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1
Ho, Sau-ming Seraphina. "Soil conditions in landscape tree planters in urban Hong Kong /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1999. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B21375483.
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Hui, Shuk-kwan. "A discussion on wall trees in Western District." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2009. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B42904687.
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Sin, Mun-yee. "Biogeography of urban greenery a case study of Tai Po New Town in Hong Kong /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2000. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B22331839.
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Yip, Chiu-wah Regina. "The impact of new town development on urban trees in Hong Kong." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2000. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B21979170.
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Heath, Michael John. "Asset and risk management of mature trees /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 2002. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ARCHLM/09archlmh438.pdf.
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Parker, Matthew David. "The management of tree replacement in mature urban landscapes." Connect to thesis, 2004. http://repository.unimelb.edu.au/10187/62.
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Amenity trees provide physical, social and economic benefits to people sharing their environment. To maintain the benefits that many people have come to expect of trees in their urban landscapes, a viable and dynamic tree population is required. To this end it is necessary to plant new trees or replace existing trees when they require removal. The challenge when replacing mature trees is not simply the process of planting a tree when one is removed, but of the continual replacement of the entire tree population in a planned and managed fashion. In urban landscapes this is not a natural process, and human intervention is required.
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Stenhouse, Renae N. "Ecology and management of bushland in Australian cities." University of Western Australia. School of Earth and Geographical Sciences, 2005. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2005.0027.
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[Truncated abstract] Native vegetation (bushland) in urban areas remains in small, isolated patches embedded within a matrix of human-dominated land uses. Bushlands in urban areas have high biodiversity conservation and social values, and there has been a local-level movement towards protecting and managing urban bushlands in Australia. This thesis aims to test principles, theories and concepts relating to the ecology and management of bushland fragments in Australian cities ... A commonly used qualitative scale was compared with an ecologically based, quantitative technique developed in the research. The qualitative scale was found to be a reliable proxy for assessing vegetation condition, while also being more user-friendly for community groups and other bushland managers. The human-caused disturbances and weed cover in urban bushlands indicate a need for management intervention. Local government has an important role in local biodiversity management, yet there has been little research on this topic ... Positive partnerships developed where local governments have taken a ‘contract model’ approach to volunteer coordination, have a number of expectations of volunteer groups, and provide the groups with relatively high level of assistance. Also important is a local government that supports, respects, trusts and communicates with the community group, and recognises volunteers’ skills, knowledge and contributions. With increased resources allocated to local government bushland management and conservation, and coordination with community groups, the full potential of local bushland management would be realised.
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Yeung, Ka-ming. "The establishment and survival of roadside trees in Hong Kong /." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1993. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13474583.
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許淑君 and Shuk-kwan Hui. "A discussion on wall trees in Western District." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2009. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B42904687.
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Siu, Pui-kei Ronnie. "'Experiencing the unexpected behavior of nature' the outdoor museum of wall trees /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2009. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B4266441X.
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Thesis (M. L. A.)--University of Hong Kong, 2009.<br>Includes special report study entitled: 'When nature exploits man-made structures ... ' : a detailed study of wall trees in Hong Kong. Includes bibliographical references. Also available in print.
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Orchard, Lionel. "Whitlam and the cities : urban and regional policy and social democratic reform." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 1987. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09pho641.pdf.
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Cunningham, Shaun Cameron 1971. "Comparative ecophysiology of temperate and tropical rainforest canopy trees of Australia in relation to climate variables." Monash University, Dept. of Biological Sciences, 2001. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/9040.
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Freestone, Robert. "The Australian garden city: a planning history 1910-1930." Australia : Macquarie University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.14/71351.
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"September, 1984".<br>Thesis (PhD)--Macquarie University, Centre for Environmental and Urban Studies, 1985.<br>Includes bibliography : leaves 405-418, and index.<br>Introduction -- The peaceful path to real reform -- The garden city movement -- An international phenomenon -- Australia: setting the scene -- Importing the garden city -- Overview of theory and practice -- An environmental ideal -- Garden city principles -- Garden towns -- Garden villages -- Garden suburbs -- The metropolitan scale -- Conclusion.<br>The garden city tradition in estate and metropolitan design derived its name from the garden cities advocated by Ebenezer Howard in To-Morrow (1898). A major force in the history of British planning, its influence was felt around the world. This thesis is the first overview of Australian theory and practice, focusing on the period between 1910 and 1930. Five basic tasks are attempted: an outline of the original garden city idea; an examination of the general ideology and organization of the garden city movement; clarification of the international context; specification of the general character and distinctiveness of garden city advocacy in Australia; and a systematic record of actual projects. -- The discussion indicates that the nature of the Australian response reflected the interaction of imported ideas with local circumstances. As in other countries, Howard's 'peaceful path' to 'a better a brighter civilization' was not fully followed. Instead, the garden city assumed three main guises. First, it functioned as an inspirational environmental ideal. Second, it brought together concrete principles for improved lay out that were advocated for and implemented in three different settings: special purpose 'garden towns'; 'tied' housing estates for industrial employees; and residential suburbs and subdivisions. These 'garden suburbs' dominated the local scene but, as with the other developments, translation of the ideal into reality was imperfect, being deleteriously affected by financial, political, and administrative factors in particular. Third, and at a larger scale, the garden city helped to introduce certain tentative ideas regarding the desirable size, shape and structure of the metropolis. -- The approach adopted is basically empirical, with the most important source material being the contemporary Australian planning literature. The structure is best described as 'stratified chronology'. The analytical framework combines three main approaches to planning historiography: the societal (setting planning events and developments in their broadest economic, political, cultural, and institutional context), the biographical (emphasizing the important role of individuals in the importation, diffusion and implementation of garden city thought), and the morphological (a spatial emphasis involving an inventory of landscape impacts). The major theme permeating the thesis is that of the 'diluted legacy': the drift in the garden city tradition away from Howard's holistic, radical manifesto through liberal environmental reforms to actual schemes which compromised or even totally contradicted the original idea in physical, economic and social terms. The extension and conceptualization of this idea provides one of several important areas for future research highlighted by the thesis.<br>Mode of access: World Wide Web.<br>xi, 424 leaves ill
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Fisher, Elizabeth. "The impact of the federal Better Cities program on planning and management of the Patawalonga and its catchment /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1995. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ENV/09envf534.pdf.
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Yip, Chiu-wah Regina, and 葉昭華. "The impact of new town development on urban trees in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B43894227.
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Tong, Mei-ka Julie. "Tree planting and air quality in Hong Kong urban areas /." View the Table of Contents & Abstract, 2005. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/.
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Reimer, Jeffrey L. "Selectree for California : a tree selection system /." Computer program:, 1997.
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Stevens, James Barrie. "Preferences for visual attributes in the process of selection and location of street trees in the Brisbane metropolitan area." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1995. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/36248/1/36248_Stevens_1995.pdf.
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Preference for visual attributes in the process of selection and location
of street trees in Brisbane
This thesis seeks to establish the attributes of streetscapes that are important to
people who live in the city of Brisbane. It develops and tests a methodology for
determining streetscape preference. The research methodology is based on an
adaptation of the 'psychophysical' paradigm for landscape assessment using
analysis of primary data collected in the study area (Brisbane metropolitan area).
The analysis has yielded original findings relating street scale with public
preference.
The preference for 30 suburban streetscapes depicting a typical range of street
trees of many sizes, species, locations and densities was assessed by 28 people of
varying age, vocation and interests. The assessment records of those selected
were compared with objective measurements of the tree/street scale. A second
expert assessment of 'scale' and 'contrast' was made and also compared with the
objective scale measurements and public preference assessments, to identify any
relationship between expert 'scale' and 'contrast' and public preference.
Judgements of preference were found to have a relationship with objective scale
ratios expressed as decimals, having an optimum value in the region of 0.618.
Analysis of the contribution of attributes to preference suggested that the
following attributes were significant, ranked in priority:
1. a high degree of axial symmetry, with trees of similar foliage density
2. well formed mature tree specimens, with prominent foliage
3. trees spaced to permit continuous canopies as a corridor or enclosure
4. a clear minimum height of approximately two metres to the underside of
foliage
5. evidence of human intervention was at a minimum
6. there was an optimum visible length of street preferred.
Analysis of expert 'scale' assessments indicated a relationship which, when
graphed, changed character approximately coinciding with peak preference. This
indicated strong sensitivity to 'scale' up to the public's peak preference, thereafter
being less so. Analysis of means of expert 'contrast' assessments was
inconclusive, in that only the most generalised trend could be identified within the
data. This indicates that more specific aspects of contrast might be studied for
potential correlation.
Integration with related areas of research is discussed and recommendations for
further research are given. Applications of the research to landscape design are
__ outlined in the concluding chapter of the thesis.
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Slater, John Gilmour. "Pictorial images of urban Australia 1919-1945 : attitudes and functions." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.364430.
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Lindberg, Alfred. "Contextualizing Smart Cities in Australia : The Role of Data in Advancing Sustainable Development." Thesis, KTH, Urbana och regionala studier, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-283739.
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The smart city is not a new concept. For centuries urbanists have sought to rationalize city making and explore more efficient means to operate cities. Meanwhile, the exponential utilization of information and communication technologies (ICT) have opened up for a new wave of ‘smart’ development that is rapidly sweeping across the globe contributing to a previously unseen ‘datafication’ of cities. The concept of smart cities is often met by staunch criticism due to, among other things, the influence from corporate actors. Smart cities have also been criticized for not adequately addressing issues related to sustainable development. Despite this recent upswing of smart initiatives and plans, there is still a significant gap in our understanding of what this looks like in situ. While spectacular cases (Songdo, South Korea; Masdar City, UAE, among others) of smart cities have been dissected and covered extensively over the last few years, more ordinary examples of already existing cities transitioning into smart cities are still largely unexplored. Against the backdrop of both the high appraisal and vast criticism of smart cities, a growing literature have recently called for a more nuanced approach, advocating for a focus on the ‘actually existing smart city’ and how smart cities unfold in specific contexts. This study examines the situatedness of smart cities in the Australian context through a grounded theory lens, looking specifically at how the ‘datafication’ plays out and how it influences the realization of the sustainable city. Taking an inductive approach, this study applies semi-structured interviews with key smart cities stakeholders in Australia and participant observations to identify key themes in the smart city sphere in relation to sustainability and data. The findings highlight that smart city initiatives do not necessarily fit into preconceived ideas about smart cities. Secondly, while data is seen almost universally as a valuable source of information to better understand and manage cities, it is not clear that it influences sustainable development. In addition, competing opinions on open data also suggest that this is a fairly contested topic in Australia, which should encourage further investigation of its intended contributions to a more sustainable form of urban development. This study adds to a relatively scarce number of qualitative studies of smart cities in general, and of smart cities in the Australian context in particular.
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Leong, Yin-ming, and 梁燕明. "An analysis of tree management policy in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/193002.
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Trees are a valuable asset of our society, but little policy research has been conducted in this area at the university level. The policy in Hong Kong has changed from tree preservation to tree management due to repeated tree collapse incidents that have affected public safety and the harmony and sustainability of the environment and society. The Kingdon and Zahariadis multiple streams approach is found to be the most suitable analytical framework for the analysis of tree management policy in Hong Kong. The problem stream looks at why the problems occur, what they are, the magnitude of change in the conditions and why we need to do something about tree management. The policy stream looks at how to deal with and regulate tree management. The politics stream looks at what is done by whom in tree management policy. Finally, the aforementioned three streams are coupled by policy entrepreneurs using policy output so that the agenda can be set and the policy adopted. The tree management policy in Hong Kong is investigated and analysed through the lens of multiple streams theory and it is hoped that the information in this dissertation can offer a clearer understanding of the policy and its role in creating a better Hong Kong.<br>published_or_final_version<br>Public Administration<br>Master<br>Master of Public Administration
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Chan, Oi-ping. "A biogeographical survey of wall vegetation in urban Hong Kong /." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1992. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13456982.
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Chen, Shuang Sophia. "Urban forestry and greening strategies : the case of Nanjing, China /." Hong Kong : University of HOng Kong, 2001. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B23540163.
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O'Brien, Eleanor K. "Local adaptation and genetic variation in south-western Australian forest trees : implications for restoration." University of Western Australia. School of Animal Biology, 2007. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2007.0132.
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[Truncated abstract] Spatial structuring of genetic variation is commonly observed in plant species due to limited dispersal and local adaptation. Intraspecific genetic variation has significant implications for ecological restoration because the source of seed or plants influences patterns of gene flow, and may affect performance if there is adaptive divergence among source populations. This study assessed quantitative trait variation, local adaptation and molecular variation within three common, widespread, long-lived forest tree species from south-western Australia to understand the distribution of intraspecific genetic variation and predict the consequences of seed transfer for restoration. The geographic distribution of quantitative trait variation of jarrah Eucalyptus marginata was assessed through measurement of 15-year-old trees grown in a provenance trial. Survival of trees from the northern jarrah forest was significantly higher than that of trees from southern jarrah forest provenances, where mean annual rainfall is much higher, but stem diameter at breast height (d.b.h.) of southern jarrah forest trees was greater, implying faster growth. D.b.h. of trees from within the northern jarrah forest also exhibited a positive relationship with mean annual rainfall, with maximum d.b.h. observed in trees from provenances in the high rainfall zone. These patterns may reflect selection for faster growth under high rainfall conditions or environmentally-induced parental effects. The percentage of trees bearing buds and flowers varied among latitudinal divisions. ... Neither genetic variation within nor among populations of any species could explain variation of emergence and establishment in reciprocal transplant trials. Collectively, the findings of this study suggest structuring of genetic variation in these species at a broad, rather than a very local, scale. This is expected for widespread, long-lived species, where extensive gene flow and temporal variation are likely to favour high within, relative to among, population genetic variation. However, there is evidence that the source of seed may have a significant influence on the success of restoration of these species, whether as a result of genetic variation among populations or due to other factors affecting seed quality. These results highlight the importance of integrating studies of molecular and adaptive trait variation when seeking to understand the causes and consequences of genetic variation within plant species and contribute to the development of seed sourcing practices for improved restoration success.
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Siu, Pui-kei Ronnie, and 蕭珮淇. "'Experiencing the unexpected behavior of nature': the outdoor museum of wall trees." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2009. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B4266441X.
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Sin, Mun-yee, and 單敏怡. "Biogeography of urban greenery : a case study of Tai Po New Town in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B22331839.
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Carvalho, Gardênia Baffi de. "A contribuição de Frederico Carlos Hoehne na difusão de espécies nativas para a arborização urbana /." Bauru, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/183400.
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Orientador: Marta Enokibara<br>Banca: Norma Regina Truppel Constantino<br>Banca: Maria Lucia Bressan Pinheiro<br>Resumo: O botânico brasileiro Frederico Carlos Hoehne (1882-1959) iniciou sua carreira como jardineiro-chefe do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro em 1907. No ano de 1917, ao ser convidado para fundar o Horto Oswaldo Cruz no Instituto Butantã, se muda para São Paulo, onde solidifica sua carreira fundando e dirigindo hortos e instituições de pesquisa até o ano de 1952, quando se aposenta. Hoehne é reconhecido como um grande defensor da natureza e também por sua paixão por orquídeas. Contudo, este trabalho tem como objetivo investigar um aspecto ainda pouco explorado na vasta produção do autor, referente ao seu estudo para a indicação de espécies nativas para a arborização urbana. Publicado em 1944, o livro "Arborização Urbana" foi um dos primeiros a tratar sobre este tema, se aproximando dos manuais de arborização atuais. A investigação sobre quais eram essas espécies, sua relação com as espécies do manual de arborização mais recente da cidade de São Paulo (2015) e a origem das referências que subsidiaram Hoehne a indicar tais espécies foram o fio condutor da pesquisa apoiada nos Relatórios escritos pelo autor nas instituições em que trabalhou. O objetivo específico é verificar a atualidade e a contribuição do botânico para a preservação das árvores nativas e sua difusão no meio urbano.<br>Abstract: The brazilian botanist Frederico Carlos Hoehne (1882-1959) began his career as head gardener of the National Museum of Rio de Janeiro in 1907. In 1917, when invited to found Horto Oswaldo Cruz in the Butantã Institute, he moves to São Paulo, where he solidifies his career by founding and directing gardens and research institutions until 1952, when he retires. Hoehne is recognized as a great advocate of nature and also for his passion for orchids. However, this work aims to investigate an aspect not much explored in the vast production of the author, about his study for the indication of native species for urban afforestation. Published in 1944, the book "Arborização Urbana" was one of the first to address this issue, approaching the current urban afforestation manuals. The research on these species, their relation to the species of the most recent urban afforestation manual of the city of São Paulo (2015) and the origin of the references that subsidized Hoehne to indicate such species was the guiding line of the research, which relied on Reports written by the author in the institutions that worked. The specific objective is to verify the actuality and the contribution of the botanist for the preservation of the native trees and their diffusion in the urban environment.<br>Mestre
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Wang, ShuHong. "Soil substrate selection for urban trees under deicing salt and compaction conditions." Thesis, McGill University, 2004. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=82446.
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The effects of high sodium chloride (NaCl) levels on Na and nutrient retention of three soil substrates and on littleleaf linden growth in different soil substrates were studied in the laboratory and the greenhouse, within the framework of a substrate selection program for trees planted in downtown Montreal. In addition, the effects of the structural soil (SS) compaction were studied in the first greenhouse experiment. The first greenhouse experiment was established in a factorial arrangement of four soils x four salt levels in a completely randomized design with five replicates. The four soil types were (1) L with a bulk density (BD) of 1.53 g/cm3, (2) LP with a BD of 1.26 g/cm3, (3) SS with a BD of 1.8 g/cm 3 (SS1.8), and (4) SS with a BD of 2.0 g/cm3 (SS2.0). The second greenhouse experiment had a split plot design. Two fertilization levels (with fertilizer and without fertilizer) were randomly arranged as the main plots on ten benches. Within each main plot, the combinations of three NaCl levels (0, 0.5 and 1.0 g NaCl/kg soil) and three soil substrates (L with a BD of 1.40 g/cm3, LP with a BD of 1.13 g/cm 3 and SS2.0) were randomized in the sub-plots. Results from the laboratory leaching experiment indicated that SS had the fastest Na leaching rate and highest Na loss, while LP retained more Na than SS or L. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Brown, Ian K. "Wisconsin statewide urban forest assessment : development and implementation /." Link to full text, 2007. http://epapers.uwsp.edu/thesis/2007/Brown.pdf.
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Tilt, Jenna Howick. "Neighborhood vegetation and preferences : exploring walking behaviors in urban and suburban environments /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5529.
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Ho, Sau-ming Seraphina, and 何秀明. "Soil conditions in landscape tree planters in urban Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31222626.
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Kay, Samuel. "Uprooting People, Planting Trees: Environmental Scarcity Politics and Urban Greening in Beijing." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1587652027967202.
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Kaoma, Humphrey. "The contribution of trees to local livelihoods in urban areas." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003911.
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Trees in natural forests are widely known for their essential contribution to rural livelihoods in developing countries, providing both consumptive and non-consumptive products to rural inhabitants. These benefits are also obtained from trees in urban forests and used by urban households. In the past decades, the role of urban trees to urban livelihoods, municipalities, local and global environment has often been overlooked by researchers and development agencies, and hence are poorly documented, especially in Africa. In South Africa, the increase in urbanisation and urban poverty means many urban residents are expected to be dependent on trees and tree products from homesteads, neighbourhoods and edges of towns. There is however a paucity of literature on the potential of trees in sustaining livelihoods and poverty alleviation in urban areas. This study determined the magnitude and nature of the direct contribution of trees and tree products to local livelihoods in different urban residential areas (informal, Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP), and township) in three South African towns (Tzaneen, Bela Bela and Zeerust) which cover a rainfall gradient from relatively higher (775 mm p.a.) to low (575 mm p.a.). The results showed that most (90%) households had an interest in planting and managing trees on homesteads, given the high proportion (71%) of residents who had planted trees on their homesteads. The abundance of trees followed the moisture gradient, with Tzaneen having a larger share (46.4%) of trees, followed by Bela Bela (27.5%) and Zeerust (26.1%). Larger plots in the informal residential area accounted for the larger proportion (42.8%) of trees on homesteads, followed by the township (32.9%) and RDP households being the least because they were recently established. Tree density was also higher in the high rainfall town but the pattern did not follow the moisture gradient between Bela Bela and Zeerust due to little rainfall difference. However, tree density across residential areas was similar to the proportion of trees on homesteads in residential areas. The most common tree species were alien, and mainly exotic fruit trees made up two-thirds of the trees encountered. Most households collected various products from urban trees, particularly fuelwood, from edges of towns. This was especially by households with lower cash income. However, fruits were collected from homesteads regardless of the wealth status. Tree products had a significant contribution to the total annual household income, with fuelwood alone contributing up to R5 663 per household per annum, equivalent to two-three month household cash income. Tree products added 20% to total household income, which represents the amount of money households save by collecting tree products for free. Therefore, trees within and around urban areas contribute significantly to livelihoods and reduce poverty in urban areas. There is need therefore to encourage urban residents to plant trees on homesteads and policy makers to come up with policies that promote sustainable harvesting of tree products from areas surrounding urban areas.
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Mar, Phillip. "Accommodating Places: a migrant ethnography of two cities (Hong Kong and Sydney)." University of Sydney, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/1209.
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Doctor of Philosophy<br>This ethnography is based on fieldwork in two very different cities, Hong Kong and Sydney. It traces the movements of subjects from Hong Kong through the analysis of differing modes of inhabiting urban space. The texture of lived spaces provides an analytic focus for examining a highly mobile migrant group. This ethnography explores the mesh of objective structures and migrant subjectivities in a mobile field of migrant ‘place’. A basic assumption of this study is that people from Hong Kong have acquired a common array of dispositions attuned to living in a specific environment. Hong Kong’s dense and challenging urban space embodies aspects of the singular historical ‘production of space’ underpinning a colonial entrepôt that has expanded into a major global economic node. The conditions of lived space are examined through an historical analysis of urban space in Hong Kong and an ethnographic analysis of spatial practices and dispositions. The sprawling spaces of suburban Sydney clearly differ sharply from that of Hong Kong. Interview accounts of settling in Sydney are used to investigate the ‘gap’ in spatial dispositions. Settling entails both practical accommodations to new and unfamiliar localities and an interweaving of cultural and ideological elements into the expanded everyday of migrant subjectivity. Language and speech are integral to spatial practices and provide means of referencing and evaluating ongoing social relations and trajectories. The ‘discourse space’ of interview accounts of settlement in Sydney and movements back to Hong Kong are closely examined, yielding an array of perceptions and representations of different, and contested styles of urban life. All the senses are brought into play in accounts of densities and absences in people’s everyday worlds. At the same time this thesis provides a perspective from which to interrogate contemporary interpretations of ‘transnational’ migration, suggesting the need for an analysis grounded in a specific economy of capacities and dispositions to appropriate social and symbolic goods.
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Ho, Ching-yee Christina. "The biomonitoring of heavy metal pollution in the wood and leaf chemistry of urban trees in Hong Kong." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1999. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B21089978.
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Gerner, R. P. "Urban design and the Better Cities Program the influence of urban design on the outcomes of the Program /." Connect to full text, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/578.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Sydney, 2002.<br>Title from title screen (viewed Apr. 28, 2008). Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy to the Dept. of Architecture, Planning and Allied Arts, Faculty of Architecture. Includes bibliography. Also available in print form.
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Spangenberg, Eric F. "Demonstration of geographic information systems as a tool for street tree management." Virtual Press, 1995. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/935908.
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The goals of this project were to: (1) combine the ARC/INFO Geographic Information System (GIS) software with the TIGER data files and tree inventory data files, (2) demonstrate GIS as a tool in street tree inventory management, (3) answer a management related question, specifically the identification of dead and hazardous trees within the city, with the use of the GIS tool, and (4) prepare an article based on the project for submission to the Journal of Arboriculture.Dead and hazardous trees located along a city street are a major accident liability to a city. It is vital, for both safety and aesthetic purposes, that a community know the location of dead and hazardous trees. As a management tool the GIS can utilize the inventory data to aid the urban forester in interpreting the urban forest by identifying these tree locations. Through the use of point-in-polygon analysis and choropleth maps, these specific management concerns can be highlighted throughout the city.The power to visually demonstrate certain parts of town with higher concentrations of work needed is one way that GIS can provide the management tools necessary for better care of our urban forests.<br>Department of Landscape Architecture
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Kane, Michael Patrick. "Linking the knowledge economy, urban intensity and transport in post-industrial cities with a case study of Perth, Western Australia." Thesis, Curtin University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/1117.
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Cities in post-industrial economies are characterised by a multi-layered intensification of knowledge. This intensification occurs through: • agglomeration of knowledge economic activity; • human capital knowledge; and • the means of knowledge exchange i.e. ICT and transport. This thesis proposes an intensification of key walkable urban centres, particularly universities. Knowledge urban intensification is heavily reliant on rail and walking transport intensification.
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Price, Gary Norman. "Assessing the growth performance of European olive (Olea europea L.) on Mount Weld pastoral station." Thesis, Curtin University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/1862.
Texto completoResumen
This thesis describes the growth of European olive (Olea europaea L.) at three different trial sites located near Laverton, in the north-eastern Goldfields region of Western Australia. The local region comprises part ofthe rangelands area of Australia and has a semi-arid climate. The initial reason for planting olives was indirectly related to the rapid decrease in the local population and the economic downturn that resulted within that community during the late 1990's. This prompted an investigation into other possibilities for economic diversity for remote communities such as Laverton, which are located in the rangelands area of Australia. In Australia, much of the southern and eastern areas of the country have similar climate to traditional olive growing areas in Europe. [n the rangelands however, the environment is different to most other areas in the world where olive trees are grown and there is a notable absence of a commercial olive industry. Whilst locally, individual trees were also observed to be growing well and fruiting abundantly, it is not known whether it is possible to grow olive trees successfully on a commercial scale. Two preliminary trials were established in an ad-hoc manner, to examine whether olive trees could be grown successfully in the rangelands environment. Eighty-eight trees of 5 different cultivars were planted on a shallow, clay soil profile at the first trial site. Ninety-eight trees of 11 different cultivar were planted on a deep sand soil profile at the second site. Higher mortality rate occurred at the first site, with most tree deaths being recorded in the first two years. Peak growth of branch tips occurred during the spring-summer seasons at both sites. Differences in trial design and timing of planting prevented statistical comparison of growth performance between sites however.A third olive trial, consisting of 3 olive groves was established according to randomised design. In the north and middle groves, 54 trees of 3 different cultivar were planted on a deep alluvial soil profile. In the south grove, 53 trees of 3 different cultivar were planted on a shallow clay soil profile. High mortality rates were recorded at all 3 groves during the first year, as a result of high salinity levels in irrigation water during the establishment period. Overall, most tree mortality was recorded at the south grove. Significantly higher growth performance occurred within the deeper alluvial soil profile at the north and middle groves, compared to the shallow clay soil profile in the south grove. Negligible olive fruit production occurred at the first site. At the second site, small quantities of olive fruit were produced during some seasons only. No olive fruit production occurred at any grove at the randomized site. Successful fruit formation appears directly related to tree health, as a function of water supply. Ripening of olive fruit occurred earlier than at other more temperate olive growing areas of Australia. Similar major and trace element deficiencies occurred at all sites, interpreted to be a function of universal alkaline ground-water conditions.This study failed to confirm conclusively, whether European olive could be grown successfully in the semi-arid climate, typical of much of the rangelands area of Australia. As a result of the study however, successful growth in this environment is confirmed to be highly dependent on three factors. Firstly, availability of reliable irrigation waters of sufficient quality. Secondly, choice of suitable soil types. Thirdly, selection of suitable cultivars. Quality of olive oil produced from fruit appears to be influenced by local climatic factors The study also highlighted the issues of land tenure, current management attitudes and level of support within the local community as having a direct and significant impact on the trial.
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Paap, Trudy. "The incidence, severity and possible causes of canker disease in Corymbia calophylla (marri) trees in south west of Western Australia." Thesis, Paap, Trudy (2001) The incidence, severity and possible causes of canker disease in Corymbia calophylla (marri) trees in south west of Western Australia. Honours thesis, Murdoch University, 2001. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/32766/.
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To determine the extent, severity and cause of cankers in Corymbia calophylla (marri) throughout the south west of Western Australia, field work was undertaken at three regions: Brunswick Junction, Perup and north west of Walpole. At each region, transects of stands of remnant vegetation (on private property or road verges), and in state forest allowed quantification of canker incidence, site and tree features. Cankers were sampled for potential fungal pathogens at these six sites, as well as cankered trees in state forest and roadsides east of Rocky Gully, and a railway siding in Balingup.
Cankers were severe and widespread throughout the south west of W. A., and of the 300 trees assessed, 31.7% (95 trees) had at least one canker. Cankers were present on trunks, main branches, smaller branches, and as small lesions on twigs. Girdling cankers had caused tree death at five of the six sites. There were significantly (p<0.05) more cankered trees at the remnant sites than in state forest (47.3% and 16%, respectively).
Though tree height, diameter at breast height (DBH) and crown ratings and health could be used as significant predictors of cankers occurring on a particular tree, these factors accounted for only 14% of the variation in the number of cankers predictable from the linear combination of the tree features (R2=0.141, F=16.78 (3, 306), p<0.0001).
There was no significant (p>0.05) relationship between rainfall or trunk aspect and canker frequency.
Damage caused by gall forming weevils, leaf feeding insects and shoot death contributed to tree decline, however, there was no correlation (p>0.05) between the presence of insect galls and cankers.
Twenty two species of fungi were isolated from the 42 intensively sampled trees. Four fungal species, Cytospora eucalypticola (55%), Endothiella sp. (50%), Favostroma sp. (37.5%) and a Fusarium-like species (12.5%) were regularly isolated from cankers in all regions. A Ramularia sp. was isolated from leaves of Corymbia maculata at the Brunswick Junction property site, and from marri shoots and leaves in the adjacent state forest. A selective medium (half strength potato dextrose agar with the addition of 10 g/L chloramphenicol and 10 g/L rose bengal) was developed for the isolation of Ramularia, and while it provided an efficient method for isolation of the pathogen from infected leaf material, its effectiveness with infected woody tissue remains to be verified.
Examination of the Endothiella sp. isolates showed conidia size was similar to that of Endothiella gyrosa, however this identification must be verified with molecular work. A great deal of variation was observed in colony morphology. Attempts to catogorise isolates on the basis of colony morphology were unsuccessful, as it was highly unstable, even within colonies from single spore isolates. A vegetative compatibility grouping (VCG) trial showed extremely high genetic variation, with 23 VCGs from 24 isolates, and isolates from more than one VCG present from a single canker. The genetic variation is only tentatively described as large, and molecular tools are recommended for further population studies.
An inoculation trial using three Endothiella sp. isolates from marri cankers into marri seedlings defoliated at 0, 50 and 100% showed the fungus caused significantly (p<0.05) larger lesions than controls in all but one isolate/defoliation regime combination. The pathogen induced the largest lesions in the nonde- _,. foliated control seedlings, contrary to what had been anticipated. Lesions of nondefoliated seedlings were significantly (p<0.05) larger than those of 100% defoliated seedlings, and visibly, though not significantly (p>0.05) larger than those of 50% defoliated seedlings. Variation in pathogenicity was observed between the Endothiella sp. isolates.
A winter field inoculation trial using two to three year old marri saplings showed that after four months, isolates of Cytospora eucalypticola, Botryosphaeria sp. and especially Endothiella sp. were pathogenic. There were significant (p<0.05) differences in pathogenicity between the two Endothiella sp. isolates, with one being particularly aggressive, causing long and sometimes girdling lesions. Of two Favostroma isolates, only one produced significantly (p<0.05) longer, but not wider, lesions than controls. A Fusarium-like species, and an isolate of Ramularia from the Department of Conservation and Land Management (CALM) culture collection did not produce significant lesions.
While it is tentatively suggested that there is a current canker epidemic being caused by Endothiella sp., the possibility of the involvement of a fastidious primary pathogen is not ruled out. It also appears likely that the decline of marri is a disease of complex etiology, with a range of contributing factors including insect damage, possibly introduced and endemic pathogens, and a range of environmental stresses. There is a pressing need for further research to determine the causes, and to enable the development of strategies for the control and management of marri decline.
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Merse, Cynthia Lauren. "A Study of Urban Forestry in Baltimore, Maryland: Analyzing the Significance of Street Trees in Bolton Hill." Ohio : Ohio University, 2005. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1125773028.
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Voelkel, Jackson Lee. "Urban Geocomputation: Two Studies on Urban Form and its Role in Altering Climate." PDXScholar, 2018. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4350.
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Our climate and our cities are changing. Though their changes are not completely dependent upon one another, there is still a coupling effect between them. This study assesses the role of urban form as it pertains to elements of climate change. It is comprised of two essays intended for publication. The first of these essays addresses the feedbacks between urban form, energy consumption, and rising global temperatures. The second essay looks at one particular factor of urban form--tree type--as it pertains to air pollution and urban heat island mitigation. Both papers use the analytical approaches necessary to answer the questions they pose, not ubiquitous over-generalizing modeling software or methods found often in the literature. As seen in the analyses, this practice--known as geocomputation--allows for a deeper and more accurate description of complex spatial relationships.
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Silva, Wilton Dias da. "Arborização de vias urbanas : potencial de sombreamento das espécies /." Bauru, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/137982.
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Orientador: João Roberto Gomes de Faria<br>Banca: Maria Solange G. de Fontes<br>Banca: Lea Cristina Lucas de Souza<br>Resumo: A arborização de vias urbanas pode se constituir num elemento bastante eficaz na amenização de altas temperaturas na camada intraurbana, através de mecanismos de sombreamento e evapotranspiração. Entretanto, entre os variados tipos de espécies arbóreas, quais seriam as mais indicadas para utilização na arborização das vias, a fim de mitigar a temperatura do ar no ambiente urbano? A utilização de ferramentas computacionais é uma alternativa para análise desta questão, tendo em vista que, o uso destes programas auxilia as pesquisas na área de planejamento e avaliação do ambiente construído, por meio da simulação de variados cenários. Um programa bastante utilizado para estudos de interação entre a vegetação e microclimas urbanos é o ENVI-Met, o qual, no entanto, não contém em seu banco de dados, parâmetros relativos a espécies brasileiras, em particular as de cerrado, o que pode gerar cenários microclimáticos incorretos. O objetivo desta pesquisa é propor um método para avaliação do potencial de sombreamento de espécies usadas em arborização de vias urbanas. Para tanto, foram realizados medições de radiação solar incidente sob copas de algumas espécies, usadas no sombreamento de vias urbanas da cidade de Bauru (SP), cujos resultados foram comparados com os parâmetros das mesmas espécies simulados pelo ENVI-Met. A partir do tratamento dos dados foi gerada uma ferramenta, através da qual é possível extrapolar os resultados para escolha de outras espécies. Assim, espera-se que est... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)<br>Abstract: The afforestation of the urban streets can be a very effective element in the mitigation of high temperatures in urban layer through shading mechanisms and evapotranspiration. However, among the various types of tree species, which are the best indicated for use in street afforestation, to mitigate the air temperature in the urban environment? The use of computational tools would be an alternative to analyze this question, given that the use of these programs help in the research on planning and evaluation of the built environment through the simulation of various scenarios. A program widely used to study the interaction between urban vegetation and microclimates is the ENVI-Met, which, however, does not contain parameters in your database relating to brazilians species, particularly the cerrado species, which can create incorrect microclimatic scenarios. The aims of this research is to propose a method to evaluation of potencial shading of species used in afforestation of urban streets. For that, radiation measurements were performed in incident solar canopies of some species used in shading urban streets of the city of Bauru (SP), whose results were compared with the parameters of the same species simulated by ENVI-Met. From the processing, a tool was generated through which it is possible to extrapolate the results to select other species. Thus, it is expected that this method contributes to the indication of species that contain potential for mitigating the air temperatur... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)<br>Mestre
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Stålberg, Martin. "Reconstruction of trees from 3D point clouds." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Avdelningen för systemteknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-316833.
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The geometrical structure of a tree can consist of thousands, even millions, of branches, twigs and leaves in complex arrangements. The structure contains a lot of useful information and can be used for example to assess a tree's health or calculate parameters such as total wood volume or branch size distribution. Because of the complexity, capturing the structure of an entire tree used to be nearly impossible, but the increased availability and quality of particularly digital cameras and Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) instruments is making it increasingly possible. A set of digital images of a tree, or a point cloud of a tree from a LIDAR scan, contains a lot of data, but the information about the tree structure has to be extracted from this data through analysis. This work presents a method of reconstructing 3D models of trees from point clouds. The model is constructed from cylindrical segments which are added one by one. Bayesian inference is used to determine how to optimize the parameters of model segment candidates and whether or not to accept them as part of the model. A Hough transform for finding cylinders in point clouds is presented, and used as a heuristic to guide the proposals of model segment candidates. Previous related works have mainly focused on high density point clouds of sparse trees, whereas the objective of this work was to analyze low resolution point clouds of dense almond trees. The method is evaluated on artificial and real datasets and works rather well on high quality data, but performs poorly on low resolution data with gaps and occlusions.
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Docker, Benjamin Brougham. "Biotechnical engineering on alluvial riverbanks of southeastern Australia: A quantified model of the earth-reinforcing properties of some native riparian trees." University of Sydney, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/1688.
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Doctor of Philosophy(PhD)<br>It is generally accepted that tree roots can reinforce soil and improve the stability of vegetated slopes. Tree root reinforcement is also recognised in riverbanks although the contribution that the roots make to bank stability has rarely been assessed due to the reluctance of geomorphologists to examine riverbank stability by geomechanical methods that allow for the inclusion of quantified biotechnical parameters. This study investigates the interaction between alluvial soil and the roots of four southeastern Australian riparian trees. It quantifies the amount and distribution of root reinforcement present beneath typically vegetated riverbanks of the upper Nepean River, New South Wales, and examines the effect of the reinforcement on the stability of these banks. The ability of a tree to reinforce the soil is limited by the spatial distribution of its root system and the strength that the roots impart to the soil during shear. These two parameters were determined for the following four species of native riparian tree: Casuarina glauca, Eucalyptus amplifolia, Eucalyptus elata, and Acacia floribunda. The four species all exhibit a progressive reduction in the quantity of root material both with increasing depth and with increasing lateral distance from the tree stem. In the vertical direction there are two distinct zones that can be described. The first occurs from between 0 and approximately 15 % of the maximum vertical depth and consists of approximately 80 % of the total root material quantity. In this zone the root system consists of both vertical and lateral roots, the size and density of which varies between species. The second zone occurs below approximately 15 % of the maximum vertical depth and consists primarily of vertical roots. The quantity of root material in this zone decreases exponentially with depth due to the taper of individual roots. The earth reinforcement potential in terms of both geometric extent and the quantity of root material expressed as the Root Area Ratio (RAR) varies significantly from species to species. E. elata exhibited the highest values of RAR in soil zones beneath it while E. amplifolia reinforced a greater volume of soil than any of the other species examined. The increased shear resistance (Sr) of alluvial soil containing roots was measured by direct in-situ shear tests on soil blocks beneath a plantation. For three of the species (C. glauca, E. amplifolia, E. elata) Sr increased with increasing RAR measured at the shear plane, in a similar linear relationship. The shear resistance provided by A. floribunda roots also increased with increasing RAR at the shear plane but at a much greater rate than for the other three species. This is attributable to A. floribunda’s greater root tensile strength and therefore pull-out resistance, as well as its smaller root diameters at comparative RARs which resulted in a greater proportion of roots reaching full tensile strength within the confines of the test. Tree roots fail progressively in this system. Therefore determining the increased shear strength from the sum of the pull-out or tensile strengths of all individual roots and Waldron’s (1977) and Wu et al’s (1979) simple root model, would result in substantial over estimates of the overall strength of the soil-root system. The average difference between Sr calculated in this manner and that measured from direct in-situ shear tests is 10.9 kPa for C. glauca, 19.0 kPa for E. amplifolia, 19.3 kPa for E. elata, and 8.8 kPa for A. floribunda. A riverbank stability analysis incorporating the root reinforcement effect was conducted using a predictive model of the spatial distribution of root reinforcement beneath riparian trees within the study area. The model is based on measurements of juveniles and observations of the rooting habits of mature trees. It indicates that while the presence of vegetation on riverbank profiles has the potential to increase stability by up to 105 %, the relative increase depends heavily on the actual vegetation type, density, and location on the bank profile. Of the species examined in this study the greatest potential for improved riverbank stability is provided by E. amplifolia, followed by E. elata, A. floribunda, and C. glauca. The presence of trees on banks of the Nepean River has the potential to raise the critical factor of safety (FoS) from a value that is very unstable (0.85) to significantly above 1.00 even when the banks are completely saturated and subject to rapid draw-down. It is likely then that the period of intense bank instability observed within this environment between 1947 and 1992 would not have taken place had the riparian vegetation not been cleared prior to the onset of wetter climatic conditions. Typical ‘present-day’ profiles are critically to marginally stable. The introduction of vegetation could improve stability by raising the FoS up to 1.68 however the selection of revegetation species is crucial. With the placement of a large growing Eucalypt at a suitable spacing (around 3-5 m) the choice of smaller understorey trees and shrubs is less important. The effect of riparian vegetation on bank stability has important implications for channel morphological change. This study quantifies the mechanical earth reinforcing effect of some native riparian trees, thus allowing for improved deterministic assessment of historical channel change and an improved basis for future riverine management.
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Docker, Benjamin Brougham. "Biotechnical engineering on alluvial riverbanks of southeastern Australia a quantified model of the earth-reinforcing properties of some native riparian trees /." Connect to full text, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/1688.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--School of Geosciences, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, 2004.<br>Degree awarded 2004; thesis submitted 2003. Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy to the School of Geosciences, Faculty of Science. Title from title screen (viewed 13 January 2009). Includes bibliographical references. Also available in print form.
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Chen, Shuang Sophia, and 陳爽. "Urban forestry and greening strategies: the case of Nanjing, China." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2001. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31242959.
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Chishaleshale, Mwale. "Governance and management of urban trees and green spaces in South Africa: ensuring benefits to local people and the environment." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006035.
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In the face of rapid urbanization and global climate change, urban trees and green spaces (UTGS) can contribute to the welfare of people and the urban environment. Urban trees and green spaces can assist to address urbanization challenges related to environmental degradation. While functions of UTGS have been well documented in the developed world, they have not yet received full attention in much of sub-Saharan Africa. Consequently, UTGS are under threat from urban development and fragmentation. Notably, the problems associated with UTGS also fall into the governance realm and indications are that poor governance and management of UTGS can negatively influence the potential benefits of UTGS to local people and the environment. This formed a basis for this research. The main objective of the study was to determine the current governance and management approaches to UTGS in South Africa. Through document search and review, the study determined the governance institutions influencing UTGS at national level and at provincial level (in the Limpopo and Eastern Cape Provinces). Face-to-face and online survey methods were used to determine the extent to which 28 local municipalities had adopted planned, systematic and integrated management of UTGS. The snowball approach was used to determine the key actors involved in UTGS activities and interviews were conducted to establish the roles and capabilities of these actors. A total of 540 household interviews were conducted to determine the institutional factors influencing local peoples’ ability to access, plant and use UTGS. The findings of the study showed that UTGS have not been adequately covered in existing governance institutions and practice at national and provincial levels. Local government municipalities were not managing their UTGS in a planned or systematic manner due to constraining factors such as insufficient funds, insufficient personnel, lack of equipment and lack of political support. Only 7.1 % of the surveyed municipalities had an urban tree management plan and an estimate of the urban tree stock; 32.1 % had tree policies; 28.6 % had tree bylaws; 21.4 % had tree planting schedules; 10.7 % had tree maintenance schedules and only 3.6 % had tree inspection schedules. Key actors involved in UTGS activities differed among levels of government. The actors included national and provincial government departments, local government municipalities, Non-Governmental Organizations, private sector companies and local volunteers. Most of the actors, however, either planted trees or provided tree seedlings to municipalities and the local people. Tenure security was a key institutional factor affecting peoples’ ability to plant, use or even remove trees from their residential plots. The same applied to trees in the streets and public parks. Whereas most respondents did not require permission to plant (79.8 %) or remove (75 %) trees on their residential plots, a majority of them required permission to plant and remove trees from streets (over 70 %) and public parks (over 80 %). However, with regard to planting and removing urban trees in public open spaces, 54% of the respondents indicated that permission was not required suggesting a lack of clarity among local residents on the issue. Overall, the findings of this study indicate that there is no political recognition and support for UTGS at almost all levels of government. This has resulted in the lack of incorporation of UTGS in urban planning and development and has caused UTGS to receive limited funding to permit planned and systematic management. Given the current rates of urbanization and urban development, the lowly prioritised UTGS are vulnerable to exploitation. To conserve UTGS and promote their potential contribution to local people and the environment, UTGS must be recognized and placed on political and development agendas. There is a need to develop national guidelines for UTGS management, assess the extent of the urban forest resource in local municipalities, clearly define the roles and capabilities of different actors, integrate UTGS in the urban planning and development system, and most of all seek to involve the local people in overall management and governance of UTGS.
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Price, Gary Norman. "Assessing the growth performance of European olive (Olea europea L.) on Mount Weld pastoral station." Curtin University of Technology, Department of Environmental Biology, 2006. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=17424.
Texto completoResumen
This thesis describes the growth of European olive (Olea europaea L.) at three different trial sites located near Laverton, in the north-eastern Goldfields region of Western Australia. The local region comprises part ofthe rangelands area of Australia and has a semi-arid climate. The initial reason for planting olives was indirectly related to the rapid decrease in the local population and the economic downturn that resulted within that community during the late 1990's. This prompted an investigation into other possibilities for economic diversity for remote communities such as Laverton, which are located in the rangelands area of Australia. In Australia, much of the southern and eastern areas of the country have similar climate to traditional olive growing areas in Europe. [n the rangelands however, the environment is different to most other areas in the world where olive trees are grown and there is a notable absence of a commercial olive industry. Whilst locally, individual trees were also observed to be growing well and fruiting abundantly, it is not known whether it is possible to grow olive trees successfully on a commercial scale. Two preliminary trials were established in an ad-hoc manner, to examine whether olive trees could be grown successfully in the rangelands environment. Eighty-eight trees of 5 different cultivars were planted on a shallow, clay soil profile at the first trial site. Ninety-eight trees of 11 different cultivar were planted on a deep sand soil profile at the second site. Higher mortality rate occurred at the first site, with most tree deaths being recorded in the first two years. Peak growth of branch tips occurred during the spring-summer seasons at both sites. Differences in trial design and timing of planting prevented statistical comparison of growth performance between sites however.<br>A third olive trial, consisting of 3 olive groves was established according to randomised design. In the north and middle groves, 54 trees of 3 different cultivar were planted on a deep alluvial soil profile. In the south grove, 53 trees of 3 different cultivar were planted on a shallow clay soil profile. High mortality rates were recorded at all 3 groves during the first year, as a result of high salinity levels in irrigation water during the establishment period. Overall, most tree mortality was recorded at the south grove. Significantly higher growth performance occurred within the deeper alluvial soil profile at the north and middle groves, compared to the shallow clay soil profile in the south grove. Negligible olive fruit production occurred at the first site. At the second site, small quantities of olive fruit were produced during some seasons only. No olive fruit production occurred at any grove at the randomized site. Successful fruit formation appears directly related to tree health, as a function of water supply. Ripening of olive fruit occurred earlier than at other more temperate olive growing areas of Australia. Similar major and trace element deficiencies occurred at all sites, interpreted to be a function of universal alkaline ground-water conditions.<br>This study failed to confirm conclusively, whether European olive could be grown successfully in the semi-arid climate, typical of much of the rangelands area of Australia. As a result of the study however, successful growth in this environment is confirmed to be highly dependent on three factors. Firstly, availability of reliable irrigation waters of sufficient quality. Secondly, choice of suitable soil types. Thirdly, selection of suitable cultivars. Quality of olive oil produced from fruit appears to be influenced by local climatic factors The study also highlighted the issues of land tenure, current management attitudes and level of support within the local community as having a direct and significant impact on the trial.
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Cadorin, Danielle Acco. "A arborização viária no município de Pato Branco – PR e suas relações com solos urbanos e percepção dos moradores." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2013. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/466.
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A arborização viária é um importante elemento ambiental que mitiga os efeitos que o processo de urbanização causa sobre o ambiente. São vários os fatores que se
relacionam ao bom desenvolvimento das árvores nas cidades, entre os quais está o
gerenciamento pelo poder público, a percepção dos moradores e as condições
ambientais em que estão se desenvolvendo as espécies, principalmente as condições do solo. Assim, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar relações entre o solo, os moradores e as espécies arbóreas implicadas na arborização urbana no município de Pato Branco. Para tanto, delimitou-se como área de estudo cinco bairros com diferentes características de localização e renda no município: Centro, La Salle, Pinheiros, Aeroporto e Veneza. As espécies estudadas foram Lagerstroemia indica L. (extremosa), Schinus molle L. (aroeira), e Bauhinia variegata L. (pata-de-vaca), escolhidas por sua representatividade na arborização da cidade. Avaliou-se o solo utilizado por 114 indivíduos arbóreos nos cinco bairros e foram
aplicados 123 questionários semi estruturados a fim de entender como os
moradores desses bairros percebem a arborização urbana. Os resultados da
pesquisa indicam que há uma grande variabilidade de características dos solos
estudados, os quais apresentam incorporação de materiais antrópicos, inversão de
horizontes e ausência de camada orgânica em decomposição. Os resultados de granulometria revelaram que apesar da variabilidade de texturas nos pontos avaliados, a maioria dos solos analisados se enquadra na classe textural muito argilosa ou argilosa. O processo de urbanização da cidade de Pato Branco alterou substancialmente as propriedades químicas dos solos das espécies estudadas, sendo que a maioria apresentou relativo enriquecimento em bases trocáveis, o que antagoniza com a usual baixa fertilidade natural dos solos de Pato Branco. Também houve diferenças químicas quanto aos solos impermeabilizados pelo pavimento e não impermeabilizados, sendo que solos impermeabilizados apresentaram menores
valores de matéria orgânica e maiores valores de Ca e pH. Os solos do bairro
Centro parecem ser os mais alterados pelo processo de urbanização, sendo esse o
bairro onde há maior porcentagem de areia adicionada ao solo, maior impermeabilização e quantidade de materiais advindos da construção civil. Quanto à percepção dos moradores, de forma geral os entrevistados parecem reconhecer a importância e as funções da arborização urbana. Entre os problemas percebidos pelos sujeitos da pesquisa, muitos são de ordem técnica e poderiam ser evitados através de um planejamento eficiente. Outros problemas percebidos são de ordem cultural, mais complexos e de difícil resolução. Os munícipes preferem principalmente as espécies que apresentam atrativos como floradas exuberantes e parecem valorizar as árvores que eles próprios escolheram para ter em frente às suas casas. Nesse sentido, é importante que as estratégias adotadas pelo poder público se ajustem às necessidades locais, preservem aspectos culturais, e contemplem, além dos aspectos técnicos relacionados à arborização, outros
9 aspectos de caráter mais lúdico, que atraiam e estimulem a população a se
comprometerem com a mesma.<br>The street forestation is an important environmental element that mitigates the
effects which the process of urbanization on the environment causes. There are
various factors that relate to the good development of trees in cities; among them are the management by the government, the residents’ perception and the environmental
conditions in which the species are evolving, especially soil conditions. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate relationships between soil, residents and the
arboreal species regarding the urban forestry in Pato Branco. Therefore, it was
delimited as study area five neighborhoods with different characteristics of location
and income in the county: Centro, La Salle, Pinheiros, Aeroporto e Veneza. Lagerstroemia indica L. (crape myrtle), Schinus molle L. (california pepper tree), and Bauhinia variegata L. (orchid tree) were the species studied, chosen by their representation in the forestation of the city. It was evaluated the soil used by 114 tree
individuals in the five neighborhoods and 123 semi-structured questionnaires were
administered in order to understand how the residents of these neighborhoods perceive the urban forestation. The survey results indicate that there is a great variability concerning the characteristics of the soils studied which present incorporation of anthropogenic materials, inversion of horizons and absence of decaying organic layer. The results of sieve analysis showed that despite the variability of textures in evaluated points, most soils analyzed fit in the texture class of very clayey or loamy. The urbanization process in the city of Pato Branco has fundamentally altered the chemical properties of soils of the studied species, since most of them showed relative enrichment in exchangeable bases, which antagonizes with the low natural fertility of soils in Pato Branco. There were also chemical differences regarding the impermeable soils by pavement and the ones not impermeable, the impermeable soils presented lower levels of organic matter and
higher values of Ca and pH. The soils in the center area seem to be the most affected by the urbanization process, where there is a higher percentage of sand added to the soil, and greater amount of waterproofing materials coming from civil construction. Regarding the perception of residents, in general the interviewees seem to recognize the importance and function of urban forestation. Among the problems perceived by the research subjects, many are technical in nature and could be avoided through an efficient planning. Other observed problems are cultural, more complex and difficult to solve. Residents prefer mainly the species that have attractive such as exuberant blooms and they seem to appreciate trees that they chose by themselves to have in front of their homes. Therefore, it is important to adjust the strategies adopted by the government to the local needs, preserve the cultural aspects, and contemplate besides the technical aspects related to forestation, other aspects in a ludic way, to attract and encourage people to commit themselves with forestation.