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1

Cutillas, C., R. Callejón, M. de Rojas, et al. "Trichuris suis and Trichuris trichiura are different nematode species." Acta Tropica 111, no. 3 (2009): 299–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2009.05.011.

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2

Summers, R. W. "Trichuris suis therapy in Crohn's disease." Gut 54, no. 1 (2005): 87–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gut.2004.041749.

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3

IMAFUJI, Toyoshige, Ikuo NAKAZAKI, Ryosuke TSURUDA, et al. "Salmonellosis in Piglets with Trichuris suis." Journal of the Japan Veterinary Medical Association 46, no. 11 (1993): 909–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.12935/jvma1951.46.909.

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4

Rhoads, Marcia L., Raymond H. Fetterer, and Dolores E. Hill. "Trichuris suis: A Secretory Serine Protease Inhibitor." Experimental Parasitology 94, no. 1 (2000): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/expr.1999.4466.

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5

Dignaß, Axel, Franz Hartmann, Hermann Schulze, and Jürgen Stein. "Trichuris suis ova bei chronisch-entzündlichen Darmerkrankungen." Pharmazie in unserer Zeit 41, no. 2 (2012): 154–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pauz.201100465.

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6

Vejzagić, Nermina, Stig Milan Thamsborg, Helene Kringel, Allan Roepstorff, Johan Musaeus Bruun, and Christian M. O. Kapel. "In vitro hatching of Trichuris suis eggs." Parasitology Research 114, no. 7 (2015): 2705–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-015-4476-1.

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7

Cutillas, Cristina, Manuel de Rojas, Concepción Ariza, José Manuel Ubeda, and Diego Guevara. "Molecular identification of Trichuris vulpis and Trichuris suis isolated from different hosts." Parasitology Research 100, no. 2 (2006): 383–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-006-0275-z.

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8

Hill, Dolores E., Robert D. Romanowski, and Joseph F. Urban. "A Trichuris specific diagnostic antigen from culture fluids of Trichuris suis adult worms." Veterinary Parasitology 68, no. 1-2 (1997): 91–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-4017(96)01055-2.

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9

Мельничук, В. В. "Дезінвазійна ефективність «Бі-дез» та «Бровадез-плюс» щодо яєць Trichuris Suis". Вісник Полтавської державної аграрної академії, № 3 (25 вересня 2015): 113–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31210/visnyk2015.03.19.

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Наведені результати вивчення дезінвазійних влас-тивостей вітчизняних дезінфікуючих засобів «Бі-дез»та «Бровадез-плюс» щодо яєць трихурисів, виділенихз гонад самок гельмінтів. Встановлено, що застосо-вані препарати мали задовільний рівень дезінвазійноїефективності (71,73–89,13 %) стосовно неінвазійнихяєць трихурисів свиней. Разом із тим, найбільш ефек-тивним виявився препарат «Бі-дез» у 2 % концент-рації за експозиції 60 хв. (ДЕ – 89,13 %). «Бровадез-плюс» за тієї ж концентрації та експозиції мав нижчіпоказники дезінвазійної ефективності щодо яєцьTrichuris suis (ДЕ – 79,34 %).
 The results of the study of desinvasive properties of domestic disinfectants «Bi-des» and «Brovades-plus» relatively to eggs of trichurises isolated from the gonads of female worms are presented. It was found that the used preparations had a satisfactory level of desinvasive efficiency (71,73–89,13 %) relatively to not invasion eggs of pigs’ trichurises. However, the most effective was the preparation «Bi-des» at 2 % concentration at 60 min exposure (DE – 89,13 %). «Brovades-plus» in the same concentration and exposure showed lower rates of desinvasive efficacy relatively to eggs of Trichuris suis (DE – 79,34 %).
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10

Fetterer, Raymond H., and Dolores E. Hill. "Localization of Phenol Oxidase in Female Trichuris suis." Journal of Parasitology 80, no. 6 (1994): 952. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3283445.

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11

PEDERSEN, S., and I. SAEED. "Acquired immunity to Trichuris suis infection in pigs." Parasitology 123, no. 1 (2001): 95–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182001007934.

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Strong resistance to reinfection developed in pigs as a result of trickle inoculations with Trichuris suis (250 infective eggs twice weekly for 4 weeks). At challenge (4000 eggs) 8 weeks after the last trickle inoculation, we observed a 96% reduction in the mean number of established challenge worms in immunized (TRI/CHA) compared with non-immunized controls (CON/CHA) (74 v. 1753; P = 0·004). Moreover, the total faecal egg excretion was significantly lower in immunized pigs compared with controls (P = 0·0003). The trickle inoculations depressed pig weight gains over the 8-week course of immunization (P = 0·042). It was observed that a small number of pigs developed a weaker level of resistance, reflecting the importance of genetic determinants. The relevance of these data to the population biology of porcine and human whipworm infections is discussed.
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12

Huang, Xing, Li-Rong Zeng, Feng-Song Chen, Jing-Ping Zhu, and Meng-Hua Zhu. "Trichuris suis ova therapy in inflammatory bowel disease." Medicine 97, no. 34 (2018): e12087. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000012087.

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13

Oliveros, R., C. Cutillas, P. Arias, and D. Guevara. "Morphologic, biometric, and isoenzyme characterization of Trichuris suis." Parasitology Research 84, no. 6 (1998): 513–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004360050438.

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14

Hepworth, Matthew R., Eckard Hamelmann, Richard Lucius, and Susanne Hartmann. "Looking into the future of Trichuris suis therapy." Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 125, no. 3 (2010): 767–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2009.11.041.

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15

NEJSUM, P., S. M. THAMSBORG, H. H. PETERSEN, H. KRINGEL, M. FREDHOLM, and A. ROEPSTORFF. "Population dynamics of Trichuris suis in trickle-infected pigs." Parasitology 136, no. 6 (2009): 691–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182009005976.

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SUMMARYThe population dynamics of Trichuris suis in pigs was studied during long-term experimental infections. Twenty-three 10-week-old pigs were inoculated with 5 T. suis eggs/kg/day. Seven, 8, and 8 pigs were necropsied at weeks 4, 8, and 14 post-start of infection (p.i.), respectively. The median numbers of worms in the colon were 538 (min–max: 277–618), 332 (14–1140) and 0 (0–4) at 4, 8, and 14 weeks p.i. respectively, suggesting an increased aggregation of the worms with time and acquisition of nearly sterile immunity. The serum levels of T. suis specific antibodies (IgG1, IgG2 and IgA) peaked at week 8 p.i. By week 14 p.i. the IgG2 and IgA antibody levels remained significantly elevated above the level of week 0. The population dynamics of T. suis trickle infections in pigs is discussed with focus on interpretation of diagnostic and epidemiological data of pigs, the use of pigs as a model for human Trichuris trichiura infections and the novel approach of using T. suis eggs in the treatment of patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
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16

Юськів, І. Д., та В. В. Мельничук. "Ефективність використання різних тест-культур яєць гельмінтів щодо встановлення дезінвазійних властивостей хімічних засобів". Вісник Полтавської державної аграрної академії, № 4 (31 грудня 2015): 58–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.31210/visnyk2015.04.14.

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Проведено порівняльну ефективність використання тест-культур яєць Ascaris suum і Trichuris suis, виділених з різних субстратів (з гонад самок гельмінтів та з фекалій хворих свиней), у процесі визначення дезінвазійних властивостей хімічних засобів «Бі-дез» та «Бровадез-плюс». Встановлено, що найбільш стійкими до дії досліджуваних хімічних засобів виявилися яйця T. suis тест-культури, отриманої з фекалій хворих свиней. Зокрема, дезінвазійні хімічні засоби у 2 % концентрації та експозиції 60 хв. призводили до загибелі 68,75–71,85 % яєць Trichuris suis, виділених з фекалій хворих свиней, та 82,60–89,13 % – виділених з гонад самок гельмінтів. Разом з тим, дезінвазійні хімічні засоби 100 % згубно діяли на послідовні стадії розвитку яєць Ascaris suum.
 The comparative efficiency of the usage of test cultures eggs of Ascaris suum and Trichuris suis, isolated from different substrates (gonads of female worms and faeces of sick pigs) in the process of identifying of desinvasive properties of chemicals «Bi-des» and «Brovades-plus». We found that the most resistant to the studied chemicals were T. suis eggs test cultures obtained from faeces of sick pigs. In particular, desinvasive chemicals in 2 % concentration and 60 min exposure led to the death of 68,75–71,85 % of Trichuris suis eggs, isolated from the faeces of sick pigs and 82,60–89,13 % – isolated from the gonads of female worms. However, desinvasive chemicals 100 % were detrimental to the successive stages of Ascaris suum eggs.
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17

Kradin, Richard L., Kamran Badizadegan, Pavan Auluck, Joshua Korzenik, and Gregory Y. Lauwers. "Iatrogenic Trichuris suis Infection in a Patient With Crohn Disease." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 130, no. 5 (2006): 718–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/2006-130-718-itsiia.

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Abstract We report a case of biopsy-proven iatrogenic infection by the pig whipworm Trichuris suis in a patient with Crohn disease. The deliberate therapeutic ingestion of T suis ova has been adopted as an experimental approach to the treatment of Crohn disease in an effort to promote a switch from the T helper subtype 1 to T helper subtype 2 inflammatory phenotype in vivo. This report examines the morphology of the immature and adult T suis, the effects of this intervention on the immunophenotype of the bowel mucosa, and it also raises the possibility of persistent active infection in man.
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18

Pallardo Fernández, Iñigo. "Enfermedades Autoinmunes, tratamiento con Trichuris suis y otros helmintos." Ars Pharmaceutica (Internet) 56, no. 2 (2015): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4321/s2340-98942015000200001.

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19

Kringel, Helene, and Allan Roepstorff. "Trichuris suis population dynamics following a primary experimental infection." Veterinary Parasitology 139, no. 1-3 (2006): 132–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.03.002.

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20

Jex, Aaron R., Peter Nejsum, Erich M. Schwarz, et al. "Genome and transcriptome of the porcine whipworm Trichuris suis." Nature Genetics 46, no. 7 (2014): 701–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng.3012.

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21

Burden, D., N. Hammet, and P. Brookes. "Field observations on the longevity of Trichuris suis ova." Veterinary Record 121, no. 2 (1987): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.121.2.43.

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22

Summers, Robert W., David E. Elliott, and Joel V. Weinstock. "Trichuris suis might be effective in treating allergic rhinitis." Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 125, no. 3 (2010): 766–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2009.12.937.

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23

Fetterer, R. H., and D. E. Hill. "The Occurrence of Phenol Oxidase Activity in Female Trichuris suis." Journal of Parasitology 79, no. 2 (1993): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3283501.

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24

Vejzagić, Nermina, Allan Roepstorff, Helene Kringel, Stig Milan Thamsborg, Mads Pårup Nielsen, and Christian M. O. Kapel. "Dose-dependent establishment of Trichuris suis larvae in Göttingen minipigs." Veterinary Parasitology 208, no. 3-4 (2015): 211–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.01.018.

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25

Hansen, Tina V. A., Christian Friis, Peter Nejsum, Annette Olsen, and Stig Milan Thamsborg. "Uptake of benzimidazoles by Trichuris suis in vivo in pigs." International Journal for Parasitology: Drugs and Drug Resistance 4, no. 2 (2014): 112–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpddr.2014.03.003.

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26

KIMOTO, Hirotake, Ryoutarou NAKASHIMA, Masakiyo OZONO, and Taketoshi SAITOU. "Trichuriasis in Piglets from Compost Contaminated with Trichuris suis Eggs." Journal of the Japan Veterinary Medical Association 67, no. 4 (2014): 259–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.12935/jvma.67.259.

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27

Rodriguez, B., C. Cutillas, P. German, and D. Guevara. "Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase: isoenzymatic pattern in Oesophagostomum venulosum, Trichuris ovis and T. suis." Journal of Helminthology 65, no. 4 (1991): 289–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x00010889.

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ABSTRACTIn the present communication we have studied the isoenzymatic pattern activity of the glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) in Oesophagostomum venulosum, Trichuris ovis and T. suis, parasites of Capra hircus (goat), Ovis aries (sheep) and Sus scrofa domestica (pig) respectively, by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Different phenotypes have been observed in the G6PD isoenzymatic pattern activity in males and females of Oesophagostomum venulosum. Furthermore, G6PD activity has been assayed in Trichuris ovis collected from Ovis aries and Capra hircus. No differences have been observed in the isoenzymatic patterns attending to the different hosts. All the individuals exhibited one single band or two bands; this suggests a monomeric condition for G6PD in T. ovis. In T. suis the enzyme G6PD appeared as a single electrophoretic band in about 85·7% of the individuals.
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28

Benzel, F., H. Erdur, S. Kohler, et al. "Immune monitoring of Trichuris suis egg therapy in multiple sclerosis patients." Journal of Helminthology 86, no. 3 (2011): 339–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x11000460.

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AbstractInitial clinical trials using Trichuris suis eggs (TSO) in autoimmune diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, revealed a striking suppressive effect on the autoimmune response. Here, we analysed the effect of TSO therapy on the course of multiple sclerosis (MS), as a Th1/Th17-associated autoimmune disease. Different immunological parameters in four patients with secondary progressive MS were surveyed during a 6-month therapy with TSO, focusing on the modulation of T-cell Th1–Th2 balance as well as on the innate immune response. We are able to show a slight downregulation of the Th1-associated cytokine pattern, especially relevant in interleukin (IL)-2 (P < 0.05 after 2 months of therapy), with a temporary increase of Th2-associated cytokines such as IL-4. Furthermore, mild eosinophily and changes in CD4+ and CD8+T cells and natural killer (NK) CD56 bright cell numbers were observed. The findings observed in this group of patients suggest that TSO therapy has a moderate immunomodulatory impact in MS.
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29

Lichtenstein, G. R. "Trichuris suis Therapy for Active Ulcerative Colitis: A Randomized Controlled Trial." Yearbook of Gastroenterology 2006 (January 2006): 142–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0739-5930(08)70343-x.

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30

Siniscalco, Dario, and Nicola Antonucci. "Possible use of Trichuris suis ova in autism spectrum disorders therapy." Medical Hypotheses 81, no. 1 (2013): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2013.03.024.

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31

Hill, D. E., H. R. Gamble, M. L. Rhoads, R. H. Fetterer, and J. F. Urban. "Trichuris suis: A Zinc Metalloprotease from Culture Fluids of Adult Parasites." Experimental Parasitology 77, no. 2 (1993): 170–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/expr.1993.1074.

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32

Pegu, S. R., S. Islam, and B. J. Das. "Trichuris suis infection in an adult Ghungroo pig: A case report." Indian Journal of Veterinary Pathology 40, no. 1 (2016): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0973-970x.2016.00015.8.

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33

Summers, Robert W., David E. Elliott, Joseph F. Urban, Robin A. Thompson, and Joel V. Weinstock. "Trichuris suis therapy for active ulcerative colitis: A randomized controlled trial." Gastroenterology 128, no. 4 (2005): 825–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2005.01.005.

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34

Phosuk, Issarapong, Rutchanee Rodpai, Penchom Janwan, et al. "Molecular Identification of Trichuris suis and Trichuris trichiura Eggs in Human Populations from Thailand, Lao PDR, and Myanmar." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 98, no. 1 (2018): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.17-0651.

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35

Voldsgaard, A., P. Bager, E. Garde, et al. "Trichuris suis ova therapy in relapsing multiple sclerosis is safe but without signals of beneficial effect." Multiple Sclerosis Journal 21, no. 13 (2015): 1723–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1352458514568173.

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Background: An observational study has suggested that relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis patients with helminth infections have lower disease activity and progression than uninfected multiple sclerosis patients. Objective: To evaluate the safety and efficacy on MRI activity of treatment with TSO in relapsing MS. Methods: The study was an open-label, magnetic resonance imaging assessor-blinded, baseline-to-treatment study including ten patients with relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis. Median (range) age was 41 (24–55) years, disease duration 9 (4–34) years, Expanded Disability Status Scale score 2.5 (1–5.0), and number of relapses within the last two years 3 (2–5). Four patients received no disease modifying therapy, while six patients received IFN-β. After an observational period of 8 weeks, patients received 2500 ova from the helminth Trichuris suis orally every second week for 12 weeks. Patients were followed with serial magnetic resonance imaging, neurological examinations, laboratory safety tests and expression of immunological biomarker genes. Results: Treatment with Trichuris suis orally was well-tolerated apart from some gastrointestinal symptoms. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed 6 new or enlarged T2 lesions in the run-in period, 7 lesions in the early period and 21 lesions in the late treatment period. Two patients suffered a relapse before treatment and two during treatment. Eight patients developed eosinophilia. The expression of cytokines and transcription factors did not change. Conclusions: In a small group of relapsing multiple sclerosis patients, Trichuris suis oral therapy was well tolerated but without beneficial effect.
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36

Ahmad, Awais Ali, Muhammad Abu Bakr Shabbir, Yang Xin, et al. "Characterization of the Complete Mitochondrial Genome of a Whipworm Trichuris skrjabini (Nematoda: Trichuridae)." Genes 10, no. 6 (2019): 438. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes10060438.

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The complete mitochondrial (mt) genome of Trichuris skrjabini has been determined in the current study and subsequently compared with closely related species by phylogenetic analysis based on concatenated datasets of mt amino acid sequences. The whole mt genome of T. skrjabini is circular and 14,011 bp in length. It consists of a total of 37 genes including 13 protein coding genes (PCGs), two ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, 22 transfer RNA (tRNAs) genes, and two non-coding regions. The gene arrangement and contents were consistent with other members of the Trichuridae family including Trichuris suis, Trichuris trichiura, Trichuris ovis, and Trichuris discolor. Phylogenetic analysis based on concatenated datasets of amino acids of the 12 PCGs predicted the distinctiveness of Trichuris skrjabini as compared to other members of the Trichuridae family. Overall, our study supports the hypothesis that T. skrjabini is a distinct species. The provision of molecular data of whole mt genome of T. skrjabini delivers novel genetic markers for future studies of diagnostics, systematics, population genetics, and molecular epidemiology of T. skrjabini.
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37

Nissen, Sofie, Azmi Al-Jubury, Tina V. A. Hansen, et al. "Genetic analysis of Trichuris suis and Trichuris trichiura recovered from humans and pigs in a sympatric setting in Uganda." Veterinary Parasitology 188, no. 1-2 (2012): 68–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.03.004.

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38

Hansen, Eline Palm, Helene Kringel, Andrew R. Williams, and Peter Nejsum. "Secretion of RNA-Containing Extracellular Vesicles by the Porcine Whipworm,Trichuris suis." Journal of Parasitology 101, no. 3 (2015): 336–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/14-714.1.

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39

Petersen, Heidi Huus, Annette Andreasen, Helene Kringel, Allan Roepstorff, and Stig M. Thamsborg. "Parasite population dynamics in pigs infected with Trichuris suis and Oesophagostomum dentatum." Veterinary Parasitology 199, no. 1-2 (2014): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.09.030.

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40

Klaver, Elsenoor J., Loes M. Kuijk, Lisa C. Laan, et al. "Trichuris suis-induced modulation of human dendritic cell function is glycan-mediated." International Journal for Parasitology 43, no. 3-4 (2013): 191–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpara.2012.10.021.

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41

Voldsgaard, A., P. Bager, C. Kapel, et al. "Trichuris Suis Ova Therapy for Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis - A Safety Study (S30.005)." Neurology 78, Meeting Abstracts 1 (2012): S30.005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.78.1_meetingabstracts.s30.005.

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42

Rhoads, M. L., R. H. Fetterer, D. E. Hill, and J. F. Urban. "Trichuris suis: A Secretory Chymotrypsin/Elastase Inhibitor with Potential as an Immunomodulator." Experimental Parasitology 95, no. 1 (2000): 36–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/expr.2000.4502.

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43

Abner, S. R., G. Parthasarathy, D. E. Hill, and L. S. Mansfield. "Trichuris suis: Detection of Antibacterial Activity in Excretory-Secretory Products from Adults." Experimental Parasitology 99, no. 1 (2001): 26–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/expr.2001.4643.

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44

Summers, Robert W., David E. Elliott, and Joel V. Weinstock. "Why Trichuris suis Should Prove Safe for Use in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases." Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 11, no. 8 (2005): 783–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.mib.0000179316.50002.f3.

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45

Ottow, M. K., E. J. Klaver, T. C. T. M. van der Pouw Kraan, et al. "The helminth Trichuris suis suppresses TLR4-induced inflammatory responses in human macrophages." Genes & Immunity 15, no. 7 (2014): 477–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/gene.2014.38.

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46

OLSEN, A., A. PERMIN, and A. ROEPSTORFF. "Chickens and pigs as transport hosts for Ascaris, Trichuris and Oesophagostomum eggs." Parasitology 123, no. 3 (2001): 325–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182001008435.

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Ten chickens and 2 pigs were fed non-embryonated eggs of Ascaris suum, Trichuris suis and Oesophagostomum dentatum. Each chicken was fed approximately 15000 eggs of each parasite species while approximately 300000 eggs were given to each of the pigs. After passage in chickens 8.3% of O. dentatum eggs were recovered in faeces compared to 61.1% and 41.6% of A. suum and T. suis eggs, respectively. After passage in pigs the percentages were 38.4%, 49.1% and 30.3%, respectively. After embryonation in the laboratory, 1000 eggs of each parasite species having passed through chickens or pigs or having been kept in the laboratory as controls were fed to groups of 6 pigs to check the infectivity. The number of A. suum recovered from pigs was similar in the 3 groups with 34.0, 52.8 and 41.8%, respectively. The recovery of T. suis in the pig passage group was 54.0% which was significantly lower than the recovery in the chicken passage group (81.8%) and the laboratory group (88.0%). The number of O. dentatum recovered was not significantly different among the 3 experimental groups, the percentage recovery being 30.5, 9.2 and 28.5%, respectively. One explanation for the lower infectivity of T. suis in the pig passage group may be that the eggs have been sublethally damaged through their passage. The results demonstrate that chickens and pigs can act as transport hosts for A. suum, T. suis and O. dentatum, and it is highly probable that these domestic animals are able to act also as transport hosts for the human parasite equivalents. This will have important consequences for the environmental and behavioural strategies in human helminth control programmes.
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47

Yevstafieva, V. А., I. D. Yuskiv, and V. V. Melnychuk. "An Investigation of Embryo and Eggshell Development in Trichuris suis (Nematoda, Trichuridae) under Laboratory Conditions." Vestnik Zoologii 50, no. 2 (2016): 173–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/vzoo-2016-0020.

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Abstract Peculiarities of embryogenesis morphology and biometric parameters of Trichuris suis Schrank, 1788 eggs sampled from different organic substrates are described. The eggs of T. suis under laboratory conditions at a temperature of 27 °С reach the infectious stage in 40 days and pass through seven stages of embryogenesis. The study revealed significant differences in growth and development of eggs obtained from the nematode gonads and the faeces of infected animals (Sus scrofa domesticus Linnaeus, 1758), according to length and width of eggs and eggshell plugs. The excreted T. suis eggs were shown to be better adapted to environment (survivability 96.6 ± 0.33 %), than the eggs obtained from the gonads of female nematodes (survivability 89.3 ± 0.33 %).
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48

Symeonidou, Isaia, Panagiotis Tassis, Athanasios Ι. Gelasakis, Eleni D. Tzika, and Elias Papadopoulos. "Prevalence and Risk Factors of Intestinal Parasite Infections in Greek Swine Farrow-To-Finish Farms." Pathogens 9, no. 7 (2020): 556. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9070556.

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Intestinal parasites, helminths, and protozoa challenge health and welfare of pigs and deteriorate the sustainability of swine farms leading to monetary losses. A multicentric survey was conducted for approximately one year. Overall, 1150 fecal samples were collected from eight intensive farms in Greece at regular intervals and examined by flotation and Ziehl-Neelsen techniques. Age, season, and time of last recorded antiparasitic treatment were assessed as possible risk factors using binary regression models. The overall prevalence of intestinal parasitism in pigs was 44.7%. The most frequently detected parasites in the studied population were the protozoa Balantidium coli (37.8%), followed by Entamoeba spp. (8.3%), Cystoisospora suis (6.0%), and the nematodes Ascaris suum (3.7%), Trichuris suis (2.5%), and Oesophagostomum spp. (1.4%). Distribution of intestinal parasites in different age groups was as expected. In autumn, the prevalence of Balantidium coli infection enhanced whereas the prevalence of Entamoeba spp. and Cystoisospora suis infections increased in spring. Time of last recorded antiparasitic treatment influenced Balantidium coli and Trichuris suis infection levels. Our results demonstrated that swine intestinal parasitism in intensive farms of Greece seems to be relatively common and highlighted the importance of proper laboratory examinations, as well as the need for tailored made control programs.
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49

PEDERSEN, S., I. SAEED, K. F. MICHAELSEN, H. FRIIS, and K. D. MURRELL. "Impact of protein energy malnutrition on Trichuris suis infection in pigs concomitantly infected with Ascaris suum." Parasitology 124, no. 5 (2002): 561–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182002001592.

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The objective of this experiment was to investigate a possible interaction between protein and energy malnutrition (PEM) and intestinal nematode infections. We report on a 3×2 factorial study in which pigs were fed either a low protein energy (LPE), low protein (LP) or a normal protein energy (NPE) diet, and 6 weeks later inoculated with Trichuris suis (4000 infective eggs). Secondarily, in order to obtain a polyparasitic status, pigs were concomitantly inoculated with Ascaris suum (600 infective eggs). The number of T. suis-infected pigs was higher in LP pigs compared with NPE pigs (100 versus 58%; P = 0·037), although the differences in median T. suis worm burdens between groups at necropsy 10 weeks post-infection (p.i.) (LPE: 795; LP: 835; NPE: 48 worms; P = 0·33) were not significant. Interestingly, only T. suis in NPE were highly aggregated (k = 0·44), in contrast to a more uniform distribution among pigs in LPE (k = 1·43) and LP (k = 1·55) i.e. the majority of pigs harboured moderate worm burdens in LPE and LP, while most pigs had few or no worms in NPE. Further, T. suis worms in the LPE and LP groups were decreased in length (mean: LPE: 23·5 mm; LP: 24·3 mm; NPE: 29·4 mm; P = 0·004). The pre-patency period of T. suis was also extended in the LPE and LP groups, as reflected by lower faecal egg output at week 6 (P = 0·048) and/or 7 p.i. (P = 0·007). More A. suum worms were recovered from LP compared with the NPE group (mean: 5·4 versus 0·6; P = 0·040); this was accompanied by a higher faecal egg output in the former (P = 0·004). The low protein diets resulted in lower pig body weight gains, serum albumin, haemoglobin and packed cell volume (PCV) levels as well as diminished peripheral eosinophil counts. Infection significantly altered these parameters in the low protein groups, i.e. the pathophysiological consequences of infection were more severe in the PEM pigs. These results demonstrate that reduced protein in the diet leads to malnourishment of both the host pigs and T. suis, and compromises the pig's ability to resist infection by T. suis and A. suum.
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50

Andreasen, Annette, Heidi H. Petersen, Helene Kringel, et al. "Immune and inflammatory responses in pigs infected with Trichuris suis and Oesophagostomum dentatum." Veterinary Parasitology 207, no. 3-4 (2015): 249–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.12.005.

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