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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Trypanosomiasis in animals – Vaccination"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 4 de junio de 2021

Última modificación: 6 de febrero de 2022

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1

MAGEZ, STEFAN, GUY CALJON, THAO TRAN, BENOÎT STIJLEMANS y MAGDALENA RADWANSKA. "Current status of vaccination against African trypanosomiasis". Parasitology 137, n.º 14 (5 de mayo de 2010): 2017–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182010000223.

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SUMMARYAnti-trypanosomiasis vaccination still remains the best theoretical option in the fight against a disease that is continuously hovering between its wildlife reservoir and its reservoir in man and livestock. While antigentic variation of the parasite surface coat has been considered the major obstacle in the development of a functional vaccine, recent research into the biology of B cells has indicated that the problems might go further than that. This paper reviews past and current attempts to design both anti-trypanosome vaccines, as well as vaccines directed towards the inhibition of infection-associated pathology.

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2

La Greca, Florencia y Stefan Magez. "Vaccination against trypanosomiasis". Human Vaccines 7, n.º 11 (noviembre de 2011): 1225–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/hv.7.11.18203.

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3

Lun, Z. R., Y. Fang, C. J. Wang y R. Brun. "Trypanosomiasis of domestic animals in China". Parasitology Today 9, n.º 2 (febrero de 1993): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-4758(93)90029-f.

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4

Ross, Carol A. "Chemotherapy for trypanosomiasis". Tropical Animal Health and Production 24, n.º 1 (marzo de 1992): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02357231.

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5

NANTULYA, V. M. "Trypanosomiasis in domestic animals : the problem of diagnosis". Revue Scientifique et Technique de l'OIE 9, n.º 2 (1 de junio de 1990): 357–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.20506/rst.9.2.507.

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6

MAHARJAN, MAHENDRA y DINESH R. MISHRA. "Trypanosomiasis in Domestic Animals of Makwanpur District, Nepal". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1081, n.º 1 (octubre de 2006): 320–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1196/annals.1373.042.

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7

HOLMES, P. H., E. KATUNGUKA-RWAKISHAYA, J. J. BENNISON, G. J. WASSINK y J. J. PARKINS. "Impact of nutrition on the pathophysiology of bovine trypanosomiasis". Parasitology 120, n.º 7 (mayo de 2000): 73–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182099005806.

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Trypanosomiasis is a major veterinary problem over much of sub-Saharan Africa and is frequently associated with undernutrition. There is growing evidence that nutrition can have a profound effect on the pathophysiological features of animal trypanosomiasis. These features include anaemia, pyrexia, body weight changes, reduced feed intake and diminished productivity including reduced draught work output, milk yield and reproductive capacity. Anaemia is a principal characteristic of trypanosomiasis and the rate at which it develops is influenced by both protein and energy intakes. Pyrexia is associated with increased energy demands for maintenance which is ultimately manifested by reductions in voluntary activity levels and productivity. Weight changes in trypanosomiasis are markedly influenced by the levels of protein intake. High intakes allow infected animals to grow at the same rate as uninfected controls providing energy intake is adequate whilst low energy levels can exacerbate the adverse effects of trypanosomiasis on body weight. Reductions in feed intake are less apparent in animals which are provided with high protein diets and where intake is limited by the disease animals will often exhibit preferential selection of higher quality browse. Further studies are required to evaluate the minimum levels of protein and energy supplementation required to ameliorate the adverse effect of trypanosomiasis, the nature and quality of protein supplement to achieve these benefits and the influence these have on digestive physiology.

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8

Dirie, Mohamed F., Musa A. Wardhere y Mohamed A. Farah. "Sheep trypanosomiasis in Somalia". Tropical Animal Health and Production 20, n.º 1 (marzo de 1988): 45–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02239645.

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9

Magez, Stefan y Magdalena Radwanska. "African trypanosomiasis and antibodies: implications for vaccination, therapy and diagnosis". Future Microbiology 4, n.º 8 (octubre de 2009): 1075–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/fmb.09.65.

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10

Baral, Toya Nath. "Immunobiology of African Trypanosomes: Need of Alternative Interventions". Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2010 (2010): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/389153.

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Trypanosomiasis is one of the major parasitic diseases for which control is still far from reality. The vaccination approaches by using dominant surface proteins have not been successful, mainly due to antigenic variation of the parasite surface coat. On the other hand, the chemotherapeutic drugs in current use for the treatment of this disease are toxic and problems of resistance are increasing (see Kennedy (2004) and Legros et al. (2002)). Therefore, alternative approaches in both treatment and vaccination against trypanosomiasis are needed at this time. To be able to design and develop such alternatives, the biology of this parasite and the host response against the pathogen need to be studied. These two aspects of this disease with few examples of alternative approaches are discussed here.

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11

Barr, Stephen C. "Canine Chagas' Disease (American Trypanosomiasis) in North America". Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice 39, n.º 6 (noviembre de 2009): 1055–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2009.06.004.

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12

Opasina, B. A. y J. O. Ekwuruke. "Trypanosomiasis in Nigerian trade cattle". Tropical Animal Health and Production 19, n.º 4 (diciembre de 1987): 251–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02242126.

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13

Onah, D. N. y M. Uzoukwu. "Porcine cerebralTrypanosoma brucei brucei trypanosomiasis". Tropical Animal Health and Production 23, n.º 1 (febrero de 1991): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02361268.

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14

Basombrio, Miguel A., Maria A. Segura, Laura Gomez y Maria C. Mora. "Field Trial of Vaccination against American Trypanosomiasis (Chagas' Disease) in Dogs". American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 49, n.º 1 (1 de julio de 1993): 143–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1993.49.143.

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15

Prayag, Kedar, Dhanashree H. Surve, Atish T. Paul, Sanjay Kumar y Anil B. Jindal. "Nanotechnological interventions for treatment of trypanosomiasis in humans and animals". Drug Delivery and Translational Research 10, n.º 4 (8 de mayo de 2020): 945–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13346-020-00764-x.

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16

Leeflang, P. "Trypanosomiasis And Animal Production In Nigeria". Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 2, n.º 1 (8 de enero de 2021): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v2i1.2319.

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TRYPANOSOMIASIS is one of the principal factors restricting growth of the livestock industry in Nigeria and, therefore, is a direct concern of animal scientists who aspire to increase the production of animal protein in this country. The present paper reviews the value of drug treatment of disease animals, destruction of game, clearing of vegetation, and the extermination of the tse-tse flies by insecticides as methods of controlling this disease; it also discusses the contribution of integrated land use, improved standards of nutrition and management, and trypanosome-tolerant cattle to minimize, for the present, the effect of trypanosomiasis on the development of the livestock industry.

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17

Prodanov, Jasna, Radoslav Dosen, Milan Lalic, Mladen Gagrcin y Dusan Orlic. "Undesired consequences of vaccination and faults in vaccination". Veterinarski glasnik 56, n.º 3-4 (2002): 203–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vetgl0204203p.

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Different diseases in domestic animals require the application of different methods of immunological protection, depending on the type of vaccine manner of application and type of adjuvant. The objective of the work was to consider general principles and the basic requirements for efficient vaccination. It points out existing faults in practice which lead to the occurrence of mistakes made during vaccination and the appearance of resulting undesired consequences. There are many reasons why vaccination cannot achieve adequate protection of immunity in the organism. In most cases, this occurs due to the inadequate manner of application of the vaccine or subdosage. Mistakes can occur due to inadequate storage conditions which is an essential factor for maintaining vaccine viability. A special problem is vaccination of pregnant animals and young animals, the vaccination of immunodeficient animals. Risks which follow the implementation of vaccines are existing residual virrulence and toxicity the occurrence of hypersensitivity reactions which tend to appear when inactivated vaccines are applied, the occurrence of diseases in immunodeficient animals. Under certain conditions, vaccines can activate an autoimmune response, but the precise pathogenesis of this syndrome is unclear.

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18

UCHE, U. E. "Diagnosis of canine trypanosomiasis: three sites of blood collection compared". Journal of Small Animal Practice 26, n.º 6 (junio de 1985): 349–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5827.1985.tb02209.x.

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19

Wardhana, April Hari y Dyah H. Savitri. "Surra: Trypanosomiasis in Livestock is Potential as Zoonotic Disease". Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences 28, n.º 3 (12 de diciembre de 2018): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.14334/wartazoa.v28i3.1835.

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<em>Trypanosoma evansi</em> is one of blood protozoans having the most wide distribution region compared to other Trypanosome species. The parasite causes trypanosomiasis known as Surra. The disease may cause mortality to the infected animals. In general <em>T evansi</em> only attack animal and cannot infect humans due to apolipoprotein 1 (Apo L-1) in human serum. The protein possess trypanolitic activity feature against <em>T. evansi</em> and effectively eliminates the protozoa. However, the knowledge of Surra infecting animals changed because there were atypical human trypanosomiasis cases reported in some countries due to <em>T. evansi</em>. The human Surra case occurred in Vietnam demonstrated that person with Apo L-1 could be infected by <em>T. evansi</em>. There was resistant strain of <em>T. evansi</em> found which able to disrupt human immune system. This paper will discuss Surra cases in both humans and animals, including mechanism of Apo L-1 on eliminating the parasite. Surra cases in human and animal should be seriously concerned because Surra could be pontential zoonosis threating human health.

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20

Greene, Craig E., Ronald D. Schultz y Richard B. Ford. "Canine Vaccination". Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice 31, n.º 3 (mayo de 2001): 473–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0195-5616(01)50603-8.

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21

Rogers, D. J. "Satellite imagery, tsetse and trypanosomiasis in Africa". Preventive Veterinary Medicine 11, n.º 3-4 (diciembre de 1991): 201–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-5877(05)80005-4.

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22

Dolan, R. B., P. D. Sayer, H. Alushula y B. R. Heath. "Pyrethroid impregnated ear tags in trypanosomiasis control". Tropical Animal Health and Production 20, n.º 4 (diciembre de 1988): 267–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02239995.

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23

Mohamed y Beynen. "Ascorbic Acid Content of Blood Plasma, Erythrocytes, Leukocytes and Liver in Camels (Camelus dromedarius) without or with Parasite Infections". International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 72, n.º 6 (1 de diciembre de 2002): 369–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831.72.6.369.

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Healthy camels (Camelus dromedaris) and those naturally infected with trypanosomiasis, sarcoptic mange, and helminthiasis were compared as to ascorbic acid (vitamin C) contents of red blood cells, white blood cells, whole blood, plasma, and liver. The camels were kept under natural grazing conditions in Sudan. Reduced levels of vitamin C were found in camels with parasite infections, especially in animals with trypanosomiasis. It is suggested that the low vitamin C status in infected camels is caused by increased utilization and/or decreased synthesis of vitamin C.

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24

SKINNER, M. A., D. N. WEDLOCK y B. M. BUDDLE. "Vaccination of animals against Mycobacterium bovis". Revue Scientifique et Technique de l'OIE 20, n.º 1 (1 de abril de 2001): 112–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.20506/rst.20.1.1276.

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25

Tizard, Ian R. "Vaccination against coronaviruses in domestic animals". Vaccine 38, n.º 33 (julio de 2020): 5123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.06.026.

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26

Emery, D. L. "Vaccination against worm parasites of animals". Veterinary Parasitology 64, n.º 1-2 (agosto de 1996): 31–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-4017(96)00968-5.

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27

Basombrío, M. A., R. Rossi, D. A. Uncos, E. Alvarez y H. Arredes. "Field Trial of Vaccination against American Trypanosomiasis (Chagas' Disease) in Domestic Guinea Pigs". American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 37, n.º 1 (1 de julio de 1987): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1987.37.57.

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28

Hosie, Margaret J., Diane Addie, Sándor Belák, Corine Boucraut-Baralon, Herman Egberink, Tadeusz Frymus, Tim Gruffydd-Jones et al. "Matrix Vaccination Guidelines". Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 15, n.º 7 (27 de junio de 2013): 540–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1098612x13489209.

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29

Katabazi, Aziz, Adamu Almustapha Aliero, Sarah Gift Witto, Martin Odoki y Simon Peter Musinguzi. "Prevalence of Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma vivax in Lira District, Uganda". BioMed Research International 2021 (14 de junio de 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/7284042.

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Trypanosomes are the causative agents of animal African trypanosomiasis (AAT) and human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), the former affecting domestic animals prevalent in Sub-Saharan Africa. The main species causing AAT in cattle are T. congolense, T. vivax, and T. b. brucei. Northern Uganda has been politically unstable with no form of vector control in place. The return of displaced inhabitants led to the restocking of cattle from AAT endemic areas. It was thus important to estimate the burden of trypanosomiasis in the region. This study was designed to compare the prevalence of animal African trypanosomes in cattle in Lira District using microscopy and polymerase chain reaction amplification (PCR) methods. In this cross-sectional study, a total of 254 cattle from the three villages of Acanakwo A, Barropok, and Acungkena in Lira District, Uganda, were selected by simple random sampling technique and screened for trypanosomiasis using microscopy and PCR methods. The prevalence of trypanosomiasis according to microscopic results was 5/254 (2.0%) as compared to 11/254 (4.3%) trypanosomiasis prevalence according to PCR analysis. The prevalence of trypanosomiasis infection in the animal studied is 11/254 (4.3%). Trypanosoma congolense was the most dominant trypanosome species with a proportion of 9/11 (81.8%), followed by T. vivax 1/11 (9.1%) and mixed infection of T. congolense/T. vivax1/11 (9.1%). Barropok village had the highest prevalence of trypanosomiasis with 6/11 (54.5%). There is a statistically significant relationship ( OR = 6.041 ; 95% CI: 1.634-22.331; p < 0.05 ) between abnormal PCV and trypanosome infection. Polymerase reaction amplification was the most reliable diagnostic method due to its high sensitivity and specificity as compared to the conventional microscopic method. Polymerase reaction amplification appears to have adequate accuracy to substitute the use of a microscope where facilities allow. This study, therefore, underscores the urgent need for local surveillance schemes more especially at the grassroots in Uganda to provide data for reference guideline development needed for the control of trypanosomiasis in Uganda.

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30

Kargbo, Alpha y Rex A. Kuye. "Epidemiology of tsetse flies in the transmission of trypanosomiasis: technical review of The Gambia experience". International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 14, n.º 3 (19 de junio de 2020): 1093–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v14i3.35.

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Climate change has posed serious health threats on both man and animals. This ranges from effects of progressive temperature rises from global warming to extreme weather events and anthropogenic activities and this has affected insect-vector distributions worldwide. Tsetse fly species transmit Trypanosomes but relative significance depends largely on the strength of their interactions with susceptible hosts. Tsetse flies are the main vectors of Trypanosomiasis and their existence pose a threat to the survival of cattle, small ruminates and equines in The Gambia. It is known to be one of the most vital parasitic diseases affecting livestock productivity in The Gambia and equines are very susceptible. Central River Region is mainly infested with the tsetse fly Glossina morsitan submorsitan a major vector of Trypanosomiasis among animals in the country and it is mainly found in dry, canopied, savannah woodland. Glossina palpalis is also present, but are more limited to riverine vegetation in the area. This work seeks to show the havoc caused by trypanosomiasis and the urgency for more studies to investigate the patterns of transmission of this disease especially in the context of climate change in other for a better control program for this zoonosis in The Gambia.Keywords: Climate Change, Glossina, Trypanosome, Cattle, Equine.

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31

Sharma, D. K., Chauhan, V. K. Saxena y R. D. Agrawal. "Haematological changes in experimental trypanosomiasis in Barbari goats". Small Ruminant Research 38, n.º 2 (octubre de 2000): 145–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-4488(00)00158-9.

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32

Koen, C. "A linear programming model of trypanosomiasis control reconsidered". Preventive Veterinary Medicine 9, n.º 1 (junio de 1990): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-5877(90)90040-o.

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33

Abdelbaky, Hanan H., Kousuke Umeda, Thu-Thuy Nguyen, Adel E. A. Mohamed y Ragab M. Fereig. "A review on current knowledge of major zoonotic protozoan diseases affecting farm and pet animals". German Journal of Veterinary Research 1, n.º 2 (julio de 2021): 61–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.51585/gjvr.2021.2.0021.

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Given the high importance of animal uses for human beings, avoidance of contact with animals is far from straightforward, even if there is a risk of zoonotic diseases. Animal products or byproducts are essential sources of food for humans. Also, there are large numbers of companion animals worldwide which are important for the soundness of mental health for the owners. Understanding of the disease in animals is of paramount importance to control and prevent transmission to humans. Zoonotic protozoan parasites, including malaria, babesiosis, trypanosomiasis, toxoplasmosis and cryptosporidiosis, can cause severe infections to humans, and some of them can drastically affect both economy and society. Impacts of such infections are aggravated when asymptomatic animals being in contact with susceptible individuals, including infants, pregnant women or immunocompromised people. Malaria, babesiosis and trypanosomiasis are vector-borne diseases that cause hemolytic anemia and high fever. Toxoplasmosis is a congenitally transmitted infection characterized by abortion and congenital abnormalities in infected persons and animals. Cryptosporidiosis is a highly contagious disease affecting humans and various animal species, and diarrhea is the main clinical form. These infections are globally distributed and affect various demographics. However, awareness of these often neglected diseases in almost all countries and communities is required to protect animals, owners, and customers. Thus, this review is aimed to provide the recent and current knowledge on transmission, epidemiology and control of some protozoan diseases of zoonotic importance.

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34

OKOLO, M. I. O. "A case of dumb rabies and trypanosomiasis in an eight-week-old puppy". Journal of Small Animal Practice 27, n.º 7 (julio de 1986): 471–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5827.1986.tb03965.x.

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35

Dhein, Cheryl R. y John R. Gorham. "Host Response to Vaccination". Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice 16, n.º 6 (noviembre de 1986): 1227–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0195-5616(86)50139-x.

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36

Gershwin, Laurel J. "Adverse Reactions to Vaccination". Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice 48, n.º 2 (marzo de 2018): 279–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2017.10.005.

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37

Roger, Paul. "Research involving animals, Vaccination with a twitch?" In Practice 31, n.º 7 (julio de 2009): 359–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/inpract.31.7.359.

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38

Abro, Zewdu, Menale Kassie, Beatrice Muriithi, Michael Okal, Daniel Masiga, Gift Wanda, Ouedraogo Gisèle et al. "The potential economic benefits of controlling trypanosomiasis using waterbuck repellent blend in sub-Saharan Africa". PLOS ONE 16, n.º 7 (20 de julio de 2021): e0254558. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254558.

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Trypanosomiasis is a significant productivity-limiting livestock disease in sub-Saharan Africa, contributing to poverty and food insecurity. In this paper, we estimate the potential economic gains from adopting Waterbuck Repellent Blend (WRB). The WRB is a new technology that pushes trypanosomiasis-transmitting tsetse fly away from animals, improving animals’ health and increasing meat and milk productivity. We estimate the benefits of WRB on the production of meat and milk using the economic surplus approach. We obtained data from an expert elicitation survey, secondary and experimental sources. Our findings show that the adoption of WRB in 5 to 50% of the animal population would generate an economic surplus of US$ 78–869 million per annum for African 18 countries. The estimated benefit-cost ratio (9:1) further justifies an investment in WRB. The technology’s potential benefits are likely to be underestimated since our estimates did not include the indirect benefits of the technology adoption, such as the increase in the quantity and quality of animals’ draught power services and human and environmental health effects. These benefits suggest that investing in WRB can contribute to nutrition security and sustainable development goals.

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39

Echeverria, Jessica Teles, Rodrigo Leite Soares, Beatriz Aléssio Crepaldi, Gustavo Gomes de Oliveira, Polyana Mayume Pereira da Silva, Rayane Chitolina Pupin, Tessie Beck Martins, Herbert Patric Kellermann Cleveland, Carlos Alberto do Nascimento Ramos y Fernando de Almeida Borges. "Clinical and therapeutic aspects of an outbreak of canine trypanosomiasis". Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 28, n.º 2 (abril de 2019): 320–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612019018.

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Abstract Trypanosomiasis caused by Trypanosoma evansi can seriously affect both domestic and wild animals. This article reports on an outbreak of canine trypanosomiasis on a farm in the Pantanal region of Brazil. The farm had 38 dogs, 20 of which died before receiving veterinary care. The remaining 18 dogs were underwent anamnesisn, clinical examination, hematological and biochemical evaluations. Blood smears and PCR analysis were performed for the diagnosis. The treatment protocols used according to the clinical recovery or parasitological cure of the dogs, using diminazene diaceturate, isometamidium chloride or quinapyramine sulfate. Post-treatment parasitological evaluation was performed by the microhematocrit technique. 7/18 dogs were PCR positive for T. evansi (confirmed by sequencing). There was clinical findings, which were consistent with both the acute and chronic stages of the disease in dogs. The infected dogs all exhibited at least one clinical sign of the disease. The hematological findings were compatible with trypanosomiasis, highlighting the hypochromic microcytic anemia as the main outcome. No treatment protocol was fully effective and the prolonged use of diminazene diaceturate caused the death of an animal. The trypanosomiasis can cause high rates of morbidity and mortality in dogs and difficulty in establishment an effective and safe therapeutic protocol.

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40

Parwan, Deepika, Ranjan Kumar y Sumit Aggrawal. "African Trypanosomiasis in Young Female in North India - A Rare Case Report". Annals of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine 8, n.º 4 (10 de mayo de 2021): C71–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/apalm.2997.

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Human African trypanosomiasis, also known as sleeping sickness, is a vector-borne parasitic disease. It is caused by infection with protozoan parasites belonging to the genus Trypanosoma. They are transmitted to humans by tsetse fly (Glossina genus) bites which have acquired their infection from human beings or from animals harboring human pathogenic parasites. Tsetse flies are found just in sub-Saharan Africa though only certain species transmit the disease. We report a case of human African trypanosomiasis in a 28-year-old Indian female who had a travel history to sub–Saharan Africa, Uganda and she presented with a history of fever, body ache, headache, decreased oral intake, pain lower abdomen, swelling and discharge from forearm chancre since last 4-5 days. Peripheral smear showed heavy parasitemia by flagellated forms of Trypanosoma and the diagnosis of Trypanosoma brucei was given on Peripheral smear report. Serological testing was also done and a diagnosis of West-African trypanosomiasis was confirmed. The patient was successfully treated and made a good recovery. So West-African trypanosomiasis should be considered in the differential diagnosis with presentation of fever with chancre in every person with recent history of travel to African countries as it is universally fatal without treatment.

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41

Corten, J. J. F. M., A. A. H. M. ter Huurne, P. D. S. Moorhouse y R. C. de Rooij. "Prevalence of trypanosomiasis in cattle in South-West Zambia". Tropical Animal Health and Production 20, n.º 2 (junio de 1988): 78–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02242230.

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42

Silva, Marcelo E., Elizio A. Evangelista, Jacques R. Nicoli, Eduardo A. Bambirra y Enio C. Vieira. "American trypanosomiasis (Chagas' disease) in conventional and germfree rats and mice". Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 29, n.º 5 (octubre de 1987): 284–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46651987000500004.

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Germfree (GF) and conventional (CV) CFW (LOB) mice and Wistar and Sprague-Dawley rats were infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. The disease was more severe in the GF than in the CV animals as revealed by: (1) an earlier and more intense parasitemia; (2) a more precocious mortality; (3) a twice enlarged spleen: (4) a more intense cell and tissue parasitism; (5) visceral signs of cardiac failure.

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43

Welborn, Link V., John G. DeVries, Richard Ford, Robert T. Franklin, Kate F. Hurley, Kent D. McClure, Michael A. Paul y Ronald D. Schultz. "2011 AAHA Canine Vaccination Guidelines*†". Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 47, n.º 5 (1 de septiembre de 2011): 1–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/jaaha-ms-4000.

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44

Ford, Richard B., Laurie J. Larson, Kent D. McClure, Ronald D. Schultz y Link V. Welborn. "2017 AAHA Canine Vaccination Guidelines*". Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 53, n.º 5 (1 de septiembre de 2017): 243–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/jaaha-ms-6741.

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45

Gaskell, R. M. "Vaccination of the young kitten". Journal of Small Animal Practice 30, n.º 11 (noviembre de 1989): 618–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5827.1989.tb01491.x.

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46

Schultz, Ronald D. "A commentary on parvovirus vaccination". Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 11, n.º 2 (febrero de 2009): 163–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfms.2008.05.008.

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47

Vidić, Branka, Zorica Šeguljev, Sara Savić y Nadežda Prica. "Q FEVER EPIDEMIOLOGY AND CONTROL IN DOMESTIC ANIMALS". Archives of Veterinary Medicine 6, n.º 2 (20 de febrero de 2014): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.46784/e-avm.v6i2.150.

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The significance of each domestic animal in the epidemiology of Q-fever is different in various regions and it depends on the number of animals, level of infection, herd size, type of breeding and the conditions of hygiene. Epizootiological studies in our country show greater prevalence in sheep, than in cattle. Q-fever is maintained in Vojvodina in endemo-epidemic form. In Q-fever management programs for control of in sheep and cattle, serological examination and vaccination of the animals is recommended. Efficiency of the application of these measures should be conducted by applying recommended serological tests and detection of causative agent should be done by PCR method. A study on the comparative examination of efficiency, of different vaccination protocols has not yet been conducted. This would refer primarily to the duration of vaccination program, animal categories that are supposed to be vaccinated and timing for vaccination. A significant decrease in the level of infection was found after vaccination during the first years upon application of vaccination program. When vaccination in heifers was done before pregnancy with vaccines containing C.burnetii phase I strains, it was five times less likely that the infection would occur. Vaccination of cows with chronic infection prevents shedding of riketsia via milk, regardless whether the shedding is constant or intermittent. Vaccination represents a new concept of suppression of this zoonozes in the terms of human protection, and also in the terms of creating areas free from Q-fever in endemic regions. General preventive measures applied in the case of Q-fever infection are: movement restriction, separation of animals, restriction of milk and wool, adequate hygiene, using the protective clothing, desinfection of equipement and vechicles, removing of placenta particles, removing of manure, quarantine after calving and lambing and not use common grazing. People proffesionally exposed to the risk from infection should be educated about the disease.

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48

Habtemariam, Tsegaye, Roger Ruppanner, Thomas B. Farver y Hans P. Riemann. "Determination of risk groups to African trypanosomiasis using discriminant analysis". Preventive Veterinary Medicine 4, n.º 1 (junio de 1986): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-5877(86)90006-1.

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Ocholi, R. A., R. U. Ezeugwu y D. R. Nawathe. "Mixed outbreak of trypanosomiasis and babesiosis in pigs in Nigeria". Tropical Animal Health and Production 20, n.º 3 (septiembre de 1988): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02240078.

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50

Nawathe, D. R., P. K. Sinha y A. S. Abechi. "Acute bovine trypanosomiasis in a tsetse-free zone of Nigeria". Tropical Animal Health and Production 20, n.º 3 (septiembre de 1988): 141–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02240079.

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