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1
Royo, C., and F. Tribó. "Triticale and barley for grain and for dual-purpose (forage+grain) in a Mediterranean-type environment. I. Growth analyses." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 48, no. 4 (1997): 411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/a96116.
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Field experiments were conducted for 2 growing seasons (1992 and 1993) at 2 sites in north-eastern Spain under irrigated conditions and high soil fertility. Two 6-rowed barley varieties, 3 spring triticales, and 2 winter triticales were evaluated for grain yield and for forage and grain production in the same cropping season. Forage was cut when the first node was detectable, and grain was harvested at ripening in both cut and uncut plots. Barley, spring triticale, and winter triticale did not differ in biomass at cutting. The number of tillers per plant at the beginning of jointing was about 3·2 in both barley and winter triticale, and 0·7 in spring triticale. Almost all of the biomass components at cutting were positively and significantly correlated with forage yield. Changes in dry matter accumulation and leaf area index and its components in the uncut treatment fitted accurately to the same logistic curve. The maximum number of living leaves per plant was reached between the beginning of jointing and booting in barley and spring triticale, and around jointing in winter triticale. The number of living tillers per plant at anthesis was significantly higher in barley than in triticale. The number of spikes per plant at anthesis was significantly lower in spring triticale than in barley and winter triticale. The efficiency of the plant to accumulate dry matter was greater in triticale than in barley. In barley, grain filling in both cut and uncut harvesting treatments was mainly dependent on current photosynthesis after anthesis. In triticale, which was more affected by terminal abiotic stresses, both photosynthesis and translocation of assimilates contributed to grain filling, independent of the harvesting treatment.
2
Ma, Xue-Feng, Peng Fang, and J. Perry Gustafson. "Polyploidization-induced genome variation in triticale." Genome 47, no. 5 (2004): 839–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g04-051.
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Polyploidization-induced genome variation in triticale (× Triticosecale Wittmack) was investigated using both AFLP and RFLP analyses. The AFLP analyses were implemented with both EcoRI–MseI (E–M) and PstI–MseI (P–M) primer combinations, which, because of their relative differences in sensitivity to cytosine methylation, primarily amplify repetitive and low-copy sequences, respectively. The results showed that the genomic sequences in triticale involved a great degree of variation including both repetitive and low-copy sequences. The frequency of losing parental bands was much higher than the frequency of gaining novel bands, suggesting that sequence elimination might be a major force causing genome variation in triticale. In all cases, variation in E–M primer-amplified parental bands was more frequent in triticale than that using P–M primers, suggesting that repetitive sequences were more involved in variation than low-copy sequences. The data also showed that the wheat (Triticum spp.) genomes were relatively highly conserved in triticales, especially in octoploid triticales, whereas the rye (Secale cereale L.) genome consistently demonstrated a very high level of genomic sequence variation (68%–72%) regardless of the triticale ploidy levels or primers used. In addition, when a parental AFLP band was present in both wheat and rye, the tendency of the AFLP band to be present in triticale was much higher than when it was present in only one of the progenitors. Furthermore, the cDNA-probed RFLP analyses showed that over 97% of the wheat coding sequences were maintained in triticale, whereas only about 61.6% of the rye coding sequences were maintained, suggesting that the rye genome variation in triticale also involved a high degree of rye coding sequence changes. The data also suggested that concerted evolution might occur in the genomic sequences of triticale. In addition, the observed genome variation in wheat–rye addition lines was similar to that in triticale, suggesting that wheat–rye addition lines can be used to thoroughly study the genome evolution of polyploid triticale.Key words: wheat, rye, polyploid, genome evolution, sequence elimination.
3
CLARKE, JOHN M., THOMAS N. McCAIG, and T. FRED TOWNLEY-SMITH. "KERNEL DEVELOPMENT AND CHANGES IN FALLING NUMBER IN TRITICALE COMPARED WITH WHEAT." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 66, no. 4 (1986): 877–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps86-110.
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Field experiments were conducted in 1981, 1982 and 1983 at Swift Current, Saskatchewan to compare kernel development and changes in falling number with maturation and weathering of recently-developed triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) lines and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Kernel development and falling number changes with maturation were studied in sequential samples taken from 2 wk after anthesis to maturity. Test weight and falling number were measured in nonweathered and weathered grain samples. The triticales tended to reach physiological maturity at higher kernel water concentrations than wheat. There were no differences in water concentration at physiological maturity between recently developed plump-seeded lines and existing shrivel-seeded cultivars. Falling numbers of wheat increased with advancing maturity, while those of the triticales declined, did not change, or increased. Falling number of the triticale cultivar Welsh decreased with advancing maturity, while most of the advanced lines showed relatively constant or moderately increasing falling numbers. At harvest maturity, falling numbers of most of the advanced lines were greater than those of Welsh. Falling numbers of wheat declined following weathering damage, as did those of some advanced triticale lines. Test weights of triticale and wheat were reduced about 7% by weathering.Key words: Triticale, wheat, alpha-amylase, falling number, physiological maturity, weathering
4
Baum, Bernard R., and Pushpendra K. Gupta. "Taxonomic examination of Triticale (×Triticosecale)." Canadian Journal of Botany 68, no. 9 (1990): 1889–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b90-247.
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A detailed study of inflorescence, glume, lemma, and lodicule characters was conducted in 108 accessions of triticales (2n = 6x = 42; 2n = 8x = 56), in 102 herbarium specimens representing 21 species of Triticum and Aegilops, and in 30 herbarium specimens representing 12 species of Secale. The differences observed justify in our opinion generic status for triticales. A key has been provided for distinguishing the genera Secale, Triticum, and Aegilops and the nothogenus ×Triticosecale. In addition to morphological differences, cytological differences and other differences in starch granules and glutenin morphology, known from other studies, provide further support for the generic status of triticale. Key words: Triticale, Secale, Triticum, wheat, rye, taxonomy.
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Subedi, Mamata, Sanjeet Singh Sandal, Patil kulbhushan Savindra, et al. "Advances in Triticale (X Triticosecale) Improvement: Chromosome Manipulation and Biotechnological Approaches." Journal of Experimental Agriculture International 46, no. 10 (2024): 817–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jeai/2024/v46i103007.
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Triticale (X Triticosecale) is a hybrid cereal crop with great potential for enhancing food security. It is a synthetic cereal. Meanwhile, certain genetic instabilities arising from the merging of the rye and wheat genomes have impeded the advancement of triticale, chromosome engineering advancements along with biotechnological approaches might potentially unleash the full potential of triticale. This article provides a comprehensive summary of the historical development and current status of research on conventional and molecular breeding and manipulating triticale chromosomes in order to introduce beneficial traits, correct genetic abnormalities, and accelerate breeding. Among the major strategies covered are chromosomal doubling, addition, replacement, translocation, and deletion. Beneficial genes from rye for quality of grain, yield, and disease resistance were incorporated into triticale backgrounds using addition and replacement lines. In general, using chromosome-modifying technologies within an integrated breeding framework may help with genetic stabilization, the planned evolution of triticale for greater productivity and robustness, and strategic trait integration. This study looks at the advantages, disadvantages, and potential benefits of using chromosomal engineering to enhance triticales.
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Ochoa de Suárez, B., D. Manero de Zumelzú, and R. Macchiavelli. "Citogenética de Triticales. Abeiraciones Meióticas en Triticales Hexaploides." AgriScientia 5 (January 1, 1987): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.31047/1668.298x.v5.n1.919.
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Cytological stability was studied in hexaploid triticales through observations of meiotic aberrations (univalents in Ml and micro nuclei in Tetrads). Meiotic irregularity counts were repeated after 5 years; during this period the material was sown consecutively. The cultivars analyzed were: Cachirulo, 6 I'A 204; Triticale 0205; Triticale 0204 and Rosner. The observations were made in CMP and the statistical analysis was carried out using the Differences of Proportions Test. It is concluded that to analyze meiotic stability it is not necessary to determine laggard frequencies. Of the 5 cultivars studied, Triticale 0205 is the only one cytologically stable.
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Gaviley, Olena V., Oleg O. Katerynych, Igor A. Ionov, Olena O. Dekhtiarova, Darren K. Griffin, and Michael N. Romanov. "Triticale: A General Overview of Its Use in Poultry Production." Encyclopedia 4, no. 1 (2024): 395–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia4010027.
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Triticale, a hybrid of wheat and rye, is one of the most promising grain crops. In terms of productivity, the level of metabolizable energy, and the composition of essential amino acids, triticale surpasses rye and is not inferior to wheat. It is resistant to the most dangerous diseases and pests. In terms of nutritional value, triticale can compete with wheat, corn, sorghum, and barley. The presence, however, of antinutrients in triticale such as non-starch polysaccharides, alkylresorcinols, and trypsin inhibitors significantly reduces the biological value of this crop. In the global practice of compound feed production, there are many methods and technologies for processing grain raw materials to increase their nutritional value. Enzymatic treatment and extrusion technologies are worthy of special attention. The high content of triticale in the compound feed of poultry breeder flocks should be used effectively, taking into account the characteristics of triticale varieties and climatic conditions. An optimal triticale level in feed (15% for layer and broiler chicks) may improve body weight gain and reduce feed costs when raising replacement young stock. Layer breeder flocks fed a 20% triticale-based diet may have increased egg production, high viability, and flock uniformity. Producing triticale–soy and triticale–sunflower extrudates and supplementing the diet of poultry flocks with essential amino acids represent promising avenues for maximizing the benefits of triticale. Innovative methods of achieving this goal should be further developed and put into practice, particularly given the expansion of triticale’s cultivation areas.
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LIMIN, A. E., J. DVORAK, and D. B. FOWLER. "COLD HARDINESS IN HEXAPLOID TRITICALE." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 65, no. 3 (1985): 487–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps85-070.
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The excellent cold hardiness of rye (Secale cereale L.) makes it a potential source of genetic variability for the improvement of this character in related species. However, when rye is combined with common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to produce octaploid triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack, ABDR genomes), the superior rye cold hardiness is not expressed. To determine if the D genome of hexaploid wheat might be responsible for this lack of expression, hexaploid triticales (ABR genomes) were produced and evaluated for cold hardiness. All hexaploid triticales had cold hardiness levels similar to their tetraploid wheat parents. Small gains in cold hardiness of less than 2 °C were found when very non-hardy wheats were used as parents. This similarity in expression of cold hardiness in both octaploid and hexaploid triticales indicates that the D genome of wheat is not solely, if at all, responsible for the suppression of rye cold hardiness genes. There appears to be either a suppressor(s) of the rye cold hardiness genes on the AB genomes of wheat, or the expression of diploid rye genes is reduced to a uniform level by polyploidy in triticale. The suppression, or lack of expression, of rye cold hardiness genes in a wheat background make it imperative that cold-hardy wheats be selected as parents for the production of hardy triticales.Key words: Triticale, Secale, winter wheat, cold hardiness, gene expression
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Trethowan, RM, WH Pfeiffer, RJ Pena, and OS Abdalla. "Preharvest sprouting tolerance in three triticale biotypes." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 44, no. 8 (1993): 1789. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9931789.
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Preharvest sprouting is a major constraint to the utilization of triticale for human consumption in regions where moist, humid conditions prevail during harvest. To examine variation for different components of preharvest sprouting tolerance (PST), trials were conducted over six environments in Mexico. Seed dormancy, bract related chemical and mechanical inhibitory effects and falling number (FN) were measured in primary and secondary triticales and their wheat and rye progenitors. Seed dormancy contributed 78% to PST with significant variation among and within triticale biotypes and progenitor species for bract water soluble inhibitors, bract mechanical barriers and FN. Bract chemical inhibition was higher when soil moisture was non-limiting in moisture-stress/non-stress experiments, suggesting the presence of inhibitors other than abscisic acid. In combination, tolerance components enhanced PST. Substituted triticales [2D(2R)] showed higher seed dormancy and bract related tolerances compared with other triticale biotypes and displayed PST equivalent to wheat. The higher PST in wheat could be attributed to higher FN levels. Components of PST evident in the wheat and rye progenitors were suppressed by wheat/rye genomic interactions in primary triticales. The selection of triticales with high stable FN will be an important first step in the development of PST cultivars, by providing the building block upon which seed dormancy and other related factors can be introduced.
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PERTTILÄ, S., H. SILJANDER-RASI, and K. PARTANEN. "Apparent ileal amino acid digestibility and the nutritive value of the triticale cultivars Moreno and Ulrika for growing-finishing pigs." Agricultural and Food Science 11, no. 2 (2002): 93–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.5719.
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Both digestibility and performance experiments were carried out to evaluate the nutritive value of triticale for growing-finishing pigs.In experiment 1,the apparent ileal and faecal digestibility of nutrients in barley (Hordeum vulgare cv.Viivi)and two triticale (Tritico secale cultivars, Moreno and Ulrika, were measured using six cannulated barrows with a body weight (BW)of 82-107 kg.In experiment 2,132 pigs were used over 25-100 kg BW to study the effects of replacing barley in a barley-soyabean meal-based diet with graded amounts of triticale cv.Moreno (25,50,75,or 100%) and cv.Ulrika (50 or 100%).The apparent ileal and faecal digestibilities of dry matter and organic matter were higher for both triticale cultivars than for barley (P 0.05).The apparent ileal digestibility of lysine averaged 65.6, 70.8, and 70.5% for barley and triticale cv.Moreno and Ulrika,respectively.The net energy content of triticales (11.5 MJ kg-1 DM)was 0.4 MJ kg -1 DM higher than that of barley.The replacement of barley with the triticale cultivars Moreno and Ulrika exerted a positive quadratic effect on daily weight gain and the feed conversion ratio of pigs from 50 to 100 kg and from 25 to 100 kg BW (P
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Costa, Cibele Tesser da, Ana Christina Sagebin Albuquerque, Alfredo do Nascimento Junior, Francismar Correa Marcelino, and Jorge Fernando Pereira. "Genetic diversity of Brazilian triticales evaluated with genomic wheat microsatellites." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 42, no. 11 (2007): 1577–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2007001100009.
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The objective of this work was to determine the genetic variability available for triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) crop improvement in Brazil. Forty-two wheat genomic microsatellites were used to estimate the molecular diversity of 54 genotypes, which constitute the base of one of the major triticale breeding programs in the country. Average heterozygosity was 0.06 and average and effective number of alleles per locus were 2.13 and 1.61, respectively, with average allelic frequency of 0.34. The set of genomic wheat microsatellites used clustered the genotypes into seven groups, even when the germplasm was originated primarily from only two triticale breeding programs, a fact reflected on the average polymorphic information content value estimated for the germplasm (0.36). The 71.42% transferability achieved for the tested microsatellites indicates the possibility of exploiting these transferable markers in further triticale genetic and breeding studies, even those mapped on the D genome of wheat, when analyzing hexaploid triticales.
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Chen, Lun-Xing, Hao-Tian Mao, Shuai Lin, et al. "Different Photosynthetic Response to High Light in Four Triticeae Crops." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 2 (2023): 1569. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24021569.
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Photosynthetic capacity is usually affected by light intensity in the field. In this study, photosynthetic characteristics of four different Triticeae crops (wheat, triticale, barley, and highland barley) were investigated based on chlorophyll fluorescence and the level of photosynthetic proteins under high light. Compared with wheat, three cereals (triticale, barley, and highland barley) presented higher photochemical efficiency and heat dissipation under normal light and high light for 3 h, especially highland barley. In contrast, lower photoinhibition was observed in barley and highland barley relative to wheat and triticale. In addition, barley and highland barley showed a lower decline in D1 and higher increase in Lhcb6 than wheat and triticale under high light. Furthermore, compared with the control, the results obtained from PSII protein phosphorylation showed that the phosphorylation level of PSII reaction center proteins (D1 and D2) was higher in barley and highland barley than that of wheat and triticale. Therefore, we speculated that highland barley can effectively alleviate photodamages to photosynthetic apparatus by high photoprotective dissipation, strong phosphorylation of PSII reaction center proteins, and rapid PSII repair cycle under high light.
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ALARU, M., Ü. LAUR, and V. EREMEEV. "Winter triticale yield formation and quality affected by N rate, timing and splitting." Agricultural and Food Science 18, no. 1 (2008): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2137/145960609788066861.
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The field experiment was conducted to study the effects different nitrogen (N) quantities (N0120 kg ha-1) and application regimes (N applied at stages of tillering BBCH2830 and flag leaf sheath opening BBCH47) on (i) the formation of winter triticale above ground biomass (AGB), (ii) the grain yield (iii) the yield quality, and also (iiii) to find more suitable N fertilizing regimes for winter triticale depending on their utilization. Winter rye and winter wheat were used as reference crops. The efficiency of applying all N at the tillering stage (N100%+N0) was the highest for the grain yield of triticale. N application at development stage of plants BBCH47 increased the grain protein concentration significantly and the increase by 1 kg N was the highest in triticale cultivars. More stabile grain yield was produced by triticales in application regime N+N. N splitting did not influence significantly either the duration of the grain-filling period or the dry matter accumulation rate of triticale. N splitting affected Hagberg falling number (HFN) indirectly through the effect on the grain yield formation and grain protein concentration. HFN was positively correlated with the grain yield and negatively with the grain protein concentration. The suitable N regimes are: 1) triticale as the energy plant N60+N0 N applied at the tillering stage of plants and suitable N norm is not more than 60 kg N ha-1; 2) triticale as a feed or food N60+N60 High grain yield, protein and lysine concentration level are assured then.;
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Royo, C., and F. Tribó. "Triticale and barley for grain and for dual-purpose (forage+grain) in a Mediterranean-type environment. II. Yield, yield components, and quality." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 48, no. 4 (1997): 423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/a96115.
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Four field experiments were conducted over 2 years and at 2 sites under irrigation and with high soil fertility in north-eastern Spain. Two 6-rowed barley varieties, 3 spring triticales, and 2 winter triticales were evaluated for grain yield and for forage and grain production in the same cropping season. Forage was cut at the first node detectable stage and grain was harvested at ripening in both cut and uncut plots. Forage and grain yields did not differ significantly between species. Forage yield was positively and strongly related to the time between sowing and cutting. Forage quality and grain protein content were similar in barley, spring triticale, and winter triticale. Forage crude protein averaged 25·3%, digestible crude protein 19·4%, and acid detergent fibre 21·9%. Grain protein content averaged 15·4%. The reduction in grain yield caused by clipping ranged from 7 to 70% in barley, 10 to 21% in spring triticale, and 8 to 24% in winter triticale. Grain yield after cutting decreased drastically when the thermal time between cutting and physiological maturity was lower than 1000 growing degree-days (GDD), being independent of this duration for values >1100 GDD. Reductions in grain yield after forage removal were caused mainly by reductions in grain weight. A strong relationship appeared between grain yield in the uncut treatment and grain yield after forage removal, suggesting that breeding for dual purpose could take advantage of the efforts made to increase grain yield potential.
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Arumugam, S., and V. R. K. Reddy. "PRODUCTION OF NEW TETRAPLOID TRITICALE FORMS." Acta Agronomica Hungarica 49, no. 1 (2001): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aagr.49.2001.1.8.
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Attempts were made to produce tetraploid triticales by crossing 6x triticales with diploid rye. In F2, the chromosome number was reduced to between 15 and 23 except in three plants, where the chromosome number was 28, 32 and 38, respectively. An increased frequency of ring bivalents was observed in many F4 plants. In the progeny of the plant with 28 chromosomes, desired plants (four) with 2n = 28 chromosomes were obtained. Data on various agronomic characters were recorded on the progeny of these plants in F5. Reasonably good fertility was noticed in these tetraploid triticale forms.
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Yan, Mingke, Guodong Yang, Dongming Yang, et al. "Evaluating Genome Assemblies for Optimized Completeness and Accuracy of Reference Gene Sequences in Wheat, Rye, and Triticale." Plants 14, no. 7 (2025): 1140. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14071140.
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Recent years have witnessed a surge in the publication of dozens of genome assemblies for Triticeae crops, which have significantly advanced gene-related research in wheat, rye, and triticale. However, this progress has also introduced challenges in selecting universally efficient and applicable reference genomes for genotypes with distant or ambiguous phylogenetic relationships. In this study, we assessed the completeness and accuracy of genome assemblies for wheat, rye, and triticale using comparative benchmarking universal single-copy orthologue (BUSCO) analysis and transcript mapping approaches. BUSCO analysis revealed that the proportion of complete genes positively correlated with RNA-seq read mappability, while the frequency of internal stop codons served as a significant negative indicator of assembly accuracy and RNA-seq data mappability in wheat. By integrated analysis of alignment rate, covered length, and total depth from RNA-seq data, we identified the assemblies of SY Mattis, Lo7, and SY Mattis plus Lo7 as the most robust references for gene-related studies in wheat, rye, and triticale, respectively. Furthermore, we recommend that the D genome sequence be incorporated in reference assemblies in bioinformatic analyses for triticale, as introgression, translocation, and substitution of the D genome into triticale genome frequently occurs during triticale breeding. The frequency of internal stop codons could help in evaluating correctness of assemblies published in the future, and other findings are expected to support gene-related research in wheat, rye, triticale, and other closely related species.
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Szewińska, Joanna, Elżbieta Różańska, Ewa Papierowska, and Mateusz Labudda. "Proteolytic and Structural Changes in Rye and Triticale Roots under Aluminum Stress." Cells 10, no. 11 (2021): 3046. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10113046.
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Proteolysis and structural adjustments are significant for defense against heavy metals. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the Al3+ stress alters protease activity and the anatomy of cereale roots. Azocaseinolytic and gelatinolytic measurements, transcript-level analysis of phytocystatins, and observations under microscopes were performed on the roots of Al3+-tolerant rye and tolerant and sensitive triticales exposed to Al3+. In rye and triticales, the azocaseinolytic activity was higher in treated roots. The gelatinolytic activity in the roots of rye was enhanced between 12 and 24 h in treated roots, and decreased at 48 h. The gelatinolytic activity in treated roots of tolerant triticale was the highest at 24 h and the lowest at 12 h, whereas in treated roots of sensitive triticale it was lowest at 12 h but was enhanced at 24 and 48 h. These changes were accompanied by increased transcript levels of phytocystatins in rye and triticale-treated roots. Light microscope analysis of rye roots revealed disintegration of rhizodermis in treated roots at 48 h and indicated the involvement of root border cells in rye defense against Al3+. The ultrastructural analysis showed vacuoles containing electron-dense precipitates. We postulate that proteolytic-antiproteolytic balance and structural acclimation reinforce the fine-tuning to Al3+.
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Veitch, R. S., C. D. Caldwell, R. A. Martin, et al. "Susceptibility of winter and spring triticales to fusarium head blight and deoxynivalenol accumulation." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 88, no. 4 (2008): 783–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps07085.
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Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused by the fungus Fusarium graminearum (Schwabe), is one of the most destructive diseases in cereals worldwide. It may severely reduce both grain yield and quality, with potential contamination from trichothecene mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (DON). Spring and winter triticales (X Triticosecale Wittmack) were evaluated in a multi site and year field study to determine their susceptibility to FHB and DON accumulation. Fusarium-damaged kernels (FDK) and DON levels were affected significantly by both cultivar and site-year. Triticales were generally more susceptible to FHB compared with winter and spring wheat checks, as indicated by the higher levels of FDK and DON levels. A significantly positive linear relationship was observed between FDK and DON levels in winter triticales. This relationship in spring triticales was not significant on the combined data, but at each site-year, the regression was strong. FDK can be a good predictor of DON levels when environmental conditions are similar. The Atlantic region would appear to be a very good location in Canada for screening for fusarium head blight resistance. Key words: Winter triticale, spring triticale, cultivar; fusarium head blight, fusarium head blight, fusarium-damaged kernels, deoxynivalenol
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Murillo-Amador, Bernardo, Arturo Escobar-H., Homero Fraga-Mancillas, and Roberto Pargas-Lara. "RENDIMIENTO DE GRANO Y FORRAJE DE LÍNEAS DE TRITICALE Y CENTENO EN BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR, MÉXICO." Revista Fitotecnia Mexicana 24, no. 2 (2022): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.35196/rfm.2001.2.145.
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En La Paz, Baja California Sur, en el ciclo 1991/1992 se evaluaron tres grupos de líneas de triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) y uno de centeno (Secale cereale), con el objeto de seleccionar líneas con potencial forrajero y de grano que se adapten a las condiciones ambientales de esta zona árida e identificar nuevas fuentes de variabilidad genética para el programa de investigación local. El diseño experimental fue bloques completos al azar con tres repeticiones. Se incluyeron 160, 45, 205 y 46 líneas de triticales de primavera, triticales de invierno, triticales facultativos y centenos, respectivamente. Del grupo de triticale de primavera se seleccionaron 22 líneas para forraje y 53 líneas para grano, con rendimientos superiores a 31 y 4.0 t ha-1 de forraje y grano, respectivamente. De los triticales de invierno se seleccionaron 34 líneas para forraje y 4 líneas para grano con rendimientos superiores a 31 y 3.0 t ha-1 de forraje y grano. De los triticales facultativos se seleccionaron 83 líneas para forraje y 18 líneas para grano con rendimientos superiores a 31 y 4.0 t ha-1 de forraje y grano. De los centenos se seleccionaron 13 líneas para forraje y 3 líneas para grano con rendimientos superiores a 31 y 1.5 t ha-1 de forraje y grano.
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Radivon, V. A., and A. G. Zhukovsky. "Development and species composition of septariosis in crops of spring triticale varieties in Belarus." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus. Agrarian Series 59, no. 1 (2021): 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1817-7204-2021-59-1-51-61.
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Septoria leaf and head blotch is the most economically significant disease of grain crops in Belarus, as it is annually observed in crops and is highly harmful. Spring triticale is a perspective crop in our country with a high yield potential and grain quality, which, as known, decreases due to diseases development. There is little information on the varieties disease susceptibility, development peculiarities and species composition of septoria blotch of spring triticale, which determined the relevance of our research subject. The paper presents the results of studies in 2015-2019 on susceptibility of spring triticale varieties Uzor, Doublet, Sadko to septoria leaf and head blotch, peculiarities of the disease development depending on weather conditions were revealed and the species composition of pathogens of septoria leaf blotch was determined. It has been determined that severity of septoria leaf blotch by the end of early – soft dough of grain stage reached 36.6 %. Based on calculation of area under the disease progress curve, no significant differences were found in severity of septoria leaf blotch depending on the variety. Severity of septoria head blotch reached 22.7 % by the end of growing season. Direct dependences of septoria leaf and head blotch development on the amount of precipitation have been established, and a close correlation between the severity of septoria head blotch and septoria leaf blotch has been revealed. The species composition of septoria leaf blotch is represented by the fungi Parastagonospora nodorum, Parastagonospora avenae f. sp. triticae and Zymoseptoria tritici. The dominant species was P. nodorum, its frequency reached 99.2 % depending on the variety and growth stage of spring triticale, the second most common fungus was P. avenae f. sp. triticae - up to 58.6 %. For the first time in our country, in-depth research has been carried out to study septoria leaf and head blotch of spring triticale, the results obtained will serve as the basis for development of a protection system.
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BUTNARU, Gallia, Darius MATHIU, and Perry GUSTAFSON. "TRITICALE IMPROVEMENT: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS IN THE WEST PART OF ROMANIA." Annals of the Academy of Romanian Scientists Series on Agriculture Silviculture and Veterinary Medicine 11, no. 2 (2022): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.56082/annalsarsciagr.2022.2.5.
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The paper highlights the progress in triticale crop becoming an important economically cereal in the world and also in the West part of Romania. The international research stimulated the Romanian triticale program in research centers Fundulea, Turda, Suceava and Timişoara University. The extension of the results from the demonstration fields was difficult; the optics of the farmers from a traditionally wheat-growing country had to be changed. Particular merits have had the specialists who, as students, saw and worked in the triticale experimental fields at the university, thus convincing themselves of its validity. In the western counties of Romania triticale represents 1.56% of agriculture area. It is cultivated on poorly acid soils and in farms with livestock sections. The area cultivated with triticale varies greatly. In the southern counties of Arad, Bihor and Timiş the surface represents 1.0% -1.5%. In Caraş Severin and in the northern counties it is 2.5% to 5.1% (Sălaj). On preluvi- and luvi- soils (pH-4.5) distrycambosoils, arenosoils (humus less than 2.2 %) the yield was 2.6 T/ha up to 4.5 T/ha, exceeding wheat and in some areas even corn. In the plain with more fertile soils (chernozem) the Robinson, Trimaso, Trismart and Tulus varieties passed over 9.0 T/ha (2021). The triticale average production/country increased from 2.5 T/ha (2007) to over 3.4 T/ha in the past 10 years and now to 4.6 T/ha. Most of the cultivated varieties originated from the Fundulea (Dr. Gh. Ittu). Farmers in the western part of Romania appreciate triticales, but they also have certain grievances that breeders strive to correct.
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OETTLER, G. "The fortune of a botanical curiosity – Triticale: past, present and future." Journal of Agricultural Science 143, no. 5 (2005): 329–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859605005290.
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Triticale (×Triticosecale Wittmack) is the intergeneric hybrid between the female parent wheat (Triticum ssp.) and the male parent rye (Secale ssp.). The early work identifying and then producing primary and secondary triticales is described. Early wheat–rye hybrids were characterized by reproductive disorders and the cytology and meiotic characteristics have received much attention. Chromosome constitution has been studied particularly in relation to R-D substitution. Triticale has always been bred as a self-pollinating crop, although outcrossing can occur, and current cultivars are all nearly homozygous and homogeneous lines. Hybrid breeding (using cytoplasmic male sterility) makes the optimum exploitation of heterosis possible and, with the aid of molecular markers, triticale germplasm is presently being investigated to establish genetically diverse heterotic groups.The first released spring and winter cultivars were generally characterized by good disease resistance, but low grain yield, shrivelled grain, high protein content, excessive height, lodging and preharvest sprouting. Breeding effort has increased yield, reduced shrivelling and improved test weight but at the expense of protein content, which is now comparable to wheat and rye. Plant height and lodging are also now comparable to wheat and rye. Progress in reducing preharvest sprouting by genetic selection is proving difficult and slow. Triticale may be suitable for grain production and for dual purpose usage for forage and grain.The role of biotechnology in triticale improvement is described. The future of the crop, especially in low-input systems, and as raw material for industrial uses is considered.
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Jedel, P. E., and D. F. Salmon. "Yield and grain quality of plump-kernelled spring triticale windrowed at different kernel water concentrations." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 77, no. 4 (1997): 561–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p97-007.
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Little information is available on the response of plump-kernelled spring triticales (X Triticosecale Wittmack) to windrowing at different kernel water concentrations (KWC). The objective of this research was to determine the effects of windrowing at KWCs of 1600 g kg−1 or less on the yield and grain quality of spring triticales compared with a Canadian prairie spring (CPS) wheat (Triticum aestivum L. 'Oslo'). Field experiments were conducted from 1989 to 1993 at Lacombe, AB, using the spring triticale cv. Wapiti in all years, and the cvs. Banjo and Frank in 1992 and 1993. Rate of dry-down varied between the cultivars and years. Oslo dried at a rate of 1.67 to 3.23 g kg−1 per growing degree day (GDD 0 °C basis). The rate of dry-down for the triticales ranged from 2.80 to 10.80 g kg−1 per GDD. Although the triticales reached physiological maturity much later than Oslo in any given year, they dried at a faster rate (with fewer GDDs) than Oslo. Windrowing at KWC of up to 1600 g kg−1 (62% moisture) had no effect on test weight, grain protein or germination of harvested grain. Effects of windrowing on grain yield varied but, when yield differences were significant, windrowing at 430 to 530 g kg−1 (30 to 35% moisture) optimized grain yield. When effects of windrowing on kernel weight were significant, kernel weight increased as KWC at windrowing decreased. When windrowing to curtail secondary growth of spring triticale is necessary in central Alberta, windrowing at 430 to 530 g kg−1 (30 to 35% moisture) is recommended to optimize yield without loss of test weight, protein content or germination. Key words: Spring triticale, Canadian prairie spring wheat, windrowing, kernel water concentration
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Silkova, O. G., Y. N. Ivanova, and P. I. Stepochkin. "Creation and study of emmer (<i>Triticum dicoccum</i>) × triticale hybrids." Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding 27, no. 4 (2023): 323–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/vjgb-23-39.
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Triticale (× Triticosecale Wittmack) is of great interest as an insurance crop that can ensure the stability of the gross harvest of feed and food grains at a lower cost. In Western Siberia, only winter triticale varieties are cultivated, however, spring triticales are important for cultivation in regions not suitable for winter crops. To create spring varie ties with high yields and good grain quality, it is necessary to study and enrich the gene pool, identify donors of economically valuable traits. One of the possible ways to solve this problem can be through the production of secondary hexaploid triticales with the involvement of the tetraploid wild-growing species of emmer wheat Triticum dicoccum (Schrank) Schuebl. The aim of this work was to create and study hybrids of emmer T. dicoccum (Schrank) Schuebl. with hexaploid triticale using genomic in situ hybridization for staining of meiotic chromosomes and analysis of plant productivity elements in F4–F8. DT4, DT5, DT6 plants and the prebreeding F6 forms obtained from them – DT 4/168, DT 5/176 and DT 6/186 – were selected according to the characteristics of the productivity and the nature of the grain in the F4 hybrid population. The offspring of hybrids DT4 and DT5 and prebreeding forms DT 4/168 and DT 5/176 had an increased grain nature (over 750 g/l), but low productivity. The hybrid DT6 and the breeding form DT 6/186 obtained from it had high grain productivity (785 ± 41 and 822 ± 74 g/m2, respectively), but, like the paternal form of triticale UK 30/33, had a reduced nature of the grain. In F8 DT 6/186 plants, 7 homologous pairs of rye chromosomes and from 27 to 30 wheat chromosomes were found in meiosis, which indicates the presence of a complete rye genome and two wheat ААВВ genomes. Rye chromosomes showed stable formation of bivalents in contrast to wheat chromosomes, which caused the presence of aneuploids in plant populations. Thus, hexaploid forms DT 4/168 and DT 5/176 with well-made smooth grain and high grain size were obtained, which can be used as a source of this trait for selection of food-grade triticale. DT 6/186 is a promising form for further breeding in order to obtain high-yielding forms of triticale.
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Bizimungu, B., J. Collin, A. Comeau, and C. A. St-Pierre. "Hybrid necrosis as a barrier to gene transfer in hexaploid winter wheat × triticale crosses." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 78, no. 2 (1998): 239–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p96-185.
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An interspecific wheat × triticale hybridization program was initiated with the scope of widening and improving the winter wheat gene pool. However, progress was hampered by severe necrosis that caused the death of F1 hybrids from crosses between the most winterhardy wheat and triticale cultivars. This paper describes hybrid necrosis as the main barrier to gene transfer between winter wheat cultivars Borden, Augusta and Ruby, and hexaploid winter triticales OAC Wintri and K9-6. Crosses with tester lines revealed that the three winter wheats were carriers of the necrotic Ne2 allele. High temperature (30 °C) treatment until heading stage permitted to only partially circumvent the problem. A study of cross direction effects at the backcross level showed that the conventional method (F1 × wheat) was more efficient for plant recovery, but plants produced by the alternative backcross system (wheat × F1) were more self-fertile. Within the most winterhardy germplasm, hybrid necrosis is a major problem for transferring genes between winter wheat and triticale. The use of non-necrotic winter wheat lines such as MC11N, a local winter wheat selection, may have a special value as a bridge to circumvent the necrosis problem. Key words: Hybrid necrosis, Ne genes, wheat × triticale hybrids, cross direction
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Velasco-López, José Luis, Norma Angélica Ruiz-Torres, Mayra Alejandra Sosa-Flores, Carlos Enrique Aíl-Catzim, and Francisco Javier Sánchez-Ramírez. "Evaluación del rendimiento de grano de 55 líneas de triticale en el Valle de Mexicali." Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Agrícolas 16, no. 1 (2025): e3522. https://doi.org/10.29312/remexca.v16i1.3522.
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El triticale en las regiones áridas y semi áridas de México, se postula como cultivo alterno al maíz y trigo debido a que produce forraje y grano de calidad idónea para la alimentación del ganado, y las nuevas variedades muestran potencial de rendimiento de grano similar al trigo. Por consiguiente, el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el rendimiento de grano y sus componentes de 55 líneas avanzadas de triticale en el Valle de Mexicali durante el ciclo otoño invierno 2015-2016, bajo un diseño de bloques completos al azar. En los resultados se observaron 11 líneas de triticales con rendimientos entre 6.5 a 8.3 t ha-1, que fueron superiores al testigo que obtuvo 3.8 t ha-1. Bajo las condiciones agroecológicas de este estudio, se determinó que de las 55 líneas de triticales evaluadas, 11 de ellas se consideran con potencial de rendimiento de grano, ya que superaron al testigo.
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Muñiz, Luis Miguel, Angeles Cuadrado, Nicolás Jouve, and Juan Manuel González. "The detection, cloning, and characterisation of WIS 2-1A retrotransposon-like sequences in Triticum aestivum L. and ×Triticosecale Wittmack and an examination of their evolution in related Triticeae." Genome 44, no. 6 (2001): 979–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g01-084.
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Retrotransposons and other mobile elements are major components of the repeated DNA fraction in higher-plant genomes. They have undoubtedly played an important role in higher plant genome evolution. The present work details the detection and characterisation of a WIS 2-1A related sequence in direct wheat relatives, and discusses the prevalence and evolution of its copy number in their genomes. An increase in copy number is detected when following the natural hybridisation processes that gave rise to bread and durum wheats. However, the opposite is observed in the development of triticale, a synthetic hybrid.Key words: retrotransposons, WIS 2-1A, Triticeae, triticale, FISH.
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Mirosavljević, Milan, Vojislava Momčilović, Vladimir Aćin, Bojan Jocković, Novo Pržulj, and Goran Jaćimović. "Yield Determination in Major Small Grain Crops in Response to Nitrogen Fertilization." Plants 14, no. 7 (2025): 1017. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14071017.
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Small grain crops showed significant yield variation under different nitrogen fertilization treatments. Understanding factors influencing yield is crucial for optimizing productivity. This study assessed how nitrogen fertilization affects grain number, grain weight, and other yield components in triticale, wheat, six-rowed, and two-rowed barley across multiple locations and seasons. Key traits, including grain number per spike, spike number per unit area, and spike dry weight, were analyzed. Triticale cultivars achieved the highest average grain yield (GY) of 8709 kg ha−1, significantly outperforming wheat (7656 kg ha−1) and six-rowed barley (7676 kg ha−1), particularly under high nitrogen (100 kg N) fertilization, where triticale reached 9184 kg ha−1. Grain number per unit area (GN) was strongly positively correlated with GY across all crops, with the highest GN values observed in triticale (21,937) under 100 kg N fertilization. Fruiting efficiency (FE) and spike dry weight at anthesis (SDWa) showed crop-specific relationships with GN, with the strongest association between GN and SDWa observed in triticale, while FE exhibited the highest values in wheat (112.3) and the lowest in two-rowed barley (82). Triticale’s superior yield was linked to greater grain number and spike dry weight, while wheat’s high fruiting efficiency contributed to its performance. Despite its high spike number and spike dry weight, two-rowed barley had lower grain number per spike, limiting its yield. Nitrogen fertilization improved yield components across all crops, though trade-offs between grain weight and other traits were observed. These findings provide insights for breeders and agronomists in optimizing small grain production.
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Lee, J. H., R. A. Graybosch, and D. J. Lee. "Detection of rye chromosome 2R using the polymerase chain reaction and sequence-specific DNA primers." Genome 37, no. 1 (1994): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g94-003.
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Sequences derived from a rye gamma secalin gene were used as primers in polymerase chain reactions using DNA obtained from a series of wheat and triticale genetic stocks. A 473-bp fragment, the predicted size based on the distance between the selected primers, was found only in rye, triticales, and wheat lines carrying rye chromosome 2RS. Use of triticale lines with various wheat chromosome substitutions confirmed the chromosomal origin of the rye-specific marker. The presence of the 473-bp PCR product was always associated with the production of 75K secalins in grain samples. Thus, the primer sequences, and the clone of origin (pSC503), were both derived from the SEC-2 locus of rye chromosome 2RS.Key words: wheat (Triticum aestivum), rye (Secale cereale), chromosomal translocations, chromosomal substitutions, DNA polymerase chain reaction, sequence-specific primers.
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Kandrokov, Roman, and Kerim Bekshokov. "Grain Millgrist Ratio Influence on the Grain-Forming Ability and Triticale-Rye Flour Yield." Food Industry 7, no. 4 (2022): 50–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.29141/2500-1922-2022-7-4-6.
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The research revealed the study results of the influence of the different millgrist ratios of triticale grain and rye on the triticale-rye intermediate grinding products and triticale-rye flour yield. A man grinds the initial samples of triticale grains on laboratory grinding mills (MLP-4) with threaded (for break systems) and microroughened rolls (for reduction systems). The mechanical and kinematic parameters of the MLP-4 mill threaded rolls are as follows: the flute layout is back to back, the fast-rotating roll speed is 5 m/s, the differential unit is 1.5, the number of flutes per 1 cm is 8, the flutes slope is 7 %. A man revealed that among the presented samples the control triticale grain demonstrated the highest intermediate ground materials yield, which amounted to 87.9 %, including 14.2 % of triticale flour; while the control rye grain – the smallest intermediate ground materials yield, accounted for 81.9 %, including 22.4 % rye flour. The study showed that when 50 % of rye grain was added to the triticale-rye grain millgrist, the intermediate ground materials yield in the cereal dusting products form was 83.1 %, including 19.1% of triticale-rye flour; when 40 % of rye grain was added to the triticale-rye grain millgrist, the intermediate ground materials yield in the сereal dusting products form was 85.0 %, including 17.3 % of triticale-rye flour; when 30 % of rye grain was added to the triticale-rye grain millgrist, the intermediate ground materials yield in the сereal dusting products form amounted to 87.9 %, including 14.2 % of triticale-rye flour. A man found that when grinding the initial control triticale grain, the triticale flour yield was 77.9 %, when grinding the initial control rye grain, the triticale flour yield flour was 70.3 %, which is 6.9 % less than from triticale grain. When introducing 50 % of rye grain to the triticale-rye grain millgrist, the triticale-rye flour yield was 72.9 %; when introducing 40 % of rye grain to the triticale-rye grain millgrist, the triticale-rye flour yield was 72.9 %, when introducing 30 % of rye grain to the triticale-rye grain millgrist, the triticale-rye flour yield was 77.1 %. The authors connected the dots between the triticale-rye flour yield and the rye grains content in the millgrist. At the same time, they found that the rye grain introduction to the triticale-rye millgrist led to a decrease in the triticale-rye flour yield.
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ADEOLA, O., L. G. YOUNG, and I. McMILLAN. "OAC WINTRI TRITICALE IN DIETS OF GROWING SWINE." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 67, no. 1 (1987): 187–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas87-021.
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Two performance trials and two metabolism trials were conducted to evaluate the feeding value of two samples of OAC Wintri triticale for growing swine. The samples of triticale contained 15.5% (triticale A) or 10% (triticale B) protein on a dry matter basis. In trial 1, each sample replaced 0, 25, 50, 75 or 100% of protein from corn in a 15% protein (as-fed) corn-soybean meal diet. Diets had a constant soybean meal level and cornstarch was added as appropriate to make diets isonitrogenous. Each diet was fed to five individually penned pigs (average weight 22 kg). Forty-eight pigs were utilized in a 2 × 2 × 3 factorial arrangement of triticale sample (triticale A or triticale B), dietary protein (15 or 17%) and percent corn replaced (0, 50 or 100%) in trial 2. Soybean meal in diets was adjusted as appropriate to obtain a 15 or 17% protein diet. Daily gain (P < 0.10) and feed consumption (P < 0.05) were greater for pigs fed triticale B than triticale A in both experiments. While feed efficiency was not different between the two samples of triticale in trial 1, triticale B had better (P < 0.01) feed efficiency than triticale A in trial 2. The corn-soybean meal diet promoted faster gains and higher feed consumption (P < 0.05) than the triticale A-soybean meal diet. As the level of triticale A in the diets increased, daily gain, feed intake and feed efficiency declined in both trials. Digestible and metabolizable energy values (kcal g−1) declined (P < 0.01) linearly as level of triticale in the diet increased. Dry matter digestibility declined (P < 0.01) as the level of triticale increased in trial 2 and as the level of triticale B in diets increased in trial 1. There was no change in dry matter digestibility as the level of triticale A in diets increased in trial 1. Biological value and net protein utilization were lower (P < 0.01) for diets containing triticale A than triticale B. Level of triticale in diets did not affect apparent protein digestibility, biological value and net protein utilization (P > 0.10) in either trial. In a soybean-meal-supplemented diet, the energy value of triticale relative to corn appears to be about 90%. Key words: OAC Wintri triticale, digestibility, energy, pigs, performance, protein
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Hrynyk, I., T. Moskalets, and V. Moskalets. "Peculiarities of forming weed consortia parameters depending on species genotype and composition of representatives of the tribe Triticeae under the ecotone Polissia-Forest-Steppe." Agroecological journal, no. 3 (September 30, 2016): 136–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.33730/2077-4893.3.2016.248889.
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The peculiarities of consortia weeds parameters formation depending on the genotype and species composition of perspective ecological and adaptive members of the tribe Triticeae were considered under ecotone Polissia-Forest-Steppe. It was found that un- der the conditions of Polissia-Forest-Steppe ecotone coenotic composition phytocenoses tribe Triticeae is presented by mainly terophytes, less –gemikriptophytes, kriptophytes and geophytes. It is shown that in the conditions of Forest-Steppe Polissia dominant associations weeds in crops of short stature and semi-dwarf varieties of tribe Triticeae are six dominant species communities: Viola-Capsella, Matricaria-Galium, Elytrigia-Galeopsis, Chenopodiu-Sonchus, Thlaspi-Euphоrbiа; and among tall and medium growing crops there are four of them: Cirsium-Convolvulus, Apera-Galeopsis, Elytrigia-Linaria, Galeopsis-Galium. Medium-grown, intermediate varieties and lines of wheat (Zoriana Nosivska, Zirka Nosivska, Л 4639/ 96), rye (Olympiada 80), a three-species triticale (ПС_1-12, ПС_2-12, Vivate Nosivske, УП_1-12) are the most competitive to the development of segetal vegetation compared to other medium-grown and semi-dwarf varieties of such crops as КС 5, КС 1, КС 14 (wheat), Chaian, ДАУ 5, Д-5_2010 (Triticale), Borotba (rye).
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Makowska, Agnieszka, Agnieszka Waśkiewicz, and Sylwia Chudy. "Lignans in triticale grain and triticale products." Journal of Cereal Science 93 (May 2020): 102939. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2020.102939.
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Santos, Henrique Pereira dos, Ivo Ambrosi, Julio Cesar Barreneche Lhamby, and Augusto Carlos Baier. "Sistemas de produção alternativos de triticale, sob plantio direto, em Passo Fundo, RS." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 34, no. 2 (1999): 201–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x1999000200008.
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No período de 1987 a 1991, foram avaliados os efeitos de cinco sistemas de produção de triticale: sistema I (triticale/soja), sistema II (triticale/soja e aveia-preta/soja, de 1987 a 1989, e triticale/soja e aveia-branca/soja, de 1990 a 1991), sistema III (triticale/soja e ervilhaca/milho), sistema IV (triticale/soja, aveia-preta/soja e ervilhaca/milho, de 1987 a 1989, e triticale/soja, ervilhaca/milho e aveia-branca/soja, de 1990 a 1991) e sistema V (triticale/soja, triticale/soja, aveia- preta/soja e ervilhaca/milho, de 1987 a 1989, e triticale/soja, triticale/soja, ervilhaca/milho e aveia- branca/soja, de 1990 a 1991). Usou-se o delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com três repetições e parcelas com área útil de 24 m². No presente trabalho, apresenta-se a análise econômica relativa àquele período. No período em que as condições climáticas trancorreram normalmente, o sistema III foi a melhor alternativa a ser oferecida aos agricultores, do ponto de vista de rentabilidade. Quando as condições climáticas ocorreram adversamente, o sistema II mostrou maior retorno econômico do que os demais sistemas estudados.
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Grujic, Olgica, Jelena Pejin, and Srboljub Dencic. "The influence of technological parameters on malt quality produced from different triticale varieties." Zbornik Matice srpske za prirodne nauke, no. 116 (2009): 297–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmspn0916297g.
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The analysis of eight different triticale varieties, from selective experiments, crop 2007, from Rimski Sancevi (Serbia) location was performed. On the basis of results obtained from triticale and produced triticale malt analysis as well as during micromalting, technological quality of investigated triticale varieties was evaluated. The aim of the work was to determine if the gibberellic acid added during the germination phase had a positive influence on the degradation of triticale grain during micromalting. Based on the obtained results it was concluded that triticale variety has the most important influence on the quality of produced triticale malt.
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Beltranena, E., D. F. Salmon, L. A. Goonewardene, and R. T. Zijlstra. "Triticale as a replacement for wheat in diets for weaned pigs." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 88, no. 4 (2008): 631–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas08025.
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The nutritional value of triticale for weaned pigs is poorly characterized. Six mash diets containing either 66.5% one of two wheat samples or one of four winter or spring triticale cultivars were fed to 72 pens of weaned pigs for 28 d. Average daily feed intake and gain did not differ between pigs fed wheat and triticale diets (P > 0.05). Replacing wheat with triticale increased feed efficiency by 0.02 for spring triticale and 0.03 for winter triticale (P < 0.001). Apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, and gross energy was 1.2, 2.5, and 1.0% higher, respectively, for the triticale diets than the wheat diets (P < 0.05). The nutritional value of the four triticale samples was 1.5% higher for energy than the two wheat samples included in western Canada diets for weaned pigs. Key words: Digestibility, growth, triticale, weaned pig, wheat
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Vitalii, Liubych, Novikov Volodymyr, Zheliezna Valeriia, et al. "COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF TECHNOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF FOUR-SPRCIES TRITICALE GRAIN COMPARATIVE TO CLASSIC TRITICALE AND COMMON WHEAT GRAIN." TECHNOLOGY AUDIT AND PRODUCTION RESERVES 2, no. 3(52) (2020): 41–45. https://doi.org/10.15587/2706-5448.2020.203643.
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<em>An example of effective crossbreeding of wheat and rye grain is the grain of classic triticale, which is currently gaining growing popularity among manufacturers of bakery products and cereals. As a result of further hybridization of the grain of classical triticale and common wheat, highly productive forms of four species triticale were obtained. Despite the similarities to wheat grains, four species triticale grains have differences in technological properties, and therefore require further study. One of the most problematic places is the identification of significant differences between the properties of the four species triticale and its parent forms. Therefore, it is important to conduct a comprehensive study and comparison of the technological properties of four species triticale, classic triticale and common wheat, which will justify its intended purpose. So, the object of research was selected four species triticale of Alkyd, Strateg, Tactic, line LP 195 varieties (Ukraine).</em> <em>In the course of the study, current methods for determining the technological properties of cereal grain were used, and the results were processed by analysis of variance. The grain of four species triticale has a large mass of 1000 grains compared to wheat and classical triticale, which is associated with its larger size. Four species triticale is characterized by less sphericity compared to wheat due to the longer length, affects the duty cycle of the grain mass and grain nature. The nature of the grain of four species triticale is significantly inferior (by 38-85 g/l) to the nature of wheat grain. Four species triticale grains are glassy (98-99%) and similar to traditional triticale grains according to this indicator. According to the gluten content (20-25%), the grain of four species triticale is significantly inferior to wheat, but its quality is satisfactory.</em> <em>The research results presented in the work demonstrate a high glassiness and a low amount of gluten. This makes it possible to efficiently use the grain of four species triticale for cereal production, or as part of composite mixtures in the production of bakery products.</em>
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Korotkikh, E. A., I. V. Novikova, G. V. Agafonov, N. V. Korotkikh, and I. N. Krivanosov. "Intensification of kvas biotechnology using non-traditional raw materials." Proceedings of the Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies 82, no. 3 (2020): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.20914/2310-1202-2020-3-123-130.
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In the production of beverages of incomplete alcoholic and lactic acid fermentation, it is important to use non-traditional raw materials that have advantages over well-known analogues. Of particular interest in the production of fermented beverages is the use of malt extract prepared from triticalic malt. Serum and products derived from it are biologically complete, have dietary and medicinal properties. To achieve this goal accomplished objectives: to assess the quality and applicability of triticale malt extract for kvass production; explore the possibility of using whey as a processing aid in the production of kvass on the basis of triticale malt extract; to choose a combination of microorganisms to obtain a mixed leaven with the best biotechnological properties; conduct a comparative analysis of the duration of fermentation samples of kvas wort. The most intensive decrease in the dry matter content was observed in the experimental sample of leavened wort prepared on the basis of malt triticalic extract with the use of whey and combined sourdough from dry baking yeast of the brand "SAF-Moment" of the species Saccharomyces cerevisiae and lactic acid bacteria L. lactis, L. cremoris, L. diacetylactis, Str. Thermophilus. The duration of fermentation of leavened wort in the test sample was 10 hours, which is 6–8 hours less than the traditional technology. As a result of this work, the possibility of using triticalic malt extract for the production of kvass was proved. According to the main physical and chemical parameters, triticale malt extract is not inferior to traditional raw materials. The possibility of using whey as a technological additive for fermentation of leavened wort based on triticalic malt extract is investigated. The composition of leavened wort and a combination of microorganisms were selected to produce a combined starter culture with the best biotechnological properties. A comparative analysis of the duration of fermentation of samples of leavened wort is carried out.
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Kandrakov, Roman, Valentin Kiryushin, and Irina Kusova. "Flour-grinding and physico-chemical properties of triticale-hemp flour." Bulletin of KSAU, no. 1 (May 13, 2024): 222–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.36718/1819-4036-2024-1-222-234.
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The purpose of the study is to determine the milling and physicochemical properties of triticale-hemp flour of various ratios. Adding hemp seeds to the grinding triticale-hemp grain mixture has a positive effect and increases the yield of triticale-hemp flour. Compared to the original sample of triticale grain, the yield of triticale-hemp flour with the addition of 10% hemp increased by 5.5 %, which indicates the high economic efficiency of the developed technology. The weighted average fat content in triticale-hemp flour streams in a ratio of 96 : 4 %, taking into account the yield, is 3.05 %, and the protein content is 12.86 %; the weighted average fat content in triticale-hemp flour streams in a ratio of 94 : 6 %, taking into account the yield, is 3.58 %, and the protein content is 13.16 %; the weighted average fat content in triticale-hemp flour streams in a ratio of 92 : 8 %, taking into account the yield, is 4.13 %, and the protein content is 13.63 %; The weighted average fat content in triticale-hemp flour streams in a ratio of 90 : 10 %, taking into account the yield, is 4.85 %, and the protein content is 12.67 %. The weighted average fat content in triticale-hemp bran in different ratios, taking into account the yield, is 3.34 %, and the protein content is 14.44 %. The most optimal ratio of triticale-hemp grinding mixture is 92 : 8, at which the fat content in triticale-hemp flour increases by 329 %, and the protein content by 16.5 % compared to the control triticale flour.
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Brignall, D. M., M. R. Ward, and W. J. Whittington. "Relationship between growth stage and digestible organic matter in triticale." Journal of Agricultural Science 113, no. 1 (1989): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600084549.
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SUMMARYIn two experiments the yield, digestibility, protein and cell wall contents of several autumn-sown triticale cultivars were compared with rye at defined growth stages. Yields at each growth stage were highest in the triticale cultivars. The content of leaf blade and sheath fell with increased maturity while stem and ear content increased. There were differences between cultivars in the contribution of individual stem internodes. Digestibility also declined with maturity for all plant parts, and differences were apparent between plant parts and between cultivars. Leaf blade showed a slow decline in digestibility whereas stem digestibility showed a rapid reduction so that, at growth stage 43, young stem internodes were of much higher quality than older ones. Spring-type triticales (A208 and A476) had the highest digestibility at stages from flag leaf emergence to anthesis. The relationships between digestibility, plant part contents and cell wall characteristics are discussed.
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Aharon, Shlomi, Zvi Peleg, Eli Argaman, Roi Ben-David, and Ran N. Lati. "Image-Based High-Throughput Phenotyping of Cereals Early Vigor and Weed-Competitiveness Traits." Remote Sensing 12, no. 23 (2020): 3877. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12233877.
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Cereals grains are the prime component of the human diet worldwide. To promote food security and sustainability, new approaches to non-chemical weed control are needed. Early vigor cultivars with enhanced weed-competitiveness ability are a potential tool, nonetheless, the introduction of such trait in breeding may be a long and labor-intensive process. Here, two image-driven plant phenotyping methods were evaluated to facilitate effective and accurate selection for early vigor in cereals. For that purpose, two triticale genotypes differentiating in vigor and growth rate early in the season were selected as model plants: X-1010 (high) and Triticale1 (low). Two modeling approaches, 2-D and 3-D, were applied on the plants offering an evaluation of various morphological growth parameters for the triticale canopy development, under controlled and field conditions. The morphological advantage of X-1010 was observed only at the initial growth stages, which was reflected by significantly higher growth parameter values compared to the Triticale1 genotype. Both modeling approaches were sensitive enough to detect phenotypic differences in growth as early as 21 days after sowing. All growth parameters indicated a faster early growth of X-1010. However, the 2-D related parameter [projected shoot area (PSA)] is the most available one that can be extracted via end user-friendly imaging equipment. PSA provided adequate indication for the triticale early growth under weed-competition conditions and for the improved weed-competition ability. The adequate phenotyping ability for early growth and competition was robust under controlled and field conditions. PSA can be extracted from close and remote sensing platforms, thus, facilitate high throughput screening. Overall, the results of this study may improve cereal breeding for early vigor and weed-competitiveness.
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Behme, Dagmar. "Flexible Triticale." agrarzeitung 76, no. 14 (2021): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.51202/1869-9707-2021-14-011-1.
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Kandrokov, R. H., and G. N. Pankratov. "Development of an efficient technological scheme for processing graintriticale in bakery flour." Rossiiskaia selskokhoziaistvennaia nauka 1, no. 1 (2019): 62–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s2500-26272019162-65.
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The results of studies of the processing of initial samples of triticale grain in bakery flour according to the developed reduced and developed technological schemes are presented. When processing Ramses grains, the output of the T-70 grade of tritical flour (ash content no more than 0.70%) was 40% reduced by the technological scheme, and the yield of flour grade T-70 was 63% when processed according to the developed technological scheme. The total yield of flour according to the developed scheme, in comparison with the reduced one, increased by 3.4 and amounted to 75.5%. At the same time, the yield of the low-ash flour T-60 according to GOST 34142-2017 under the developed scheme was 46%, and according to the reduced scheme it was not possible to get a single percent of the tritical flour T-60.When processing grain grade "Saur" yield of tritical flour of grade T-70 and by the reduced scheme and by the developed scheme yield of flour amounted to 77.4%. When processed according to the developed scheme, the total yield of flour increased by 0.6 and amounted to 78.0% in comparison with the reduced scheme. At the same time, according to the developed processing scheme, 42% of tritical flour was obtained by ash content no more than 0.55%, and according to the reduced scheme it was not possible to obtain a single percent of tritical flour with an ash content of 0.55%.It is established that processing of triticale grain according to the developed technological scheme with the use of grinding and sieve systems allows to increase the total yield of flour by 0,6% -3,4% in comparison with the reduced technological scheme.
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Bumbieris Junior, Valter Harry, Clóves Cabreira Jobim, Jean-Claude Emile, Juliano Roman, and Michele Simili da Silva. "Aerobic stability of triticale silage in single culture or in mixtures with oat and/or legumes." Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 39, no. 11 (2010): 2349–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-35982010001100006.
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The objective of the present study was to evaluate the aerobic stability and losses during the fermentation process of triticale silages in single crop or in mixtures with oats and/or legumes. The following crops were used for silage production: triticale (X. Triticosecale Wittimack), triticale intercropped with forage pea (Pisum arvense) and triticale intercropped with oats (Avena strigosa Schreb), forage pea and vetch (Vicia sativa). The dry matter content and its recovery did not differ among the silages. Buffer capacity was higher for tricale silage intercropped with oats, forage pea and vetch(88.67 m eq. NaOH/100 g DM) followed by triticale intercropped with forage pea (80.80 m eq. NaOH/100 g DM). Electric conductivity values were higher in the intercropped triticale silages. Triticale silage presented the lowest temperatures observed in the silos, and the silages of intercropped triticale silages presented higher heat retention and higher pH values. Silage of triticale intercropped with oats and legumes presented lower aerobic stability but it did not reduce the aerobic stability of the total feed. Dry matter recovery during storage and in stability evaluations in aerobiosis is similar among the silages.
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Tohver, M., R. Täht, I. Rahnu, and A. Kann. "Investigation of seed storage protein and bread-making quality of triticale." Acta Agronomica Hungarica 48, no. 1 (2000): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aagr.48.2000.1.5.
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The subunit composition of reduced prolamin fractions of winter triticale cultivars of different pedigrees was investigated by means of SDS-PAGE. A comparative analysis of the electrophoregram patterns of triticale cultivars and those of wheat and rye revealed that each cultivar had a unique pattern. Both the glutenin subunits of wheat and the secalin units of rye could be found in triticale cultivars. Whole-grain flour of triticale and wheat was used in baking experiments. The HMW glutenin subunit composition and baking quality of triticale cultivars were in the predicted correlation. Flour from the triticale cultivars could be used in breadmaking by mixing it with up to 30% wheat flour.
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Sweeney, G., RS Jessop, and H. Harris. "Yield and yield structure of triticales compared with wheat in northern New South Wales." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 32, no. 4 (1992): 447. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9920447.
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The yields and yield structure of cultivars of triticales and bread wheats (with a range of phasic development patterns in both species) were compared in 2 field experiments at Narrabri in northern New South Wales. The experiments were performed on a grey cracking clay soil with irrigation to prevent severe moisture stress. Triticales, both early and midseason types, appeared to have reached yield parity with well-adapted wheat varieties. Meaned over the 2 experiments and all sowings, the triticales yields were 19% greater than the bread wheats. Triticales were generally superior to wheat in all components of yield of the spike (1000-grain weight, grain number/spikelet and spikelet number/spike), whilst the wheats produced more spikes per unit area. The triticales also had higher harvest indices than the wheats. The results are discussed in relation to the overall adaptability of triticale for Australian conditions.
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LEESON, S., and J. D. SUMMERS. "RESPONSE OF WHITE LEGHORNS TO DIETS CONTAINING GROUND OR WHOLE TRITICALE." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 67, no. 2 (1987): 583–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas87-060.
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Growing leghorn pullets and laying hens were fed diets containing triticale as the sole cereal source. Body weight of pullets was not affected (P > 0.05) by up to 70% dietary inclusion of triticale. When layer diets contained 70% whole or ground triticale in place of corn, egg production was depressed (P < 0.05) while birds consumed more feed (P < 0.05). The feed intake effect is discussed in relation to the energy value of triticale. Key words: Triticale, pullets
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Bento, Miguel, J. Perry Gustafson, Wanda Viegas, and Manuela Silva. "Size matters in Triticeae polyploids: larger genomes have higher remodeling." Genome 54, no. 3 (2011): 175–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g10-107.
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Polyploidization is one of the major driving forces in plant evolution and is extremely relevant to speciation and diversity creation. Polyploidization leads to a myriad of genetic and epigenetic alterations that ultimately generate plants and species with increased genome plasticity. Polyploids are the result of the fusion of two or more genomes into the same nucleus and can be classified as allopolyploids (different genomes) or autopolyploids (same genome). Triticeae synthetic allopolyploid species are excellent models to study polyploids evolution, particularly the wheat–rye hybrid triticale, which includes various ploidy levels and genome combinations. In this review, we reanalyze data concerning genomic analysis of octoploid and hexaploid triticale and different synthetic wheat hybrids, in comparison with other polyploid species. This analysis reveals high levels of genomic restructuring events in triticale and wheat hybrids, namely major parental band disappearance and the appearance of novel bands. Furthermore, the data shows that restructuring depends on parental genomes, ploidy level, and sequence type (repetitive, low copy, and (or) coding); is markedly different after wide hybridization or genome doubling; and affects preferentially the larger parental genome. The shared role of genetic and epigenetic modifications in parental genome size homogenization, diploidization establishment, and stabilization of polyploid species is discussed.
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Wójcik-Gront, Elżbieta, and Marcin Studnicki. "Long-Term Yield Variability of Triticale (×Triticosecale Wittmack) Tested Using a CART Model." Agriculture 11, no. 2 (2021): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11020092.
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Triticale is a promising food crop that combines the yield potential and grain quality of wheat with the disease and environmental tolerance of rye. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of genotype, environment and crop management on spring and winter triticale yield variability, using data from 31 locations across the whole of Poland, from 2009 to 2017, with the Classification and Regression Tree (CART) analysis. It was found that CART is able to detect differences in spring and winter triticale successful growth. The yield variability of spring triticale was more dependent on the soil quality than winter triticale because of a shorter cycle duration, which increases sensitivity to nutrient supply and weather conditions. Spring triticale also needs to be sown as soon as possible to ensure a successful establishment. A strong dependence of yield variability on the availability of water for the winter triticale was observed. When growing winter triticale in Poland, with periodic excess water especially during autumn and early spring, the use of fungicides and growth regulators should be taken into account.
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Kandrokov, Roman Kh, Sergey A. Katin, Aleksey O. Sivtsev, Dmitry N. Veremyev, and Ekaterina V. Pestova. "Use of whole grain wheat-triticale flour for production bakery products." Siberian Journal of Life Sciences and Agriculture 17, no. 1 (2025): 518–43. https://doi.org/10.12731/2658-6649-2025-17-1-1084.
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Background. In the Russian Federation, the baking and flour-grinding industries are the backbone of the entire food industry. The products of these industries are included in the daily diet of almost every person in our country. Today's trends towards healthy eating as part of a healthy lifestyle force manufacturers to experiment with various additives or replace standard raw materials for baking baked goods with non-traditional ones with similar baking advantages, but at the same time more balanced and enriched, for example, with a protein or vitamin component. The purpose of the work is to develop technological solutions for the use of whole-ground wheat-triticale flour of various ratios in the production of bakery products. Methods. Using generally accepted physicochemical and organoleptic methods, we analyzed the objects of study - samples of whole-ground wheat-triticale flour of various ratios and bakery products made from them. Results. A technology has been developed for producing whole-milled wheat-triticale flour and a recipe for molded wheat-triticale bread from it. It has been established that with an increase in the amount of triticale grain in the milling wheat-triticale grain mixture, the yield of wheat-triticale flour decreases. The highest yield of whole-ground wheat-triticale flour is obtained by adding 20% triticale grain and is 97.0 %. Conclusion. It was found that the addition of triticale grain to the grinding mixture had the greatest impact on the volumetric yield of bread and its dimensional stability. At the same time, the volumetric yield of bread decreased by 28.1 %, and dimensional stability by 35 % compared to bread made from control 1st grade wheat flour. It was revealed that the addition of triticale grain to wheat did not have a significant effect on the weight, porosity, moisture and acidity of bread made from whole-milled wheat-triticale flour. The best performance was found for a sample made from whole-ground wheat-triticale flour in a ratio of 60/40 %, while maintaining the typical taste of rye bread and adding a pleasant triticale flavor, which can be described as bran with a slight bitterness. EDN: ZPRLTT