Artículos de revistas:

1

Petrequin, Pierre. "I. Les lacs de Chalain et de Clairvaux : dynamique évolutive des styles céramiques et transferts de population". Gallia préhistoire 40, n.º 1 (1998): 133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/galip.1998.2396.

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2

Mathieu, Jacques y Lina Gouger. "Transferts de population". Annales de Bretagne et des pays de l’Ouest 95, n.º 4 (1988): 337–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/abpo.1988.3296.

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3

Ouédraogo, Dieudonné O. "Transferts de population et changements de rôles de la femme au Sahel". Articles 21, n.º 1 (25 de marzo de 2004): 151–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/010108ar.

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RÉSUMÉ Quelles sont les implications pour les femmes des transferts de population des zones pauvres vers des zones d'aménagement agricole? À partir de l'expenence sahéhenne, l'article suggère que, même si les transferts de population sont généralement accompagnés d'un accroissement significatif des ressources familiales, ils n'entraînent pas nécessairement une amélioration de la condition feminine. Il semble plutôt que celle-ci tend à se détériorer dans les périmètres aménagés.

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4

Howe, Brendan M. "Laos in 2012". Asian Survey 53, n.º 1 (enero de 2013): 150–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2013.53.1.150.

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The year 2012 saw rapid economic growth, resource development, and a young, dynamic population starting to change the face of Lao public life. The governing Lao People’s Revolutionary Party was quick to claim across the board success. There remain, however, significant caveats: success has been moderate, and growth has come with human costs.

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5

Castonguay, Charles. "Les transferts linguistiques dans l’Outaouais". Cahiers de géographie du Québec 33, n.º 89 (12 de abril de 2005): 241–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/022032ar.

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La mobilité linguistique se solde dans l'Outaouais par une légère anglicisation de sa population francophone avec un taux net se maintenant environ à 2% depuis 1971. Les transferts nets du français à l'anglais sont un peu plus fréquents dans la conurbation de Hull qu'en région rurale. En milieu urbain, ces transferts sont compensés partiellement par une certaine francisation d'allophones. En comparaison, de 1971 à 1986, l'anglicisation des francophones a augmenté sensiblement dans la conurbation ontarienne d'Ottawa, s'élevant jusqu'à 23% au dernier recensement. Cette différenciation de la situation linguistique de part et d'autre de la frontière interprovinciale s'expliquerait davantage par une migration interne différentielle selon les affinités linguistiques que par un impact direct des lois linguistiques du Québec (22 ou 101) sur le comportement linguistique des habitants de l'Outaouais.

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6

Courtenay, Ken y Chantharavady Choulamany. "Mental healthcare in Laos". International Psychiatry 4, n.º 4 (octubre de 2007): 90–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s1749367600005269.

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Laos (officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic) is a land-locked country in South East Asia, and one of the three former French colonies of Indochina. Since 1989, when it was opened to foreigners, there has been an influx of non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and tourists. From 1998 tourist numbers have increased every year, and Laos has become the ‘must see’ destination in a travel industry that craves the exotic. It has an old and rich culture with a diverse population. The climate is tropical, with a cool dry season and a hot wet season, when temperatures reach 38°C.

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7

Sitbounlang, Philavanh, Agnès Marchio, Eric Deharo, Phimpha Paboriboune y Pascal Pineau. "The Threat of Multiple Liver Carcinogens in the Population of Laos: A Review". Livers 1, n.º 1 (5 de marzo de 2021): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/livers1010005.

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Laos is a landlocked country in South East Asia, ranking fifth for primary liver cancer incidence worldwide. Risk factors that might explain this worrying situation are poorly known. We conducted a review of the literature concerning the etiologies of terminal liver diseases in Laos. A double infectious burden with hepatitis B and C viruses and the liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini seems to be the main cause of the high liver cancer incidence. Moreover, it was also suggested that mutagenic substances frequently found in tobacco, alcoholic beverages, fermented fish, and mold-contaminated cereals or nuts, which are all substances heavily consumed by Lao people, lead to the accumulation of DNA mutations in the liver cell genome causing tumor processes. However, the respective proportions of liver cancer cases attributable to each category of infections and substances consumed, as well as the histological nature of the neoplasia are still not precisely documented in Laos. The international medical and scientific communities as well as public health stakeholders should urgently consider the alarming situation of liver health in Laos to stimulate both research and subsequent implementation of prevention policies.

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8

BIZADEA, George. "HMONG. THE SECRET ARMY". STRATEGIES XXI - National Defence College 1, n.º 72 (15 de julio de 2021): 356–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.53477/2668-5094-21-25.

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This article aims to analyze the role of the Hmong population in the Indochina conflict. US President Dwight D. Eisenhower considered Laos a buffer state according to theDominion Theory and as such much more strategically important than Vietnam. To avoid the fall of Laos under communism and thus the spread of communism in the region, Eisenhower turned to the services of the C.I.A., because he could not intervene officially in Laos without violating the Geneva Convention.Keywords: Indochina; Laos; Vietnam; war; United States of America; Hmong, Central Intelligence Agency.

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9

Lerch, M. y P. Wanner. "Les facteurs déterminants de la réception de transferts de fonds des migrants et leur impact sur la pauvreté en Albanie". Geographica Helvetica 60, n.º 3 (30 de septiembre de 2005): 201–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gh-60-201-2005.

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Abstract. La présente étude identifie les facteurs qui déterminent la réception de transferts de fonds de migrants en Albanie, afin de fournir des informations quant à leur impact sur le niveau de vie des ménages. Si un cinquième de la population albanaise a quitté le pays depuis 1989, les transferts de fonds ont réprésente durant cette même période jusqu'à 20% du Produit National Brut (PNB) et, en terme de valeur médiane, 44% du revenu ménager des bénéficiaires. Comme le montrent les résultats d'une régression logistique appliquée sur les données d'une enquête (Albania living Standard measurement survey), effectuée en 2002, cet apport financier se concentre dans les régions économiquement développées drainant les flux de migration interne, à savoir la région cˆtiére. Or, les transferts de fonds bénéficient le plus aux couches inférieures de l'échelle sociale régionale. En effet, les ménages bénéficiaires sont caractérisés par un handicap tant économique que social. Les transferts de fonds en Albanie semblent donc renforcer les disparités de richesses entre les régions, mais jouent un rôle actif dans la réduction des inégalités inter-familiales de revenu dans les espaces centraux et atténuent la pauvreté.

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10

Maheu, Robert. "Les transferts linguistiques au Québec entre 1975 et 1977". Cahiers québécois de démographie 7, n.º 3 (7 de enero de 2009): 109–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/600772ar.

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RÉSUMÉ Le nouveau formulaire de déclaration de naissance en usage au Québec depuis juin 1975 comporte des questions sur la langue maternelle du père et de la mère ainsi que sur la principale langue d’usage à la maison de la mère. On dispose donc d’une source de renseignements sur les transferts linguistiques entre les recensements décennaux. Les données des années 1975 à 1977 révèlent une situation assez semblable à celle observée au recensement de 1971. Des liens importants sont établis entre les transferts linguistiques et l’exogamie linguistique. Le comportement de divers sous-ensembles de la population est passé en revue.

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11

Blancquaert, Arnaud, Nicholas-James Clavet, Jean-Yves Duclos, Bernard Fortin y Steeve Marchand. "TAUX MARGINAUX EFFECTIFS D’IMPOSITION : UNE COMPARAISON QUÉBEC-ONTARIO". Articles 93, n.º 4 (8 de abril de 2019): 531–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1058593ar.

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Cet article présente un portrait pour 2014 des taux marginaux effectifs d’imposition (TMEI) sur le revenu de travail et des taux d’imposition à la participation (PTR) au marché de l’emploi au Québec et en Ontario. L’objectif est de mieux comprendre et de comparer l’impact de la fiscalité et des transferts sociaux sur les incitations au travail dans ces deux provinces. Le système québécois, relativement à celui de l’Ontario, engendre des TMEI et des PTR élevés attribuables à la réduction rapide des transferts avec le revenu de travail ainsi qu’à une plus grande générosité des transferts pour les familles. Les TMEI québécois sont particulièrement élevés et variables entre 0 et 50 000 $. Le TMEI des familles biparentales aux revenus d’environ 20 000 $ dépasse même les 125 %; 40 % de ces familles biparentales font face à un TMEI qui dépasse 50 %. La moyenne des PTR dans l’ensemble de la population est de 41 %. Toutefois, pour les individus de 65 ans et plus ayant des revenus faibles, le système québécois engendre des TMEI et des PTR significativement inférieurs à ceux qui découlent du système ontarien.

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12

Mottet, Éric. "Un Plan Nord comme outil géopolitique en RDP lao : le cas du développement des terres et des ressources naturelles de Luang Namtha". Cahiers de géographie du Québec 57, n.º 160 (6 de agosto de 2013): 115–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1017807ar.

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Résumé Dans un contexte d’ouverture et d’intégration régionale, la province de Luang Namtha cristallise l’ensemble des défis auxquels le Laos doit faire face aujourd’hui. En effet, cette région connaît depuis une dizaine d’années des changements importants liés à la construction du corridor nord-sud reliant la Chine à la Thaïlande. Ce Plan Nord, piloté par la Banque asiatique de développement et la Chine, constitue la colonne vertébrale du quadrangle économique, espace transfrontalier de croissance. Pour le gouvernement lao, l’objectif est, d’une part, de transformer ces marges montagneuses en vaste espace de libre-échange et, d’autre part, de consolider l’existence de l’État-nation moderne, à travers le transfert des populations montagnardes vers les plaines afin de mieux contrôler le territoire et ses ressources. En réalité, ce corridor économique constitue un nouvel axe de pénétration pour les investissements laotiens et étrangers privilégiant la mise en exploitation des terres, l’extraction des ressources minières et la production d’hydroélectricité. Le territoire de la province de Luang Namtha et les populations qui y vivent, contraintes de s’adapter aux changements radicaux provoqués par la nouvelle stratégie du pouvoir central, subissent des transformations en profondeur mettant en relief des conflits autour d’enjeux sociaux et environnementaux.

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13

Conlan, James V., Khamphouth Vongxay, Boualam Khamlome, Richard G. Jarman, Robert V. Gibbons, Stanley G. Fenwick, R. C. A. Thompson y Stuart D. Blacksell. "Patterns of Flavivirus Seroprevalence in the Human Population of Northern Laos". American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 93, n.º 5 (4 de noviembre de 2015): 1010–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.15-0072.

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14

Kobayashi, Karen. "Vern L. Bengtson and Ariela Lowenstein (Eds.). Global Aging and Challenges to Families. Hawthorne, NY: Aldine de Gruyter, 2003." Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement 23, n.º 4 (2004): 375–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cja.2005.0023.

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RÉSUMÉCette collection éditée contient les essais d'auteurs de neuf pays qui analysent les retombées du vieillissement de la population sur les familles aux niveaux individuel, collectif et socio-structurel. Fondés sur la notion de perspectives du tracé de vie et de la modernisation, les thèmes clés comprennent, notamment : 1) l'importance continué de la solidarité familiale et intergénérationnelle dans la vie des personnes âgées; 2) l'incidence de la longévité croissante des aînés sur la prise en charge par les familles; 3) la diversité et la complexité croissantes des relations familiales, et leur incidence sur les transferts et le soutien intergénérationnels; 4) les rapports entre attentes et attitudes et transferts et soutien intergénérationnels; et 5) les liens d'interdépendance entre la solidarité publique (d'État) et privée (la famille). L'ouvrage, qui réunit les perspectives diverses d'un groupe de chercheurs internationaux spécialisés dans le trajet de vie et le vieillissement, permet d'amorcer un débat mondial sur des sujets émergents, tels que le rôle du capital social dans la création de réseaux sociaux pour les personnes âgées prises en charge par leur famille, et l'importance de la nature et du sens des transferts privés sur la solidarité intergénérationnelle et le bien-être des familles.

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15

Xayalath, Somsy, Malam Abulbashar Mujitaba, Art David Sol Valmoria Ortega y József Rátky. "A review on the trend of livestock breeds in Laos". Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, n.º 1 (1 de junio de 2021): 227–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/1/9047.

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When the livestock sector is considered an essential role in farmers' livelihood, and local breeds are still the critical component of animal breeding in Laos. Thus, there is a need to review the previous, current situation and prospects for Laos' livestock production. It aimed to study the different traits among the existing dominant local and improved livestock breeds (cattle, pig, and goat) and a more in-depth study on the livestock sector's previous evolving and prospects. Our findings revealed that the general trend of livestock population in Laos increased year-by-year for over 45 years, except for 1995 to 2000. It was decreased by almost 22% due to the new national strategy on economic revolution. The first foreign breeds were introduced into Laos, i.e., Large White, Landrace, and Duroc in 1980, Red Sindhi bulls in 1998, the frozen semen of Red Brahman 2003, and Bach Thao goats between 2001 to 2003. Unfortunately, many data are still not precise for introducing other foreign breeds like Boer goats, Thai Grey and Red Brahman. There were many missing data on the improvement of livestock breeds in Laos, including the local and improved breeds' reproductive and productive performance, which needs more study and research. We conclude that the semi-complex farm operation should be applied to improve livestock breeding and their productions in Laos.

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Quintana, Álvaro Rafael, José Manuel Perea, María Llanos Palop, Ana Garzón y Ramón Arias. "Influence of Environmental and Productive Factors on the Biodiversity of Lactic Acid Bacteria Population from Sheep Milk". Animals 10, n.º 11 (22 de noviembre de 2020): 2180. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10112180.

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Milk is a typical and satisfactory medium for the growth of lactic acid bacteria (LAB). These microorganisms are of vital importance in the quality of the milk since they contribute to its preservation and give differential organoleptic properties to the final product. Furthermore, LABs can act as biocontrol agents in the dairy industry by inhibiting the growth of undesirable bacteria present in milk and by improving the quality of dairy products such as cheese. In this context, knowing the transfer routes used by LABs from the livestock environment to the milk is of great importance within the dairy industry. Therefore, the objectives of the present study were to expand the knowledge of the LAB population present in the milk of Manchego ewe by means of DNA sequencing techniques and to evaluate the possible transfers of LAB species based on the management of each dairy farm. Samples of bulk tank milk, air (from the milking parlour and from the livestock housing), animal feed and teat surface (taken from 10 sheep per farm) were collected in 12 traditional livestock farms in Castilla-La Mancha (Spain), where each farm presented differences regarding their farming practices. A mixed-effects model was used to evaluate the effects of livestock practices on the distribution of LAB species. Results showed that the vast majority of species identified in the milk had an isolate that was also found in other matrices, which could indicate a microbial transference via the livestock environment to the milk. In addition, the mixed model showed that the factors that positively influence the LAB count were the low-line milking system and the daily use of acid detergent in cleaning the milking machine.

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17

Tappe, Oliver. "Towards a historical anthropology of Upland Laos". Highlander: Journal of Highland Asia 1, n.º 1 (21 de diciembre de 2019): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2218/thj.v1.2019.4186.

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When travelling across Houaphan province in upland north-eastern Laos in 2010, I took with me a copy of James Scott’s (2009) Art of Not Being Governed. This thought-provoking book offered fresh perspectives to exploring this ‘Zomian’ landscape and its ethnolinguistically diverse population. Indeed a historical frontier zone of refuge and opportunity, Houaphan’s forested mountains always constituted an escape option for people facing (Siamese, Vietnamese, lowland Lao, or French colonial) imperial interventions (Boutin 1937; Tappe 2015). Even today, the different ethnic groups of Houaphan demonstrate a wide range of flexible livelihoods such as swidden cultivation that carried them through times of crisis and war at the margins of lowland state formations, often seeking creative ways to keep state authorities at bay.

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18

Kloiber, Andrew. "Brewing Relations: Coffee, East Germany, and Laos". Gastronomica 17, n.º 4 (2017): 61–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/gfc.2017.17.4.61.

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This investigation contributes to studies of post-1945 Europe and the Cold War by examining the culture, economics, and politics surrounding the consumption of a single commodity in East Germany, coffee. Coffee was associated with many cultural values and traditions that became tied to the GDR's official image of socialism. When the regime's ability to supply this good was jeopardized in 1975–77, the government sought out new sources of coffee in the developing, so-called Third World. East Germany entered into long-term trade and development projects with countries such as Angola, Ethiopia, Laos, and Vietnam to secure sufficient beans to supply its own population – this article singles out the GDR's relationship with Laos for discussion. These trade deals connected East Germany to a much broader, globalizing economy, and led to certain lasting effects on the world coffee trade.

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19

Duclos, Jean-Yves, Bernard Fortin y Andrée-Anne Fournier. "Une analyse des taux marginaux effectifs d’imposition au Québec". Articles 84, n.º 1 (19 de febrero de 2009): 5–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/019973ar.

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Résumé Cet article dresse un portrait de la situation des taux marginaux effectifs d’imposition (TMEI) sur le revenu de travail au Québec. Il vise à permettre une meilleure compréhension de l’impact des politiques gouvernementales sur le comportement des agents économiques sur le marché de la main-d’oeuvre. À l’aide d’un modèle de microsimulation comptable reproduisant les systèmes d’impôts et de transferts au Québec pour 2002, nous mesurons les TMEI qui résultent de l’interaction des mécanismes de perception et de redistribution. En outre, nous en évaluons la répartition au sein de la population. L’analyse de ces taux démontre, entre autres, que la politique familiale du gouvernement, dont l’aide est ciblée vers les familles à faible revenu, engendre des TMEI élevés attribuables à la réduction généralement rapide des transferts avec le revenu de travail Ainsi, plus du quart des chefs de famille monoparentale ont un TMEI pouvant atteindre, et même excéder, 80 %. Quant aux familles biparentales, elles font majoritairement face à un TMEI qui approche 50 %. Nous montrons l’importance de tenir compte de l’hétérogénéité, à la fois selon les types de familles et selon les niveaux de revenu, de manière à bien évaluer la variabilité des TMEI à travers la population.

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Davis, Elizabeth Oneita y Jenny Anne Glikman. "An Assessment of Wildlife Use by Northern Laos Nationals". Animals 10, n.º 4 (15 de abril de 2020): 685. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10040685.

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Unsustainable wildlife trade is a well-publicized area of international concern in Laos. Historically rich in both ethnic and biological diversity, Laos has emerged in recent years as a nexus for cross-border trade in floral and faunal wildlife, including endangered and threatened species. However, there has been little sustained research into the scale and scope of consumption of wildlife by Laos nationals themselves. Here, we conducted 100 semistructured interviews to gain a snapshot of consumption of wildlife in northern Laos, where international and in some cases illegal wildlife trade is known to occur. We found that although bear bile for medicine was the most common product consumed, individuals also used a variety of other products, including animals considered endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature IUCN. The majority of animals we found consumed are classified as “Vulnerable” or “Least Threatened” by the IUCN; however, sufficient demand for a species can cause increased, rapid decline in the species’ population and significantly increase the challenge of conserving them. These results therefore illuminate where conservation priorities should shift towards, so that stable-yet-consumed species do not mirror the fate of highly trafficked animals.

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Kemp, Neville, Michael Dilger, Neil Burgess y Chu Van Dung. "The saola Pseudoryx nghetinhensis in Vietnam – new information on distribution and habitat preferences, and conservation needs". Oryx 31, n.º 1 (enero de 1997): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3008.1997.d01-86.x.

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In 1995 a new population of the recently described, endangered bovid, the saola Pseudoryx nghetinhensis, was found in the forests of Bu Huong, Nghe An Province in Vietnam. The new records were to the north of the main known populations, and represent an important range extension for the species. The new population may number only 30 individuals and appears to be confined to river valleys in primary forest. Investigations at this site and a compilation of published and unpublished data suggest that the range of the species in Vietnam and Laos includes over 5000 sq km of mountainous terrain, four protected areas (Vu Quang and Pu Mat, Nature Reserves [Vietnam], Nakai Nam Theun and Hin Namnu National Biodiversity Conservation Areas [Laos]), and three proposed protected areas (Bu Hong [Vietnam], Nam Chuan and Nakai Nam Theun Northern Extension National Boidiversity Conservation Areas [Laos]). All known locations for the species are mountainous with steep river valleys, covered by evergreen or semideciduous forests between 300 and 1800 m, with low human disturbance. The main threats to its survival are hunting by local villagers and clearance of forests to provide farmland. Both need to be tackled if the saola and other forest-endemic species of this area are to persist.

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Lepage, Jean-François. "L’oubli de la langue maternelle : les données du recensement sous-estiment-elles les transferts linguistiques ?" Articles 40, n.º 1 (9 de diciembre de 2011): 61–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1006632ar.

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La question sur la langue maternelle dans le recensement canadien comporte une condition — la première langue apprise dans l’enfance doit être encore comprise — susceptible d’introduire un biais dans la mesure des transferts linguistiques. Il est impossible de mesurer directement l’importance de ce biais à partir des données de recensement, mais les données de l’Enquête sociale générale (ESG), où la question sur la langue maternelle est posée en deux volets, permettent d’étudier directement le phénomène de l’oubli de la langue maternelle. En regroupant les données provenant de quatre cycles de l’ESG, on constate que le phénomène est globalement marginal et qu’il n’affecte pratiquement pas les anglophones, ni les francophones du Québec et des régions limitrophes. Même si l’oubli de la langue maternelle est significatif chez certains sous-groupes de la population (les francophones vivant en milieu très minoritaire et les personnes de tierce langue maternelle nées au Canada), l’incidence de ces cas sur les calculs de transferts linguistiques reste faible.

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Keyfitz, Nathan. "Faut-il ajuster les données de recensement?" Articles 18, n.º 2 (25 de marzo de 2004): 247–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/010015ar.

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RÉSUMÉ On oublie trop facilement de se demander quelle est la population visée par les programmes de transferts, et quel était l'objectif de la législation qui les a créés. Les fonds versés aux provinces ou aux États au titre de la santé sont destinés aux personnes malades dépourvues des moyens de se faire traiter, non aux gens en bonne santé ou assez riches pour se payer des soins. Quand on estime une population cible à partir de l'effectif de la population, l'écart entre celui-ci et la population cible atteint des ordres de grandeur beaucoup plus importants que l'écart entre la population dénombrée par le recensement et la population réelle, fl faut faire porter nos recherches sur la population cible plutôt que sur l'erreur censitaire, qui est négligeable.

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Vandergeest, Peter. "Affectation des terres et déplacements de population induits par le développement au Laos". Revue internationale des sciences sociales 175, n.º 1 (2003): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/riss.175.0049.

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Sengchaleun, Viengsamay y Daniel Reinharz. "Which Target Population for Promotion Programs on Health Infant Feeding Practice in Laos?" Food and Nutrition Sciences 12, n.º 08 (2021): 818–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/fns.2021.128061.

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26

LEE, CHI-FENG, JAN BEZDĔK y HARUKI SUENAGA. "Revision of Menippus (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae) of Taiwan and Menippus dimidiaticornis species group with a new generic synonymy". Zootaxa 3427, n.º 1 (17 de agosto de 2012): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3427.1.1.

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The genus Issikia Chûjô, 1961 has been reduced to a junior synonym of Menippus Clark, 1864. Three Taiwanese species of Menippus are recognized: M. asahinai (Chûjô, 1962), new combination (originally described in Issikia); M. sericea (Weise, 1889), status revived (hitherto misidentified as the Taiwanese population of M. dimidiaticornis); and M. hsuehleeae, new species from north Taiwan. Menippus dimidiaticornis species group is a cluster of six species including M. sericea and four new species namely M. nepalensis, new species from Nepal; M. gressitti, new species from Laos, Vietnam, and China (Hainan); M. beeneni, new species from China (Shaanxi, Shanxi); and M. murzini, new species from Thailand, Laos, and Cambodia.

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27

Castonguay, Charles. "Virage démographique et Québec français". Articles 17, n.º 1 (24 de octubre de 2008): 49–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/600629ar.

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RÉSUMÉ L’auteur souligne l’étroite interrelation qui existe dans le domaine linguistique au Québec entre le climat socio-politique et la diffusion de résultats démographiques. Interrogeant le déclin de la population francophone en Amérique du Nord, il met en question la thèse de la polarisation linguistique du Canada. Un examen des facteurs qui déterminent la taille et la composition linguistique futures de la population québécoise fait ressortir le tournant extrêmement difficile dans lequel le Québec français se trouve engagé. Les données les plus récentes sur les migrations interprovinciales et les transferts linguistiques susciteront vraisemblablement prudence et fermeté afin d’éviter un dérapage linguistique.

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28

Nash, Denae, Shalini Nair, Mayfong Mayxay, Paul N. Newton, Jean-Paul Guthmann, François Nosten y Tim J. C. Anderson. "Selection strength and hitchhiking around two anti-malarial resistance genes". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 272, n.º 1568 (2 de junio de 2005): 1153–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2004.3026.

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Neutral mutations may hitchhike to high frequency when they are situated close to sites under positive selection, generating local reductions in genetic diversity. This process is thought to be an important determinant of levels of genomic variation in natural populations. The size of genome regions affected by genetic hitchhiking is expected to be dependent on the strength of selection, but there is little empirical data supporting this prediction. Here, we compare microsatellite variation around two drug resistance genes (chloroquine resistance transporter ( pfcrt ), chromosome 7, and dihydrofolate reductase ( dhfr ), chromosome 4) in malaria parasite populations exposed to strong (Thailand) or weak selection (Laos) by anti-malarial drugs. In each population, we examined the point mutations underlying resistance and length variation at 22 (chromosome 4) or 25 (chromosome 7) microsatellite markers across these chromosomes. All parasites from Thailand carried the K76T mutation in pfcrt conferring resistance to chloroquine (CQ) and 2–4 mutations in dhfr conferring resistance to pyrimethamine. By contrast, we found both wild-type and resistant alleles at both genes in Laos. There were dramatic differences in the extent of hitchhiking in the two countries. The size of genome regions affected was smaller in Laos than in Thailand. We observed significant reduction in variation relative to sensitive parasites for 34–64 kb (2–4 cM) in Laos on chromosome 4, compared with 98–137 kb (6–8 cM) in Thailand. Similarly, on chromosome 7, we observed reduced variation for 34–69 kb (2–4 cM) around pfcrt in Laos, but for 195–268 kb (11–16 cM) in Thailand. Reduction in genetic variation was also less extreme in Laos than in Thailand. Most loci were monomorphic in a 12 kb region surrounding both genes on resistant chromosomes from Thailand, whereas in Laos, even loci immediately proximal to selective sites showed some variation on resistant chromosomes. Finally, linkage disequilibrium (LD) decayed more rapidly around resistant pfcrt and dhfr alleles from Laos than from Thailand. These results demonstrate that different realizations of the same selective sweeps may vary considerably in size and shape, in a manner broadly consistent with selection history. From a practical perspective, genomic regions containing resistance genes may be most effectively located by genome-wide association in populations exposed to strong drug selection. However, the lower levels of LD surrounding resistance alleles in populations under weak selection may simplify identification of functional mutations.

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29

Plyer, Ségolène. "Les transferts de population en Europe à l’issue de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Le cas allemand". Raison présente N° 203, n.º 3 (2017): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/rpre.203.0033.

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30

Vasilyev, S. V. y S. B. Borutskaya. "PALEOANTHROPOLOGY OF THE UPPER PALAEOLITHIC POPULATION OF LAOS (on materials of site Tam Hang)". VESTNIK ARHEOLOGII, ANTROPOLOGII I ETNOGRAFII, n.º 1 (32) (2016): 78–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.20874/2071-0437-2016-32-1-078-090.

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31

Wang, Yan-Ping, Chay Bounphanousay, Kongpanh Kanyavong, Ikuo Nakamura, Yo-Ichiro Sato, Tadashi Sato, Hong-Sheng Zhang, Ling-hua Tang y Ryuji Ishikawa. "Population structural analysis of an in-situ conservation site for wild rice in Laos". Genes ^|^ Genetic Systems 87, n.º 5 (2012): 311–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1266/ggs.87.311.

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32

Zafar, Sumaira, Oleg Shipin, Richard E. Paul, Joacim Rocklöv, Ubydul Haque, Md Siddikur Rahman, Mayfong Mayxay et al. "Development and Comparison of Dengue Vulnerability Indices Using GIS-Based Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis in Lao PDR and Thailand". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, n.º 17 (6 de septiembre de 2021): 9421. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179421.

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Dengue is a continuous health burden in Laos and Thailand. We assessed and mapped dengue vulnerability in selected provinces of Laos and Thailand using multi-criteria decision approaches. An ecohealth framework was used to develop dengue vulnerability indices (DVIs) that explain links between population, social and physical environments, and health to identify exposure, susceptibility, and adaptive capacity indicators. Three DVIs were constructed using two objective approaches, Shannon’s Entropy (SE) and the Water-Associated Disease Index (WADI), and one subjective approach, the Best-Worst Method (BWM). Each DVI was validated by correlating the index score with dengue incidence for each spatial unit (district and subdistrict) over time. A Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r) larger than 0.5 and a p-value less than 0.05 implied a good spatial and temporal performance. Spatially, DVIWADI was significantly correlated on average in 19% (4–40%) of districts in Laos (mean r = 0.5) and 27% (15–53%) of subdistricts in Thailand (mean r = 0.85). The DVISE was validated in 22% (12–40%) of districts in Laos and in 13% (3–38%) of subdistricts in Thailand. The DVIBWM was only developed for Laos because of lack of data in Thailand and was significantly associated with dengue incidence on average in 14% (0–28%) of Lao districts. The DVIWADI indicated high vulnerability in urban centers and in areas with plantations and forests. In 2019, high DVIWADI values were observed in sparsely populated areas due to elevated exposure, possibly from changes in climate and land cover, including urbanization, plantations, and dam construction. Of the three indices, DVIWADI was the most suitable vulnerability index for the study area. The DVIWADI can also be applied to other water-associated diseases, such as Zika and chikungunya, to highlight priority areas for further investigation and as a tool for prevention and interventions.

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33

Laponce, Jean A. "Conseil au Prince qui voudrait assurer la survie du français en Amérique du Nord". Articles 17, n.º 1 (24 de octubre de 2008): 35–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/600628ar.

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RÉSUMÉ Après une brève analyse de la natalité, des transferts linguistiques, du taux d’endogamie et des mouvements migratoires interprovinciaux, l’auteur prend en compte l’impact des grandes tendances démographiques mondiales sur l’avenir de la langue française en Amérique du Nord. Il en conclut que pour assurer cet avenir, il y aurait lieu de s’inspirer de l’exemple suisse, c’est-à-dire favoriser la concentration de la population minoritaire, donner à celle-ci le contrôle de ses frontières et prendre comme objectif principal la protection de la langue plutôt que la survivance de l’ethnie.

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34

Foisy, Catherine. "De l’Afrique au Québec : les réseaux missionnaires comme vecteurs d’intégration socio-ecclésiale". Articles 81, n.º 1-2 (28 de septiembre de 2015): 165–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1033258ar.

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Cet article cherche à identifier les impacts de certains transferts culturels opérés depuis les réseaux missionnaires auxquels participent des Québécois depuis 1945 vers leur société et leur Église d’origine, spécialement en ce qui a trait à l’accueil des populations d’immigration récente. Plus spécifiquement, c’est en s’arrêtant au travail réalisé auprès d’immigrants africains par les Missionnaires d’Afrique (Pères blancs) à travers le Centre Afrika qu’ils fondent à Montréal en 1989, que nous interrogeons les dynamiques reliant l’expérience missionnaire québécoise aux défis d’intégration posés par une diversification ethnoculturelle croissante de la population catholique québécoise.

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35

Redfern, Jerry y Karen J. Coates. "The Flavor of Danger". Gastronomica 11, n.º 4 (2011): 99–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/gfc.2012.11.4.99.

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The article describes the effects of unexploded ordnance, known as UXO, on food production and farming culture in Laos. Between 1964 and 1973 the United States flew more than 580,000 bombing missions over Laos, and an estimated 30 percent of all munitions dropped did not explode as designed. Millions of those unexploded bombs remain in the ground today. UXO poses daily risks to life and limb for the Laotian population, particularly Laotian farmers and rural residents. The story is told through photos, individual interviews and first-hand reporting along The Ho Chi Minh Trail, in Phonsavanh (also known as Phonsavan) town, in Xiengkhouang (also known as Xiangkhoang and Xiangkhouang) Province and in Phongsali Province. Special emphasis is placed on the continuing danger of decades-old cluster munitions, also known as “bombies.” Traditional Laotian foods laap, or lam, and sticky rice are also noted.

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36

Vu, Quyet Manh, Venkat Lakshmi y John Bolten. "Assessment of the Biomass Productivity Decline in the Lower Mekong Basin". Remote Sensing 11, n.º 23 (26 de noviembre de 2019): 2796. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11232796.

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This study aimed to delineate the geographic hotspots of negative trends in biomass productivity in the Lower Mekong Basin countries (Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, and Thailand) and identify correlated regional environmental and anthropogenic factors. A long-term time-series (1982–2015) of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index at a resolution of approximately 9.16 km × 9.16 km was used to specify the areas with significant decline or increase in productivity. The relationships between vegetation changes and land attributes, such as climate, population density, soil/terrain conditions, and land-cover types, were examined. Rainfall time-series maps were used to identify areas that might have been affected by land degradation from those correlated with rainfall. Most of the detected potentially degraded areas were found in Cambodia, the Northwest and the Highland of Vietnam, the Northern Mountains of Thailand and Laos, and the mountainous border between Laos, Vietnam, and Cambodia. About 15% of the total land area of these four countries experienced a reduction in biomass productivity during the 34-year study period. The map of hotspots of changes in productivity can be used to direct further studies, including those at finer spatial resolution that may support policy makers and researchers in targeting the strategies for combating land degradation.

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37

Ayuwat, Dusadee y Somsouk Sananikone. "Influential Factors Among Male Population, Which Associated with the Economic Violence Against Women in Laos". Gender Issues 35, n.º 4 (23 de mayo de 2018): 330–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12147-018-9213-5.

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38

Popli, Kanchan, Chunkyoo Park, Sang-Min Han y Seungdo Kim. "Prediction of Solid Waste Generation Rates in Urban Region of Laos Using Socio-Demographic and Economic Parameters with a Multi Linear Regression Approach". Sustainability 13, n.º 6 (10 de marzo de 2021): 3038. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13063038.

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This paper aims to develop a predictive model for Laos to generate reliable statistics for urban solid waste from 1995 to 2050. The multi-linear regression (MLR) approach is used with six different socio-demographic and economic parameters, i.e., urban population, gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, urban literacy rate, urban poverty incidence, urban household size and urban unemployment rate. Different reliable models are generated under four different scenarios. The value of R2 (a relative measure of fit) and value of performance indicators (an absolute measure of fit) such as mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) are calculated to assure the validity and accuracy of the results. Model 2 of Scenario 4 is estimated as the best model, where population and GDP per capita show statistical significance for estimating urban solid waste generation rate in Laos. The amount of municipal solid waste is estimated to be 0.98 million tons (MT) in the year 2030, 1.26 MT in the year 2040 and 1.52 MT in the year 2050, assuming that the present waste generation trends will be followed in the future. Moreover, the study provides an easy and detailed explanation of the work which will increase the interest of researchers, allow them to understand the MLR approach clearly and inspire them to use it for other developing countries where the scarcity of data is a major obstacle in the field of solid waste management. The drawback of the study is the limited availability of historical official and reliable data statistics in Laos for the dependent and independent variables.

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39

Gordon, Linda W. "The Missing Children: Mortality and Fertility in a Southeast Asian Refugee Population". International Migration Review 23, n.º 2 (junio de 1989): 219–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791838902300203.

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This research presents the age-sex structures of the refugee populations that arrived in the United States from Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam from 1975 through 1986. All three populations are young, but their age-sex structures vary in ways that confirm what is known anecdotally about their experiences before and during flight and in the refugee camps awaiting resettlement. Over time, the age-sex composition of the arriving refugee cohorts has shifted in ways that may indicate changes in factors influencing their migration. In the United States, available data indicate very high fertility in the early years after arrival. Even if their fertility falls rapidly, the refugees’ age structure will lead to a generation of rapid growth.

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40

Veltman, Calvin J. "Les incidences du revenu sur les transferts linguistiques dans la région métropolitaine de Montréal". Article 17, n.º 3 (12 de abril de 2005): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/055724ar.

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Les données les plus complètes que nous possédions sur le revenu, le groupe ethnique et la langue proviennent de la Commission royale d'enquête sur le bilinguisme et le biculturalisme. D'après ces données tirées du recensement canadien de 1961, ce sont les membres de la communauté juive qui ont les meilleurs revenus au Québec. Le groupe ethnique anglais vient en deuxième, suivi des divers groupes allophones, puis viennent les francophones et les Italiens, ces deux derniers groupes ethniques ayant des revenus bien inférieurs à la moyenne. La Commission d'enquête a en outre démontré que les unilingues anglais avaient des revenus nettement supérieurs aux Québécois bilingues, lesquels avaient à leur tour un revenu plus élevé que les unilingues français. Deux études plus récentes confirment qu'il existe toujours une disparité de revenus entre les anglophones et les francophones. Selon une étude effectuée en 1971 par la Commission Gendron, la proportion des postes détenus par les anglophones augmente à mesure que s'élèvent les revenus. Cette étude reposait toutefois sur un échantillon d'employés d'entreprises et nous ne savons pas quel est le rapport entre cet échantillon et l'ensemble de la population. Une autre étude, réalisée en 1976 pour le Montréal Star, révèle d'importantes disparités de revenus en faveur des anglophones, mais elle suggère néanmoins que le fossé se serait quelque peut comblé ces dernières années. Ces données risquent toutefois, d'être faussées à cause du libre choix des répondants. Les données sur lesquelles se fonde la présente étude sont tirées de tabulations spéciales provenant du recensement canadien de 1971. Les données de 1971 recueillies par Statistique Canada sont supérieures à celles des recensements précédents tant par leur étendue que par leur qualité. Comme elles reposent sur un échantillon du tiers de la population, elles permettent d'éviter en quelque sorte les erreurs dues au libre choix et les difficultés d'échantillonnage. La supériorité du recensement de 1971 vient en outre de ce que pour la première fois se posait la question de la langue le plus fréquemment parlée à la maison. En comparant les réponses à cette question avec les réponses à la question sur la langue maternelle, il est possible d'évaluer la portée des transferts linguistiques sur la composition de la population. Ces estimations peuvent se faire directement à partir du recensement de 1971, sans devoir recourir à des comparaisons longitudinales avec les recensements antérieurs. Nous entendons en premier lieu dans la présente étude, établir la relation langue et revenu dans la région métropolitaine de recensement de Montréal, en comparant dans la mesure du possible les données de 1971 avec celles qu'a publiées la Commission Laurendeau-Dunton sur le bilinguisme et le biculturalisme. En deuxième lieu, nous présenterons des données sur les transferts linguistiques entre les francophones, les anglophones et les allophones. Et enfin, nous proposerons des interprétations et tenterons d'apporter des conclusions d'ordre politique.

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41

Wu, Xingtong, Markus Ruhsam, Yafeng Wen, Philip I. Thomas, James R. P. Worth, Xueying Lin, Minqiu Wang et al. "The last primary forests of the Tertiary relict Glyptostrobus pensilis contain the highest genetic diversity". Forestry: An International Journal of Forest Research 93, n.º 3 (13 de diciembre de 2019): 359–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpz063.

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Abstract Glyptostrobus pensilis (Staunt.) Koch is a relict species in the Cupressaceae that previously had a global distribution but is now restricted to Southern China and two disjunct populations along the Annamite ranges in Laos and Vietnam. Using nuclear and chloroplast microsatellite markers (cpSSR and nSSR, respectively), we investigated the genetic diversity and divergence within and between 14 populations representing the entire range. Nuclear EST-SSR markers revealed low genetic diversity (He = 0.272) within populations and strong genetic differentiation (FST = 0.452) among populations. Populations in Laos, which represent the last primary forests of G. pensilis, contain the highest genetic diversity and are of particular conservation importance. The geographic cpSSR variation is consistent with the results from the nSSR analysis. Prolonged geographical isolation is likely to be the main reason for regional genetic patterns. Climatic changes during the Holocene, coupled with anthropogenic impacts, have further reduced its distribution and population size. The clear genetic structure suggests that at least, two refugia existed at different latitudes in Southeast Asia. Preserving and expanding its remaining habitat and increasing population sizes are likely to be the most important measures for the conservation of this species.

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42

Tromboni, Flavia, Thomas E. Dilts, Sarah E. Null, Sapana Lohani, Peng Bun Ngor, Savoeurn Soum, Zeb Hogan y Sudeep Chandra. "Changing Land Use and Population Density Are Degrading Water Quality in the Lower Mekong Basin". Water 13, n.º 14 (15 de julio de 2021): 1948. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13141948.

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Establishing reference conditions in rivers is important to understand environmental change and protect ecosystem integrity. Ranked third globally for fish biodiversity, the Mekong River has the world’s largest inland fishery providing livelihoods, food security, and protein to the local population. It is therefore of paramount importance to maintain the water quality and biotic integrity of this ecosystem. We analyzed land use impacts on water quality constituents (TSS, TN, TP, DO, NO3−, NH4+, PO43−) in the Lower Mekong Basin. We then used a best-model regression approach with anthropogenic land-use as independent variables and water quality parameters as the dependent variables, to define reference conditions in the absence of human activities (corresponding to the intercept value). From 2000–2017, the population and the percentage of crop, rice, and plantation land cover increased, while there was a decrease in upland forest and flooded forest. Agriculture, urbanization, and population density were associated with decreasing water quality health in the Lower Mekong Basin. In several sites, Thailand and Laos had higher TN, NO3−, and NH4+ concentrations compared to reference conditions, while Cambodia had higher TP values than reference conditions, showing water quality degradation. TSS was higher than reference conditions in the dry season in Cambodia, but was lower than reference values in the wet season in Thailand and Laos. This study shows how deforestation from agriculture conversion and increasing urbanization pressure causes water quality decline in the Lower Mekong Basin, and provides a first characterization of reference water quality conditions for the Lower Mekong River and its tributaries.

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43

Thewlis, R. M., R. J. Timmins, T. D. Evans y J. W. Duckworth. "The conservation status of birds in Laos: a review of key species". Bird Conservation International 8, S1 (diciembre de 1998): 1–159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270900002197.

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SummaryLaos is an important country for bird conservation. Bird surveys between 1992 and 1996, the first since 1949, covered 20 main areas, with incidental records from many others.This paper reviews the status of all Lao species reported to be of elevated conservation concern (key species) in any of the following categories: Globally Threatened or Globally Near-Threatened (sensu Collar and Andrew 1988 and Collar et al. 1994), and At Risk or Rare in Thailand (sensu Round 1988 and Treesucon and Round 1990). Several additional species are covered which have clearly undergone a National Historical Decline in Laos. A comprehensive review of other Lao species was not possible, and some species which are in truth of conservation concern have doubtless been overlooked. Historical and modern records were reviewed and population trends identified where possible.Current global status listings (Collar et al. 1994) were supported, except that consideration should be given to changing Red-collared Woodpecker Picus rabieri and Sooty Babbler Stachyris herberti from Threatened to Near-Threatened. If the Lao situation is representative of the species throughout their range, then consideration should also be given to placing Ratchet-tailed Treepie Temnurus temnurus and River Lapwing Vanellus duvaucelii as Near-Threatened.Twenty-seven Globally Threatened species are known from Laos, of which there are recent records of 22. There are recent unconfirmed records of two more. Forty-seven Globally Near-Threatened species are known from Laos, of which there are recent records of 39; there are unconfirmed records of one further species. Five Globally Threatened and five Near-Threatened species were recorded for the first time in Laos in recent years, suggesting that further species of elevated conservation concern remain to be found.

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44

Sprenger, Guido. "Invisible Blood: Self-censorship and the Public in Uplander Ritual, Laos". Asian Journal of Social Science 37, n.º 6 (2009): 935–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156848409x12526657425343.

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AbstractIn upland Southeast Asia, the internal reproduction of society by ritual is fuelled and changed through its relation to external ritual systems like Buddhism. Rmeet (Lamet), a non-Buddhist upland population in Laos, regularly alter their rituals when Buddhist lowlanders are present. In particular, the display of spilling the blood of sacrificial animals is suppressed. One recurring reason for this is the notion of 'shame' or 'fear of exposure'. Thus, the notion of 'shame' functions as a semantic operator that indicates the shifting of boundaries between inside and outside, Rmeet and lowland ritual systems. It also addresses how the border between these two ritual domains historically became defined by blood-spilling. The argument is based on a new approach to ritual change that considers rituals as information-processing systems.

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45

Bouté, Vanina. "Des gardiens des confins aux bâtisseurs des plaines : parcours d’une population tibéto-birmane du Nord Laos". Moussons, n.º 8 (1 de diciembre de 2005): 35–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/moussons.2238.

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46

Jensen, Anders y Henrik Meilby. "Assessing the Population Status of a Tree Species Using Distance Sampling:Aquilaria crassna(Thymelaeaceae) in Northern Laos". International Journal of Forestry Research 2012 (2012): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/265831.

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Lack of reliable and accurate field data affect assessments of population status of tree species, especially tropical taxa with broad distributions. Use of distance sampling techniques may help to overcome the problem. This paper describes a method for estimation of absolute density of a rare tree species with scattered and clumped distribution, using line transect distance sampling. The method was applied to previously harvested populations ofAquilaria crassnaPierre ex H. Lec. (Thymelaeaceae) at four sites in Northern Laos. This species is destructively harvested to yield agarwood, probably the world’s most valuable nontimber forest product and categorised as ”critically endangered“. The average density of felledA. crassnatrees at the four sites was 2.2 ha−1, indicating that harvesting has been extensive. However, the estimated densities of living saplings, 10.9 ha−1, small trees (DBH < 10 cm), 10.6 ha−1, and larger trees (DBH ≥ 10 cm), 1.7 ha−1, suggest that populations are not wiped flat. The survey method should stand a good chance of wider use as a tool in management and conservation of a wide range of tree species. Results of the present case study could suggest that the conservation status ofA. crassnashould be re-categorised.

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47

Kieffer, Alexia, Phimpha Paboriboune, Pascal Crépey, Bruno Flaissier, Vimalay Souvong, Nicolas Steenkeste, Nicolas Salez et al. "2009 A(H1N1) Seroconversion Rates and Risk Factors among the General Population in Vientiane Capital, Laos". PLoS ONE 8, n.º 4 (18 de abril de 2013): e61909. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0061909.

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48

Stuart-Fox, Martin. "On the Writing of Lao History: Continuities and Discontinuities". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 24, n.º 1 (marzo de 1993): 106–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463400001521.

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The writing of Lao history presents peculiar problems, not because of the quantity and quality of sources available (though these leave much to be desired for certain periods), but because of the difficulty in deciding what is meant by “Lao history”. There is a problem in identifying the object of study. Is Lao history the history of those territories inhabited by ethnic Lao, or of the state of Laos as it has existed at various times under various names? The Lao have spread far beyond the geographical boundaries of present-day Laos: many more ethnic Lao live in Thailand than in Laos. Moreover the Lao state ceased to exist as a unitary entity in the early eighteenth century. What was reconstructed by the French nearly two centuries later and exists today is but a fragment composed of territories belonging to former principalities inhabited by diverse peoples, many of whom are not ethnic Lao. They are divided into three broad groups: the Lao Loum, or Lao of the valleys, comprise not only ethnic Lao but also upland Tai and account for about 65 per cent of the population; the Lao Theung, or Lao of the mountain slopes, speaking Mon-Khmer languages, account for around 25 per cent; while the Lao Soung, or Lao of the mountain tops, speaking Tibeto-Burman languages, number perhaps 10 per cent. The terms Lao Loum, Lao Theung and Lao Soung will be used to refer to these groups in this paper.

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49

Gao, Lian-Ming, Shao-Lin Tan, Gui-Liang Zhang y Philip Thomas. "A new species of Amentotaxus (Taxaceae) from China, Vietnam, and Laos". PhytoKeys 130 (29 de agosto de 2019): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.130.33956.

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A new species Amentotaxus hekouensis L.M. Gao is described as new to science from Hekou, Yunnan of China, Lao Cai of Vietnam and Xiang Khouang of Laos. The new species is similar to A. argotaenia (Hance) Pilg. in linear or linear-lanceolate leaves, stomatal bands white and microsporophylls 6–8, each with 4–6 pollen sacs, but differs from the latter by its larger leaf size with 8–12.5 cm × 0.9–1.4 cm (vs. 2–11 cm × 0.5–1.1 cm in A. argotaenia), long acuminate leaf apex (vs. rounded to sharply triangular in A. argotaenia), stomatal bands with 25–30 rows (vs. 15–25 rows in A. argotaenia), stomatal bands equal to or slightly narrower than marginal bands (vs. narrower than marginal bands in A. argotaenia); pollen-cone racemes borne 1–2 (vs. 2–4 (10) in A. argotaenia), cones in 12–16 pairs (vs. ca. 12 pairs in A. argotaenia). Its distinctive nature has also been confirmed through DNA barcoding analysis of this genus. The new species is provisionally assessed as endangered (EN) due to its restricted distribution, small population size and the prevalence of habitat destruction within its range.

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50

Green, Andy J. "Status and habitat of the White-winged Duck Cairina scutulata". Bird Conservation International 3, n.º 2 (junio de 1993): 119–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270900000848.

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SummaryThe endangered White-winged Duck Cairina scutulata was formerly widely recorded from north-east India, Bangladesh, Union of Myanmar (Burma), Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia, Malaysia (peninsular) and Indonesia (Java and Sumatra). It was found to be “common” by British ornithologists in areas of India, Myanmar and Thailand in the early part of this century. Since then, deforestation and hunting have caused a major decline to perhaps less than 5% of its original population size. Since 1980 the species has been reliably recorded from 55 sites in seven countries, with a minimum combined population of 336 individuals. A conservation plan has been produced and implementation has begun.

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