBIEMLNT". International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature 10, n.º 3 (31 de mayo de 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.10n.3p.1.
Texto completoResumen
Forensic linguistics focusing on word choice and spelling, it can be useful while resolving language crime, trademark infringement, and so forth. In our days, trademarks are one of the most infringed intellectual properties in the world in terms of values. Trademark could be a single word, a combination of words and symbols, design, or logo that distinguishes a company or products from others in the industry. When someone acquires a registered trademark, he is granted an exclusive right to its usage and it strongly prohibits other organizations from using it. This paper shows the way an expert in Forensic Linguistics should use his skill and knowledge to handle the conflict among similar trademarks. From brand name (how it is written, upper-cases or lower-cases, how many letters make this brand name, how it sounds, how it looks like, and so forth) to logo (design, usage of colors, sharp and so forth). The expert in Forensic Linguistics will try to find out scientific evidence that may help judges in decision-making. The present study scrutinized the place of forensic linguistics in the resolution of trademark conflicts, the scientific techniques, and methodologies utilized to analyze the similarities and differences between the trademarks in conflict. This research showed the importance of associating an expert in Forensic Linguistics in the Community Trademark conflicts in order to come up with a conclusion based on scientific evidence; the place of forensic linguistics and other related disciplines in revolving the issues of trademark infringement.
14
Simonson, Itamar. "Trademark Infringement from the Buyer Perspective: Conceptual Analysis and Measurement Implications". Journal of Public Policy & Marketing 13, n.º 2 (septiembre de 1994): 181–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/074391569401300201.
Texto completoResumen
Trademarks such as brand names may be the most important assets of many companies, but their value depends on the ability to protect them from infringement. In this research, two key tests of trademark infringement are examined: likelihood of confusion and genericness. On the basis of a conceptual analysis, the author evaluates several alternative measures of trademark confusion and genericness, including both existing and new techniques. These measures are contrasted in two large-scale field studies with about 1500 consumers. The results indicate that estimates of likelihood of confusion and genericness are highly sensitive to the particular method employed, partly because the underlying states of consumer confusion and genericness are fuzzy and not well defined. The author concludes with a discussion of the research implications for (1) our understanding of consumer trademark confusion and genericness, (2) the measurement of trademark infringement, and (3) the use of survey-based measures in public policy and legal disputes.
15
Sagung Laksmi Dewi, Anak Agung, Ni Made Dwi Ari Cahyani y Ni Made Sukaryati Karma. "Perlindungan Hukum Bagi Pemegang Merek Terhadap Pemalsuan Merek Fashion". Jurnal Konstruksi Hukum 2, n.º 1 (1 de marzo de 2021): 175–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.22225/jkh.2.1.2990.175-179.
Texto completoResumen
Trademark as one manifestation of intellectual property has an important role for the smooth and increased trade in goods and services in the trade of goods and investment. As for the problems in writing this thesis, What about legal protection for trademark
holders against falsification of fashion brand violations? This research uses normative research methods. Another name for normative law is doctrinal law research, also referred to as document library research or document study. This study uses a statutory and conceptual approach. Existing legal protection also applies to trademark holders as protection provided to legal subjects in the form of both preventive and repressive legal instruments. Settlement of legal violations of registered trademarks, is in Article 83 paragraph (3) of Law Number 20 of 2016 Regarding Trademarks and Geographical Indications which use the Commercial Court channel as an institution to resolve trademark disputes, infringement of wellknown marks can be resolved through legal channels civil and criminal law lines. Legal remedies for trademark rights against Fashion Zara brand product offenses can file Civil and Criminal Lawsuits for damages and also proceed in a commercial court in accordance with the provisions stipulated in article 83 of Act No. 20 of 2016 concerning Trademarks and Geographical Indications. The suggestion is to socialize the importance of registering trademarks for legal protection to trademark holders so that trademark owners will increase their awareness to register trademarks used.
16
Stevenson, Mark y Jerry Busby. "An exploratory analysis of counterfeiting strategies". International Journal of Operations & Production Management 35, n.º 1 (5 de enero de 2015): 110–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijopm-04-2012-0174.
Texto completoResumen
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to identify strategies employed by product counterfeiters in their exploitation of legitimate supply chains; to develop a theoretical understanding of counterfeiting and its impact on competitive resources; and, to propose counter-measures for increasing the resilience of supply chains to the counterfeiting threat. Design/methodology/approach – An inductive, qualitative analysis of secondary case data obtained from three sources. Findings – Initial searching and coding identified four sets of strategies: extraction strategies, for obtaining products or materials from the legitimate economy; production strategies, for manufacturing counterfeit goods; distribution strategies; and, infiltration strategies, for introducing counterfeits into the legitimate economy. Secondary, focused coding revealed that much of what the counterfeiting strategies set out to achieve involves the generation, suppression or exploitation of signals. A theoretical account of counterfeiting and its impact on competitive resources (quality, reputation and trademark) is then developed based on signalling theory and the resource-based view. Research limitations/implications – A set of counter-measures for dealing with the counterfeiting threat are proposed. There is scope for much further work on counterfeit resilience, including on establishing the effectiveness of these counter-measures. Practical implications – Counterfeiting is an increasingly significant supply chain problem. It provides a direct economic challenge to legitimate producers, undermines the value of trademarks and threatens consumer welfare. It affects many industries, including automotives, aerospace and pharmaceuticals, where counterfeits have sometimes proven fatal. The paper adds to the understanding of how this phenomenon takes place and how it might be tackled. Originality/value – Although many OM studies refer to the risks of patent and copyright infringements that arise in supply chains, the problem of product counterfeiting has received only limited attention, leaving a clear gap in the understanding.
17
Polishchuk, I. Yu. "EXPERT COMPETENCE IN FORENSIC EXPERT RESEARCH OF TRADEMARKS IN THE INVESTIGATION OF THEIR ILLEGAL USE". Theory and Practice of Forensic Science and Criminalistics 18 (26 de diciembre de 2018): 524–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.32353/khrife.2018.61.
Texto completoResumen
Examples of judicial practice consider specifics of the special knowledge application in form of forensic examination of intellectual property while investigating of trademarks illegal use. This paper separately demonstrates issues of trademarks research including similarity to the degree of designation confusion with a trademark image as well as issues of economic researches in the field of intellectual property to establish the lost of profit due to violation of trademark rights. As a result of performed research it is established that limit of forensic experts competence in specialty 13.6 while criminal proceedings regarding infringement of trademarks is the establishment of full or partial identity of a trademark image with the detected designation on (name of display object) and the uniformity of goods and/or services. It is proved that similarity definition to the degree of mixing trademark image with the revealed designation is a legal issue and goes beyond the limits of the procedural and scientific competence forensic expert in the specialty 13.6. It was revealed that the definition of lost profit of a trademark owner while investigation of its illegal use as a expert task coincides with a task of the investigator to establish socially dangerous consequences as an element of objective side of a crime. It is indicated that all expert conclusions about determining of lost profit of a trademark owner as a result of its illegal use, are probable and conditional. Detection by an expert in specialty 13.9 of loss profit amount in categorical form, without specifying condition for replacement of original goods with counterfeit goods sold goes beyond its procedural and scientific competence.
18
Trappey, Charles V., Ai-Che Chang y Amy J. C. Trappey. "Building an Internet-Based Knowledge Ontology for Trademark Protection". Journal of Global Information Management 29, n.º 1 (enero de 2021): 123–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jgim.2021010107.
Texto completoResumen
Global online sales for products, where many are substantially identical or deceptively similar, are the cause of a growing number of trademark (TM) infringement lawsuits. This research proposes an intelligent trademark legal precedent recommendation system to assist trademark owners to find relevant past cases, laws, and judgments to form legal arguments to defend against infringement. Judicial precedent and applicable laws from the USA are used to construct an ontology of trademark litigation knowledge. The ontology is used to analyze potential infringement cases with similar laws and precedents used to resolve previous legal disputes. The analysis provides a basis for proceeding with legal action necessary to protect a company's brand equity when arguing potential trademark infringement. Using the Python programming language, the precedent-based recommendation system provides a means for continuously updating trademark case data and assists TM owners to quickly identify similar cases to support infringement allegations.
19
Li, Celia Y. y G. Dai Kim. "Trademark Infringement-OEM Issues". Journal of Intellectual Property 9, n.º 3 (30 de septiembre de 2014): 163–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.34122/jip.2014.09.9.3.163.
Texto completo
20
Sarkar, Suvrashis y Dr Stephen D’Silva Dr. Stephen D’Silva. "Trademark Infringement - A Case Study From Indian FMCG Sector". Indian Journal of Applied Research 3, n.º 10 (1 de octubre de 2011): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/oct2013/74.
Texto completo
21
HAMID LABETUBUN, MUCHTAR ANSHARY y MARSELO VALENTINO GEOVANI PARIELA. "CONTROLLING OF IMPORTED OR EXPORTED GOODS RELATED TO BRAND PROTECTION BY CUSTOMS". UNTAG Law Review 4, n.º 1 (20 de mayo de 2020): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.36356/ulrev.v4i1.1522.
Texto completoResumen
<p>Customs regulations in Indonesia, there is also a legal mechanism to protect brands. Provisions in Chapter X of Law, Number 10 of 1995 concerning Customs as amended by Act Number 17 of 2006 concerning Amendments to Law Number 10 of 1995 concerning Customs, includes a prohibition on import or export restrictions and controls on the import and export of goods the results of infringement of Intellectual Property Rights including Trademark Rights. The role of Customs in the framework of protecting registered brands is as a traffic surveillance apparatus for goods entering or leaving Indonesian territory, the Directorate General of Customs and Excise (DJBC) is required to control the import-export of products resulting from violations in the field of trademark rights, and intellectual property rights and by court order can stop the entry and exit of goods infringing trademark rights. The implementation of the trips agreement in the laws and regulations on Indonesian customs can contribute to the protection of registered trademarks, especially in terms of being the front door in overcoming violations of trademark rights in Indonesia.</p>
22
Siri, Jothiratna G. S., Chakrawarthige A. N. Fernando y Sembukuttige N. T. De Silva. "Nanotechnology and Protection of Intellectual Property: Emerging Trends". Recent Patents on Nanotechnology 14, n.º 4 (24 de diciembre de 2020): 307–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1872210514666200612174317.
Texto completoResumen
Background: Technology experts foresee that nanotechnology is the next industrial revolution and it has great potential to bring solutions to many challenges of global relevance in terms of a diverse range of applications. Efficiency-driven economies are transforming into innovation-driven economies where Intellectual Property (IP) plays a pivotal role in achieving a competitive advantage. Whereas industry analysts assert that IP roadblocks will be a severe detriment to the development of nanotechnology due to infringements and high-profile patent battles. Various authors have made a significant effort to analyse the implications of IP on nanotechnology but most of the published literature covers only the years 2000- 2010. Data and insights pertaining to recent developments are lagging behind. Therefore, the objective of this review was to explore cutting-edge empirical evidence towards emerging trends of Intellectual Property protection in nanotechnology, thereby to provide insights aimed at unleashing the full potential of nanotechnology innovation for socio-economic advantage. Materials and Methods: Patent information over the period 2000 to 2018 was collated and analysed to determine the latest trends. To gain a global perspective, nanotechnology patents issued by the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) and nanotechnology patents published in the ‘PatentScope’ of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) were surveyed along with literature in relation to nanotechnology commercialization and litigation. Results: Our study revealed that worldwide protection of Intellectual Property in nanotechnology has steadily been increasing year-on-year accounting 3.3 million patent applications filed in 2018 in which China and U.S. are dominating. The other main contributors are Japan, Germany Republic of Korea, France and U.K. Asia has emerged as the single region to file more than half of total filings for the first time thus shifting global IP landscape from Europe to Asia. Another notable finding is that there is a significant growth in trademark registration in many of the leading economies. Top five technology fields with high international patenting activity are computer technology, medical technology, digital communication, electrical machinery and pharmaceuticals where computer technology is dominating. More than 90% of the total patents are granted on materials, devices and processes developed as basic building blocks of nanotechnology at laboratory level which sound as more downstream innovations in the short-term. Amid the upward trends in nanotechnology patenting, newly emerging obstacles pose risks to innovation. A key finding of the present study is that the increasing trend of patent litigation almost follows the same path of patent grants indicating a positive correlation. A global prominence of middle-income and low-income countries in patent filing is yet to emerge which foreshadows an IP divide. Discussion: A secondary market for patent assets is pronounced with many new types of players leading to a high cost of patenting nanotechnology. These trends foreshadow a surge of patent filings in the years to come and.the patent offices will be confronted with that ‘surge’ of patent applications of increased complexity and multidisciplinary nature..Patent offices with inadequate efficacy will ultimately produce lowquality patents along with a difficulty to enter into markets and will facilitate exploiting of the IP legal systems to extract rewards for infringement without contributing to innovation or social prosperity of nations. Conclusion: Insights and recommendations given in this paper will enable nanotechnology researchers, inventors, technopreneurs and investors to understand recent trends and global perspectives on implications of IP in nanotechnology and intensifying IP battle thereby to contemplate and succeed in their roadmaps towards leveraging on nanotechnology.
23
Szczepanowska-Kozłowska, Krystyna. "Creation of Technical Conditions for Use or Infringement – The Meanders of the Warehouse Keeper’s Liability in Light of CJEU Judgment C-567/18 Coty Germany". IIC - International Review of Intellectual Property and Competition Law 52, n.º 3 (24 de febrero de 2021): 265–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40319-021-01040-2.
Texto completoResumen
AbstractOne form of industrial property right infringement is stocking for the purpose of offering or marketing. This form of infringement appears both in EU legal acts on trademarks or designs, as well as in national regulations, including those concerning patents. What is specific to stocking when compared to other activities comprising the stipulated exclusivity of the holder of industrial property rights is the fact that the literal meaning of “stocking” does not explain whether the infringing party or the warehouse keeper is the entity that places the goods in storage. The structure of industrial property rights as absolute rights would theoretically permit the view that the law is violated by both the entity that accepts the goods for storage and the entity that places such goods in storage. To determine if there is an infringement, it must be established what the goods being stocked are further intended for. It is not without significance that the finding of an infringement of industrial property rights does not depend on fault or awareness. From the point of view of the industrial property law regime, it is difficult to find arguments against this understanding of infringement by stocking. Since the offeror of goods infringing industrial property rights may be held liable even if the goods have not yet been manufactured, it is conceivable that the entity accepting such goods for stocking is also liable. This interpretation of the concept of stocking would certainly correspond to the absolute nature of liability for infringement.In a recent judgment the CJEU confirmed that the warehouse keeper who, on behalf of a third party, stores goods which infringe trademark rights only creates the technical conditions for trademark use by this third party provided that the warehouse keeper is not aware of that infringement. The CJEU also confirmed that only the person who decides about the purpose of storing the goods can be treated as an infringer. However, the CJEU did not respond to the question regarding whether the warehouse keeper could be treated as an infringer if it pursues the aims of storing the goods at the request of the entity that put the goods into storage.
24
Ertekin, Larisa, Alina Sorescu y Mark B. Houston. "Hands off my Brand! The Financial Consequences of Protecting Brands through Trademark Infringement Lawsuits". Journal of Marketing 82, n.º 5 (septiembre de 2018): 45–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jm.17.0328.
Texto completoResumen
Well-known brands are frequently imitated, misused, or tampered with. Firms facing these threats routinely turn to the legal system and file trademark infringement lawsuits in an attempt to prevent revenue losses and brand equity dilution. In this article, the authors address the largely unexplored issue of brand protection. First, they categorize all major types of trademark infringement. Second, using signaling and prospect theories, they present a conceptual model that outlines the financial consequences of defending a brand in court. The authors test the predictions of this framework using a large sample of trademark infringement lawsuits and find that although investors react negatively in the short term to firms’ filing and even to firms’ winning such cases, the long-term performance of firms that successfully leverage the legal system to protect their brands is positive.
25
Vida, Sándor. "Trademark infringement by domain name registrars". Acta Juridica Hungarica 52, n.º 4 (diciembre de 2011): 341–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/ajur.52.2011.4.6.
Texto completo
26
Park, In-Hoi. "Trademark Right Infringement in Augmented Reality". Legal Studies Institute of Chosun University 25, n.º 2 (30 de agosto de 2018): 101–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.18189/isicu.2018.25.2.101.
Texto completo
27
Mealem, Yosef, Yacov Yacobi y Gideon Yaniv. "Trademark infringement and optimal monitoring policy". Journal of Economics and Business 62, n.º 2 (marzo de 2010): 116–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconbus.2009.09.001.
Texto completo
28
Żuraw, Monika. "FUNKCJE ZNAKU TOWAROWEGO W ORZECZNICTWIE EUROPEJSKIEGO TRYBUNAŁU SPRAWIEDLIWOŚCI". Zeszyty Prawnicze 7, n.º 2 (23 de junio de 2017): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/zp.2007.7.2.04.
Texto completoResumen
F u n c t io n s o f a T r a d e m a r k A c c o r d in g t o t h e J u r is d ic t io n o f t h e E u r o p e a n C o u r t o f J u s t ic eSummaryThe scope of protection of the functions fulfilled by trademarks determines most of the issues of the trademark law. The formulation of relevant provisions of the First Directive 89/104/EEC of the Council, of 21 December 1988, to Approximate the Laws of the Member States Relating to Trade Marks („Directive”) leave most of the issues open for interpretation. Therefore, it is the role of the European Court of Justice („ECJ”) to define to what extent the origin, quality and advertising functions should be protected. The article presents in chronological order all ECJ’s verdicts referring to the functions of a trademark issued both before and after entering into force of the Directive. The verdicts above all regard the issues of the trademark infringement, the distinguishing capability of a trademark, exhaustion and the limitations of the right to a trademark. It transpires from the review of the verdicts that ECJ refers most of the issues to the ‘essential function of a trademark’, which is distinguishing goods originating form different enterprises, the concept worked out long before the Directive was introduced. As a result, it is still the origin function that is protected vast more broadly than other functions, which - as it seems - does not meet the needs of the contemporary turnover. Nevertheless, the formulation of most of ECJ’s rulings is so general that it allows future modifications for the benefit of broadening the protection of the quality and advertising functions.
29
Howard, Daniel J., Roger A. Kerin y Charles Gengler. "The Effects of Brand Name Similarity on Brand Source Confusion: Implications for Trademark Infringement". Journal of Public Policy & Marketing 19, n.º 2 (septiembre de 2000): 250–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jppm.19.2.250.17131.
Texto completoResumen
The prevalent legal view with regard to trademark infringement is that consumers who exercise a low (high) degree of care when evaluating goods will be less (more) likely to notice differences among brands and thus conclude they are of (dis)similar origin. The authors argue on the basis of the involvement literature and demonstrate through two field experiments that the effect of degree of care on likelihood of brand source confusion varies by the type of similarity (similar sound versus similar meaning) among brand names. The authors discuss implications for trademark infringement litigation and company brand name evaluation in light of these findings.
30
Kang, Joon Mo. "Evolution of Internet Trademark Infringement in the U.S." Journal of Digital Convergence 12, n.º 10 (28 de octubre de 2014): 61–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.14400/jdc.2014.12.10.61.
Texto completo
31
Radack, David V. "Likelihood of confusion — The basis for trademark infringement". JOM 54, n.º 12 (diciembre de 2002): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02709194.
Texto completo
32
Yeongnoh Choi y 문선영. "Provisional disposition to enjoin infringement of trademark and the statutes of limitations to claim damages arising out of trademark infringement". SungKyunKwan Law Review 19, n.º 3 (diciembre de 2007): 845–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17008/skklr.2007.19.3.032.
Texto completo
33
Mukhtar, Sohaib, Zinatul Ashiqin Zainol, Sufian Jusoh y Anowar Zahid. "Review of Trademark and Its Enforcement Provisions under TRIPS". Journal of Asian Research 2, n.º 2 (26 de marzo de 2018): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/jar.v2n2p86.
Texto completoResumen
<p><em>T</em><em>rademark and its enforcement provisions are imbedded in Agreement on Trade Related Aspect of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) for promotion and protection of Intellectual Property (IP) rights in member countries of World Trade Organization (WTO). Compliance with trademark and its enforcement provisions (15-21, 41-61) of TRIPS and implementation are two different things</em><em>,</em><em> e.g.</em><em>,</em><em> enactment of law and its implementation hence more efforts are required for smooth implementation of IP rights in member counties. TRIPS is the only International Treaty containing exhaustive enforcement provisions for enforcement of IP rights in member countries. This article is a qualitative method of research reviewing provisions of TRIPS dealing with trademark (15-21) and its enforcement procedures (41-61) in member countries. Trademark enforcement procedures of member countries must be adequate, expedient and must not be complicated, costly and time consuming. Trademark enforcement procedures must be based upon due process of law and fair trial so that aggrieved party may (i) attain damages and compensation for loss due to trademark infringement, (ii) obtain injunctions to prevent trademark infringement in future, and (iii) punish counterfeiter/infringer with imprisonment and fine. Trademark and its enforcement provisions of TRIPS are required to be complied by member countries as there are hurdles in implementation of enforcement provisions</em><em>,</em><em> e.g.</em><em>,</em><em> lack of IP knowledge, IP experts, long borders, deficiency in man power etc. which are required to be sorted out to promote and protect legitimate trade activities in member countries which is a long process needs to be achieved by positive steps under the light of trademark and its enforcement provisions of TRIPS.</em><em></em></p>
34
Radack, David V. "Trademark infringement and dilution aspects of unfair competition law". JOM 48, n.º 10 (octubre de 1996): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03223108.
Texto completo
35
Vagg, Jon. "The policing of signs: trademark infringement and law enforcement". European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research 3, n.º 2 (junio de 1995): 75–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02243086.
Texto completo
36
Mukhtar, Sohaib, Zinatul Ashiqin Zainol y Sufian Jusoh. "Provisional Measures of Trademark Enforcement in Pakistan: A Comparative Analysis with Malaysia and USA". Economics, Law and Policy 4, n.º 1 (1 de marzo de 2021): p7. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/elp.v4n1p7.
Texto completoResumen
Trademark is mark, name, sign, smell or a sound distinguishes goods and services of one undertaking from goods and services of other undertakings. It is required to be distinctive and non-descriptive. It losses its distinctiveness when registered owner of trademark does not take prompt action against its infringement. Provisional Measures of trademark enforcement is a measure initiated by the owner of trademark during civil or administrative procedure of trademark enforcement to prevent further counterfeiting of his trademark and to protect evidence he relies upon during civil or administrative procedure of trademark enforcement. Provisional Measures of trademark enforcement in member states of World Trade Organization (WTO) must be expedient, adequate, fair, equitable, and must not be complicated, costly and time consuming. Provisional measures of trademark enforcement is a civil procedure where owner of trademark may ask the Court to prevent counterfeiter from trademark counterfeiting. This study is qualitative method of research a comparative analysis of provisional measures of trademark enforcement in Pakistan, Malaysia and USA. After a comparative analysis of provisional measures of trademark enforcement in Pakistan, Malaysia and USA, it is found that Lanham Trademark Act 1946 is comprehensive trademark law of United States of America (USA) prescribed grounds to grant and refuse to grant injunctions to prevent trademark counterfeiting. It is also found that there is a requirement in Lanham Trademark Act 1946 for a person against whom injunctive relief is passed to submit report in writing about manner and method of compliance with injunction order. These findings are required to be prescribed in trademark law of Pakistan for betterment of provisional measures of trademark enforcement.
37
Mukhtar, Sohaib, Zinatul Ashiqin Zainol y Sufian Jusoh. "Administrative Procedure of Trademark Enforcement in Pakistan: A Comparative Analysis with Malaysia and USA". Economics, Law and Policy 2, n.º 1 (30 de mayo de 2019): p113. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/elp.v2n1p113.
Texto completoResumen
Trademark is one of the component of Intellectual Property (IP). It is a mark, name, sign, smell or a sound which distinguishes goods and services of one undertaking from goods and services of other undertakings. It is required to be distinctive and non-descriptive. It losses its distinctiveness when registered owner of trademark does not take prompt action against its infringement. Trademark enforcement procedures including administrative procedure must be expedient, adequate, fair, equitable, and must not be complicated, costly and time consuming. Administrative procedure starts when application for trademark registration is opposed by the registered trademark owner before the concerned administrative authority. Trademark registration authorities are: (i) Trademark Registry under Intellectual Property Organization of Pakistan (IPO-Pakistan) in Pakistan, (ii) Intellectual Property Corporation of Malaysia (MyIPO) in Malaysia, and (iii) United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) in United States of America (USA). The registered owner of trademark may apply before the concerned administrative authority against the registration of identical trademark by adopting administrative procedure of trademark enforcement. This study is qualitative method of research a comparative analysis of administrative procedure of trademark enforcement in Pakistan, Malaysia and USA. After a comparative analysis of administrative procedure of trademark enforcement in Pakistan, Malaysia and USA, it is found that there are only three IP Tribunals in Pakistan and there is a need of more IP Tribunals which is required to give its decision within 90 days resultantly saves time and money of the people. It is also found that there is Trademark Trial and Appeal Board at USPTO, where appeal against decision of the Registrar may be filed by the aggrieved party thus a similar kind of body is required to be established at Trademark Registry in Pakistan. Furthermore, IP experts should be hired at IP Tribunal and at Trademark Registry for smooth implementation of administrative procedure of trademark enforcement in Pakistan.
38
Anemaet, Lotte. "The Fairy Tale of the Average Consumer: Why We Should Not Rely on the Real Consumer When Assessing the Likelihood of Confusion". GRUR International 69, n.º 10 (1 de octubre de 2020): 1008–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/grurint/ikaa109.
Texto completoResumen
Abstract The present article considers whether the confusion analysis in trademark law is at risk of being used strategically as a self-servicing mechanism by the industry to obtain trademark rights to descriptive, cultural and non-traditional signs. In this context, two features of the trademark system are particularly worrisome. First, trademark owners can strengthen the distinctive character of their marks by investing in marketing and branding campaigns. Second, trademark owners can afford expensive surveys demonstrating the high distinctiveness of their marks and strengthening their position in an infringement case. A study of 189 Dutch cases reveals that in the likelihood-of-confusion assessment, the degree of a mark’s distinctiveness and corresponding empirical findings can have a deep impact. However, the study also shows that descriptive, cultural and non-traditional signs were not often disputed. In practice, the risk of misappropriating these signs might therefore be limited. In some cases, however, trademark owners did succeed in achieving a broad scope of protection regarding descriptive, cultural and non-traditional signs. Therefore, national courts should have more room to make normative corrections in favour of freedom-of-competition interests. This would allow judges to prevent trademark owners from achieving unjustified economic advantages flowing from these signs.
39
Beebe, Barton. "An Empirical Study of the Multifactor Tests for Trademark Infringement". California Law Review 94, n.º 6 (1 de diciembre de 2006): 1581. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20439078.
Texto completo
40
To-aj, Oam y Prasertchai Suksa-ard. "Perceived Benefits of Trademark Infringement Law to Thai Sports Industry". Annals of Applied Sport Science 8, n.º 4 (1 de diciembre de 2020): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.29252/aassjournal.884.
Texto completo
41
Clement, Annie. "Intellectual Property and the Media: An Examination of Copyright, Trademark, and Right of Publicity in Sport". International Journal of Sport Communication 4, n.º 1 (marzo de 2011): 82–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.4.1.82.
Texto completoResumen
This treatise addresses the elements of the law of intellectual property (IP)—namely, copyright, trademark, and right of publicity—most important to members of the sport media. Statutes and court decisions under copyright include definition, rights of owners, fair use, licenses, secondary transmission, file sharing, and work for hire. Under trademark name confusion, dilution, trade dress, abandonment, and cancellation are described, and the current use of the right of publicity, a new member of the IP group, among athletes and entertainers is outlined. Infringement and criminal violation of IP rights are mentioned. The results of court cases focus on IP decisions in sport.
42
Liu, Kung-Chung y Shufeng Zheng. "Asian IP Law: An Area of Rising Importance". GRUR International 69, n.º 3 (28 de febrero de 2020): 249–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/grurint/ikaa013.
Texto completoResumen
Abstract Intellectual property (IP) laws are an important instrument for promoting cooperation and peace in Asia. In their own ways, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, China and India all serve as IP success stories. Structural features of the IP landscape in major Asian jurisdictions include the following: technocrat-driven IP law, national IP strategies and specialized IP or patent judges. In addition, there are five distinctively Asian developments worth noticing: the sweeping criminalization of copyright infringement, an explosion in the number of registered trademarks, the very limited use of compulsory patent licensing and the convergence on certain standards for the licensing of standard essential patents (SEPs). On the other hand, it is notable that an open-ended and general fair use clause has had a mixed reception in Asian copyright and trademark law. Finding ways to enhance cooperation across Asia, steering IP regimes through trade deals and free trade agreements (FTAs), envisioning a fairer (or at least more functional) mechanism for paying creators, and improving the quality and performance of IP or patent judges are among the important issues that need addressing in the continuing effort to leverage IP laws as a tool for prosperity and peace in Asia.
43
Bania, Doug. "Can Trademark Infringement Be a Victimless Crime? The Stone Creek v. Omnia Case". International Journal of Law and Public Administration 1, n.º 2 (13 de diciembre de 2018): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/ijlpa.v1i2.3879.
Texto completoResumen
This article examines a case in which the defendants had made unauthorized use of the plaintiff’s trademark but were nonetheless able to successfully defend themselves against the awarding of monetary damages. As it shows, to claim damages, trademark holders must demonstrate actual harm to their reputation or loss of potential profits. It describes the methods used by the author to determine the actual effect of the infringement, which included analyzing information regarding the defendants’ intentions and the parties’ industry and the findings of a consumer survey and of Internet search and social media analytic tools. The article argues for the importance of understanding the particularities of a given case and marketplace and the utility of readily available and inexpensive Internet analytic tools.
44
Hee, Shin Soo. "Debate on Secondary Liability of Online Service Provider for Trademark Infringement". Journal of Intellectual Property 10, n.º 4 (31 de diciembre de 2015): 133–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.34122/jip.2015.12.10.4.133.
Texto completo
45
McChesney, Fred S. "Deception, Trademark Infringement, and the Lanham Act: A Property-Rights Reconciliation". Virginia Law Review 78, n.º 1 (febrero de 1992): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1073302.
Texto completo
46
조영선. "Rethinking the Remedies for Trademark Infringement - Focusing on Simple negligence Immunity -". Korean Lawyers Association Journal 62, n.º 8 (agosto de 2013): 45–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17007/klaj.2013.62.8.002.
Texto completo
47
Wilde, T. Jesse. "Trademark Infringement, Misappropriation or Authorized Use?: Baltimore’s Quest for the “Colts”". Journal of Legal Aspects of Sport 5, n.º 2 (agosto de 1995): 74–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jlas.5.2.74.
Texto completo
48
Marsoof, A. "Online service providers and third party trademark infringement: an Australian perspective". International Journal of Law and Information Technology 22, n.º 2 (18 de julio de 2013): 75–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijlit/eat010.
Texto completo
49
Veronese, Alexandre y Marcelo Barros da Cunha. "A utilização das marcas alheias nos algoritmos de geração de palavras-chaves: uma análise sobre a jurisprudência do tribunal de justiça da união europeia para pensar sobre o caso brasileiro / l’utilisation de la marque d’autrui dans les générateurs de mots clés: une analyse des décisions de la cour de justice de l´union européenne pour reflechir sur le cas brésilien / The use of other parties trademarks in algorithms to generate keywords: an analysis of the Court of Justice of the European Union to shed light over the Brazilian case". Revista Brasileira de Direito 13, n.º 2 (18 de agosto de 2017): 232. http://dx.doi.org/10.18256/2238-0604/revistadedireito.v13n2p232-255.
Texto completoResumen
O objetivo do trabalho é expor considerações sobre a potencial violação do direito de marcas por motores de busca a partir de sistema de geração de palavras-chave por algoritmos. A introdução descreve o problema de pesquisa em termos gerais e expõe o acerto teórico utilizado para concluir que somente será possível pensar em soluções para estes conflitos jurídicos se houver a apreciação de um conceito de regulação em rede. Em síntese, é descrito o modelo de “comunitarismo de rede”, aperfeiçoado por Andrew D. Murray, a partir do qual se concluirá, com análise das disputas jurídicas no Brasil e na Europa, pela importância de estudar a novos modos de regulação cooperativa. A primeira seção do artigo descreve como a evolução tecnológica dos sistemas de navegação na Internet colocou os motores de busca em um papel central, em razão da necessidade de ordenar o grande volume de informação disponível. A segunda parte descreve as prescrições genéricas do direito internacional sobre propriedade intelectual e propriedade industrial, demonstrando a dificuldade de adaptação das normas tradicionais para o paradigma da Internet. Ainda, é indicado um dilema potencial relacionado aos algoritmos e base de dados – protegidos pelos direitos autorais – serem meios de perpetração de violações de direitos protegidos por normas de propriedade industrial. É detalhado o caso Louis Vuitton versus Google France SLC no qual o Tribunal de Justiça da União Europeia houve por considerar não haver responsabilidade do motor de busca por violação de marca. A terceira seção analisa casos brasileiros, julgados por tribunais de apelação, para concluir que o resultado dos julgados é parecido com o paradigma da União Europeia, contudo com uma inovação: a exclusão de responsabilização com base na premissa técnica de que os algoritmos utilizados inviabilizariam o exame prévio das palavras-chave. A conclusão do artigo reside na importância de buscar soluções cooperativas de regulação, em razão da complexidade técnica envolvida, sendo possível intuir a fruição dos benefícios de ação conjunto dos agentes de comércio em prol de um ambiente de negócios saudável, que deriva das tradições do direito mercantil.AbstractThe paper exposes considerations over potential trademarks infringements by the keyword generation algorithms. The introduction describes the research problem in broad terms in order to show that an effective analysis should use a networked regulation theoretical framework. It is described the model named “network communitarism”, created by Andrew D. Murray from which it will be, after assessing the judicial disputes both in Brazil and in the European Union, of the importance of study of new cooperative regulation models. The first part of the article describes how the technological evolution of Internet browsing has granted the search engines a central role to deal with the necessity to organize the enormous volume of available information. The second section describes the general norms of the international intellectual property law to indicate the complex operation to adapt them to the Internet new paradigm. Therefore it is indicated a potential legal dilemma due to the fact that algorithms and databases are protected by copyright laws and are also means to violate industrial property rights. The final ruling of the European Court of Justice in the Louis Vuitton against Google France SLC case is detailed, and it is shown that it determined the absence of trademark infringement in the conduct of the search engine. The third section assesses some Brazilian appellate rulings and concludes that the panorama there is similar to the European case. Notwithstanding, the Brazilian courts utilize an additional argument: the technical premise that the algorithm system is unable to make a previous exam of the keywords contents – and potential violation. The conclusion of the article focuses on the importance to debate and find new cooperative regulatory solutions, as something possible to infer from both the technological complexity of the problem and the own enterprises need of a good business environment.KeywordsInternet – Industrial Property – Trademark Law – Rulings – European Court of Justice – Comparison.ResuméeL'objectif de l´article est de présenter des considérations au sujet de la violation potentielle du droit des marques par les moteurs de recherche à partir de mots-clés générés par des systèmes techniques et des algorithmes. L'introduction décrit le problème de la recherche en general, et, ensuite, elle décrit le cadre théorique utilisé pour conclure qu´il n´est pas possible de trouver une solution à ces conflits juridiques sans l'examen du concept de régulation en réseau. En bref, elle décrit le modèle de «communautarisme en réseau», mis au point par Andrew D. Murray, à partir duquel se fera l'analyse des litiges en Europe et au Brésil. Au fin, se concluira par l'importance d'étudier des nouveaux moyens de régulation coopérative. La première partie de l'article décrit comment l'évolution technologique des systèmes de navigation de la Toile a mis les moteurs de recherche dans un rôle central, en raison de la nécessité d´organiser un grand volume d'informations disponibles. La deuxième partie décrit les dispositions générales du droit international sur la propriété intellectuelle et la propriété industrielle, ce qui démontre la difficulté d'adapter les normes traditionnelles au paradigme de l'Internet. Pourtant, un dilemme potentiel lié à des algorithmes et à la base de données est qu´ils sont protégés par le droit d'auteur mais également ils sont um moyen de commettre des violations d´autres droits protégés par les règles de la propriété industrielle, comme le droit de marque. La section détaille de cas Louis Vuitton vs Google France dans la Cour de Justice de l'Union européenne qui n´engagait pas la responsabilité du moteur de recherche em ce qui concerne la violation de marque. La troisième section analyse les cas brésiliens de certaines cours d'appel dont l'issue des procès est similaire au paradigme de l'UE, mais avec une innovation: l'imputabilité de l'exclusion fondée sur l'hypothèse technique que les algorithmes utilisés rendraint impossible l´examen préalable des mots clés. La conclusion de l'article traite de l'importance de l´étude de solutions juridiques dans le paradigme de la régulation coopérative, en raison de la complexité technique en cause, et elle indique la possibilite de profiter de l´interêt de tous les agents commerciaux d´avoir un environnement d'affaires sain issu des traditions de droit commerciaux.Mots-cléInternet – Proprieté Industrielle – Droit de Marque – Arrêts – Cour de Justice de l´Union Européenne – Comparasion.
50
McDonald, Bruce. "US Supreme Court holds willfulness unnecessary for award of profits in trade mark infringement case". Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice 15, n.º 7 (1 de junio de 2020): 497–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jiplp/jpaa081.
Texto completoResumen
Abstract Romag Fasteners, Inc v Fossil, Inc, No 18–1233, --- S.Ct. ----, 2020 WL 1942012 (23 April 2020) On 23 April 2020, the US Supreme Court held that a trade mark infringement plaintiff is not required to prove that a defendant acted ‘willfully’ in order to recover profits as an equitable remedy under section 35(a) of the Federal Trademark Act of 1946 (the ‘Lanham Act’), 15 USC s 1117(a).