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Banerjee, Sanjukta. "Tracing the Local: The Translator-Travellee in French Accounts of India". Tusaaji: A Translation Review 6, n.º 6 (4 de diciembre de 2018): 66–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.25071/1925-5624.40366.
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This paper examines aspects of multilingual India as described in a few eighteenth-century French travel accounts of the subcontinent to underscore the interactional history of representation that the conventions of European travel writing have tended to elide, particularly in the context of the subcontinent. It draws on the notions of fractal and vertical in travel to examine vernacular-Sanskrit relations encountered by the travellers, and to render visible the role of the “translator-travellee” in embedding vernacular knowledge in international discursive networks. Rather than merely questioning the travellers’ often skewed and necessarily partial readings of India’s linguistic plurality, I approach these travel accounts as crucial for understanding the specificity of the region’s multilingualism, one that was largely incommensurable with the typology of language that the accounts seek to establish.
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van den Boogert, Maurits H. "Entangled Travellers". Quaerendo 47, n.º 2 (11 de agosto de 2017): 107–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700690-12341378.
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This article offers an analysis of one of the best known eighteenth-century Dutch accounts of the Middle East, the Reizen (Travels) of Johannes Heyman and Johan Ægidius van Egmond van de Nijenburg. On the basis of parts of Heyman’s correspondence which have not been studied before, we will reconstruct both his itinerary and that of Van Egmond. The role of the nominal editor of the volume, J.W. Heyman, will also be examined for the first time.
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Pliszka, Marcin. "Drezno w relacjach polskich osiemnastowiecznych peregrynantów. Rekonesans ." Wiek Oświecenia 36 (2 de noviembre de 2020): 26–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/0137-6942.wo.36.2.
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The article analyses descriptions, memories, and notes on Dresden found in eighteenth-century accounts of Polish travellers. The overarching research objective is to capture the specificity of the way of presenting the city. The ways that Dresden is described are determined by genological diversity of texts, different ways of narration, the use of rhetorical repertoire, and the time of their creation. There are two dominant ways of presenting the city: the first one foregrounds the architectural and historical values, the second one revolves around social life and various kinds of games (redoubts, performances).
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Baumgarten, Jean. "Jerusalem in seventeenth‐century travellers’ accounts in Yiddish". Mediterranean Historical Review 7, n.º 2 (diciembre de 1992): 219–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09518969208569642.
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MacRaild, Donald M. "Travellers’ Accounts as Source-Material for Irish Historians". Studies in Travel Writing 18, n.º 1 (2 de enero de 2014): 85–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13645145.2013.877688.
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Kilgallon, Ann-Marie. "Travellers’ Accounts as Source-Material for Irish Historians". Études irlandaises, n.º 35-2 (30 de diciembre de 2010): 207–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/etudesirlandaises.2106.
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Jackson, Cath, Lisa Dyson, Helen Bedford, Francine M. Cheater, Louise Condon, Annie Crocker, Carol Emslie et al. "UNderstanding uptake of Immunisations in TravellIng aNd Gypsy communities (UNITING): a qualitative interview study". Health Technology Assessment 20, n.º 72 (septiembre de 2016): 1–176. http://dx.doi.org/10.3310/hta20720.
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BackgroundGypsies, Travellers and Roma (referred to as Travellers) are less likely to access health services, including immunisation. To improve immunisation rates, we need to understand what helps and hinders individuals in these communities in taking up immunisations.Aims(1) Investigate the barriers to and facilitators of acceptability and uptake of immunisations among six Traveller communities across four UK cities; and (2) identify possible interventions to increase uptake of immunisations in these Traveller communities that could be tested in a subsequent feasibility study.MethodsThree-phase qualitative study underpinned by the social ecological model. Phase 1: interviews with 174 Travellers from six communities: Romanian Roma (Bristol); English Gypsy/Irish Traveller (Bristol); English Gypsy (York); Romanian/Slovakian Roma (Glasgow); Scottish Showpeople (Glasgow); and Irish Traveller (London). Focus on childhood and adult vaccines. Phase 2: interviews with 39 service providers. Data were analysed using the framework approach. Interventions were identified using a modified intervention mapping approach. Phase 3: 51 Travellers and 25 service providers attended workshops and produced a prioritised list of potentially acceptable and feasible interventions.ResultsThere were many common accounts of barriers and facilitators across communities, particularly across the English-speaking communities. Scottish Showpeople were the most similar to the general population. Roma communities experienced additional barriers of language and being in a new country. Men, women and service providers described similar barriers and facilitators. There was widespread acceptance of childhood and adult immunisation, with current parents perceived as more positive than their elders. A minority of English-speaking Travellers worried about multiple/combined childhood vaccines, adult flu and whooping cough. Cultural concerns about vaccines offered during pregnancy and about human papillomavirus were most evident in the Bristol English Gypsy/Irish Traveller community. Language, literacy, discrimination, poor school attendance, poverty and housing were identified by Travellers and service providers as barriers for some. Trustful relationships with health professionals were important and continuity of care was valued. A few English-speaking Travellers described problems of booking and attending for immunisation. Service providers tailored their approach to Travellers, particularly the Roma. Funding cuts, NHS reforms and poor monitoring challenged their work. Five ‘top-priority’ interventions were agreed across communities and service providers to improve the immunisation among Travellers who are housed or settled on an authorised site: (1) cultural competence training for health professionals and frontline staff; (2) identification of Travellers in health records to tailor support and monitor uptake; (3) provision of a named frontline person in general practitioner practices to provide respectful and supportive service; (4) flexible and diverse systems for booking appointments, recall and reminders; and (5) protected funding for health visitors specialising in Traveller health, including immunisation.LimitationsNo Travellers living on the roadside or on unofficial encampments were interviewed. We should exert caution in generalising to these groups.Future workTo include development, implementation and evaluation of a national policy plan (and practice guidance plan) to promote the uptake of immunisation among Traveller communities.Study registrationCurrent Controlled Trials ISRCTN20019630 and UK Clinical Research Network Portfolio number 15182.FundingThis project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme and will be published in full inHealth Technology Assessment; Vol. 20, No. 72. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.
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Banerjee, Sanjukta. "Tracing the Local: The Translator-Travellee in French Accounts of India". Tusaaji: A Translation Review 6, n.º 1 (24 de mayo de 2019): 66–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.25071/1925-5624.40354.
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This paper seeks to trace the presence of the “translator-travellee” in the construction and dissemination of French travel writing on India from the eighteenth century. Drawing on the concept of “language as a local practice” (Pennycook 2010), it examines the travellers’ descriptions of India’s linguistic landscape to underscore the interactional history of representation that the conventions of European travel writing have tended to elide, particularly in the context of the subcontinent. The local in this paper is approached as a process inextricably linked with the social and the historical, and its exploration is aimed at rendering visible the role of the Indian translator/interpreter in embedding vernacular knowledge in international discursive networks at a crucial period in the subcontinent’s encounter with the West.
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Singh, Anuradha. "Buddhism in Sarnath: An Account of Two Chinese Travellers". Space and Culture, India 2, n.º 2 (1 de noviembre de 2014): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.20896/saci.v2i2.87.
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This paper aims to draw the religious life in Sarnath (and Varanasi) as accounted by the Chinese travellers—Fa-Hien and Hiuen-tsang. The accounts not only talk about the stupas, pillars, statues built by King Ashoka; vihars and monks (bhikshus) living in those vihars but also contain the first preachings of Lord Buddha, establishment of Sangha and the story of Mrigajataka that remain significant. With the increased popularity of Buddha dharma in China, the Chinese were attracted towards travelling to India. They came to India mainly with the intentions to visit the places related to the fond memories of Lord Buddha, to study the Buddha religion and philosophy and carry the copies of the Buddhist compositions. Fa-Hien and Hiuen-tsang occupy significant places among these Chinese travellers. These accounts can be associated with ancient history as well as with historical geography, religion and philosophy. While Fa-hien in his journey details had described about the Buddha Empire, Hiuen-tsang highlighted the civilisation of India and its cultural landscape, albeit it has been often accepted by the historians that these accounts of their journeys should be considered as significant only when they are backed by historical evidences. They opine that these travellers were mainly influenced by the Buddha dharma and therefore, their accounts are liable to containing exaggerated journey details. It is true that the journey details contain few imaginary instances; nevertheless, these accounts have been validated by the remnants, stupas and vihars at the sites.
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Culea, Mihaela y Andreia-Irina Suciu. "ROMANIAN TRAVELLERS TO ENGLAND IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. NATIONAL SPECIFICITY IN ION CODRUDRĂGUȘANU’S TRAVEL ACCOUNTS". Khazar Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 20, n.º 2 (julio de 2017): 5–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5782/2223-2621.2017.20.2.5.
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The complexity of the travelling experience cannot be understood outside the scope of culture (see, for instance, Schulz-Forberg 2005) and travelling is thus often discussed in relation to the human being‟s thirst for knowledge, intellectual or spiritual enlightenment, aesthetic refinement, often as a result of cultural contact, interaction, transfer or exchange. The travelling experiences of Romanian travellers to England through the centuries have been inspired by many of these goals. This paper focuses on the travel accounts of a little known Romanian traveller to England in the nineteenth century, namely, writer, teacher, journalist and politician Ion Codru-Drăgușanu (1818–1884). His travel accounts reveal that travelling was perceived as a source of intellectual improvement, maturation, cultural development, interaction and exchange, as a process of gaining knowledge, an experience also counterbalanced by a tourist‟s adventure dominated by curiosity, pleasure and amusement. In order to reveal how this shift takes place and the multi-fold significance of the travelling experience as such, the paper‟s structure combines theoretical data with textual study and seeks to rediscover forgotten personalities of the Romanian culture who made English-Romanian encounters more numerous and productive. Firstly, the paper presents the conceptual distinctions between the term traveller and other related words, such as voyager, tourist, pilgrim, explorer, or migrant. Secondly, it makes a brief overview of travelling in history and of travel writing with the purpose of contextualizing Codru-Drăgușanu‟s travels. Thirdly, the synoptic presentation of the literary background related to travels to and from Romania in the nineteenth century as well as the brief review of the historical and cultural context specific to England in that period assist us in our exploration of the written accounts of travels recorded by CodruDrăgușanu in his Peregrinul transilvan. 1835–1848 (The Transylvanian Traveller. 1835– 1848).
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Hick, Vivien. "Images of Palatines from Folk Tradition, Novels and Travellers' Accounts". Béaloideas 64/65 (1996): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20522461.
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Leane, Elizabeth. "Tasmania from below: Antarctic travellers’ accounts of a southern “gateway”". Studies in Travel Writing 20, n.º 1 (2 de enero de 2016): 34–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13645145.2015.1131513.
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Horolets, Anna. "Construction of Self and the Other in the Accounts of Polish Travellers to Post-Soviet Countries". Anthropological Journal of European Cultures 18, n.º 2 (1 de septiembre de 2009): 123–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/ajec.2009.180208.
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Travel is one of the important modes of identity construction. It is influenced by individual choices as well as by macro-contexts of institutional practices and changes. Based on the study of the accounts of young middle-class Polish travellers to the former Soviet Union countries, this article attempts to demonstrate the ways in which macro-processes of systemic transformation and European integration affect the identity-building processes. After offering a discussion of the cultural meanings of emphasising the uniqueness of their experience and difference from 'mainstream tourists' by the travellers, the article turns to the interpretation of the role of the encounter with local dwellers as an important identity-formation related experience. The analysis of the acceptance or rejection of food from local dwellers demonstrates the ambiguous attitude of travellers to the local dwellers and attempts to place this ambiguity in the macro-context.
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Teissier, Beatrice. "Crimean Tatars in explorative and travel writing: 1782–1802". Anatolian Studies 67 (2017): 231–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0066154617000060.
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AbstractThis article discusses the portrayal of Crimea, particularly Crimean Tatars and their culture, through the writings of nine men and women who travelled in the region in the late 18th century. These writers travelled in different capacities and represent a diversity of viewpoints; they include figures of the Russian academic and political establishment and western European travellers, with or without Russian affiliations. The article sets their writings in the context of the imperial Russian rhetoric of conquest associated with the annexation of Crimea in 1783 and Catherine II's tour of the area four years later. This rhetoric remains relevant today through the marked persistence of certain historic tropes in contemporary Russian attitudes towards Crimea. The article also discusses the writers’ responses to Crimea in the light of broader Enlightenment tropes in travel writing and ethnographic observation. It examines the extent to which the travellers’ accounts of Crimea were shaped by notions of ancient Greek heritage, Scythians and ‘Tartar hordes’, attitudes towards the Ottoman Empire (Crimea had previously been an Ottoman protectorate) and Islam, and 18th-century orientalism.
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Arkan, Merve Senem. "Mapping the Ottoman Cyprus through Travellers’ Eyes". Proceedings of the ICA 3 (6 de agosto de 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-proc-3-3-2021.
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Abstract. Cyprus, the island that stands at the crossroads of three continents, was a customary visitation stop for many travellers. Numerous accounts by these travellers were able to capture the details of Ottoman Cyprus in their accounts as well as giving visual descriptions of the cities. During the transformation of the island as a part of the Ottoman Empire, these historical texts and images were helpful to determine the context and representation of the cities while depicting changes and adding new information throughout the 300 years of Ottoman rule. These depictions on maps, drawings, and sketches prepared by the foreign travellers who visited Cyprus during the earlier period of the Ottoman era – the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries – will be examined. The focus will be on the representations of major cities of Cyprus, namely Famagusta, Nicosia, and Larnaca, which travellers visited and wrote about frequently. In this paper, I will examine the parallels between text and depictions to see the travellers’ awareness of what they witnessed and if they were able to reflect this in their images of Ottoman Cyprus. I will discuss the outsider's point of view towards the Ottoman Cypriot cities, as well as how they presented the Ottoman Empire and Cyprus to their audiences.
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Dewar, Helen. "Old World Conventions and New World Curiosities: North American Landscapes Through European Eyes". Journal of the Canadian Historical Association 14, n.º 1 (4 de febrero de 2005): 45–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/010319ar.
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Abstract This paper examines the published accounts of three British travellers, Patrick Campbell (fl. c. 1765-1823), Isaac Weld (1774-1856), and George Heriot (1759-1839), to North America in the late eighteenth century. Focusing specifically on the travellers' scientific approaches to the natural landscape, it argues that they drew on eighteenth-century European scientific developments, including empirical observation, the evolution and instability of matter, and systems of classification, to facilitate their understanding of unfamiliar phenomena. The travellers' scientific observations revealed both an intellectual interest in the origin of landforms and a utilitarian view of wildlife and natural resources. Attracted to the novel and curious, the travellers' scientific speculations merged with initial aesthetic responses, highlighting a preoccupation with the power, spontaneity and magnitude of nature.
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Wrześniak, Małgorzata. "THE UFFIZI GALLERY IN THE LIGHT OF MEMOIRS OF TRAVELLERS IN THE POLISH REPUBLIC IN THE 18TH CENTURY". Muzealnictwo 58, n.º 1 (17 de mayo de 2017): 74–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0009.9709.
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The article briefly studies the way of perceiving of the Uffizi Gallery in Florence by Polish travellers during the period when the museum was subject to the so-called Enlightenment order. The analysis of memoirs from diaries of the Polish Grand Tour indicates that they were considerably influenced by Italian guidebooks and texts by French travellers, among which the most popular was Voyage d’un français en Italie fait dans années 1765–1766 by Joseph- Jérôme Lalande, who was eagerly referred to and his passages quoted. Realising the scheme of the Uffizi Gallery’s descriptions by Polish travellers, one should not hastily assume they lacked the sense of observation, taste or aesthetic sensitivity, and finally the ability to assess a work of art. An in-depth analysis of Polish notes indicated that enlightened arrivals from the Vistula River could critically relate not only to the text of the guide or the French description mentioned, directly ascertaining: You were not right, Mr Lalande!, but also that they came to Florence prepared for the reception of an artwork and the museum itself. They were primarily interested in newly acquired objects or changes in the exhibition. The picture of a Polish traveller, as it is seen through Polish 18th-century accounts, who notes – frequently remotely – fleeting impressions, but without a doubt, they are perfectly aware of what they are looking at.
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Foltz, Richard. "Two Seventeenth-Century Central Asian Travellers to Mughal India". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 6, n.º 3 (noviembre de 1996): 367–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1356186300007781.
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Among the few published Central Asian sources of the seventeenth century are two very unusual Persian-language accounts by Central Asians of their stays in Mughal India: the memoirs of Mutribi al-Asamm Samarqandi, and the travelogue of Mahmud b. Amir Wali. Written in stylistically different but distinctly personal voices untypical for their time, these accounts offer the modern reader valuable first-person insight into the minds and outlooks of their authors and shed light on the nature of how Muslims in Asia thought about their world and its boundaries.
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Ambach, Florian. "Baumwolle, Elfenbein und Glasperlen. Perspektiven österreichischer Reisender auf die Errichtung eines „informal empire“ im Sudan des 19. Jahrhunderts". historia.scribere, n.º 13 (22 de junio de 2021): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.15203/historia.scribere.13.629.
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Cotton, Ivory and Glass Beads. Perspectives of Austrian Travellers on the Establishment of an "Informal Empire" in 19th Century SudanThe following article examines travel accounts of explorers, travellers and officials close to the Habsburg Monarchy. It focusses on the economic aspects of the 19th century Austrian presence in Sudan. As will be shown, several Austrians attempted to engage in local trade in ways that sought to establish an "informal empire".
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Ptak, Roderich. "China and Calicut in the early Ming period: envoys and tribute embassies". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland 121, n.º 1 (enero de 1989): 81–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0035869x00167887.
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Calicut was the most important port in southwest India during the late fourteenth and the fifteenth century. Its rulers, the Zamorins, maintained a vast network of trading relations extending from the coast of East Africa to the Indonesian archipelago and the Far East. This is amply documented in the accounts of foreign travellers, practically all of whom passed through the Malabar ports on the lengthy voyage from west to east and back. Marco Polo, Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, 'Abd al-Razzāq, to name but a few, figure most prominently in a long line of writers whose reports describe various aspects of old Colychachia, as Calicut was then called by Nicolo di Conti, an Italian traveller.
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May, Jon. "In Search of Authenticity off and on the Beaten Track". Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 14, n.º 6 (diciembre de 1996): 709–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/d140709.
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Recent years has seen increasing academic concern with constructions of authenticity, much of it focused upon the travel industry and the emergence of the ‘real holidays’ market in particular. Of appeal to independent travellers moving off the beaten track, such holidays have been located within a sociology of tourism that draws strict distinctions between the desires and activities of an independent traveller, drawn from the new cultural class, and working-class package tourists. Here it is suggested that accounts tracing the emergence of this market have tended to conflate two often related, but analytically distinct, discourses of authenticity which, when held apart, undermine the usual tourist typologies and considerably extend our understandings of the search for authenticity. Drawing upon qualitative interviews undertaken both with ‘travellers’ and with ‘tourists’ it is suggested that our understandings of this search be extended, to consider the ways in which a concern for authenticity is negotiated by a range of tourists enjoying a variety of holidays. Offering a critical intervention in debates around authenticity I champion a method capable of mapping the ambiguities of individual experience, rather than forcing that experience through the restrictive categories of various ideal types.
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Kundra, Sakul y Bhawna . "French Travellers’ Treatises on Oriental Diseases and Symptoms: Indo-French Medical History". Artha - Journal of Social Sciences 14, n.º 4 (1 de octubre de 2015): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.12724/ajss.35.2.
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French travellers and adventures of the 17th and the 18th centuries had shown immense interest to explore the medical knowledge of the Orient. This article systematically analyzes their observations and evaluation on different diseases, symptoms and effects on patients which helped the travellers and adventurers of the later times by providing medical precautions to be taken before sailing on a voyage to the Orient. This article, based on many translated and un-translated records written in the form of letters, memoirs and travelogues by the French, who visited India, focuses on the varied facets given by them on medical knowledge and history of the Orient. Undoubtedly, the Portuguese and the English travellers also provided interesting accounts on oriental diseases, symptoms and their therapies but those given by the French are yet to be explored in detail.
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Adeola, Mukarramah Modupe y Sulaimon Olanrewaju Adebiyi. "Service Quality, Perceived Value and Customer Satisfaction as Determinant of Airline Choice in Nigeria". International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences 20 (enero de 2014): 66–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilshs.20.66.
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The success of airlines depends majorly on the ability to identify customers‟ wants and needs, and factor it in the quality service that would meet customers‟ satisfaction. Thus, there is need for continuous research so as to assist all the players survive in the changing business environment.This paper examines service quality, perceived value and customer satisfaction as the determinant of choice of airline by air travellers in Nigeria. Survey method was employed using primary data obtained through the use of questionnaires. 220 questionnaires were administered by the researcher through purposive sampling to air travellers at MM2 in Lagos which 200 were returned and properly filled. The questionnaires were analysed using descriptive statistics, correlation and regression with the support of SPSS 17. The study revealed that the income/social status, poor states of roads as well as the insecurity accounts for the sudden rise in air transport travellers and that service quality, perceive value influences their satisfaction level on the choice of airline. Therefore, airline companies in Nigeria should increase the quality of service since many users of the air transport requires it and make sure passengers fare paid should commensurate the service delivered so as to enhance travellers patronage.
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Martin, M. E. "Some miscellaneous notes on the town and antiquities of Sinop, mainly from travellers' accounts". Anatolian Studies 48 (diciembre de 1998): 175–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3643054.
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In these notes are presented various trouvailles encountered by the writer in the course of other researches. Although disconnected and inconclusive, they may be of some use to students of Sinop and to those interested in the general subject of the collection of antiquities in the Levant. In general, well-known sources have not been discussed, except in so far as they afford comparison with the less familiar accounts dealt with here. A final note refers to the Jewish population of Sinop in the early Ottoman period in relation to travellers' accounts.In antiquity, the status of Sinop as a port was well known. Arrian is almost alone in describing the town not as a harbour but only in relation to its being a Milesian colony and the founder of Trabzon (Baschmakoff 1948: 80–81, 94–95). Similarly, in the later middle ages and early modern times, references to Sinop were almost always in relation to its port. For some, the interest was urgent: it was a welcome refuge for Bishop Ignatios of Smolensk when in 1389 his vessel, coasting the Crimea, was driven to the southern Pontic shore. Adverse winds detained him there for two days (Majeska 1984: 86–89). He was more fortunate than Ibn Battuta, some 40 years earlier, whom bad weather had delayed there for 40 days (Ibn Battuta, translated by H. A. R. Gibb 1957: 141).
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Shen, J. y T. Cheng. "CLUSTERING ANALYSIS OF OFFICER'S BEHAVIOURS IN LONDON POLICE FOOT PATROL ACTIVITIES". ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences II-4/W2 (10 de julio de 2015): 143–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsannals-ii-4-w2-143-2015.
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In this small paper we aim at presenting a framework of conceptual representation and clustering analysis of police officers’ patrol pattern obtained from mining their raw movement trajectory data. This have been achieved by a model developed to accounts for the spatio-temporal dynamics human movements by incorporating both the behaviour features of the travellers and the semantic meaning of the environment they are moving in. Hence, the similarity metric of traveller behaviours is jointly defined according to the stay time allocation in each Spatio-temporal region of interests (ST-ROI) to support clustering analysis of patrol behaviours. The proposed framework enables the analysis of behaviour and preferences on higher level based on raw moment trajectories. The model is firstly applied to police patrol data provided by the Metropolitan Police and will be tested by other type of dataset afterwards.
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Rubiés, Joan-Pau. "Travel writing and humanistic culture: A blunted impact?" Journal of Early Modern History 10, n.º 1 (2006): 131–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006506777525476.
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AbstractAn influential historiographical tradition has opposed the accounts of extra-European worlds produced by sixteenth-century travel writers to the concerns of humanists and other European men of learning, even detecting a 'blunted impact' up until the eighteenth century, when the figure of the philosophical traveller was proclaimed by Rousseau and others. It is my argument that this approach is misleading and that we need to take account of the full influence of travel writing upon humanistic culture in order to understand how the Renaissance eventually led to the Enlightenment. A first step consists in analysing the collective impact of accounts of America, Africa and Asia, rather than opposing the 'New World' to other areas. Moreover, whilst quantitative estimates offer a route for the assessment of 'impact', it is the qualitative aspect which is most clearly central to the cultural history of the period. Even 'popular' observers were often subtly influenced by concepts and strategies formulated by the intellectual elites. Under close scrutiny, it appears that humanists—and here I adopt a broad definition—had a crucial role in the production and consumption of travel accounts, as editors and travel collectors, as historians and cosmographers, and eventually—from the turn of the seventeenth century—as 'philosophical travellers'. The article seeks to illustrate these roles with reference to some examples from the first phase of the encounter. In particular, the early accounts of the Columbian expeditions by Nicolaus Scyllacus and Peter Martyr of Anghiera can be shown to have elaborated Columbian material more faithfully than is usually understood to be the case. Similarly, the historiography of conquest published after the middle of the sixteenth century reveals the widespread application of humanist standards to the literature of encounter produced in the previous sixty years.
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Gurney, J. D. "Pietro della Valle: the limits of perception". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 49, n.º 1 (febrero de 1986): 103–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x0004252x.
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With few surviving chronicles and the loss of almost all the state archives, historians of the later Ṣafavid period have to rely to a disproportionate degree on the accounts of European travellers. Fortunately some of these, such as Chardin, Tavernier and Olearius, have left pre-eminent examples of the genre, but even so, few attempts have been made to explore their preceonceptions, prejudices or the extent of their understanding of Persian society. Almost all travelled for a well-defined purpose, as members of diplomatic missions, military advisers, missionaries or merchants, and their attitudes and the kind of information they recorded naturally were determined by these preoccupations. They did not necessarily ask the kind of questions that interest historians today and rarely reached levels of Persian cultural and intellectual life beyond the Court and provincial officialdom.
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HITCHCOCK, DAVID. "A Typology of Travellers: Migration, Justice, and Vagrancy in Warwickshire, 1670–1730". Rural History 23, n.º 1 (6 de marzo de 2012): 21–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793311000136.
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AbstractThis paper examines the relief of travellers in Warwickshire, England. By using an unusually rich set of Constables’ Accounts for the parish of Grandborough, it interrogates the relationship between charity, local justice, and both official and popular perceptions of migration. It argues that the large number of migrants who passed through rural parishes were categorised by the local constable according to cultural and discretionary criteria. This ‘typology’ of travellers determined the nature and extent of the relief they might receive and the actions that might be taken against them. Socially threatening migrants, such as poor pregnant women, the sick, and vagrants, also found themselves affected by this same ‘proscriptive calculation’, often to their detriment.
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Harloe, Katherine Cecilia y Joanna Paul. "Reception". Greece and Rome 62, n.º 2 (10 de septiembre de 2015): 260–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017383515000133.
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The first title in this issue's batch of classical reception publications sees Lucy Pollard take us on an engaging and colourful tour of early modern travellers' experiences in Greece and the Levant. This area of scholarship is well trodden, and many readers will be familiar with David Constantine's Early Greek Travellers and the Hellenic Ideal (1984); but Pollard brings new material to bear by her extensive use of the unpublished diaries of John Covel, the Cambridge scholar and minister who served as chaplain to the Levant Company in Constantinople in the 1670s. These are supplemented with accounts of other seventeenth-century travellers such as George Wheler and Paul Rycaut. Successive chapters cover the logistics of travel, scholarly and archaeological approaches, and perceptions of Greeks and Turks. Pollard tends to let her sources speak for themselves; her arguments about the emergence of a ‘proto-archaeological’ approach to antiquities in the last third of the century, about the importance of perceived religious affinities between Anglican travellers and Orthodox Greeks, and about admiration of the Ottomans as a model for empire are interesting, but made with a light touch. Above all, this provides us with a richly detailed survey of the experiences, challenges, and preoccupations of early modern Englishmen travelling east.
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Stapleton, Darwin H., A. P. Woolrich y A. den Ouden. "Mechanical Arts & Merchandise: Industrial Espionage and Travellers' Accounts as a Source for Technical Historians". Technology and Culture 29, n.º 1 (enero de 1988): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3105243.
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Mayoury y Pheuiphanh Ngaosyvathn. "Lao Historiography and Historians: Case Study of the War Between Bangkok and the Lao in 1827". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 20, n.º 1 (marzo de 1989): 55–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463400019846.
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The war between Bangkok and the Lao in the years 1827–29 constitutes a watershed in the relations between the Thai and the Lao. Up to now, this conflict has been accounted for largely by only one source:The Royal Chronicles of the Third Reign of the Bangkok Dynastyby Chao Phraya Thiphakarawong. It is time to go beyond this, and to explore the available Lao annals, Vietnamese primary documents, the archives of the Thai National Library and the accounts of western travellers at the beginning of the nineteenth century. This paper also introduces Lao historiography and historians who have written about the war.
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Herath, Thisaranie. "Women and Orientalism: 19th century Representations of the Harem by European female travellers and Ottoman women". Constellations 7, n.º 1 (10 de enero de 2016): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/cons27054.
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The inaccessibility of the Ottoman harems to European males helped perpetuate the image of the harem as purely sexual in nature and contributed to imperialistic discourse that positioned the East as inferior to the West. It was only with the emergence of female travellers and artists that Europe was afforded a brief glimpse into the source of their fantasies; however, whether these accounts catered to or challenged the normative imperialist discourse of the day remains controversial. Emerging scholarship also highlights the way in which harem women themselves were able to control the depiction of their private spaces to suit their own needs, serving to highlight how nineteenth century depictions of the harem were a series of cross-cultural exchanges and negotiations between male Orientalists, female European travellers, and shrewd Ottoman women.
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Kizilov, Mikhail. "Slave Trade in the Early Modern Crimea From the Perspective of Christian, Muslim, and Jewish Sources". Journal of Early Modern History 11, n.º 1-2 (2007): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006507780385125.
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AbstractThe Crimea, a peninsula on the border between the Christian West and the Muslim East, was a place where merchants from all over the Black Sea region, East and West Mediterranean, Anatolia, Turkey, Russia, and West European countries came to buy, sell, and exchange their goods. In this trade "live merchandise"—reluctant travellers, seized by the Tatars during their raids to adjacent countries—was one of the main objects to be negotiated. Numerous published and archival sources (accounts of European and Ottoman travellers, letters and memoirs of captives, Turkish defters [registers], Russian and Ottoman chronicles to mention some of them) composed by Muslim, Christian, and Jewish authors provide not only a detailed account of the slave trade in the region in the Early Modern times, but also a discussion of some moral implications related to this sort of commercial activity. While most of the authors expressed their disapproval of the Tatar predatory raids and cruel treatment of the captives, none of them, it seems, objected to the existence of the slave trade per se, considering it just another off shoot of the international trade. Another issue often discussed in the sources was the problem of the slaves' conversion.
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ANSELL, RICHARD. "EDUCATIONAL TRAVEL IN PROTESTANT FAMILIES FROM POST-RESTORATION IRELAND". Historical Journal 58, n.º 4 (29 de octubre de 2015): 931–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x15000102.
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AbstractThis article examines travel within a group of Protestant families from Ireland over three generations after the Restoration. It offers both a case-study through which to reassess continental educational voyages, exploring a neglected period between the royalist exile of the 1650s and the mid-eighteenth-century heyday of the Grand Tour, and a contribution to current work on Irish elite formation. Histories of travel often begin as undifferentiated Englishmen or Britons arrive on the French or Dutch coast, but this study is the first to prioritize where travellers came from. Backgrounds, outlooks, and networks from home shaped experiences abroad. The article uses manuscript journals, letters, and financial accounts to locate travel within family educational strategies and to reconstruct preparations and advice. It explores how connections and identifications from home informed interactions with fellow travellers, expatriate communities, and foreign hosts. Travellers pursued two-sided interactions with hosts and destinations, returning with objects, accomplishments, and connections that fed into Irish elite formation. Continental links often feature in explanations of how Catholic Ireland survived, but this article shows that European encounters also contributed to Protestant hegemony. It demonstrates the importance of origins, as well as destinations, to understandings and experiences of educational travel.
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Crubézy, E., F. X. Ricaut, H. Martin, S. Erdenebaatar, H. Coqueugnot, B. Maureille y P. H. Giscard. "Inhumation and cremation in medieval Mongolia: analysis and analogy". Antiquity 80, n.º 310 (1 de diciembre de 2006): 894–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00094497.
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The authors study burials of the medieval period in western Mongolia shortly before emergence of Genghis Khan. They find that both inhumation and cremation are practised, with a variety of accompanying rituals. Systematic micro-analysis of bone fragments on the one hand, and the accounts of early travellers on the other, allow these researchers to propose detailed explanations of mortuary practice in thirteenth century Altai that will be highly suggestive to prehistorians working elsewhere.
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McNairn, Jeffrey L. "British Travellers, Nova Scotia’s Black Communities and the Problem of Freedom to 1860". Journal of the Canadian Historical Association 19, n.º 1 (28 de mayo de 2009): 27–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/037425ar.
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Abstract British travellers commented frequently on those of African descent they encountered in colonial Nova Scotia, especially their material conditions and prospects. Those who published accounts at the peak of the campaign to abolish slavery in the British Empire intervened directly in debates about whether former slaves would prosper under conditions of colonial freedom. They cast themselves as objective imperial observers and Nova Scotia’s black communities as experiments in free labour. Attending to how most crafted and reworked their observations to argue against emancipation in the West Indies situates Nova Scotia and travel texts in intellectual histories of the production of colonial knowledge, debates about slavery, and the nature of nineteenth-century liberalism.
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Khrapunov, Nikita I. "The image of Crimea among British travelers Edward Clarke and Reginald Heber at the turn of the 18th-19th centuries". RUDN Journal of Russian History 18, n.º 4 (15 de diciembre de 2019): 883–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8674-2019-18-4-883-903.
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This paper analyses two books by British travellers offering accounts of Crimea in the first decades of the Russian period in its history. Crimea became a stage in Western Grand Tour, offering a possibility to view and discuss different phenomena: Mediterranean environment, cultural heritage sites, multiethnic populations confessing different religions, the change of Crimea’s political status, and the first results of Russia’s attempts of its integration. The comparison of these two travelogues with other sources and the materials supplied by current researches has uncovered who the British mind interpreted Crimean realities. The travellers created unified image of Crimea featuring its past, present, and future. The travelogues under analysis uncover the features of researchers’ thinking in the period of transition from the Enlightenment to the Romanticism. This way, the notion of ethnic processes actually restricted to the search for modern parallels of ancient ethnic names. The books under study reflect a complicated and controversial process of Crimea’s integration into the Russian Empire. Heber considered the future as economic progress and therefore thought it necessary to develop Crimean trade, infrastructure, and economy, building them into all-Russia and all-Europe network. Clarke’s opinion of Russia was distinctly negative, therefore he thought desirable to ‘return’ Crimea to the Ottomans. The travellers created several stereotypes, such as the ideas of ‘earthly paradise’ in Crimea, ‘Tatar laziness,’ ‘golden age’ of the Crimean khanate, or ‘barbarous destruction’ of cultural heritage monuments by Russians, still existing in Western mind.
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Shaikh, Abdul Motleb. "The port town of Satgaon: A case study of its prosperity and decline under the Sultanate of Bengal (13th to 16th Century)". International Journal of Maritime History 32, n.º 1 (febrero de 2020): 224–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0843871419900618.
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Over the long term, Tamralipti, Satgaon and then Calcutta succeeded each other as the principal regional port in Bengal. This research note deals with Satgaon, which superseded Tamralipti, primarily due to the silting up and altered course of the Saraswati River, as the region’s trading hub from the thirteenth to the sixteenth century. This significant port town had commercial connections with China, Sumatra, the Maldives, Sri Lanka, the Middle East and East Africa. The study is based on Indo-Persian sources of the period as well as numismatic evidence and the accounts of travellers.
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Vermote, Frederik. "Travellers Lost and Redirected: Jesuit Networks and the Limits of European Exploration in Asia". Itinerario 41, n.º 3 (diciembre de 2017): 484–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115317000651.
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This article analyses two databases with information on traveling Jesuit missionaries to calculate the human cost of connecting Europe and China between 1500 and 1800. After combining analysis of these statistics with travel accounts, the article argues that when missionaries did not arrive at their intended destination, it was more often the case that they had been redirected than that they had died en route. Particular groups and individual Jesuits were redirected as a result of political fissures within the global Jesuit network. Since Jesuit missionaries held allegiances to competing state patrons based on their national background, their travel patterns were altered significantly either by choice or by force.
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Mauntel, Christoph. "Die Bewältigung der Welt". Zeitschrift für Historische Forschung: Volume 46, Issue 3 46, n.º 3 (1 de julio de 2019): 443–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/zhf.46.3.443.
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Summary Coping with the World. How Medieval Latin Authors Described the Size and Density of World’s Population This paper takes a dual approach to the topic of medieval demographic thinking between the 13th and 15th century. In a first step, the analysis focusses on travel accounts (e. g. those of John of Plano Carpini, William of Rubruk and Marco Polo) and their depiction of foreign regions and populations. Many Latin Christian travellers shared the impression that the Mongolian steppe was only sparsely populated, quite in contrast to the urban centres in eastern China, which they described in great detail. While most travellers were fascinated by the densely populated areas of the East, other authors and cartographers (e. g. Bartholomeus Anglicus, Roger Bacon, Andreas Walsperger), who did not travel themselves, reacted rather pusillanimously. The paper analyses their rather theoretical statements in a second step. It shows that the huge number of Non-Christians worried those who stayed back. They felt that ‘Christianity’ was under threat. Even more, they equated Christianity with Europe and compared ‘their’ part of the earth to the (infidel) continents of Africa and Asia. Thus, the knowledge that the travellers gained on their journeys was stripped of its admiring character and condensed into a much more negative and anxious point of view. The empirical experience might have given the impulse to think afresh about the distribution of the population of the world, but it was not necessary for the interpretation of this observation. The paper serves as a case study about how knowledge was adapted and interpreted in quite different contexts.
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Taylor-Terlecka, Nina. "Western Travellers in the Caucasus. Georgia’s Highways and Byways: Hotels, Inns & Taverns in the 19th Century". Bibliotekarz Podlaski Ogólnopolskie Naukowe Pismo Bibliotekoznawcze i Bibliologiczne 51, n.º 2 (16 de agosto de 2021): 35–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.36770/bp.599.
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Drawing on a wide range of French, English and Russian-language printed source material, the paper deals with the travel accounts of Western visitors to Georgia and the Caucasus in the nineteenth century. Focusing on the everyday practical experience of travel, it outlines the birth of the hotel trade in Tbilisi. After c. 1850, with the building of a railroad, “civilizational” standards began to improve, and over the years Tbilisi hotels were described as being as “good as any European establishment”.Under the heading of provincial travel, the paper addresses the issue of general supplies, provisions and self-catering, modes of transportation, the state of the roads, and the network of postal-stations, whose erratic services were supplemented by the omnipresent, albeit highly unreliable, wayside inn or dukhan. Coming to the Caucasus and Georgia on specific assignments (diplomatic, political, military, commercial, or scholarly) the authors of travelogues bring their prior expectations, nurtured by ancient myths, ancient literature, and a study of earlier travel accounts, with which they engage in textual dialogue. In their sundry reflections and musings they seldom fail to enthuse on the tourist potential of Georgia in particular, and the Caucasus more generally.
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Lee, Joanne. "Political utopia or Potemkin village? Italian travellers to the Soviet Union in the early Cold War". Modern Italy 20, n.º 4 (noviembre de 2015): 379–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1353294400014836.
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Situated on the border between the capitalist West and Communist East, and with the largest Communist party in Western Europe, Italy found itself at the centre of global ideological struggles in the early Cold War years. A number of Italian writers and intellectuals who had joined the PCI (Partito Comunista Italiano) during the Resistance had hoped that the party would play a central role in the post-war reconstruction of Italy and were attracted to the Soviet Union as an example of Communism in action. This article centres on accounts of journeys to the USSR by Sibilla Aleramo, Renata Viganò and Italo Calvino. It will argue that although their writings portray a largely positive vision of the USSR, they should not be dismissed as naive, or worse, disingenuous travellers whose willingness to embrace Soviet-style Communism was based on a wholescale rejection of Western society and its values (see P. Hollander's 1998 [1981] work, Political Pilgrims: Western Intellectuals in Search of the Good Society). Rather, the article shows how their accounts of the USSR shed light on the writers' relationship with the PCI and argues that the views expressed in the travelogues emerge from the writers' personal experiences of war and resistance, a fervent desire to position themselves as anti-Fascist intellectuals, and their concerns regarding the direction that Italian politics was taking at a pivotal moment in the nation's history.
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Bajer, Peter P. "The ‘Opinions of Religion and Divine Worship’ in the Seventeenth Century Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from an English and Scottish Perspective". Studia Historyczne 61, n.º 4 (244) (1 de junio de 2021): 19–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/sh.61.2018.04.02.
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The ‘Opinions of Religion and Divine Worship’ in the Seventeenth Century Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from an English and Scottish Perspective
The article analyses English and Scottish travellers’ accounts of interdenominational relations, and specifically religious toleration, as observed in the seventeenth century Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth. It traces the changing British perception of these matters over time, from when toleration was a subject of admiration until it began to be seen as a sign of anarchic religious liberty, a weakness; something to be, as Gilbert instigated, ‘abolished and removed from the body and the bounds’ of the English monarchy.
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Henze, Mary L. "Thirty cows for an eye: The traditional economy of the central Caucasus — an analysis from 19th century travellers’ accounts". Central Asian Survey 4, n.º 3 (enero de 1985): 115–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02634938508400514.
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Burroughs, Robert. "‘[T]he true sailors of Western Africa’: Kru seafaring identity in British travellers’ accounts of the 1830s and 1840s". Journal for Maritime Research 11, n.º 1 (diciembre de 2009): 51–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21533369.2009.9668368.
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Senica, Klemen. "Following in the Footsteps of Isabella Bird?" Asian Studies 9, n.º 3 (10 de septiembre de 2021): 225–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/as.2021.9.3.225-257.
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Alma Karlin (1889–1950), a round-the-world traveller, intellectual, and writer from Celje, Slovenia, arrived in Japan and lived in Tokyo in the early 1920s, an era which historians consider to be an interim period between the initial expansion of the Japanese Empire to mainland Asia and its end in 1945. The writer’s fascination with the land can be inferred, among other things, from a 35-page description of Japan and the Japanese in her most famous book, Einsame Weltreise. Die Tragödie einer Frau (The Odyssey of a Lonely Woman), and passages in Reiseskizzen (Travel Sketches), an earlier work. The article aims to place these travel accounts in the historical and ideological contexts of their time while highlighting some similarities and differences between the representations of the land and its people by Karlin and those by Isabella Bird (1831–1904). Although Karlin makes no explicit reference to the famous British traveller in her writing on Japan, the article demonstrates that she must have known about Bird’s book Unbeaten Tracks in Japan. It is, above all, her decision to introduce her (German) readers to topoi that were typical of Victorian women’s travel writing which suggests that Karlin partly based her image of Japan, if not even the itinerary of her journey there, on Bird’s bestselling work. Nevertheless, Karlin does not seem to have conformed to the then dominant orientalist discourses on Japan, her representations generally showing none of the Western arrogance that was so typical of her fellow travellers of both sexes.
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Kinsley, Zoë. "Narrating Travel, Narrating the Self: Considering Women‘s Travel Writing as Life Writing". Bulletin of the John Rylands Library 90, n.º 2 (septiembre de 2014): 67–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.7227/bjrl.90.2.5.
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This article considers the ways in which eighteenth-century womens travel narratives function as autobiographical texts, examining the process by which a travellers dislocation from home can enable exploration of the self through the observation and description of place. It also, however, highlights the complexity of the relationship between two forms of writing which a contemporary readership viewed as in many ways distinctly different. The travel accounts considered, composed (at least initially) in manuscript form, in many ways contest the assumption that manuscript travelogues will somehow be more self-revelatory than printed accounts. Focusing upon the travel writing of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, Katherine Plymley, Caroline Lybbe Powys and Dorothy Richardson, the article argues for a more historically nuanced approach to the reading of womens travel writing and demonstrates that the narration of travel does not always equate to a desired or successful narration of the self.
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Van Kley, Edwin J. "Asian Religions in Seventeenth-century Dutch Literature". Itinerario 25, n.º 3-4 (noviembre de 2001): 54–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300014984.
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What had begun as a respectable stream of information about Asia during the sixteenth century became a virtual flood during the seventeenth. Literally hundreds of books about Asia and its various parts were published during that century, authored by missionaries, merchants, mariners, physicians, soldiers, and independent travellers. At least twenty-five major descriptions of South Asia, appeared during the century; another fifteen on mainland Southeast Asia, about twenty devoted to the Southeast Asian archipelagoes, and sixty or more to East Asia. Alongside these major independent contributions stood scores of Jesuit letterbooks, derivative accounts, travel accounts with brief descriptions of many Asian places, pamphlets, newssheets, and the like. Many of these were collected into the several large multivolume compilations of travel literature published during the period. In addition, several important scholarly studies pertaining to Asia were published during the seventeenth century - studies of Asian medicine, botany, religion, and history- as well as translations of important Chinese and Sanskrit literature.
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Carita, Helder. "Creating Norms for Indo-Portuguese Architecture: TheLivro de Acordãos e Assentos da Câmara de Goa, 1592–1597". Itinerario 31, n.º 2 (julio de 2007): 71–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300000644.
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Architecture is testimony to the passage of time, to social relations and ways of doing things. Architecture is responsible for the morphology of cities; it constitutes a fundamental element in the city's image and of the urban landscape. In the context of Indo-Portuguese culture, architecture—emerging as the sedimentation of different ways of doing things—appears from a research perspective as a particularly delicate issue because of the shortage of specific documentary information. Given the difficulty of access to documentary support, the study of architecture often falls back on the descriptions and accounts of travellers which are almost inevitably constrained by an interpretive vision that speaks more of the observer's own mindset than of the object itself.
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Jones, Adam y Isabel Voigt. "“Just a First Sketchy Makeshift”: German Travellers and Their Cartographic Encounters in Africa, 1850-1914". History in Africa 39 (2012): 9–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hia.2012.0012.
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Abstract:The maps of Africa produced in Europe on the eve of colonial partition and in the early decades of colonial rule purported to represent in a scientific manner what European explorers had “discovered.” Yet in reality they derived to a significant extent – albeit indirectly – from the spatial knowledge of Africans whom these explorers encountered. Whilst we do not possess many sources produced by the Africans themselves, it is possible to read the European accounts as potential depositories of African spatial knowledge and to consider how this knowledge may have been filtered in the process of cartographic production. Taking the German travellers and the important work of August Petermann in Gotha (in the period 1854-1878) as an illustration, the article analyses the difficulties a European faced when attempting to grasp Africa in spatial terms, the motivations and importance of African “informants,” and the transformation of “cartographic encounters” into maps. It also examines how some Africans responded to the growing market for geographical knowledge.