Tesis sobre el tema "Triticale"

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-01-10Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:40:30Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 tachibana_l_dr_jabo.pdf: 256983 bytes, checksum: 2f087d635b35e1e5c6fcd9e9f0558a5f (MD5)<br>Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)<br>O triticale (Triticum turgisecale), cereal resultante da hibridação do trigo com o centeio combina as características favoráveis das duas espécies. O experimento foi realizado na Unesp/FMVZ-Botucatu, SP tendo por objetivo determinar a digestibilidade do triticale para a tilápia do Nilo. Noventa e seis tilápias com média de 112,00±22,00g foram alojadas em oito aquários circulares de 250L onde foram alimentadas. As dietas foram peletizadas e o triticale substituiu em 30,0% a dieta referência e empregou-se 0,10% de óxido de crômio III como marcador externo. A coleta das fezes foi realizada em aquários cônicos de 300L. Foram determinados nas dietas e nas fezes os valores de matéria seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB), aminoácidos, energia bruta (EB) e de óxido de crômio III. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente (CDA%) do triticale foram: 70,98 ± 0,71; 87,33 ± 1,64; 72,87 ± 0,35; para MS, PB e EB respectivamente; alanina 80,45; arginina 94,88; ácido aspártico 84,59; glicina 83,82; isoleucina 84,08; leucina 89,43; lisina 83,70; cistina 99,87; metionina 76,38; fenilalanina 91,04; tirosina 78,61; treonina 76,83; triptofano 87,10; prolina 97,64; valina 88,05; histidina 93,52; serina 87,76. Os resultados demonstraram bom aproveitamento dos nutrientes do triticale pela tilápia do Nilo, o que possibilita a sua utilização como alimento energético nas rações. Observou-se, ainda, que o triticale fornece maior quantidade de proteína (aminoácidos) que o milho.<br>In order to evaluate the quality of feed it is fundamental to know the digestibility of nutrients and energy. Triticale (Triticum turgisecale) is result from crossbreeding of wheat and rye, combining the favorable features of those two species. This experiment was conducted at Unesp/FMVZ - Botucatu, SP. It aimed to determine the digestibility coefficient of this energetic feed for Nile tilapia. Ninety-six tilapias were stoked at eight circular feed aquariums. Diets were pelletized, and triticale replaced 30% of purified ration. Chromic oxide (Cr2O3) 0.10% was used as a nonabsorbed external marker in ration. Feces were collected in conical fish aquaria (300L). Dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), amino acids, gross energy (GE) and chromic oxide levels of diet and feces were analyzed. The apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of triticale were (%):70.98; 87.33 ± 1.64;: 72.87 ± 0.35; DM, CP and GE, respectively; alanine 80.45; arginine 94.88; aspartic acid 84.59; glycine 83.82; isoleucine 84.08; leucine 89.43; lysine 83.70; cysteine 99.87; methionine 76.38; phenylalanine 91.04; tyrosine 78.61; threonine 76.83; tryptophan 87.10; proline 97.64; valine 88.05; histidine 93.52; serine 87.76. Results demonstrated good quality of triticale nutrients to use in Nile tilapia feed and triticale has more concentration of protein than corn.

Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2011.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Research into markers for the detection of genetic diversity and cultivar identification has become an important component of the genetic improvement of crops. However, the incorporation of marker assisted selection (MAS) as a tool for the identification and characterization of breeding material has not been fully implemented in the breeding of spring triticale at Stellenbosch University’s Plant Breeding laboratory (SU-PBL). The present study served as a case study in order to achieve this. The first part of the study concerned the detection of genetic diversity in 101 newly sourced triticale cultivars, from a USDA germplasm bank, together with five local control cultivars, in order to identify possible crossing parents. Eight SSR markers, including five derived from rye and three from wheat, and five agronomic characteristics were used to assess diversity. In seedling screening the foreign cultivars showed resistance towards the stem rust isolate used, but were mostly susceptible to the leaf rust isolate. Out of the 8 SSR markers tested, 7 markers were polymorphic and revealed 140 alleles varying from 12 to 26 with an average of 17.5 alleles per locus. The observed polymorphic information content (PIC) value ranged from 0.39 to 0.88 with an average of 0.70, indicative of the good discriminatory ability of the SSR markers. The data revealed that the South African cultivars were genetically closely related to cultivars from the USA and Canada. The second part of the study focused on the introgression of a blue aleurone layer gene (Ba), carried by a wheat cultivar, ‘Cltr1202STR’, and purple pericarp genes (Pp1; Pp3) also carried by a wheat cultivar, ‘Amethyst’, into a triticale background. Unfortunately the introgression of the purple pericarp genes failed. Two lines containing the blue aleurone layer, 11T023 and 11T028, were however successfully created. Molecular typing of these lines with SSR markers were able to show that BC4F1 line 11T023 (Ba) B was genetically similar to the recurrent parent ‘Agbeacon’; and that the BC4F1 11T028 line (Ba) A was closest to the ‘US2007’ recurrent parent. The study illustrated that MAS was a reliable tool for detecting genetic diversity in newly sourced germplasm, and assisted in making a backcross breeding effort more effective. The data generated from MAS could therefore clearly assist in making the SU-PBL breeding program more effective by moving, better informed, decision making toward data based partly on the genotype, thereby minimizing the risks associated with purely phenotypic based decisions.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Navorsing rondom die gebruik van merkers vir die bepaling van genetiese-diversiteit en kultivar identifikasie is ‘n toenemend belangriker komponent vir die genetiese verbetering van gewasse. Die inkorporering van merker-bemiddelde-seleksie (MBS) as gereedskap vir die identifikasie en karaktarisering van telingsmateriaal is nog nie ten volle geïmplimenteer in die lente korogtelingsprogram van die Stellenbosch Universiteit Planteteeltlaboratorium (SU-PTL). Die studie het gedien as gevallestudie ten einde dit te bereik. Die eerste gedeelte van die studie het gehandel oor die tipering van die genetiese diversiteit van ‘n 101 kultivars verkry vanaf ‘n USDA kiemplasmabank saam met 5 plaaslike kontroles. Dit was gedien ten einde moontlike kruisings-ouers te kon identifiseer. Agt SSR merkers, insluitend vyf afkomstig van rog en drie vanaf koring, asook vyf agronomiese kenmerke is aangewend om die materiaal se diversiteit te tipeer. Saailingtoetsing is ook gedoen en het aangetoon dat die meeste kultivars weerstandig was vir die stamroes-isolaat, maar nie die blaarroes-isolaat nie. Van die agt SSR merkers getoets het sewe getoon om polimorfies te wees en het ‘n 140 allele gegee wat gewissel het vanaf 12 tot 26 per lokus met ‘n gemiddeld van 17.5. Die waargenome polimorfiese inligtings inhoud (PII) waarde het gewissel vanaf 0.39 tot 0.88 met ‘n gemiddeld van 0.70. Die merkers kon dus suksesvol diskrimineer. Die data het aangetoon dat die Suid-Afrikaanse kultivars genetiese die naaste verwant was aan die kultivars afkomstig vanaf die VSA en Kanada. Die tweede gedeelte van die studie het gefokus op die introgressie van ‘n blou aleuron-laag geen (Ba), afkomstig vanaf die koringkultivar ‘Cltr1202STR’, en twee pers-perikarp gene (Pp1; Pp3), afkomstig vanaf die koringkultivar ‘Amethyst’, na ‘n korog agtergrond. Ongelukkig het die oordrag van die pers-perikarp gene gefaal. Twee lyne wat die blou aleuron- laag bevat, 11T023 en 11T028, is egter suksesvol geskep. Tipering van die lyne met die SSR merkers het aangetoon dat die BC4F1 lyn 11T023 (Ba) B genetiese baie na aan die herhalende ouers ‘Agbeacon’ is en dat die BC4F1 11T028 lyn (Ba) A nader is aan die herhalende ouer ‘US2007’. Die studie het dus geïllustreer dat MBS gebruik kan word as ‘n betroubare manier om genetiese diversiteit te bepaal en by te dra tot die sukses van ‘n terugkruisingsprogram. Die data wat dus voortspruit uit MBS kan dus help om die SU-PTL se telingsprogram te assisteer in die besluitnemingsproses tydens teling deur beter genotipe gebaseerde besluite te neem wat die riskio van fenotipe gebaseerde besluite kan help verminder.

Orientador: Luiz Edivado Pezzato<br>Banca: Dalton José carneiro<br>Banca: Wilson Massamitu Furuya<br>Banca: Wilson Rogério Boscolo<br>Banca: Newton Castagnolli<br>Resumo: O triticale (Triticum turgisecale), cereal resultante da hibridação do trigo com o centeio combina as características favoráveis das duas espécies. O experimento foi realizado na Unesp/FMVZ-Botucatu, SP tendo por objetivo determinar a digestibilidade do triticale para a tilápia do Nilo. Noventa e seis tilápias com média de 112,00±22,00g foram alojadas em oito aquários circulares de 250L onde foram alimentadas. As dietas foram peletizadas e o triticale substituiu em 30,0% a dieta referência e empregou-se 0,10% de óxido de crômio III como marcador externo. A coleta das fezes foi realizada em aquários cônicos de 300L. Foram determinados nas dietas e nas fezes os valores de matéria seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB), aminoácidos, energia bruta (EB) e de óxido de crômio III. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente (CDA%) do triticale foram: 70,98 ± 0,71; 87,33 ± 1,64; 72,87 ± 0,35; para MS, PB e EB respectivamente; alanina 80,45; arginina 94,88; ácido aspártico 84,59; glicina 83,82; isoleucina 84,08; leucina 89,43; lisina 83,70; cistina 99,87; metionina 76,38; fenilalanina 91,04; tirosina 78,61; treonina 76,83; triptofano 87,10; prolina 97,64; valina 88,05; histidina 93,52; serina 87,76. Os resultados demonstraram bom aproveitamento dos nutrientes do triticale pela tilápia do Nilo, o que possibilita a sua utilização como alimento energético nas rações. Observou-se, ainda, que o triticale fornece maior quantidade de proteína (aminoácidos) que o milho.<br>Abstract: In order to evaluate the quality of feed it is fundamental to know the digestibility of nutrients and energy. Triticale (Triticum turgisecale) is result from crossbreeding of wheat and rye, combining the favorable features of those two species. This experiment was conducted at Unesp/FMVZ - Botucatu, SP. It aimed to determine the digestibility coefficient of this energetic feed for Nile tilapia. Ninety-six tilapias were stoked at eight circular feed aquariums. Diets were pelletized, and triticale replaced 30% of purified ration. Chromic oxide (Cr2O3) 0.10% was used as a nonabsorbed external marker in ration. Feces were collected in conical fish aquaria (300L). Dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), amino acids, gross energy (GE) and chromic oxide levels of diet and feces were analyzed. The apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of triticale were (%):70.98; 87.33 ± 1.64;: 72.87 ± 0.35; DM, CP and GE, respectively; alanine 80.45; arginine 94.88; aspartic acid 84.59; glycine 83.82; isoleucine 84.08; leucine 89.43; lysine 83.70; cysteine 99.87; methionine 76.38; phenylalanine 91.04; tyrosine 78.61; threonine 76.83; tryptophan 87.10; proline 97.64; valine 88.05; histidine 93.52; serine 87.76. Results demonstrated good quality of triticale nutrients to use in Nile tilapia feed and triticale has more concentration of protein than corn.<br>Doutor

La fusariose de l'épi (FHB) est une maladie des céréales d'importance majeure susceptible de générer des pertes de rendement et de contaminer les récoltes avec des mycotoxines. Notre projet vise à caractériser la résistance génétique à la fusariose chez le triticale et plus particulièrement à évaluer l’impact de l’introgression de facteurs de résistance du blé panifiable chez le triticale. En complément, une nouvelle approche de quantification des symptômes de la fusariose sur grains a été développée. Cette approche est basée sur une évaluation digitale de la surface de grain blanchie (ou WKS pour Whitened Kernel Surface). Une lignée hautement résistante à la fusariose, issue d’un croisement triticale × blé, a été croisée avec plusieurs cultivars de triticales modernes pour générer trois populations distinctes. Ces populations ont été génotypées par marqueurs microsatellites (SSR) ainsi qu’à l’aide de marqueurs obtenus par séquençage (GBS). Le phénotype pour la résistance à la fusariose a été obtenu au champ lors de multiples essais en conditions répliquées et sous inoculation artificielle. La sévérité de la fusariose a été évaluée par une notation visuelle des épis au champ et par une évaluation digitale de la WKS des grains après la récolte. En complément de ce travail de sélection variétale, l'applicabilité de WKS a été évaluée sur deux lots d'échantillons de blé tendre et un lot de triticale pour 265 échantillons au total. Les coefficients de Pearson entre l’évaluation visuelle des symptômes sur grains (ou FDK pour Fusarium Damaged Kernels) et la WKS vont de r = 0,77 à r = 0,81 et de r = 0,61 à r = 0,86 pour ceux entre la teneur en déoxynivalénol (DON) et la WKS. A la fois rapide et peu coûteuse, cette nouvelle méthode de quantification des symptômes sur grains semble particulièrement indiquée pour la sélection variétale et l’analyse génétique de la résistance à la fusariose. Ces pratiques nécessitent en effet l’évaluation du niveau d’infection d’un grand nombre d’échantillons, et dans ce contexte, la WKS se présente comme une alternative efficace à la notation visuelle FDK. Quatre QTL ayant des effets majeurs sur la résistance à la fusariose ont été identifiés au sein de nos trois populations de triticale, sur les chromosomes 2B, 3B, 5R et 7A. Le QTL sur le chromosome 3B colocalise avec Fhb1 et celui sur le chromosome 5R avec le gène de nanisme Ddw1. Il s’agit de la première démonstration d’une introgression réussie de Fhb1 dans plusieurs fonds génétiques de triticale, ce qui constitue une avancée majeure dans l’amélioration de la résistance à la fusariose chez cette espèce<br>Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a cereal disease of major importance responsible for yield losses and mycotoxin contaminations in grains. Here we characterized the resistance to FHB in triticale breeding material harboring resistance factors from bread wheat. Additionally, we introduce a new measurement approach to quantify FHB severity on grains based on the evaluation of the whitened kernel surface (WKS) using digital image analysis. A highly FHB resistant experimental line which derives from a triticale × wheat cross was crossed to several modern triticale cultivars to generate three triticale populations. These mapping populations were phenotyped for Fusarium head blight resistance in replicated field trials under artificial inoculation and were genotyped with genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) and SSR markers. FHB severity was assessed in the field by visual scorings and on the harvested grain samples by a digital evaluation of the WKS. Aside from this breeding work, the applicability of WKS was assessed on two bread wheat and one triticale grain sample sets with 265 samples in total. Pearson correlation coefficients between Fusarium‐damaged kernels (FDK) and WKS range from r = 0.77 to r = 0.81 and from r = 0.61 to r = 0.86 for the correlation between deoxynivalenol (DON) content and WKS. As a low‐cost and fast approach, this method appears particularly attractive for breeding and genetic analysis of FHB resistance where typically large numbers of experimental lines need to be evaluated, and for which WKS is suggested as an alternative to visual FDK scorings. Four QTL with major effects on FHB resistance were identified in our three mapping populations. They map to chromosomes 2B, 3B, 5R and 7A. The QTL on 3B collocated with Fhb1 and the QTL on 5R with the dwarfing gene Ddw1. This is the first report demonstrating the successful introgression of Fhb1 into triticale which comprises a significant step forward for enhancing FHB resistance in this crop

Doutoramento em Biologia - Instituto Superior de Agronomia<br>Polyploidization is a remarkable driving force in plant evolution, where hybridization and chromosome doubling result in huge genomic stress. Deeper knowledge about parental genomes behaviour in a hybrid nucleus and on processes underlying genetic and epigenetic modifications induced by polyploidization is essential to understand such evolutive process. Using triticale as model species we evaluated the impact of polyploidization through molecular and cytological approaches. Genomic rearrangements involving retrotransposons and microsatellites related sequences include both repetitive and coding sequences, and revealed a preferential loss of rye-origin bands. Chromosome distribution of such marker sequences demonstrated moreover enrichment in heterochromatic domains. Intensification of rye genome rearrangements was also disclosed in wheat lines with disomic additions of rye chromosomes, probably due to unbalanced genomic constitution. An integrative review of genomic modulation evaluated in Triticeae hybrid/polyploidy species unravelled furthermore higher restructuring of larger parental genomes, emphasizing the importance of genome size homogenization. Epigenetic analysis of nucleolar dominance in wheat addition line with rye nucleolar chromosomes revealed an unexpected up-regulation of ribosomal genes from wheat-origin, suggesting that mutual and opposite expression patterns modifications are induced by genome interactions. Altogether we demonstrate that heterochromatic domains are highly involved in parental genomes adjustments required to polyploids stabilization.--------------------------------------------A poliploidização é uma das principais forças evolutivas em plantas, sendo essencial um conhecimento profundo dos processos subjacentes às alterações genómicas e epigenéticas associadas a este processo evolutivo. O triticale foi utilizado como espécie modelo para avaliar o impacto da poliploidização utilizando técnicas moleculares e citológicas. Identificaram-se rearranjos genómicos envolvendo sequências repetitivas e codificantes associadas a retrotransposões e microssatélites, afectando preferencialmente o genoma de centeio. A distribuição cromossómica dessas sequências demonstrou a sua predominância em domínios heterocromáticos. Paralelamente, em linhas de trigo com a adição dos cromossomas de centeio, observou-se uma intensificação de rearranjos nesse genoma, provavelmente resultante do desequilíbrio genómico parental. A integração dos estudos realizados em híbridos/poliplóides pertencentes à tribo Triticeae demonstrou a reestruturação preferencial do genoma parental maior, realçando a importância da homogeneização genómica. A análise epigenética dos genes ribossomais na linha de trigo com introgressão de cromossomas nucleolares de centeio, indica que o processo de dominância nucleolar induz modificações mútuas dos padrões de expressão genica dos progenitores. Este trabalho enfatiza assim a importância da modulação dos domínios heterocromáticos parentais na estabilização dos organismos poliploides

O triticale é o primeiro cereal cultivado criado pelo homem proveniente da hibridação entre duas espécies distintas, o trigo (Triticum spp.) e o centeio (Secale cereale). Uma fonte de macho-esterilidade, derivada do cultivar IAPAR 54-OCEPAR 4, foi detectada em 2001 na Estação Experimental Agronômica da UFRGS, em Eldorado do Sul - RS. Este trabalho teve como objetivo realizar a caracterização fenotípica e citogenética desta fonte de macho-esterilidade, a fim de entender suas causas e potencial de aplicação em programas de melhoramento. A caracterização fenotípica da machoesterilidade foi realizada nos anos de 2005 e 2006, através da observação da abertura das flores no estádio de antese e da fertilidade da espiga. Os resultados indicam que a machoesterilidade é parcial e o caráter macho-estéril é herdável, porém há grande influência do ambiente sobre a manifestação do caráter. A menor fertilidade de espigas foi observada em plantas que apresentaram fenótipo macho-estéril, porém indivíduos caracterizados como macho-férteis também apresentaram fertilidade reduzida, quando comparados com as testemunhas. Plantas com fenótipos macho-estéreis, em 2006, derivadas de plantas também caracterizadas como macho-estéreis, em 2005, tiveram menor fertilidade de espiga do que aquelas derivadas de plantas caracterizadas como não macho-estéreis. Análises do comportamento meiótico da população macho-estéril revelaram diversas anormalidades nas fases da meiose, com níveis de irregularidades acima daqueles encontrados nos genótipos testemunha, os quais também apresentaram elevada anormalidade. O índice meiótico foi baixo, mas não diferiu da testemunha IAPAR 54-OCEPAR 4. Houve redução de em torno de 50% da fertilidade do pólen, quando comparada com o progenitor da população, corroborando com a baixa fertilidade observada a campo. Análises de plantas F2, derivadas do cruzamento entre plantas macho-estéreis e cultivares testemunhas, assim como de plantas dos respectivos retrocruzamentos, revelaram a restauração da viabilidade do pólen. A expressão do fenótipo macho-estéril parece estar associado à maior instabilidade da formação de tétrades na meiose. A fertilidade de espiga não é diretamente relacionada com a viabilidade do pólen, porém parece estar associada à estabilidade de formação de tétrades. A fertilidade de espiga deveria ser considerada como um critério para seleção de genitores nos programas de melhoramento de triticale, como uma forma de melhorar a estabilidade da meiose e do rendimento de grãos.<br>The triticale is the first cultivated cereal created by man from hybridization between two different species, wheat (Triticum spp.) and Rye (Secale cereale). A new source of male-sterility was detected at the UFRGS Agronomic Experimental Station, located in Eldorado do Sul, Southern Brazil. This study aimed to perform the phenotypic and cytogenetic characterization of that source of male-sterility, in order to understand its causes and assess the practicality of its incorporation in triticale breeding programs. The phenotypic characterization of male-sterility was carried out at the field in 2005 and 2006 through the visual observation of the degree of spikelet openness, at the anthesis stage, and also by the level of fertility of the spikes. The results indicate that the male-sterility is partial and must be heritable at some degree, but there is a strong environmental effect on the expression of this trait. Smaller spike fertility was observed in plants characterized as male-sterile by the spikelet appearance. However, plants characterized as male-fertile also showed reduced fertility, compared to the check varieties, but at a lower degree than the male-sterile plants. Moreover, plants that showed the male-sterile visual phenotype in 2006 and derived from plants that were characterized as male-sterile in 2005 were less fertile than those 2006 plants that were also visually male-sterile but derived from apparently male-fertile plants. Cytogenetic analysis of meiosis of the male-sterile population revealed several abnormalities, at all meiosis phases, but with levels of abnormalities above of that found for the checks, which also showed a high degree of irregularities. The population meiotic index was law and did not differ from the progenitor IAPAR 54 – OCEPAR 4. The pollen fertility in the male-sterile population was reduced by about 50% of the pollen fertility level showed by the population progenitor, agreeing with low spike fertility observed. Analysis of F2 plants, derived from the cross between male-sterile plants and check cultivars, as well as of some backcrosses, revealed the fast restoration of pollen viability. The expression of the male-sterile phenotype seems to be associated with the instability of tetrad formation in meiosis. Spike fertility is not directly associated with pollen viability, but seems to be linked to the stability of tetrad formation. The spike fertility should be considered as a selection criterion of parental genotypes to compose the crossing block of triticale breeding programs, as a mean of improving meiosis stability and grain yield.

Triticale (x Triticosecale Whitm.) is a cereal with favorable agronomic traits for a Canadian bioproduction platform crop. Appropriate tissue sampling times were determined and gene expression profiles were evaluated in five triticale seed tissues and eleven vegetative tissues using the Affymetrix Wheat GeneChip®. Genes that were expressed, not expressed, tissue-specific, tissue-enriched and developmentally regulated were identified. The percentage of probe sets on the wheat GeneChip with gene ontology annotations was improved from less than 3% to over 76% using homologous sequence identification and annotation transfer. This information was used to determine functions and processes over-represented within the identified gene lists and provide biological meaning to the results. Expression of candidate genes was further evaluated using qRT-PCR, RNA in situ hybridization and promoter characterization. This study has provided a comprehensive triticale gene expression atlas; knowledge regarding triticale development, gene function, expression and regulation; and tools enabling further triticale research and development.<br>xxiii, 425 leaves : col. ill. ; 29 cm

Triticale (X <i>Triticosecale</i> Wittmack), a man-made hybrid between wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> Lem. Thell.) and rye (<i>Secale cereal</i> L.) has existed for almost a century. However, the commercial adoption of this cereal crop did not start until recently. The characteristics of triticale, such as growing well at low nitrogen level, high disease resistance and better nutritional value of the grain, encouraged the development of a less intensive, low-input production system to meet the challenge of lower prices of cereal grain, high inputs and environmental stress around the world. A year round series of sowings was carried out in 1990/91 to study the response of triticale cv. Lasko to the environment, especially to temperature and daylength. Linear relationships were found for leaf emergence with accumulated temperature in September to June sowings. For summer sowings, the gradual slowing down of leaf emergence rate was believed to be influenced by daylength change. The date of achievement of key developmental stages: double ridge, terminal spikelet, stem elongation and anthesis also showed the effects of temperature and daylength. Triticale primordia production was similar to that described for wheat, with a slow rate for initiation of leaf primordia and a fast rate for that of spikelet primordia. A slight delay in switching from slow rate to fast rate was found in triticale cv. Lasko.

Bacterial leaf streak (BLS), caused by Xanthomonas translucens pv. undulosa (Xtu), is an important disease of wheat worldwide. The best way to control this disease in the field is the use of resistant cultivars. Although source of resistance is lacking in wheat, several triticale accessions have high levels of resistance. However, resistance in triticale has not be investigated. The main objective of this project was to map the BLS-resistance gene in triticale. A high density genetic linkage map was constructed in a triticale recombinant inbred line population covering all wheat and rye chromosomes. QTL mapping revealed a single locus on the chromosome 5R significantly associated with resistance to BLS. The resistance reaction of F1 hybrids indicated the dominance resistance. This is the first study to map a major resistance gene to BLS and will facilitate the introgression of this rye-derived BLS resistance into wheat genome through molecular marker-assisted chromosome engineering.

Triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) is a high-yielding and vigourous interspecific hybrid between wheat and cereal rye. The crop is known for tolerance of abiotic stresses and high biomass production, and thus it has the potential to increase the profitability and productivity of growers in marginal environments and to help address the food production challenges of the 21st century. The original cultivars from the 1960s and 1970s usually produced grain with flour properties in between triticale’s progenitor species, and thus produced dough inferior to wheat and unsuitable for a range of food products, including loaf bread, flat bread, cakes, biscuits and crackers. However over the last 40 years, grain yield and grain quality for animal feed have been significantly improved through breeding and selection, and hence indirect improvements (or at the least, genetic drift in quality alleles) in its potential to produce good food products could be expected. Furthermore, significant advances in wheat quality research have produced vast amounts of information, methodology and technology that can be easily used to improve triticale quality, and the tastes of the modern consumer are different to those of 40 years ago. This thesis aimed to characterise the flour properties of a range of modern triticale cultivars and compare them to wheat, then investigate genetic, agronomic and post-harvest strategies to improve the value of the grain for a human food market. Focus was given to the two major scientific issues which have historically hindered the use of triticale flour in food products – poor gluten strength and high α-amylase activity – and to other quality traits of commercial significance. The grain and flour quality was quantified in up to 17 modern triticale cultivars grown in four environments over 2 years – Greendale, NSW in 2009 (JP09), Cowra, NSW in 2010 (COW10), both of which are typical triticale growing environments with poor soil and minimal fertiliser, Narrabri, NSW in 2010 (NARR10), which is a high yielding, high quality environment known for producing Australian Prime Hard wheat, and Stirling, SA in 2011 (SA11) which is a high protein, low yielding environment. Field plots were arranged in a randomised complete block design at JP09, COW10 and NARR10 with minimal irrigation; rust was controlled with fungicide. The three varieties from SA11 were sourced from commercial seed production lots. Grain was milled to wholemeal flour on a Newport Scientific hammer mill with 0.5mm screen, and to white flour on both a Quadrumat® Junior Mill and a Bühler experimental mill. Glutenin and secalin subunits were characterised by SDS-PAGE and the gluten properties were investigated using the SDS-sedimentation test and mixographs. α-Amylase activity was investigated spectrophotometrically and using the falling number test. These vi measurements were compared to estimations of grain protein, non-starch polysaccharides (NSP), starch content and fibre content using near-infrared transmittance (NIT). Flour protein was estimated by NIR (near-infrared reflectance). The pasting properties of milled flours were evaluated on a Newport Scientific Rapid Visco Analyzer according to AACC 76-21, except 10 mM AgNO3 was used in place of DI water to inhibit α-amylase activity. Grain hardness was measured by the Single-Kernel Characterisation System and moisture and ash content by standard oven methods. Colour of Junior milled flour was assessed using a Minolta Chroma meter CR-400. Finally, plain cookies were baked according to a standard recipe used to assess soft wheats. Variability in the glutenin and secalin subunits was small relative to global diversity amongst triticale cultivars, and reflects the narrow genetic base of material in Australian breeding programs. The gluten quality of these triticale cultivars was inferior to bread wheat but similar to soft wheat; however the protein content of triticale flour was significantly lower than wheat flour. Lower triticale protein content represents a change from early cultivars and reduces its capacity to form viscoelastic gluten. Cultivars Hawkeye and Vicuna were recommended for breeding to improve gluten strength in locally adapted germplasm. Much greater variability in starch and NSP characteristics were found in triticale compared to wheat, and the ranges overlapped between species. The cultivars Tobruk, Yukuri and Berkshire expressed equivalent α-amylase activity to wheat; cultivars Jaywick and Yukuri were found to have partially waxy starch. Triticale generally exhibited higher NSP, equivalent pasting properties, higher α-amylase activity and lower falling number than wheat checks. However, low falling number was not indicative of high α-amylase activity; this contradicts the assumptions on which previous triticale research was based and has implications for the interpretation of research and the use of falling number to compare triticale to wheat. Furthermore, an unexpected negative correlation was observed with NSP, where higher NSP reduced the slurry viscosity measured in the falling number test. Modification of the falling number test is recommended before it can be used in triticale breeding programs. Nevertheless, the observed genetic variability in starch characteristics and α-amylase activity indicates some triticale cultivars have waxy properties conducive to the production of noodles, and that certain lines exhibited similar late-maturity α-amylase activity to modern wheat cultivars: an indirect benefit of breeding and selection over the past few decades. Like starch properties, great variation was found amongst triticale cultivars for hardness, colour and milling yield. Berkshire displayed a grain hardness equivalent to durum wheat, suggesting a null allele at the rye softness protein locus (Sin locus); the remaining cultivars exhibited a grain hardness between soft wheat and bread wheat. The high milling yield and low fibre content of Tobruk (milling yield was even higher than bread wheat) suggested this line has a thin seed coat and thus would be an excellent parent for the genetic improvement of triticale milling yield. Average flour ash content was significantly higher vii than wheat in both statistical and practical terms, and a different bench mark needs to be used for low ash triticale flour compared to low ash wheat. Apart from Vicuna and Yukuri, triticale cultivars produced darker flour than wheat, however with modern consumer preferences tending towards ‘healthy-looking’ foods, darker flour should not be a hindrance to its utility. The overall results confirmed previous suggestions that triticale is suited to soft wheat products such as cookies, and hence their cookie quality was investigated. Although the dough behaviour and water absorption of triticale was different to soft wheat (specifically, triticale dough tended to loose large amounts of water during sheeting), triticale cookies were found to be equivalent to soft wheat cookies. Overall, the survey of quality amongst modern triticale cultivars suggested two things: firstly, sufficient genetic variation exists amongst current lines to breed triticale cultivars with significantly improved flour quality (comparable to wheat for some quality traits); secondly, there is a clear need to classify current cultivars into suitability for various end uses. This would facilitate efficient marketing to the milling industry and subsequent use in food products. Improvement of the the poor gluten strength in triticale was attempted by backcrossing locally-adapted spring breeding lines to DH265, a winter line which contained a modified 1R chromosome carrying two translocations from 1D of bread wheat – the Glu-D1d allele from 1DL (which simultaneously removed Glu-R1) and the Gli-D1/Glu-D3 locus from the distal end of 1DS. Single plant and plot selection was performed on five cross populations grown in multiple environments and the yield, protein content and gluten strength was analysed on F4-derived F7 grain. Lines containing the translocation had a slightly lower yield compared to the null lines and the triticale checks; but similar to the wheat checks for all except one cross (which was significantly less). This may reflect a loss of root system vigour, head length or higher selection pressure due to lower transmission rate of the translocation to offspring. The translocation slightly increased protein content in two populations and increased SDS-sedimentation height in one population (after accounting for the influence of higher protein content). However, no difference was detected between the overall average SDS-sedimentation height of the null lines and the wheat and triticale checks. This is partially due to large variability in SDS-sedimentation height within each cross population resulting from significant variability at other glutenin and secalin loci. Nevertheless, several lines were identified with grain yield equivalent to current triticale cultivars (and significantly higher than wheat) plus equivalent SDS-sedimentation height to wheat. Thus the translocation is a potential solution to the generally poor gluten strength of modern triticale cultivars. The viability of using existing variability for secaloglutenin alleles in the progenitor species was investigated as a means of creating new germplasm (‘primary triticales’) with high gluten strength. The HMW glutenins of five durum lines, and the HMW secalins and 75k γ- secalins of two rye lines, were defined using SDS-PAGE. These lines were then crossed, new primaries were produced, and grain was tested for the expression of secaloglutenin viii alleles, protein content and SDS-sedimentation height as an estimation of secalogluten strength. The secaloglutenin alleles were simply inherited from the parental plants and all were expressed normally in the offspring, however it was possible that mixed oligomers were formed between glutenins and secalins at the macromolecular level. Significant differences were observed in the SDS-sedimentation height of primaries originating from different durum parents, suggesting that selection of durum parents with high SDSsedimentation is a viable method for producing triticale flour with superior gluten properties. In south-eastern Australia, dual-purpose cropping is commonly used by growers to manage risk in mixed enterprise operations. A preliminary report of lower ash content but comparable protein content in triticale produced in dual-purpose systems was reported in Bangladesh and hence an experiment was conducted to assess the effect of biomass removal on grain yield, test weight, protein content and ash content of grain from four Australian dual-purpose triticale lines grown in five year-site environments (ash content is correlated with nutritional value, milling yield and flour colour). Ash content was either unaffected or increased by removal of biomass and both protein content and grain yield were reduced. It was concluded that although ash content was lower in some lines cut late in the season, the general effect was detrimental to quality and even when ash content was reduced, the effect was not large enough to reduce the level to that of wheat. Hence similar to wheat, dual-purpose triticale systems are not recommended for production of grain for a milling market. Poor milling yield in triticale is a key concern for millers. However, the high variability of grain hardness in triticale, historic problems with grain shrivelling, and lack of varietal classification has meant milling is usually conducted without adjusting settings to batch characteristics. Hence the importance of tempering moisture was investigated in three triticale varieties of varying hardness grown in two environments alongside a wheat standard. Milling yield and ash content both increased as tempering moisture was decreased from 15% to 11%. Triticale flour could be produced at a similar extraction rate as bread wheat provided there was no detrimental effect of high flour ash content. Surface area of larger triticale grain may also influence ideal tempering moisture, however further investigation is required. Tempering triticale to a moisture content appropriate to its physical grain hardness was essential in the optimisation of the milling process. The results of this thesis suggests that it is possible to produce triticale cultivars with flour properties equivalent to wheat, either through traditional plant breeding, chromosomal modification or creation of new primary triticales. However, with a changing market, many of the flour requirements have changed since triticale was first investigated in food products e.g. increased popularity of darker/wholemeal flours. Furthermore, general improvement of the crop over the last few decades has indirectly improved the grain e.g. breeding for plump grain has increased starch content and milling yield. Many of the current concerns of millers such as insufficient protein content, sticky dough, high α- ix amylase production, and low milling yield, can be overcome through fertilizer management, classification of varieties into grain hardness, milling yield and protein quality classes, and sourcing batches of grain with low α-amylase activity (avoiding measurement using the falling number test). There is a clear need to develop a marketing pathway for triticale flour in which cultivars and agronomic conditions that optimise milling quality are clearly communicated to growers. This is a prerequisite for the establishment of a price premium for batches of grain that meet the requirements of millers, processers and consumers. The higher yield and abiotic stress tolerance of triticale suggests that with focused breeding and an industry-wide push for efficient flour marketing, this crop could address some of the food production challenges of the 21st century.

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.<br>Triticale is an amphidiploid that consists of wheat (A and B) and rye (R) genomes. This cereal is fast becoming important on a commercial basis and warrants further assessment for the better management and breeding of the hybrid. The assessment of the genetic diversity among the wheat and rye genomes within triticale can be obtained by using molecular markers developed in both donor genomes. Simple sequence repeats markers (SSRs) and amplified fragment length markers (AFLPs) have been previously used to assess the genetic diversity among triticale lines. SSRs are highly polymorphic markers that are abundant and which have been shown to be highly transferable between species in previous studies while AFLP markers are known to generate plenty of data as they cover so many loci. Thus, the aim of this study was to develop a marker system suitable to assess the genetic diversity and relationships of advanced breeding material (and cultivars) of the Stellenbosch University’s Plant Breeding Laboratory (SU-PBL). Therefore, both AFLP and SSR markers were initially analysed using eight triticale cultivars (with known pedigrees) to facilitate cultivar identification. Fourty-two AFLP primer combinations and 86 SSR markers were used to assess the genetic diversity among the Elite triticale cultivars. The AFLP primer combinations generated under average polymorphism information content (PIC) values. Furthermore, these markers generated neighbour-joining (NJ) and unweighted pair group method with arithmetic average (UPGMA) dendograms that displayed relationships that did not correspond with the available pedigree information. Therefore, this marker system was found not to be suitable. A set of 86 SSRs previously identified in both wheat and rye, was used to test the genetic diversity among the eight cultivars. The markers developed in wheat achieved 84% transferability while those developed in rye achieved 79.3% transferability. A subset of SSR markers was able to distinguish the cultivars, and correctly identify them by generating NJ and UPGMA dendograms that exhibited relationships that corroborated the available pedigree data. This panel of markers was therefore chosen as the most suitable for the assessment of the advanced breeding material. The panel of seven SSR markers was optimised for semi-automated analysis and was used to screen and detect the genetic diversity among 306 triticale entries in the F6, Senior and Elite phases of the SU-PBL triticale breeding programme. An average PIC value of 0.65 was detected and moderate genetic variation was observed. NJ and UPGMA dendograms generated showed no clear groupings. However, the panel of markers managed to accurately identify all cultivars within the breeding program. The marker panel developed in this study is being used to routinely distinguish among the advanced breeding material within the SU-PBL triticale breeding programme and as a tool in molecular-assisted backcross.

Orientador: Fernanda Paula Collares-Queiroz<br>Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T05:58:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gragnani_MarcoAntonioLefevre_M.pdf: 7651041 bytes, checksum: 7fa59de3bac1eecf3a788631b8dc0cc1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010<br>Resumo: A produção e o consumo de pães de forma no Brasil crescem continuamente. Assim como a maioria dos produtos de panificação, sua fabricação requer a utilização de farinhas com características específicas para obtenção de produtos sensorialmente aceitáveis. Até hoje, a farinha de trigo é a única capaz de produzir pães com essas características. Os estudos de substitutos para farinha de trigo esbarram em dificuldades técnicas, que dificultam a formação de uma rede protéica estável, capaz de desempenhar um papel satisfatório na estruturação do pão e na retenção dos gases produzidos durante a fermentação. O triticale, cereal resultante do cruzamento do trigo com centeio, apresenta características bastante semelhantes aos seus progenitores, sem, contudo, ter a capacidade de substituir o trigo em grandes quantidades na produção de pães de forma. A utilização da enzima transglutaminase microbiana (MTGase) na área de panificação já mostrou-se eficiente no fortalecimento da rede de glúten, permitindo, além da utilização de farinhas fracas em produtos que necessitam de farinha forte, a incorporação de novas fontes protéicas nesses alimentos. O objetivo deste projeto foi avaliar a viabilidade tecnológica da utilização da MTGase para produzir pães de forma com a maior substituição de farinha de trigo por farinha de triticale possível, apresentando as mesmas características do pão de forma padrão. Inicialmente, as duas farinhas, foram caracterizadas pela realização de análises reológicas (farinográficas e extensográficas), teor de glúten, falling number e cor. Foi realizada a produção de pães de forma padrão, apenas com farinha de trigo, para avaliação de qualidade e estudos comparativos posteriores. Foi elaborado um delineamento composto central rotacional (DCCR) com duas variáveis independentes:porcentagem de substituição de farinha de trigo por triticale (%TTC) e porcentagem de enzima transglutaminase microbiana em base seca de farinha (%MTGase). O delineamento incluiu onze ensaios, sendo quatro pontos fatoriais, quatro pontos axiais e três pontos centrais. Os resultados foram analisados por Metodologia de Superfície de Resposta. As variáveis dependentes desse estudo foram: (i) características reológicas das farinhas com enzima e (ii) qualidade dos pães de forma produzidos. Os pães foram analisados quanto ao volume específico, firmeza, umidade, atividade de água e cor do miolo (parâmetros L*, C* e h). Foi analisada também a influência do tempo de fermentação (35, 70 e 105 minutos) nessas respostas. Pela análise instrumental, observou-se ser inviável a produção dos pães de forma com 35 minutos de fermentação. Para os pães com maiores tempos, os parâmetros de volume específico e firmeza foram próximos ao pão padrão, mesmo com elevadas porcentagens de substituição da farinha de trigo, devido ao auxílio da enzima. Foram identificadas duas formulações, com quantidades máximas de substituição de farinha de trigo, que mostraram características semelhantes ao pão padrão, uma nos pães assados submetidos a 70 minutos de fermentação (60,64% de substituição de farinha de trigo por triticale e 0,65% de transglutaminase microbiana em base seca da farinha) e outra com 105 minutos de fermentação (71,28% de substituição de farinha de trigo por triticale,e 0,80% de porcentagem de transglutaminase microbiana em base seca da farinha). Essas formulações foram submetidas a testes de aceitação e intenção de compra por 72 provadores, que as avaliaram nos quesitos: modo global, aparência, aroma, sabor e textura. Os resultados mostraram que a substituição da farinha de trigo por triticale com a adição da enzima, em valores iguais aos das duas formulações escolhidas, pode ser realizada sem alterações significativas (p < 0,05) na intenção de compra dos consumidores. Entretanto, o pão de forma com 105 minutos de fermentação se mostrou mais próximo ao pão padrão nas análises instrumentais, e uma leve alteração na aceitação da textura foi evidenciada na sensorial obtendo média ¿gostei¿ (70 minutos), enquanto o pão padrão e a formulação com 105 minutos de fermentação obtiveram ¿gostei muito¿. O estudo mostrou que é possível substituir até 71,28% de farinha de trigo por triticale, utilizando a enzima transglutaminase microbiana, na produção de pães de forma de qualidade e sem aumentar o custo para os fabricantes<br>Abstract: The production of loaf breads in Brazil grows continuously. Like the majority of the bakery products, its manufacture requires the usage of flour with specific characteristics to result in sensory acceptable products. Until today, wheat flour is the only flour capable to produce loaf breads with those characteristics. Researches for wheat flour substitutes face on technical limitations, that interfere on the formation of a stable protein network, capable to play a satisfactory role in the bread structure and gas retention produced during fermentation. The triticale, a cereal resultant from the crossing of wheat and rye, has very similar characteristics to its progenitors, without, however, the ability to substitute wheat in great quantities in loaf bread production. The use of microbial transglutaminase (MTGase) in bakery products has been studied as an efficient empowering of the gluten network, allowing, besides the usage of weaker flours in products that requires strong flours, the incorporation of new protein sources in those foods. The objective of this project was to evaluate the technological viability to use MTGase to make loaf breads with the highest wheat flour substitution as possible, showing the same characteristics as a wheat flour loaf bread. Initially, both flours were characterized by rheological analysis (farinographics and extensographics), gluten index, falling number and color. Standard loaf bread with 100% wheat flour was produced for later quality evaluation and result comparison. A central composite rotational design (CCRD) was made with two independent variables: substitution percentage of wheat flour by triticale flour (%TTC) and the microbial transglutaminase enzyme percentage on dry flour basis (%MTGase). The design included eleven tests: four factorial points, four axial points and tree central points. The results were analyzed by Response Surface Methodology. The dependent variables were: (i) rheological characteristics of the flours with enzyme and (ii) the quality of the produced loaf breads. The breads were analyzed regarding its specific volume, firmness, humidity, water activity and bread crumb color (parameters L*, C*, and h). The influence of fermentation time (35, 70 and 105 minutes) was also studied on those responses. By instrumental analysis, it was found that it is not possible to produce triticale loaf breads with 35 minutes of fermentation. Breads with higher fermentation times presented specific volume and firmness values closer to standard loaf breads, even with high values of wheat flour substitution, due to the usage of the enzyme. Two formulations were identified, with maximum wheat flour substitution, one among the breads with 70 minute fermentation (wheat flour substitution: 60.64%, and microbial transglutaminase percentage (w/w): 0.65%) and another with 105 minute fermentation (wheat flour substitution: 71.28%, and microbial transglutaminase percentage (w/w): 0.80%). Those formulations were submitted to acceptance tests and intension of purchase by 72 costumers, who evaluated the global aspect, appearance, aroma, flavor and texture. The results shows that the substitution of wheat flour by triticale with addition of microbial transglutaminase, in the same values as the chosen formulations, can be made without significant alteration (p < 0.05) in the costumers' purchase intension. However, the loaf breads with 105 minute fermentation were closer to the standard loaf breads in the instrumental analysis, and a light alteration on the texture acceptance was evidenced in the sensorial tests, getting ¿liked¿ score (70 minutes), while the standards breads and 105 minute fermentation got ¿liked a lot¿. This study had shown that it is possible to substitute up to 71.28% of wheat flour by triticale, using microbial transglutaminase, to make loaf bread maintaining its quality without increasing the industrial costs<br>Mestrado<br>Mestre em Tecnologia de Alimentos

Tesis de Licenciatura para obtener el título de Ing. Agrónoma Industrial. Se realizó un trabajo científico-tecnológico que apoya el reforzamiento del conocimiento adquirido durante los estudios profesionales.<br>Tesis de licenciatura que evalúa la sustitución parcial de harina de trigo por harina de triticale en la elaboración de galletas. La sustitución se llevó a cabo en cuatro niveles evaluando contenido de proteína, extracto etéreo, cenizas, humedad, azúcares libres, color, sabor y textura. Se encontraron diferencias significativas resultando la sustitución al 25% como la mejor evaluada.

Root-lesion nematode (RLN, Pratylenchus neglectus) invades the roots of wheat and causes yield losses throughout the world. Genetic resistance is the most economical and effective means to manage RLNs. The objective of this study were to identify source of resistance to RLN in a small collection of wheat germplasm and to map quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with RLN resistance in two; one wheat and one triticale recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations. Out of wheat lines, three were resistant, including hard red spring wheat cultivars Brennan, SY Ingmar, and SY Soren. A number of genomic regions in wheat and rye were identified as QTL for RLN resistance. My research provides a better understanding of the genetic basis of P. neglectus resistance and important tools for RLN resistance breeding.

There is growing interest in malting and brewing with rye. However, previous research has shown a propensity for the development of deoxynivalenol (DON) in rye malts, even when levels on the grain is low. The main objective of this study was to assess the growth of F. graminearum and development of trichothecenes during malting of rye. Infected samples were obtained from 2016 variety trails in Minnesota. While DON levels were generally below 0.2 mg/kg, an average increase of 41 % was seen after malting. The most significant increases in DON were at three days of germination. Fusarium Tri5 DNA levels were observed to increase at two days. When single kernels were tested, most were free from DON. Levels in the bulk grain sample were due to a small number of highly contaminated kernels. In the malted samples, a greater portion of kernels contained DON, and overall levels were much higher.

L'effet des protéines sur la valeur en panification a été illustré dans ce travail par l'étude des protéines de réserve du triticale hexaploïde. Avant d'évaluer cet effet, nous avons procédé à une étude du déterminisme génétique des glutélines et sécalines (protéines de réserve) du triticale hexaploïde dans dix descendances F2. Les allèles identifiés ont permis de révéler la diversité de ces protéines au sein d'une collection de 134 variétés de triticale héxaploïde cultivées en Europe et de déterminer 96 diagrammes différents à partir des 40 allèles répertoriés. Ces allèles ont aussi été utilisés pour une étude des distances génétiques entre ces variétés et pour retracer l'origine de tricicales cultivés. L'effet d'une sécaline de haut poids moléculaire, identifiée chez le triticale, sur la qualité en panification a été étudié dans des lignées substituées de blé tendre où les 3 chromosomes du groupe 1 du blé 1A, 1B et 1D ont été remplacés par le chromosome 1R du seigle. La substitution 1R(1A) semble avantageuse pour la valeur en panification. Pour essayer d'appréhender les facteurs biochimiques qui interviennent dans la variation de la dureté du grain, une analyse protéomique des protéines amphiphiles a été conduite. Elle a permis de cartographier les gènes codant pour 72 spots (taches protéiques) sur 15 chromosomes, de déterminer 96 PQL (Protein Quantity Loci) répartis sur l'ensemble du génome. Ces PQL contrôlent la régulation et la variation quantitative de ces spots. 74 spots spécifiques et communs aux deux parents de la population étudiée (population ITMI) ont été identifiés après spectrométrie de masse et interrogation des bases de données. Comme les puroindolines, la majorité des spots correspondent à des protéines associées aux membranes et/ou impliquées dans la défense des plantes contre les agressions extérieures. Ces résultats vont permettre de rechercher parmi ces protéines celles qui sont impliquées dans la variation de la dureté du grain

5 pp.<br>Winter cereals such as barley, oats, triticale, and wheat are commonly grown as forage for the dairy industry. The purpose of this study is to generate information on yield potential of various winter cereal forage varieties. A trial testing the yield potential of eleven winter cereal forage entries including barley, oat, triticale, and wheat varieties was established at the Maricopa Ag Center on October 16, 2015. Forage yields were obtained at cuttings on December 10, February 29, and April 18. The highest yielding entry at the first cutting was Stockford barley. At the second and third cuttings, the highest yielding entry was Summit 515 wheat. Summit 515 wheat was also the highest yielding entry averaged over all cuttings. As a group, the wheat entries were higher yielding that the other winter cereals except at the first cutting where the barleys were higher yielding.

Thesis (Msc Food Sc (Food Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.<br>Triticale (X Triticosecale Whittmack), a cross between durum wheat (Triticum sp.) and rye, is a crop with an increasing agronomic and economic potential Though studies on the functional and compositional quality of triticale have been conducted in other parts of the world, little is known regarding cultivars developed in South Africa in terms of these aspects. South African triticale cultivars from various localities in the Western Cape, obtained for two subsequent harvest seasons, were analysed for moisture, protein and ash contents, as well as falling number (an indication of α-amylase activity), hardness (particle size index), 1000-kernel mass and baking potential (SDS sedimentation). These triticale samples were derived from a breeding program that was not focused on baking quality. The results obtained were found to compare well with those reported on in previous studies. Significant differences were observed between both cultivars and localities within years, illustrating the effect of genetic as well as environmental factors. Significant differences were also observed between localities when comparing the two harvest seasons, whereas differences between the cultivars for the two seasons were in most cases not significant; illustrating the effect of environment. Interactions between cultivars and localities were found to be significant for all parameters, and trends were observed between protein content and both particle size index (PSI) (negative) as well as SDS sedimentation (positive) results for both years. Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is a rapid method of analysis and is widely used for the quality evaluation of wheat. Limited research has been reported on calibration models for the quality evaluation of triticale, and thus NIR spectroscopy was applied to develop models for the prediction of moisture, protein and ash contents, as well as hardness and baking potential for South African cultivars. Spectra were collected in diffuse reflectance mode and partial least squares (PLS) models developed for both triticale flour and wholegrain using two different instruments (Büchi NIRFlex N-500 and Bruker MPA Fourier transform NIR spectrophometers) and software packages (The Unscrambler and OPUS). Full cross-validations were performed, after which the best prediction models obtained (R2 > 0.66) were validated using an independent test set (n = 50). The best prediction results were obtained with flour for moisture (Bruker: SEP = 0.08%; R2 = 0.95; RPD = 4.65) and protein (Büchi: SEP = 0.44%; R2 = 0.96; RPD = 5.23 and Bruker: SEP = 0.32%; R2 = 0.96; RPD = 4.88). For whole grain, acceptable results were obtained for protein (Büchi: SEP = 0.55%; R2 = 0.94; RPD = 4.18 and Bruker: SEP = 0.70%; R2 = 0.90; RPD = 3.23). Though results for ash content, PSI and SDS sedimentation prediction did not yield models that can be applied as yet, these models form a good basis for further calibration model development and possibly use in early generation screening. The current limited ranges could be expanded by adding samples from subsequent harvest seasons. By adding more data, a better quality profile for South African triticale can be obtained, which will facilitate better interpretation in terms of the effect of genetic and environmental factors. It would also enable the development of improved NIR prediction models.

El triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) un híbrido del trigo (Triticum aestivum L.) y del centeno (Secale cereale). Producido importantemente en el Estado de México y utilizado principalmente, para fines forrajeros. Sin embargo, diversos estudios han demostrado la capacidad nutricional (alto contenido de fibra) y el potencias industrial de éste cereal. En el presente trabajo se realizó un estudio para determinar los parámetros físicos de pH, color, densidad y grados °Brix para caracterizar un total de 5 cervezas, embotelladas en volúmenes distintosLos análisis se realizaron en un periodo de tres meses, comprendidos entre noviembre-diciembre 2018 y enero 2019. Durante la investigación se analizó todas las partidas de cerveza. Los resultados mostraron que en el caso de los parámetros físicoquímicos estudiados, existieron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (P≥ 0.05) entre la mayoría de las cervezas estudiadas. La variable de pH se encontró en un rango de 4,41 y 4,71. La cerveza con el valor de pH más alto fue la cerveza industrial corona clara la cual, tuvo 4.89. Este valor se encuentra dentro del rango óptimo para la fermentación por la levadura, mientras que la cerveza de zarzamora obtuvo el valor más bajo de pH siendo de 3.29. y la tuya? Cómo le fue? Para la variable de color, se encontraron resultados entre 7,67 y 15,05 °EBC (European Brewing Convention). Lascervezas que no mostraron diferencias (P≥ 0.05) fueron Indio y corona clara, que presentaron el menor valor 5.7 °Brix y 6 °Brix respectivamente. La cerveza con el valor mayor de °Brix fue la cerveza de zarzamora con 10.63 °Brix, seguida por la cerveza de Triticale, con un valor de 8.36 °Brix y la cerveza Hilarious con 6.66 °Brix. Se estableció además que en la mayoría de los casos los valores para cada uno de los parámetros estudiados, no coincidieron con los mencionados por literatura para éste tipo de cerveza.

El triticale, primer cereal creat per l'home, és un conreu desenvolupat, fonamentalment, en la segona meitat d'aquest segle. En el nostre país, la majoria de varietats enregistrades s'han obtingut a partir de germoplasma procedent de CIMMYT. El fons genètic és reduït, pel que la millora d'aquesta espècie necessita la recerca de noves fonts de variabilitat. En aquesta tesi, s'avalua el comportament de línies procedents de CIMMYT, de cicle de primavera i insensibilitat al fotoperíode, i de genotips procedents de Centre Europa, amb el propòsit de conèixer els recursos genètics disponibles en aquesta espècie. També es pretén valorar les característiques agronòmiques i fisiològiques associades a cada tipus de cicle.<br/>El comportament agronòmic i fisiològic d'un conjunt de genotips de triticale amb distint cicle es va avaluar durant les campanyes 1989/90, 1990/91 i 1991/92 en assatjos sembrats, simultàniament, en dos localitats de la província de Lleida: Gimenells (Comarca del Segrià) i Palau d'Anglesola (Comarca de l'Urgell). Es van estudiar variables relacionades amb el desenvolupament fenològic, les relacions hídriques en fulla bandera, el creixement del gra, la producció de biomassa i el rendiment.<br/>Els resultats obtinguts permeten indicar que la major part de la variabilitat genotípica detectada per als caràcters estudiats està associada al tipus de cicle. La data d'antesis sembla ser, en últim terme, la responsable de la diferència de comportament entre triticals amb distint hàbit de creixement. La precocitat dels genotips de primavera permet un escapi de l'estrès terminal. Per contra, en els genotips d'hivern, que la seva floració té lloc a la fi de maig, les altes temperatures de final de la primavera suposen una reducció del període d'omplert, reflectint-se aquest fet en una menor producció de gra. Per això, per a optimitzar el rendiment, és recomanable, en les nostres condicions de conreu, la sembra de varietats de triticale de primavera.<br>El triticale, primer cereal creado por el hombre, es un cultivo desarrollado, fundamentalmente, en la segunda mitad de este siglo. En nuestro país, la mayoría de variedades registradas se han obtenido a partir de germoplasma procedente de CIMMYT. El fondo genético es reducido, por lo que la mejora de esta especie necesita la búsqueda de nuevas fuentes de variabilidad. En esta tesis, se evalúa el comportamiento de líneas procedentes de CIMMYT, de ciclo de primavera e insensibilidad al fotoperíodo, y de genotipos procedentes de Centro Europa, con el propósito de conocer los recursos genéticos disponibles en esta especie. También se pretende valorar las características agronómicas y fisiológicas asociadas a cada tipo de ciclo.<br/>El comportamiento agronómico y fisiológico de un conjunto de genotipos de triticale con distinto ciclo se evaluó durante las campañas 1989/90, 1990/91 y 1991/92 en ensayos sembrados, simultáneamente, en dos localidades de la provincia de Lleida: Gimenells (Comarca del Segrià) y Palau d'Anglesola (Comarca de l'Urgell). Se estudiaron variables relacionadas con el desarrollo fenológico, las relaciones hídricas en hoja bandera, el crecimiento del grano, la producción de biomasa y el rendimiento.<br/>Los resultados obtenidos permiten indicar que la mayor parte de la variabilidad genotípica detectada para los caracteres estudiados está asociada al tipo de ciclo. La fecha de antesis parece ser, en último término, la responsable de la diferencia de comportamiento entre triticales con distinto hábito de crecimiento. La precocidad de los genotipos de primavera permite un escape del estrés terminal. Por contra, en los genotipos de invierno, cuya floración tiene lugar a finales de mayo, las altas temperaturas de final de la primavera suponen una reducción del período de llenado, reflejándose este hecho en una menor producción de grano. Por ello, para optimizar el rendimiento, es recomendable, en nuestras condiciones de cultivo, la siembra de variedades de triticale de primavera.

Orientador: Fernanda Paula Collares-Queiroz<br>Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T18:13:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Montenegro_FlavioMartins_M.pdf: 2131003 bytes, checksum: 88b60fcd9c314df683e523f3cc935f68 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011<br>Resumo: O triticale (híbrido do trigo e centeio) apresenta maior e melhor qualidade nutricional e uma flexibilidade ambiental maior que os outros cereais, incluindo o trigo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho da aplicação de farinha de triticale, originada de cultivares recomendadas para cultivo e desenvolvidas por Institutos de Pesquisa Brasileiros (IAC, IAPAR e Embrapa), em substituição à farinha de trigo em produtos de panificação (pão de forma e bolo tipo inglês), visando à obtenção/seleção de misturas com qualidade tecnológica e sensorial aceitáveis e promover o uso deste cereal tão pouco usado para o consumo humano. Sua farinha pode substituir parcialmente, na panificação, a de trigo, diminuindo com isso a demanda de importação de trigo. Foram propostos os níveis de 30, 50, 70 e 100% de incorporação de farinha de triticale das três cultivares estudadas, em substituição à farinha de trigo, onde estas proporções foram inicialmente caracterizadas fisico-quimica e reologicamente. Posteriormente, foram produzidos os pães de forma e bolos industriais, que tiveram suas vidas-deprateleiras acompanhadas por 30 dias, pela realização das análises de volume específico, teor de umidade, colorimetria (parâmetros L*, a* e b*), atividade de água (Aw) e textura instrumental (parâmetro firmeza). Pelo conjunto dos resultados do acompanhamento analítico, escolheu-se a cultivar EMBRAPA 53, em todas as proporções propostas, e a cultivar IPR 111, nos níveis de incorporação de 30, 50 e 70%, para a aplicação em pão de forma e bolos industriais, respectivamente, que foram avaliados sensorialmente utilizando-se o teste de aceitação e intenção de compra por 60 provadores. Os pães de forma foram bem avaliados, com altos índices de aprovação, com destaque para a amostra produzida com 50% de farinha de triticale da cultivar EMBRAPA 53, que não apresentou diferença significativa (p<0,05) com relação à amostra produzida somente com farinha de trigo, para todos os atributos sensoriais avaliados. Os bolos industriais nas proporções avaliadas também receberam altos índices de aprovação, porém os bolos produzidos com 30 e 50% de farinha da cultivar IPR 111 foram as amostras que não apresentaram diferenças significativas (p<0,05) com relação à amostra produzida somente com farinha de trigo, para todos os atributos avaliados. É importante ressaltar que as formulações utilizadas neste estudo, tanto para pão de forma quanto para bolos tipo inglês, são formulações básicas e que não receberam aditivações, normalmente utilizadas pela indústria deste tipo de produto. Estes fatos justificam e permitem afirmar que todas as cultivares estudadas, IAC 5, IPR 111 e EMBRAPA 53 possuem um grande potencial para serem utilizadas em produtos de panificação, sem desencadear a necessidade de grandes ajustes de processos e formulações e proporcionando produtos com qualidade igual ou superior aos produzidos apenas com farinha de trigo<br>Abstracts: Triticale (hybrid of wheat and rye) presents more and better nutritional quality and higher environmental flexibility than other cereals, including wheat. The objective of this study was to evaluate the application performance of triticale flour originated from recommended cultivars for cultivation and developed by Brazilian Research Institutes (IAC, IAPAR and Embrapa), replacing the wheat flour in bakery products (loaf bread and industrial pound cake) aiming to obtain / select blends with acceptable sensory and technological quality and promote the use of this grain few used for human consumption. Its flour can be partially replaced the wheat flour in bakery, thus reducing the demand for wheat imports. Levels of 30, 50, 70 and 100% were proposed for inclusion of triticale flour of these studied cultivars, in substitution of wheat flour, where these proportions were first characterized physicchemical and rheological. Later, they produced breads and industrial pound cakes, and their 30 days of shelf life were followed by analyzes of specific volume, moisture content, color space (parameters L*, a*, b*), activity water (Aw) and instrumental texture (firmness parameter). For all the results of analytical monitoring, EMBRAPA 53 had been chosen, in all ratios proposals, and IPR 111, in the levels of incorporation of 30, 50 and 70%, to conduct the sensory analysis applying the acceptance test and the intention of purchase by 60 panelists in bread and industrial pound cake, respectively. The bread was well evaluated, with high approval ratings, especially for the sample produced with 50% of EMBRAPA 53 cultivar triticale flour that showed no significant difference (p <0.05), in comparison with a sample produced with wheat flour for all sensory attributes evaluated. Industrial pound cakes proportions evaluated also received high approval ratings, but the cakes produced with 30 and 50% flour of IPR 111, were not significantly different (p<0.05), in comparison with the sample produced with wheat flour for all sensory attributes. It is important to note that the formulations used in this study, both for bread and for industrial pound cakes, were basic formulations and did not receive additives, normally used by the industry of this type of product. These points justify and allow us to say that all cultivars, IAC 5, IPR 111 and EMBRAPA 53, have a great potential for use in bakery products without major adjustments of processes and formulations and providing products with quality equal or superior to those produced with wheat flour<br>Mestrado<br>Mestre em Tecnologia de Alimentos

Tesis de Licenciatura<br>El triticale (X. Triticosecale W.) es una cruza de trigo (Triticum spp) y centeno (Secale cereale) creado genéticamente por el hombre, este cereal combina la calidad de ambos, como el rendimiento del trigo, y la resistencia del centeno. La Cebada es utilizada principalmente en la producción de cerveza y se ha detectado que el triticale (X Triticosecale W.) tiene propiedades semejantes a está por lo que en la presente investigación se sugiere realizar una malta a base de triticale (X Triticosecale W.), debido a que es la fase principal en la elaboración de cerveza, el malteado consta de tres partes: remojo, germinación y secado. Sin embargo, también se trata de enfocar en la optimización de la etapa de germinación durante el proceso de malteado, tomando como eje la evaluación de la temperatura, la cual es una etapa importante donde se generan las enzimas encargadas de hidrolizar el almidón para obtener azúcares y aminoácidos, compuestos utilizados por la levadura durante la elaboración de cerveza. Para evaluar la calidad de la malta se utilizaron variables como °Brix, porcentaje de humedad, % de extracto de malta, gravedad específica, grados plato (°L) y poder diastásico conforme a las normas ASBC 2003, AOAC 2002 y EBC 2003. Los tratamientos que se evaluaron tomaron como variable de estudio la temperatura de germinación que fue de 20 °C. 25 °C y 30 °C, los resultados indicaron que no existieron diferencias significativas (p≤0.05), en las variables de estudio, excepto para poder diastásico. En relación a los °Brix, % de humedad, °p y la gravedad espesífca todos los tratamientos obtuvieron un valor superior a lo reportado por la literatura. En relación a poder diastásico (°L) el mejor tratamiento x fue el T1 que corresponde a 20 °C con un valor superior a lo reportado en literatura. Esta variable es la más importante en el proceso de malteo ya que suguiere la actividad enzimática reportada para lograr una fermentación de azucares fermentables. Finalmente, en relación al extracto de malta, ocurre lo contrario, aunque también está por encima de lo reportado en la literatura, ésta característica, no es muy aceptable en el proceso de la elaboración de cerveza ya que podría ocasionar turbidez en el producto final. Por conclusión, podemos decir que las maltas de triticale (X. Triticosecale W.) presentan excelentes características para el proceso de malteo durante la elaboración de cerveza. Sin embargo, por el resultado de extracto de malta, se sugiere que el triticale no sea utilizado para una malta base, sino como un cereal adjunto para la elaboración de dicho producto<br>UAEMex

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o valor alimentício das silagens de triticale contendo 0; 25; 50; 75 e 100% de substituição à de sorgo. Foi realizado o fracionamento dos carboidratos em A, B1, B2 e C, e as proteínas em A, B1+B2, B3 e C. Os parâmetros de cinética de degradação ruminal foram estimados a partir do método semiautomático de produção cumulativa de gases in vitro. O inóculo ruminal foi obtido de bovinos adultos fistulados no rúmen, mantidos em pastagem. O delineamento inteiramente casualizado com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições e os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e análise de regressão a 5% de significância. A silagem de sorgo quando comparado à silagem de triticale possui menor quantidade de carboidratos não fibrosos, e sua substituição pode explicar o aumento linear da composição da fração A e B1. Ao se avaliar de maneira geral as proporções de frações ?A? e ?B1+B2? demonstraram que conforme o sorgo era substituído por triticale aumentava as proteínas de alta disponibilidade, bem como proteínas rapidamente degradáveis no rúmen. O volume final de gases produzidos pela fermentação dos carboidratos não fibrosos apresentou efeito linear negativo (P=0,0001) e as taxas de degradação apresentaram crescimento linear positivo (P=0,0001). Assim, pode-se afirmar que houve rápida liberação de energia e nitrogênio, satisfazendo as necessidades dos microrganismos. Portanto, a silagem de triticale pode substituir a silagem de sorgo para bovinos, sem prejuízo nos parâmetros nutricionais e metabólicos, vindo a contribuir como uma excelente fonte de proteína e energia.<br>The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritional value of triticale silages containing 0; 25; 50; 75 and 100% substitution to that of sorghum. The carbohydrate fractionation in A, B1, B2 and C, and the proteins in A, B1 + B2, B3 and C were performed. The kinetic parameters of rumen degradation were estimated using the cumulative in vitro gas production method . The ruminal inoculum was obtained from mature rumen fistulated cattle kept in pasture. A completely randomized design with five treatments and four replicates was used and the data were submitted to analysis of variance and regression analysis at 5% significance. Sorghum silage when compared to triticale silage has less non-fibrous carbohydrates, and its substitution may explain the linear increase of the composition of fraction A and B1. When evaluating in general the proportions of fractions "A" and "B1 + B2" demonstrated that as sorghum was replaced by triticale increased high availability proteins as well as rapidly degradable proteins in the rumen. The final volume of gases produced by the fermentation of non-fibrous carbohydrates presented a linear negative effect (P = 0.0001) and the degradation rates presented positive linear growth (P = 0.0001). Thus, it can be affirmed that there was rapid release of energy and nitrogen, satisfying the needs of the microorganisms. Therefore, triticale silage can substitute sorghum silage for cattle, without prejudice to nutritional and metabolic parameters, contributing as an excellent source of protein and energy.

Objetivou-se avaliar o valor alimentício de silagens de grãos úmidos de triticale ensilados com diferentes aditivos e sem aditivo. Foram avaliadas: Silagem de grãos úmidos de triticale sem aditivo; Silagem de grãos úmidos de triticale tratada com aditivo enzimo-bacteriano; Silagem de grãos úmidos de triticale com 0,5% de ureia na matéria natural; e Silagem de grãos úmidos de triticale com 1,5% de benzoato de sódio na matéria natural. Para avaliação das características químico-bromatológicas e fermentativas, determinou-se o potencial hidrogeniônico (pH), capacidade tampão (CT), teor de nitrogênio amoniacal (N-NH3), teores de matéria seca (MS), matéria mineral (MM), matéria orgânica (MO), extrato etéreo (EE), proteína bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e detergente ácido (FDA). Avaliou-se também a estabilidade aeróbia, aferindo-se a temperatura e avaliando-se o pH, MS e PB das silagens durante 8 dias de exposição aeróbia. O comportamento ingestivo dos animais ingerindo as diferentes silagens, bem como o consumo e digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes foram avaliados, adotando-se o método de coleta total de fezes em quatro ovinos machos alojados em gaiolas metabólicas apropriadas com feno de Coast-cross (Cynodon dactylon (L.) pers) como volumoso. O delineamento utilizado para caraterização químico-bromatológica e fermentativa foi o inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições. Para estabilidade aeróbia, adotou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado com três repetições em esquemas de parcelas subdividas. O experimento de comportamento ingestivo e consumo e digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes, foi realizado em delineamento experimental quadrado latino 4x4. A silagem tratada com ureia apresentou maior teor de PB (18,97%) e de nitrogênio amoniacal (10,62%). A silagem com benzoato de sódio apresentou o maior valor de pH (5,67), porém com o menor valor de CT (21,67 meq NaOH 100g-1 MS). Também houve diferença nos teores de MM, sendo os maiores valores observados para a silagem tratada com benzoato de sódio (2,40%) e aditivo enzimo-bacteriano (2.05%) seguida das silagens sem aditivo (1,96%) e tratada com ureia (1,90%). Os teores de MS, EE, FDN e FDA não diferiram entre as silagens, apresentando valores médios de 70,19; 1,65; 11,86 e 4,37%, respectivamente. Em relação à estabilidade aeróbia, nenhuma silagem apresentou temperatura superior a 2ºC em relação a temperatura ambiente e não apresentaram diferenças significativas nos valores de pH entre as elas. O teor de MS e PB variou durante a exposição, sem apresentar clara deterioração aeróbia, mostrando que a silagem de grãos úmidos de triticale possui boa estabilidade aeróbia com 8 dias de exposição ao oxigênio. O consumo de nutrientes apresentou diferença significativa apenas para FDN e FDA g.dia-1 (g). Em relação ao consumo de FDN, a silagem tratada com aditivo enzimo-bacteriano apresentou o maior consumo (431,87 g). Em relação ao FDA, a silagem tratada com o aditivo enzimo-bacteriano (232,54g) foi igual a silagem sem aditivo (211,46g) e maior do que a tratada com ureia (208,28g) e com benzoato de sódio (203,35g). Não houve diferença significativa entre os tratamentos para digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes e comportamento ingestivo, apresentando média de digestibilidade aparente de MS de 68,75%. Dentre os aditivos, a ureia foi o que apresentou melhor resultado por ocasionar aumento no teor de proteína bruta, agregando valor à silagem.<br>This study aimed to evaluate the nutritional value of high moisture triticale grains silage with different additives and without additive. It was tested: 1) High-moisture triticale grains silage without additive; 2) High-moisture triticale grains silage with enzymatic-bacterial additive; 3) High-moisture triticale grains silage with 0.5% urea in natural matter; and 4) High-moisture triticale grains silage with 1.5% sodium benzoate in natural matter. For chemical-bromatological and fermentation characteristics evaluation, the hydrogenic potential (pH), buffer capacity (CT), ammonia nitrogen (NH3), dry matter content (DM), mineral matter (MM), organic matter (OM ), ether extract (EE) crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were determined. It was also evaluated aerobic stability, gauging the temperature and analyzing the pH, DM and CP of the silage for 8 days in air exposure. The animals feeding behavior ingesting different silages, as well as intake and apparent digestibility of nutrients was also evaluated, adopting the total collection of feces in four male sheep housed in appropriate metabolic cages with Coast-cross hay (Cynodon dactylon (L.) pers) as forage. The design used for chemical-bromatological and fermentation characterization was completely randomized with four replications. For aerobic stability, it was adopted a completely randomized design with three replications in a split splot scheme. The feeding behavior and the intake and apparent digestibility of nutrients was performed in 4x4 Latin square design. The urea silage showed higher CP (18.97%) and ammonia nitrogen content (10.62%). The benzoate silage had the highest pH value (5.67) but the lowest value of CT (21.67 meq NaOH 100 g-1 DM). There was also a difference among levels of MM, the higher values were encountered in the benzoate silage (2.40%) and in the enzymatic-bacterial additive (2.05%), followed by silage without additive (1.96%) and treated with urea (1.90%). The DM, EE, NDF and ADF did not differ between treatments, with average values of 70.19; 1.65; 11.86 and 4.37%, respectively. Regarding the aerobic stability, no silage increased a increase higher 2°C compared to ambient temperature and did not show significant differences in pH among them. The behavior of DM and CP was varied during exposure, without presenting clear aerobic deterioration, showing that the high moisture triticale grain silage has good aerobic stability with 8 days of exposure to oxygen. The nutrient intakes showed a significant difference only for NDF and ADF g.day-1. Regarding to NDF consumption, the silage treated with enzymatic-bacterial presented the higher consumption (431.87g). Regarding to ADF consumption, the silage with enzyme-bacterial (232.54g) was equal to the silage without additive (211.46) and higher than the treatment with urea (208,28g) and with sodium benzoate (203,35g). There was no significant difference between treatments for apparent digestibility of nutrients and feeding behavior, with an average of apparent digestibility of DM of 68.75%. Among the additives, urea is the one that presented the best result by increasing the crude protein content, adding value to silage.

MScAgric<br>Thesis (MSc (Genetics))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In the Western Cape small grain cereals, triticale (×Triticosecale Wittmack ex A. Camus) in particular, appear to be among the most promising starch-carrying raw materials for the production of bio-ethanol. A core group of cultivars and lines from the Stellenbosch University Plant Breeding Laboratory spring triticale breeding programme were subjected to initial testing for the purpose of ethanol production. They underwent multi-location field-testing across six (season 2006–2007) and nine (season 2007–2008) locations representing the Western Cape cereal production area. Climatic conditions during the study were characterised as generally favourable, especially in the 2007 season. During the season, trials were visited in order to make in situ observations. Disease susceptibility was given specific attention. After harvesting, grain yield (kg.ha-1), test weight (kg.HL-1), total starch content in whole grain (%), amylose/amylopectin ratio, protein content (%), ethanol output (L.tonne-1) and ethanol yield (L.ha-1) were analysed. Near infra-red reflectance spectroscopy calibration models were developed for moisture and starch contents. The best calibration based on whole grain spectra for moisture content had RPD = 1.691, R2 = 0.657 and SEP = 0.271%, and for starch content RPD = 1.646, R2 = 0.634 and SEP = 1.356%. Calibrations developed from milled grain showed better results for moisture content RPD = 2.526, R2 = 0.843, SEP = 0.182%, and for starch content RPD = 1.741, R2 = 0.673, SEP = 1.277%. These calibrations are suitable for rough screening of samples. In the 2006 season, starch yield was highly positively correlated with grain yield (R2 = 0.988, P <0.001). Both starch yield and grain yield were positively correlated with days to heading (R2 = 0.533 and R2 = 0.556, respectively; P <0.001). The 2007 season was characterised by a generally higher starch yield (2952– 3142kg.ha-1, 95%CI) compared to the 2006 season (2077–2315kg.ha-1, 95%CI). Starch yield was strongly positively correlated with grain yield (R2 = 0.975, P <0.001). Test weight demonstrated weak positive correlation with ethanol yield (R2 = 0.238, P <0.01) and grain yield (R2 = 0.279, P <0.001). Mean ethanol output ranged between 466–477L.tonne-1 at the 95%CI. Ethanol output was demonstrated to be more dependent on starch and other polysaccharides accessibility to enzymatic digestion than on the total starch content as such. The best lines for ethanol output in the 2007 season were G2, D3 and H2 for the Swartland region, and D3, G2 and D1 for the Overberg region. The best triticale lines under investigation showed their potential from a biological point of view to be a suitable crop for ethanol production in the Western Cape, with the achieved ethanol yield ranging between 2446–2625L.ha-1 at the 95%CI. For the Swartland region the best genotypes for ethanol yield were D1, H1 and D2, and for the Overberg H1 and G2. The 23 best lines were selected from the elite and senior blocks, and then used for the establishment of a recurrent massselection pre-breeding block.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In die Wes-Kaap is kleingrane, meer spesifiek korog (×Triticosecale Wittmack ex A. Camus), van die mees belowende styseldraende rou-materiale vir die produksie van bio-etanol. ‘n Kern versameling van kultivars en telerslyne van die Universiteit van Stellenbosch se Planteteeltlaboratorium se lente korogteeltprogram is blootgestel aan aanvanklike toetsing met die doel om etanol produksie te meet. Die materiaal het veldtoetsing ondergaan oor verskeie lokaliteite gedurende die 2006–2007 (ses lokaliteite) en 2007–2008 (nege lokaliteite) seisoene wat verteenwoordigend was van die Wes-Kaapse produksie gebied. Klimaatstoestande gedurende die studie kan beskryf word as gunstig, veral gedurende die 2007 seisoen. Gedurende die groeiseisoen is proeflokaliteite gereeld besoek ten einde in situ observasies te kon maak, siektevatbaarheid het veral aandag geniet. Na die oes van proewe was graanopbrengs (kg.ha-1), hektolitermassa (kg.HL-1), totale-styselinhoud in heelgraan (%), amilose/amilopektien-verhouding, proteïeninhoud (%), etanolopbrengs (L.ton-1) en etanolopbrengs per hektaar (L.ha-1) gemeet. Naby-infrarooispektroskopie kalibrasies was ontwikkel vir vog- en styselinhoud. Die beste kalibrasies vir heelgraan voginhoud het ‘n RDP = 1.691, R2 = 0.657 en SEP = 0.271% en vir styselinhoud RPD = 1.646, R2 = 0.634 en SEP = 1.356% opgelewer. Die kalibrasies gebaseer op meel was aansienlik beter vir voginhoud RPD = 2.526, R2 = 0.843 en SEP = 0.182%, sowel as vir styselinhoud RPD = 1.741, R2 = 0.673 en SEP = 1.277%. Die kalibrasies is bruikbaar vir aanvanklike sifting van monsters. 5 Gedurende die 2006 seisoen het styselinhoud en graanopbrangs ‘n baie hoë korrelasie (R2 = 0.988, P <0.001) getoon. Beide stysel- en graanopbrengs was positief gekorreleerd met dae tot aar (R2 = 0.533 en R2 = 0.556; P <0.001). Die 2007 seisoen is gekenmerk deur ‘n hoër styselopbrengs (2952– 3142kg.ha-1, 95%VI) teenoor die 2006 seisoen (2077–2315kg.ha-1, 95%VI). Styselopbrengs was positief gekorreleerd met graanopbrengs (R2 = 0.975, P <0.001). Hektolitermassa het swak korrelasie getoon met etanolopbrengs (R2 = 0.238, P <0.01) en graanopbrengs (R2 = 0.279, P <0.01). Gemiddelde etanolopbrengs het gewissel tussen 466–477L.ton-1 by 95%VI. Data het aangedui dat etanolopbrengs meer aangewese is op stysel en ander polisakkariedverbindings se ensiematiese toeganklikheid eerder as totale stysel aanwesig. Die beste lyne wat etanolopbrangs betref in 2007 was G2, D3 en H2 vir die Swartland en D3, G2 en D1 vir die Overberg. Van die koroglyne wat deel was van die ondersoek het goeie potensiaal getoon, uit ‘n suiwer biologiese oogpunt, as gewas vir die produksie van etanol in die Wes-Kaap met ‘n gerealiseerde etanolopbrengs in die omgewing van 2446-2625L.ha-1 by 95%VI. In die Swartland was die beste genotipes D1, H1 en D2 en in die Overberg H1 en G2. Die beste 23 lyne is geselekteer uit die elite en senior telingsblokke en aangewend in die vestiging van ‘n herhalende-seleksie voortelingsblok.

Tesis de Licenciatura para obtener el título de Ing. Agrónomo Industrial, donde el conocimiento científico se verificó mediante una aplicación tecnológica al utilizar un cereal que no es explotado para fines de alimentación humana.<br>El presente proyecto tuvo como objetivo evaluar el efecto del reposo de masas para galleta elaboradas con una mezcla de harina de trigo y triticale mediante la cuantificación de azúcares libres y textura tanto en masa como en galleta. Por otro lado, se evaluó el color y el nivel de agrado de las galletas. La formulación con un tiempo de reposo de 25 minutos a 65°C obtuvo la calificación más alta en nivel de agrado.

Tesis de Maestría<br>La presente investigación se basó en el uso del Triticale (X. Triticosecale Wittmack) variedad Bicentenario para obtener una malta cervecera base secada a 70 °C y dos oscuras secadas a 80 °C y 90 °C respectivamente, con el objetivo de evaluar el efecto de la temperatura sobre las características fisicoquímicas de las maltas. Se obtuvieron maltas base de cebada, trigo y centeno con la finalidad de observar si las características fisicoquímicas de la malta de triticale tendían a las de cebada y quien entre trigo y centeno mostraba mayor tendencia hacia el triticale. Los resultados mostraron que la temperatura en las maltas de triticale tuvo efecto negativo sobre las principales variables de importancia económica, en las cuales los valores se redujeron y se alejaron de los valores óptimos, el poder diastásico de 140.33 °L (70 °C) a 54 °L (90 °C), porcentaje de extracto de malta de 93.46% (70°C) a 88.33% (90°C), porcentaje de extracto fermentable de 74.40% (70 °C) a 41.90% (90 °C), cabe mencionar que en el caso de la malta secada a 80 °C (108.00 °L) solo poder diastásico se conservó dentro de los valores de una malta base, mientras que las otras variables mencionadas se alejaron del valor óptimo a 80 °C. Con respecto a la cebada se observó que las variables con mayor tendencia fueron, porcentaje de extracto de malta, poder diastásico, pH y proteína soluble, mientras que otras, principalmente viscosidad, porcentaje de extracto fermentable y porcentaje de proteína se alejaron hasta valores fuera de rango óptimo. En lo que respecta a trigo y centeno, el trigo mostró mayor tendencia en la mayoría de las variables, las cuales fueron, porcentaje de proteína, porcentaje de extracto de malta, poder diastásico, porcentaje de extracto fermentable y % de proteína soluble, mientras que centeno solo tuvo tendencia en pH y Viscosidad.<br>UAEMex

O triticale é um cereal híbrido, resultante do cruzamento artificial entre trigo e centeio. Tolerante a estresses ambientais e com atributos nutricionais favoráveis, tem potencial para auxiliar no suprimento da demanda mundial por alimentos, proporcionando uma matéria-prima alternativa ao trigo. Neste trabalho, foi realizada a caracterização físico-química e reológica do triticale visando à aplicação de sua farinha em biscoito tipo cookie. Os grãos de treze genótipos de triticale e dois genótipos de trigo, utilizados para fins comparativos, foram analisados quanto à ocorrência de germinação, peso do hectolitro, umidade, proteínas, lipídios, cinzas, amido, falling number e volume de sedimentação em SDS. Posteriormente, foram condicionados à umidade de 15,5%, submetidos à moagem e avaliados quanto à taxa de extração de farinha total e percentual das frações de quebra e redução. As farinhas foram analisadas quanto à umidade, cinzas, cor, glúten, capacidade de retenção de solventes e farinografia. Os triticales diferiram dos trigos no menor conteúdo de proteínas (com exceção da cultivar BRS Ulisses), maior quantidade de cinzas e desempenho inferior nas avaliações de falling number, volume de sedimentação em SDS e parâmetros farinográficos de tempo de desenvolvimento e estabilidade da massa. Além disso, apresentaram menor conteúdo de glúten, inclusive com alguns genótipos em que não foi possível detectá-lo pelo método convencional. De acordo com as características, os triticales não apresentaram aptidão para a panificação, mas poderiam ser empregados na malteação para produção de bebidas fermentadas, aditivação de farinhas com elevado falling number, alimentos extrusados, barras de cereais, cereais matinais, mistura multigrãos e formulações que não necessitam de farinhas com elevada força de glúten, como biscoitos e bolos. Desta forma, dois genótipos de triticale: TLD 1202 e BRS Minotauro, com diferentes conteúdos de glúten, foram selecionados para substituir a farinha do trigo LD 122105 na produção de biscoitos tipo cookie. Três formulações de biscoitos, cada qual contendo apenas uma das farinhas, foram analisadas quanto à composição proximal, massa (antes e após forneamento), diâmetro, espessura, fator de expansão, além de cor e textura instrumentais. Também foram submetidos às análises microbiológicas exigidas pela legislação vigente e avaliados sensorialmente. Os biscoitos produzidos com triticale apresentaram menor teor de proteínas, porém maior diâmetro e consequentemente, maior fator de expansão. A substituição da farinha de trigo pela de triticale também conferiu menor dureza e fraturabilidade e em termos sensoriais, embora as três formulações tenham sido bem aceitas, aquelas elaboradas com farinha de triticale alcançaram as melhores pontuações. Assim, foi possível substituir totalmente a farinha de trigo pela de triticale na elaboração dos biscoitos, mantendo as características do produto e independentemente da quantidade de glúten das farinhas.<br>Triticale is a hybrid cereal resulting from artificial crossing between wheat and rye. Being resistant to environmental stresses and presenting good nutritional attributes, it has the potential to increase the world food supply, providing an alternative grain to wheat. This research investigated the physicochemical and rheological properties of triticale with the purpose of applying its flour in cookies. The grains of thirteen genotypes of triticale and two wheat varieties, used for comparative purposes, were analyzed for the occurrence of germination, hectoliter weight, moisture, protein, lipids, ash, starch, falling number and volume of sedimentation in SDS. Afterwards, they were conditioned to 15,5% of moisture, submitted to grinding and evaluated for total flour extraction rate and percentage of breakage and reducing fractions. Flours were analyzed for moisture, ash, color, gluten, solvent retention capacity and farinography. The triticales differentiated of wheats by lower protein content (except BRS Ulisses), higher amount of ash and lower performance in the tests of falling number, sedimentation volume and farinograph parameters such as development time and stability of mass. Moreover, they had lower gluten content, including varieties that it was not possible to detect by conventional method. According to the characteristics, triticales do not show suitability for panification, but could be used in malting to produce fermented beverages, as additives of flour with high falling number, extruded foods, cereal bars, breakfast cereals, multigrain mix and formulations that do not require flour with high gluten strength, such as cookies and cakes. Two triticales: TLD 1202 and BRS Minotauro, with different gluten levels were selected to replace the wheat flour LD 122105 in the production of cookies. Three cookies formulations were prepared, each containing only one of the flours. The cookies were subjected to proximate composition, mass measurement (before and after baking), diameter, thickness, cookie factor, and instrumental color and texture analysis. The microbiological safety of cookies was guaranteed through the tests required by current legislation and subsequent application of the acceptance tests. The cookies produced with triticale had lower protein content, but larger diameter and consequently, greater expansion factor. The replacement of wheat flour by triticale also reduced hardness and friability of cookies and in sensory terms, although the three formulations had been well accepted, those prepared with triticale flour achieved the best scores. Thus it was possible to completely replace wheat flour by triticale in the cookie formulation, keeping the product characteristics and regardless of the amount of gluten of flour.

Tesis de maestría que combina el conocimiento científico de los fenómenos ocurridos durante la nixtamalización y el cocimiento al vapor de masas con la aplicación práctica en un producto tradicional con el fin de preservar las tradiciones y comprender los procesos ocurridos en este tipo de productos.<br>Un tamal se elabora tradicionalmente con la masa obtenida de la nixtamalización del maíz, pero pueden incorporarse cereales distintos al maíz lo que podría verse reflejado en cambios fisicoquímicos del producto obtenido (tamal) específicamente en la textura de éste. Se evaluó la textura de los productos obtenidos al sustituir harina de maíz por harina de triticale y/o arroz y se relacionaron los cambios con otras variables como el contenido de amilosa de los granos utilizados.<br>SEP Prodep Proyecto Nuevo PTC 511-6/17-7766

Darbo tema : Lesalų, papildytų nesmulkintais kvietrugiais, įtaka viščiukų broilerių produktyvumui, virškinimo trakto išsivystymui bei virškinimo procesams Darbo tikslas: įvertinti viščiukų broilerių produktyvumą, virškinimo trakto išsivystymą bei virškinimo procesus, lesalus papildžius nesmulkintais kvietrugiais. Darbo uždaviniai: 1) ištirti lesalų papildytų nesmulkintais kvietrugiais įtaką viščiukų broilerių produktyvumui, lesalų sąnaudoms 1 kg priesvorio gauti ir išsaugojimui; 2) ištirti lesalų papildytų nesmulkintais kvietrugiais įtaką viščiukų broilerių virškinimo trakto išsivystymui; 3) ištirti lesalų papildytų nesmulkintais kvietrugiais įtaką viščiukų broilerių virškinimo procesams (žarnų turinio pH, SM, amoniakiniam azotui ir kt.). Tyrimu rezultatai ir išvados: Tiriamųjų grupių kombinuotasis lesalas 1–7 amžiaus dienomis buvo papildytas skirtingais nesmulkintų kvietrugių kiekiais: I-osios tiriamosios grupės lesaluose neskaldyti kvietrugiai sudarė 4 %, II-osios – 6 %. Nuo 8 iki 35 amžiaus dienos viščiukai broileriai buvo lesinami tarpiniu lesalu. Nuo 8 iki 21 amžiaus dienos viščiukų broilerių lesalai buvo papildyti skirtingais nemulkintų kvietrugių kiekiais – pirmos tiriamosios grupės lesaluose nemulkinti kvietrugiai sudarė 8 %, antros tiriamosios – 12 %, o nuo 22 iki 35 amžiaus dienos – pirmos tiriamosios grupės lesaluose nesmulkinti kvietrugiai sudarė 15 %, antros tiriamosios – 20 %. Nuo 36 iki 40 amžiaus dienos viščiukai broileriai buvo lesinami lesalu, kuriame... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]<br>The topic: The effect of having hole triticale grains complemented feed on chicken broilers productivity, the development of digestine system and digestine processes. The objective of the research – to investigate broiler chicken productivity, gastrointestinal development and digestive processes by adding whole triticale supplement into the feed. Tasks of the research: 1) To investigate the effect of having whole triticale supplemented feed for broiler chickens productivity, aiming to gain and maintain 1kg broiler weight. 2) To investigate the effect of having whole triticale supplemented feed on broiler chickens digestive tract occurrence. 3) To investigate the whole triticale supplemented feed influence on broiler chickens digestive processes (intestinal pH, DM, ammonia nitrogen and etc.). Results and conclusions: Two different groups of chickens were given whole triticale supplemented feed of various proportions during the first seven days of nestling. The third group received a normal diet. The first group of broiler chickens was fed with the feed containing 4% of whole triticale, while the second received 6%. During days 8 to 21 of broilers age, the supplements of whole triticale in the first group grown up to 8%, while in the second group by 12%. During days 22 to 35 of broilers age, the first test group was fed a diet of whole triticale going up to 15% and the second group - 20%. From 36th to 40th day of chickens age, broilers were fed a diet that contained none... [to full text]

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Conventional, advanced and fractionation pretreatment technologies were employed to recover and/or enhance the efficacy of the main constituents present in lignocellulosic biomass. Bamboo and triticale bran are novel feedstocks and hence their response towards treatment is unknown. Thus, to assist with the characterisation of these feedstock, in terms of the amount of sugar released during acid and enzymatic hydrolysis, use were made of conventional pretreatment technologies. Pretreatment involved the use of either the conventional single-stage dilute-acid or the conventional acid-catalysed steam-explosion process at times, temperatures and acid concentration ranging between 5 to 40 min, 120 to 214°C, and 0.002 to 0.055 (H3O+) gmol/L, respectively. For additional comparison, results were also obtained from an established feedstock namely sugarcane bagasse, by subjecting it to the single-stage dilute-acid process, at similar pretreatment conditions employed during the treatment of the other feedstocks. Sugarcane bagasse and bamboo, upon pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis, both yielded a similar combined sugar recovery yield of 78.0% and 81.2%, respectively. Alternatively, only 55.3% (w/w) of the total sugar content in triticale bran could be recovered. Triticale bran consists predominantly of hemicellulose which, compared to cellulose, the main constituent in sugarcane bagasse and bamboo, is more susceptible to degradation. Thus, to enhance the combined sugar recovery yield, it is recommended that triticale bran be treated at less severe pretreatment conditions, in order to preserve the hemicellulose. To further enhance the amount of sugar (i.e. cellulose and hemicellulose) that can be recovered from sugarcane bagasse, the use of a two- rather than one-stage dilute acid process was proposed. The single-stage dilute acid process, despite being the subject of many research efforts, failed to recover more than 83% (w/w) of the total sugar content in sugarcane bagasse. Following an extensive literature study, it was concluded that sugarcane bagasse comprises a hemicellulose and cellulose fraction which dictates the use of different pretreatment conditions in order to ensure their effective recovery. The use of a more advance two-step dilute acid process was therefore proposed as it allows for multiple-sets of pretreatment conditions which accommodate the requirements set forth by each of the polysaccharides present in sugarcane bagasse. With the assistance of response surface methodology, a 4.8% (w/w) improvement over the single-stage method was calculated for the two-stage process, by assuming both pretreatment technologies operated at optimum pretreatment conditions. This improvement, which is similar to the 7.7% (w/w) obtained with substrates other than sugarcane bagasse, was accredited to the use of multiple-sets of pretreatment conditions. Both low and high severity pretreatment conditions were applied to maximise the recovery of hemicellulose and cellulose, respectively. In the case of bamboo however, little can be gained by using the two- in lieu of the one-stage method, as similar pretreatment conditions are required to maximise both hemicellulose and cellulose recovery. Alternatively, a three- rather than a two-stage process needs to be applied, when treating triticale bran, to accommodate for an additional set of pretreatment conditions required to recover arabinan, a third polysaccharide. In order to realise the full potential of sugarcane bagasse, use was made of a fractionation method, which in addition to the recovery of polysaccharide (i.e. cellulose and hemicellulose), also allowed for the recovery of the polyphenolic content (i.e. lignin) thereof. Limited by the complexity of the fractionation process, sugarcane bagasse was selected as the preferred substrate to be subjected to fractionation, mainly because of its availability in the South African (established sugar milling industry), and ease of treatment using both conventional (e.g. single-stage) and advanced (e.g. two-stage) pretreatment technologies. A novel fractionation technology, involving the use of the ionic liquid 1-butyl-3- mehylimidazolium methyl sulphate ([BMiM]MeSO4), was devised to separate the main constituents of sugarcane bagasse. Although other ionic liquid fractionation examples also exist in literature, processes used caused production of multi-component product streams with 34% (w/w) of the original lignin and hemicellulose being recovered in the same product stream. Tests conducted during the present study confirmed these results and further indicated that the production of multi-constituent product streams could not be avoided by using acetone, an acetone-water mixture or a sodium hydroxide solution as the solvent in a subsequent solvent extraction step. Hence, to avoid the production of multi-component product streams, a hemicellulose pre-extraction step, comprising the single-stage dilute acid process, was introduced to extract and recover 75% (w/w) of the hemicellulose content. The remaining solid was subjected to ionic liquid treatment whereafter it was effectively separated into cellulose and lignin enriched product streams through solvent extraction. Up to 73% (w/w) of the original lignin and cellulose content was recovered using optimum operating conditions (120 min; 125°C). Comparison of the novel ionic liquid ([BMiM]MeSO4) with 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate, an established ionic liquid, identified the former to be the superior delignification solvent whereas the latter contributed more towards the digestibility of the residual solids. In conclusion, methods for the effective recovery of polysaccharides and polyphenol units from established (i.e. sugarcane bagasse) and novel (i.e. bamboo, triticale bran) lignocellulosic feedstocks have been demonstrated through the application of conventional (single-stage), advanced (two-stage) and fractionation pretreatment technologies. Economic improvement is promised through the application of these constituents as they may serve as precursor chemicals for the production of value-added products that may replace the fuel and chemicals currently derived from fossil carbon resources.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Konvensionele, gevorderde en fraksionering voorafbehandeling tegnologieë is gebruik om die herwinning en gebruiksaamheid van die hoofbestanddele wat in lignosellulose biomassa aanwesig is, te verbeter. Bamboes en tritikale semels is nuwe rou materiale en dus is hul reaksie op behandeling onbekend. Ten einde die karaktereienskappe van hierdie rou materiale, in terme van die hoeveelheid suiker wat gedurende die suur- en suiker ensimatiese-hidrolise vrygestel word, te bepaal, is gebruik gemaak van konvensionele voorbehandeling tegnologieë. Voorbehandeling behels die gebruik van óf die konvensionele enkelstadium vedunde-suur óf die konvensionele suur-gekataliseerde stoomontploffingsproses; by tye, temperature en suurladings wat wissel tusen 5 en 40 minute, 120 tot 214°C, en 0.002 tot 0.055 (H3O+)gmol/L, onderskeidelik. Vir verdere vergelykings is resultate vanaf ’n gevestigde rou materiaal, naamlik suikerriet reste, verkry, deur dit te onderwerp aan ’n enkelstadium verdunde suur proses met dieselfde voorbehandeling toestande wat gegeld het gedurende die behandeling van die ander roumateriale. Tydens voorbehandeling en ensimaties-hidrolise het suikerriet reste en bamboes ’n gelyke gekombineerde terugwinnings opbrengs van 78.0% en 81.2% suiker, onderskeidelik, gelewer. Daar kon egter net 55.3% (w/w) van die totale suikerinhoud van tritikale semels herwin word. Tritikale semels bestaan hoofsaaklik uit hemisellulose, wat meer vatbaar is vir degradasie ten opsigte van sellulose, die hoof bestanddeel van suikerriet reste en bamboes. Om dus die gekombineerde suikerherwinnings-opbrengs te verbeter, word daar voorgestel dat tritikale semels aan minder strawwe toestande onderwerp word, om sodoende die hemisellulose te bewaar. Om verder die hoeveelheid suiker (d.w.s glukose en xilose) wat vanuit suikerriet reste herwin kan word, te verbeter, is die gebruik van ’n twee- in plaas van ’n eenstadium verdunde suur proses, voorgestel. Die enkelstadium verdunde suur proses het, ten spyte daarvan dat dit al die onderwerp van verskillende navorsing projekte was, nie daarin geslaag om meer as 83% (w/w) van die totale suikerinhoud vanuit die suikerriet reste te herwin nie. Na ’n uitgebreide literatuurstudie is daar tot die slotsom gekom dat suikerriet reste bestaan uit ’n hemisellulose deel en ’n sellulose deel wat die gebruik van verskillende voorbehandeling toestande noodsaak, om sodoende effektiewe herwinning daarvan te verseker. Die aanwending van ’n meer gevorderde twee-stap verdunde suur proses is dus voorgestel, aangesien dit van veelvoudige-stelle voorbehandelings toestande, soos vereis deur die polisakkariedes in suikerriet reste, gebruik maak. Deur die toepassing van reaksie oppervlakte metodologie, is ’n 4.2% verbetering op die enkel-stadium metode vir die twee-stadium proses behaal deur aan te neem dat beide van hierdie prosesse, by optimum kondisies vir maksimale suiker herwinning, uitgevoer is. Hierdie verbetering is soortgelyk aan die 7.7% (w/w) verbetering wat voorheen met andersoortige substrate (uitgesonder suikerriet reste) verkry is. Sodanige verhoging word toegeskryf aan die gebruik van veelvoudige stelle van voorbehandeling toestande, wat beide meer en minder strawwe toestande insluit, om sodoende die herwinning van xilose en glukose onderskeidelik te maksimeer. In die geval van bamboes, is die twee-stadium metode nie superieur tot die een-stadium metode nie, aangesien soortgelyke voorbehandeling-toestande benodig word om beide die herwinning van xilose en glukose te maksimeer. Alternatiewelik moet ’n drie-stadium in plaas van ’n twee-stadium proses gebruik word wanneer tritikale semels behandel word aangesien ’n bykomende stel voorbehandeling toestande benodig word om arabinan, ’n derde polisakkaried, te herwin. Om sodoende die volle potensiaal van suikerriet reste te ontgin, is gebruik gemaak van ʼn fraksioneringstegnologie. Waar konvensionele voorbehandeling metodes slegs fokus op die herwinning van polisakkariedes (naamlik sellulose en hemisellulose), kan die fraksioneringsproses ook die poli-fenoliese inhoud (naamlik lignien) in lignosellulose, herwin. Weens die ingewikkeldheid van die fraksioneringsproses, is suikerriet reste gekies as die mees geskikte substraat vir fraksionering, hoofsaaklik omdat dit veral in die Suid- Afrikaanse konteks, maklik beskikbaar is en omdat dit ook maklik is om met beide die konvensionele (bv. die enkel-stadium) en die gevorderde (bv. die twee-stadium) voorbehandeling proses behandel te word. ʼn Nuut ontwikkelde fraksionering tegnologie wat gebruik maak van die ioniese vloeistof 1-butiel-3-metielimidazolium metielsulfaat ([BMiM]MeSO4) is ontwikkel, om die hoofbestanddele in suikerriet reste van mekaar te skei. Literatuur bevat verskeie voorbeelde waar ioniese vloeistowe gebruik word vir fraksionering. Die doeltreffendheid van hierdie prosesse is egter deur die produksie van multi-komponent produkstrome, waartydens tot en met ekwivalente hoeveelhede hemisellulose en lignien in dieselfde produkstrome herwin is, beperk. Hierdie resultate is tydens die studie deur middel van toetse bevestig. Sodanige toetse het ook aangedui dat die produksie van multi-komponent produkstrome nie deur die gebruikmaking van asetoon, ʼn asetoon-water mengsel of ʼn natrium hidroksied oplosmiddel, wat deel maak van ʼn opvolgende oplossing-ekstraksie-stap, vermy kon word nie. Om gevolglik die vervaardiging van multi-komponent produkstrome te vermy, is ʼn hemisellulose vooraf-ekstraksie stap, bestaande uit die enkel-stap verdunde suur proses, gebruik, om sodoende 75% (w/w) van die hemisellulose inhoud in suikerriet reste, te herwin. Die oorblywende vastestof was onderwerp aan ioniese vloeistof behandeling waarna dit effektiewelik geskei is in onderskeidelik, sellulose en lignien verrykte produkstrome, verkry deur gebruikmaking van ʼn oplossing-ekstraksie-stap. Tot en met 73% (w/w) van die oorspronklike lignien en sellulose inhoud was herwin deur gebruik te maak van optimale behandelingskondisies (120 min, 125°C). ʼn Vergelyking tussen die nuut-geïdentifiseerde ioniese vloeistof ([BMiM]MeSO4) en 1-etiel-3-metielimidazolium asetaat, ʼn gevestigde ioniese vloeistof, het aangetoon dat eersgenoemde ʼn superieure delignifikasie oplosmiddel is terwyl laasgenoemde ʼn groter bydra tot die verteerbarheid van die oorblywende reste lewer. Ten slotte het hierdie studie, metodes vir die effektiewe herwinning van polisakkariedes en poli-fenoliese eenhede, vanaf gevestigde (bv. Suikerriet reste) en nuwe (bv. bamboes en tritikale semels) lignosellulose rou materiale, gedemonstreer, deur telkens van konvensionele (enkel-stadium), gevorderde (twee-stadium) en fraksionerings voorbehandeling tegnologieë gebruik te maak. Ekonomiese verbetering kan dus verwag word indien hierdie bestanddele as voorloper chemikalieë vir die produksie van waarde toegevoegde produkte aangewend word, aangesien sodanige produkte die plek kan inneem van brandstof en chemikalieë wat tans vanuit fossielbronne vervaardig word.

La producción de leche se realiza mediante tres sistemas de producción; especializado, doble propósito y pequeña escala, estos últimos aportan el 35 % de la producción nacional de leche. Debido a la crisis de la industria lechera de México se ha generado la necesidad de buscar nuevas alternativas para aumentar la disponibilidad del producto, para lograrlo una alternativa son los sistemas de producción de leche en pequeña escala, porque a pesar de tener bajos niveles de producción, son un sistema de producción adaptado a las condiciones tanto ambientales como económicas, sin embargo, la variabilidad de la dieta es una de las limitaciones más importantes. En el presente trabajo, se realizó la caracterización de la composición química de ocho muestras de ebo (Vicia sativa) asociado con triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) como forraje no conservado y henificado, proveniente de la región noroeste del Estado de México, el trabajo de laboratorio se realizó en las instalaciones del Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Rurales de la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México con el propósito de evaluar el contenido químico de este alimento y poder adaptarlo a los SPLPE, ésta valoración incluye: determinación de proteína cruda, fibras (FDN y FDA), energía metabolizable, así como digestibilidad del mismo utilizando la metodología AOAC (1990) y Ankom Technology (2005). El resultado de materia seca si presentó diferencias significativas (P˂0.05), en cuanto a proteína cruda, FDN, FDA, MO y DEMO fueron similares entre tratamientos (P>0.05). En cuanto a la producción de gas en los parámetros b, c y fase lag, así como los valores de DIVMO, DIVMS y DIVFDN fueron similares. Se concluye que no existen diferencias en proteína cruda, MO, FDN, FDA y la digestibilidad in vitro de la asociación de forrajes tanto henificado como no henificado. Palabras clave: ebo (Vicia Sativa), triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack), forraje conservado, composición química, digestibilidad.

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la respuesta productiva de vacas lecheras en pastoreo continuo de praderas de ballico perenne (Lolium perenne) variedad Bargala y festuca alta (Festuca arundinacea) de variedad desconocida, suplementadas con heno de triticale. Así mismo, evaluar las características agronómicas y nutricionales del forraje de las praderas y de los complementos alimenticios utilizados. El experimento se llevó a cabo bajo un diseño experimental de cuadro latino 4x4, utilizando cuatro vacas Holstein, similares en etapa de lactación, número de partos, condición corporal, rendimiento de leche (kg/vaca/día) y peso vivo (kg) previo al inicio del experimento. Los tratamientos evaluados fueron: Tx1: Pastoreo continuo por 8 h/día en pradera de festuca alta (Festuca arudinacea) asociada con trébol blanco (Trifolium repens) + 3.0 kg MS /vaca/día de heno de triticale + 4.45 kg MS de concentrado comercial/vaca/día, Tx2: Pastoreo continuo por 8 h/día en pradera de ryegrass perenne (Lolium perenne cv Bargala) asociada con trébol blanco (Trifolium repens) + 3 kg MS/vaca/día de heno de triticale + 4.45 kg MS de concentrado comercial/vaca/día, Tx3: Pastoreo continuo por 8 h/día en pradera de ryegrass perenne (Lolium perenne cv Bargala) asociada con trébol blanco (Trifolium repens) + 4.45 kg MS de concentrado comercial/vaca/día, y Tx4: Pastoreo continuo por 8 h/día en pradera de festuca alta (Festuca arudinacea) asociada con trébol blanco (Trifolium repens) + 4.45 kg MS de concentrado comercial/vaca/día. Los resultados de rendimiento de leche no presentaron diferencias entre los tratamientos evaluados (P>0.05), con un rendimiento promedio de 14.88 kg por vaca al día. Los valores correspondientes a la condición corporal y peso vivo fueron similares entre tratamientos (P>0.05); manteniendo un promedio de 2.0 para condición corporal y 533 kg para peso vivo. Los contenidos de grasa, lactosa y proteína en leche fueron similares entre tratamientos (P>0.05), así mismo para la concentración de Nitrógeno Ureico (P>0.05) en Leche ( N U L ) con un promedio de 11.97 mg/dL. Las variables agronómicas como: altura de la pradera y acumulación neta de forraje, fueron similares entre tratamientos (P>0.05). El contenido de materia seca, proteína cruda, FDN y FDA; así como la digestibilidad de la materia orgánica, y la energía metabolizable fueron similares entre los tratamientos (P>0.05). Se concluye que no existieron diferencias en las variables de desempeño animal, agronómicas de las praderas y composición química del forraje entre el rygergrass perenne (Lolium perenne) variedad Bargala y festuca alta (Festuca arudinacea) variedad desconocida. La complementación con 3.0 kg de MS de heno de triticale/vaca/día no mostró efecto significativo sobre ninguna de las variables evaluadas.<br>Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT) con clave 129449 CB-2009

Fue posible determinar y diferenciar el comportamiento viscoelástico de los granos evaluados a diferente contenido de humedad, mediante el método de compresión uniaxial a baja deformación<br>La evaluación de la calidad de los granos cereales se relaciona inicialmente con sus características físicas y químicas, sin embargo, la determinación de sus propiedades viscoelásticas complementa y favorece un proceso de clasificación más selectivo y objetivo. El trigo (Triticum aestivum L.), centeno (Secale cereale L.) y triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) son tres cereales que tienen una amplia relación entre sí, debido a que el último es el resultado de la cruza de los dos primeros. En este contexto, los objetivos de este estudio fueron evaluar las propiedades físicas y viscoelásticas (determinadas por compresión uniaxial a baja deformación) de granos de trigo, centeno y triticale en función de su contenido de humedad (12% y 16%), así como identificar las posibles correlaciones existentes entre ambos tipos de propiedades. Los resultados indicaron que tanto el contenido de humedad como el tipo de grano tuvieron un efecto altamente significativo sobre la mayoría de las características evaluadas. De manera general, el incremento del contenido de humedad de los granos originó que los valores medios de algunas propiedades físicas (apariencia y geométricas) aumentaran. Por el contrario, los valores medios de las propiedades viscoelásticas y otras físicas (mecánicas), disminuyeron significativamente. Se identificaron diversas correlaciones altamente significativas entre las propiedades físicas y viscoelásticas, destacando entre otras las inversamente proporcionales (negativas) que tuvo el módulo de elasticidad (propiedad viscoelástica) en relación con varias propiedades físicas, así como las registradas entre el diámetro aritmético y el volumen elipsoidal (propiedades físicas), respecto a diversas viscoelásticas.