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1
Saleemi, Anjum P. "Universal grammar and language learnability /". Cambridge : Cambridge university press, 1992. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb35562111k.
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Robinson, Aaron R. "Integrating a universal query mechanism into Java /". Online version of thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1850/4816.
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Maat, Jaap. "Philosophical languages in the seventeenth century : Dalgarno, Wilkins, Leibniz /". Dordrecht [u.a.] : Kluwer Academic, 2004. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0814/2004041547-d.html.
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Rigaud-Drayton, Margaret. "Henri Michaux's quest for a universal sign". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.312925.
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Wright, David Allan 1964. "The reciprocal nature of universal grammar and language learning strategies in computer assisted language learning". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/558183.
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Leemans, Neil Edwin Michael. "VIL a visual inter lingua". Link to thesis, 2001. http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/ETD/Available/etd-0424101-005711.
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Thesis (M.S.)--Worcester Polytechnic Institute.Title from title screen. Keywords: icons; pictorial; visual language; iconic communication; pidgins; interlingua. Includes bibliographical references (p. 294-301).
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Marsh, David William Roff. "Program refinement using a universal law : language specification and prototype tool". Thesis, University of Southampton, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.312873.
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Smith, George. "Refining queries on a treebank with XSLT filters : approaching the universal quantifier". Universität Potsdam, 2005. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2006/867/.
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This paper discusses the use of XSLT stylesheets as a filtering mechanism
for refining the results of user queries on treebanks. The discussion is within the context of the TIGER treebank, the associated search engine and query language, but the general ideas can apply to any search engine for XML-encoded treebanks.
It will be shown that important classes of linguistic phenomena can be accessed by applying relatively simple XSLT templates to the output of a query, effectively simulating the universal quantifier for a subset of the query language. uni-potsdam.de/cgi-bin/publika/view.pl?id=206">
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Lewis, Rhodri. "John Wilkins's Essay (1668) and the context of seventeenth-century artifical languages in England". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.273256.
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Yiu, Lai Kuen Candy. "Chinese character synthesis : towards universal Chinese information exchange". HKBU Institutional Repository, 2003. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/477.
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Olsen, Michael Lee. "THE REALIZATION OF FINAL STOPS IN INTERLANGUAGE: MORE EVIDENCE FOR UNIVERSAL GRAMMAR". OpenSIUC, 2014. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1450.
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This master's thesis investigated realizations of typologically marked structures (word final stops) in the interlanguages of 15 ESL learners across Arabic, Brazilian-Portuguese and Japanese first languages (L1s). In general, previous theories of markedness (see Eckman's MARKEDNESS DIFFERENTIAL HYPOTHESIS and STRUCTURAL CONFORMITY HYPOTHESIS) and transfer (such as Major's ONTOGENY MODELS) were upheld in that more marked structures proved more problematic than less marked areas. Where uniformity of modification strategies was found, OPTIMALITY THEORY was implemented to illustrate process of acquisition undertaken during interlanguage development. In an isolated speech task, participants who demonstrated acquisition of more marked structures (ie., voiced final stops) were also successful with their less marked counterparts (voiceless final stops), but not vice versa. In connected speech, more advanced participants' modifications of target structures (such as assimilation of voicing and place of articulation) were more similar to patterns exhibited by native speakers of the target language while less advanced participants' productions (ie., lack of intervocalic voicing) were more reflective of their L1. These findings support the hypothesis that interlanguages adhere to universal grammar and, thus, behave as natural languages. Finally, future directions such as potential research of L1/L2 perception issues and pedagogical implications of the study's results are explored.
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Chaud, Matheus Rigobelo. "Investigação de estratégias de seleção de conteúdo baseadas na UNL (Universal Networking Language)". Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2015. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/5799.
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The field of Natural Language Processing (NLP) has witnessed increased attention to Multilingual Multidocument Summarization (MMS), whose goal is to process a cluster of source documents in more than one language and generate a summary of this collection in one of the target languages. In MMS, the selection of sentences from source texts for summary generation may be based on either shallow or deep linguistic features. The purpose of this research was to investigate whether the use of deep knowledge, obtained from a conceptual representation of the source texts, could be useful for content selection in texts within the newspaper genre. In this study, we used a formal representation system the UNL (Universal Networking Language). In order to investigate content selection strategies based on this interlingua, 3 clusters of texts were represented in UNL, each consisting of 1 text in Portuguese, 1 text in English and 1 human-written reference summary. Additionally, in each cluster, the sentences of the source texts were aligned to the sentences of their respective human summaries, in order to identify total or partial content overlap between these sentences. The data collected allowed a comparison between content selection strategies based on conceptual information and a traditional selection method based on a superficial feature - the position of the sentence in the source text. According to the results, content selection based on sentence position was more closely correlated with the selection made by the human summarizer, compared to the conceptual methods investigated. Furthermore, the sentences in the beginning of the source texts, which, in newspaper articles, usually convey the most relevant information, did not necessarily contain the most frequent concepts in the text collection; on several occasions, the sentences with the most frequent concepts were in the middle or at the end of the text. These results indicate that, at least in the clusters analyzed, other criteria besides concept frequency help determine the relevance of a sentence. In other words, content selection in human multidocument summarization may not be limited to the selection of the sentences with the most frequent concepts. In fact, it seems to be a much more complex process.
Na área de Processamento Automático das Línguas Naturais (PLN), há um destaque crescente para a Sumarização Automática Multidocumento Multilíngue (SAMM), cujo objetivo é processar uma coleção de documentos-fonte em mais de uma língua e gerar um sumário correspondente a essa coleção em uma das línguas-alvo. Na SAMM, a seleção das sentenças dos textos-fonte para composição do sumário pode ser feita com base em atributos linguísticos superficiais ou profundos. O objetivo deste projeto foi investigar se a utilização de conhecimento profundo, obtido a partir de uma representação conceitual dos textos-fonte, pode ser útil na seleção de conteúdo em textos do gênero jornalístico. Para isso, utilizou-se um sistema de representação formal a UNL (Universal Networking Language). Visando investigar estratégias de seleção de conteúdo baseadas nessa interlíngua, fez-se a representação em UNL de 3 coleções de textos, cada qual com 1 texto-fonte em português, 1 texto-fonte em inglês e 1 sumário humano de referência. Fez-se também o alinhamento das sentenças dos textos-fonte de cada coleção às sentenças de seus respectivos sumários humanos, objetivando identificar sobreposição total ou parcial de conteúdo entre essas sentenças. Esses dados permitiram a comparação entre estratégias de seleção de conteúdo baseadas em informações conceituais e um método de seleção tradicional baseado em um atributo superficial a posição da sentença no texto-fonte. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, a seleção de conteúdo com base na posição no texto-fonte correlacionou-se mais adequadamente com a seleção realizada pelo sumarizador humano, comparado aos métodos conceituais investigados. Além disso, as sentenças iniciais dos textos-fonte, que, em textos jornalísticos, normalmente veiculam as informações mais relevantes, não necessariamente continham os conceitos mais frequentes da coleção; em diversas ocasiões, as sentenças com os conceitos mais frequentes estavam em posição intermediária ou final no texto. Esses resultados indicam que, ao menos nas coleções analisadas, outros critérios, além da frequência de conceitos, concorrem para determinar a relevância de uma sentença. Em outras palavras, na sumarização humana multidocumento, a seleção de conteúdo provavelmente não se resume a selecionar sentenças com os conceitos mais frequentes, tratando-se de um processo bem mais complexo.
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Bess, Dee Anne. "The Constraints of a Typological Implicational Universal for Interrogatives on Second Language Acquisition". PDXScholar, 1996. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/5086.
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A typological implicational universal based on a diverse sample of the world's languages describes a hierarchy for interrogatives. The universal hierarchy states that in any given language, inversion in Yes-No questions (YNQs) implies inversion in information questions (WHQs in English), which, in turns implies the fronting of the information word pronoun to sentence-initial position. Several researchers have proposed that typological implicational universals such as this one for interrogatives may constrain not only the primary languages on which they are based, but also the interlanguages of second language learners. This study, a partial replication of one by Eckman, Moravcsik, and Wirth (1989), examined second language acquisition data to determine whether constraints of the interrogative universal were evident in the interlanguages of learners of English as a second language. It was hypothesized that learners' control of WH-word fronting would exceed their control of WHQ inversion, which, in turn, would exceed their control of YNQ inversion. Data were elicited in oral interviews with 32 Japanese-speaking learners of English. The task of the subjects during the interviews was to ask questions in order to discover the story partially told by a grid of puzzle-like drawings. The interviews were tape-recorded, the recordings transcribed, and the transcribed interrogative forms analyzed. Two methods of data analysis showed strong support for the hypothesis. A third method of analysis revealed that seven subjects produced patterns of interrogatives not predicted by the universal; six of the exceptions could be resolved using an argument also used by Eckman et al. (1989) in explaining their exceptions.
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Yeung, Ka-Wai y 楊{213a79}慧. "Universal vs. language-specific properties of grammaticalized complementizers: two case studies in multi-functionality". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2003. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B29149769.
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Maffay, Jonathan. "Language imperialism versus linguistic rights : the case of native Americans". Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 1998. http://157.182.199.25/etd/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=124.
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Thesis (M.A.)--West Virginia University, 1998.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains iii, 68 p. : ill. Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 64-68).
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Linhalis, Flávia. "Mapeamento semântico entre UNL e componentes de software para execução de requisições imperativas em linguagem natural". Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/55/55134/tde-18052007-103617/.
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A linguagem natural corresponde ao meio mais convencional de comunicação entre as pessoas. O desejo que os seres humanos possuem de se comunicar com as máquinas é evidenciado por pesquisas, que têm sido realizadas desde o final da década de 70, com o objetivo de ter requisições expressas em linguagem natural executadas pelas máquinas. Alguns trabalhos na literatura têm sido propostos com esse fim, entretanto a maioria deles considera requisições expressas apenas em Inglês. Uma maneira de flexibilizar a utilização de várias línguas em sistemas que utilizam linguagem natural é por meio de uma interlíngua, pois essa é uma representação intermediária e processável por máquina das informações contidas em diversas línguas naturais. O trabalho descrito nesta tese propõe que requisições imperativas em linguagem natural sejam convertidas para a interlíngua UNL (Universal Networking Language) e executadas por meio da ativação dos componentes de software apropriados. Para atingir esse objetivo, este trabalho propõe a Arquitetura OntoMap (Ontology-based Semantic Mapping), que utiliza ontologias para realizar o mapeamento semântico entre UNL e componentes de software e para realizar a busca pelos componentes mais apropriados para executar as requisições. A Arquitetura OntoMap conta com (i) um serviço para converter requisições em linguagem natural para UNL; (ii) uma ontologia de alto nível, chamada Ontologia InterComp (Interlíngua-Componentes), que juntamente com regras e inferência, fornece informações semânticas a respeito dos componentes que podem ser utilizados para executar a requisição; (iii) uma Ontologia de Componentes, que relaciona dados das interfaces dos componentes com informações semânticas do domínio de aplicação dos mesmos; e (iv) um Módulo de Busca que utiliza as informações semânticas inferidas e a Ontologia de Componentes para encontrar os componentes apropriados para executar as requisições expressas em linguagem natural. Este trabalho propõe ainda um processo para utilizar a Arquitetura OntoMap em diversos domínios de aplicação e com diferentes conjuntos de componentes. Esse processo foi instanciado considerando componentes desenvolvidos para o domínio de gerenciamento de cursosNatural Language is the common way of communication between people. The desire of human beings to communicate with machines is evidenced by research, that has been conducted since the late 70?s, triyng to express requests in natural language that can be executed by machines. However, most of the works that have pursued this goal consider requests expressed only in English. A way to facilitate the use of several languages in natural language systems is by using an interlingua. An interlingua is an intermediary representation for natural language information that can be processed by machines. The work described in this thesis proposes to convert imperative natural language requests into the UNL (Universal Networking Language) interlingua and to execute those requests using the apropriate software components. In order to achieve this goal, this work proposes the OntoMap (Ontology-based Semantic Mapping) architecture. It uses ontologies to perform a semantic mapping between UNL and software componente and to search for software components to execute the requests. The OntoMap architecture is composed by (i) a service to convert natural language requests into UNL; (ii) an upper ontology, named InterComp (Interlingua-Components), that uses inference to provide semantic information about components that could be used to execute the requests; (iii) a Components Ontology that relates the component?s interfaces to semantic information about the application domain of the components; and (iv) a search module that uses the infered information and the Components Ontology to reach the components to execute the requests. This work also proposes a process to help the use of the OntoMap architecture in several application domains using different component sets. This process is intanciated considering compoments developed for the course management domain
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Messamore, Everett [Verfasser] y Jan [Akademischer Betreuer] Stievermann. "Spiritualism and the Language of Universal Religion in Nineteenth-Century America / Everett Messamore ; Betreuer: Jan Stievermann". Heidelberg : Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1177044455/34.
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Bae, Soo Hyun. "Information retrieval via universal source coding". Diss., Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/26573.
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Thesis (Ph.D)--Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009.Committee Chair: Juang, Biing-Hwang; Committee Member: Al-Regib, Ghassan; Committee Member: Linda Wiils; Committee Member: Mersereau, Russell; Committee Member: Pappas, Thrasyvoulos. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.
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Murphy, Victoria A. "Universal grammar and second language acquisition : the effect of modality of presentation on a grammaticality judgment task". Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=69623.
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Typical experiments investigating the accessibility and/or role of principles of Universal Grammar (UG) in adult second language acquisition (SLA) use a written grammaticality judgment (GJ) task to infer knowledge of principles of UG. The present investigation examined whether subjects would judge sentences differently in the aural modality than the visual. It was hypothesized that subjects in the aural condition would be less accurate and slower at judging sentences violating the subjacency principle than subjects in the visual condition. Four language groups were tested: ESL (English second-language) FSL (French second-language), L1.E (English first language) and L1.F (French first language). Subjects were assigned to either an aural or a visual condition; the same sentences were presented via computer. The target sentences presented to the subjects were declarative sentences involving embedded questions, as well as ungrammatical wh-questions which violated subjacency. The presentation times for all sentences were matched across conditions. Accuracy and reaction time to grammaticality judgment were measured. The hypothesis that subjects would be slower and less accurate in the aural condition than the visual one was supported. Furthermore, subjects were less accurate and slower to judge violations of subjacency than other sentences, in both modalities. The detrimental effects of the auditory task on judgments was most pronounced for the L2 learners. These results are discussed in the context of the informativeness and validity of outcomes derived from GJ tasks, and the ways in which they are presented.
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Gregory, Mathew. "Towards a universal language : evaluating autonomy, identity, and the metropolis in the legacy of Japanese experimental music". Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2006. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/5838/.
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Fragozo, Carina Silva. "Aquisição de regras fonológicas do inglês por falantes de português brasileiro". Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8139/tde-21122017-124449/.
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Esta pesquisa investiga o papel da língua materna (L1) e da Gramática Universal (GU) na aquisição do inglês por falantes de português brasileiro através da análise de três fenômenos fonológicos: a relação entre sílaba e acento, que é totalmente diferente nas duas línguas e se dá através da marcação de parâmetros métricos; a retração de acento, que ocorre de maneira muito semelhante no inglês e no português e representa uma regra a ser transferida da L1 para a L2; e a assimilação de vozeamento, que existe em ambas as línguas, mas de maneira diferente e, portanto, trata-se de uma regra a ser modificada. Esta investigação permite compreender a influência da GU e da L1 na aquisição de L2 porque, caso os resultados mostrassem que a relação entre a sílaba e acento fosse adquirida com mais facilidade, isso seria uma evidência de que o estado inicial da aquisição é caracterizado pela GU, que permitiu a marcação do parâmetro do acento do inglês. Caso a retração de acento fosse adquirida com mais facilidade, isso significaria que o estado inicial da aquisição é caracterizado pela gramática da L1 e que haveria uma transferência (positiva) dessa regra para a L2. Por fim, caso a assimilação de vozeamento fosse adquirida com mais facilidade, isso significaria que nem a L1 e nem a GU foram fatores determinantes no processo de aquisição desses informantes. A amostra é composta por 30 falantes brasileiros de inglês divididos em três níveis de proficiência (básico, intermediário e avançado), além de 7 falantes nativos, que constituíram o grupo de controle. Para a coleta foram utilizados 3 experimentos, um para cada fenômeno, totalizando 9.248 dados. Os dados referentes à assimilação de vozeamento foram transcritos a partir da verificação acústica do vozeamento do morfema -s. A classificação dos dados referentes à sílaba e acento e à retração de acento, por sua vez, foi realizada em duas etapas: uma verificação perceptual e uma verificação acústica baseada nos principais correlatos do acento nas duas línguas: pitch e duração. Os resultados indicaram que, dentre os três fenômenos analisados, a regra de retração de acento, que se dá através da transferência da L1, e a relação entre sílaba e acento, que se dá pela marcação do parâmetro da L2, foram adquiridas com mais facilidade do que a regra de assimilação de vozeamento, que não tem apoio nem na L1 e nem na GU. Esses resultados são evidência de que o processo de aquisição fonológica de segunda língua é influenciado tanto pela Gramática Universal, que permite a marcação paramétrica a partir do input da língua alvo, quanto pela língua materna, que se manifesta na L2 através de transferência positiva ou negativa, o que faz com que regras que não contam com apoio nem da GU e nem da L1 sejam os fenômenos mais difíceis de serem adquiridos.This research investigates the role of the first language (L1) and Universal Grammar (UG) in the acquisition of English by speakers of Brazilian Portuguese through the analysis of three phonological phenomena: the relation between syllable and stress, which is totally different in both languages and is given by parameter settings; stress shift, which is very similar in English and Portuguese and represents a rule to be transferred from the L1 to the target-language; and voicing assimilation, which exists in both languages, but in a different way, and, therefore, is a rule to be modified. This investigation allows us to understand the influence of UG and L1 on the acquisition of a second language because, if the results showed that the relation between syllable and stress was the easiest phenomenon to acquire, this would mean that the initial state of the acquisition is characterized by UG, which enabled the English stress parameter setting. If stress shift were more easily acquired, this would mean that the initial state of the acquisition is characterized by the grammar of the L1 and that there would be a (positive) transfer of that rule to the second language. Finally, if voicing assimilation was the easiest rule to acquire, this would mean that neither the L1 nor UG were determining factors in the acquisition process of these subjects. The sample is composed of 30 Brazilian speakers of English divided into three proficiency levels (basic, intermediate and advanced), in addition to 7 native speakers, who constituted the control group. We used 3 experiments for data collection, one for each phenomenon, totalizing 9,248 data. The data referring to voicing assimilation were transcribed based on the acoustic verification of the morpheme -s. The classification of the data related to syllable and stress and stress shift ocurred in two stages: a perceptual verification and an acoustic verification based on the main correlates of stress in the two languages: pitch and duration. The results indicated that stress shift, which occurs through the transfer of the L1, and the relation between syllable and stress, which is given by parameter settings, were more easily acquired than the voicing assimilation rule, which has no support in the L1 and in UG. These results are evidence that second language phonological acquisition is influenced both by Universal Grammar, which allows parameter (re)settings, and by first language, which means that rules that are not supported neither by GU nor L1 are the most difficult phenomena to be acquired.
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Ilisei, Iustina-Narcisa. "A machine learning approach to the identification of translational language : an inquiry into translationese learning models". Thesis, University of Wolverhampton, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2436/299371.
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In the world of Descriptive Translation Studies, translationese refers to the specific traits that characterise the language used in translations. While translationese has been often investigated to illustrate that translational language is different from non-translational language, scholars have also proposed a set of hypotheses which may characterise such di erences. In the quest for the validation of these hypotheses, embracing corpus-based techniques had a well-known impact in the domain, leading to several advances in the past twenty years. Despite extensive research, however, there are no universally recognised characteristics of translational language, nor universally recognised patterns likely to occur within translational language. This thesis addresses these issues, with a less used approach in the eld of Descriptive Translation Studies, by investigating the nature of translational language from a machine learning perspective. While the main focus is on analysing translationese, this thesis investigates two related sub-hypotheses: simplication and explicitation. To this end, a multilingual learning framework is designed and implemented for the identification of translational language. The framework is modelled as a categorisation task, the learning techniques having the major goal to automatically learn to distinguish between translated and non-translated texts. The second and third major goals of this research are the retrieval of the recurring patterns that are revealed in the process of solving the task of categorisation, as well as the ranking of the most in uential characteristics used to accomplish the learning task. These aims are ful lled by implementing a system that adopts the machine learning methodology proposed in this research. The learning framework proves to be an adaptable multilingual framework for the investigation of the nature of translational language, its adaptability being illustrated in this thesis by applying it to the investigation of two languages: Spanish and Romanian. In this thesis, di erent research scenarios and learning models are experimented with in order to assess to what extent translated texts can be diff erentiated from non-translated texts in certain contexts. The findings show that machine learning algorithms, aggregating a large set of potentially discriminative characteristics for translational language, are able to diff erentiate translated texts from non-translated ones with high scores. The evaluation experiments report performance values such as accuracy, precision, recall, and F-measure on two datasets. The present research is situated at the con uence of three areas, more precisely: Descriptive Translation Studies, Machine Learning and Natural Language Processing, justifying the need to combine these elds for the investigation of translationese and translational hypotheses.
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Wilkins, Stephen. "Educators' Perceptions of a Successful English Language Learner Program". ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/4113.
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Across the nation, many school districts are challenged to improve the academic achievement of English language learners (ELLs). In a small district in Ohio approximately 86% of the ELLs passed the state Annual Measurable Objectives in reading and mathematics, however, 14% of ELL students are not meeting targeted objectives. The purpose of this study was to examine the pedagogical success of an ELL instructional program through the perspectives of the teachers, principals, and administrators in the local district. Using Rose's and Meyer's theory of the universal design for learning and the state's scaffolding framework of assessment, placement and intervention, this case study investigated the factors of effectiveness that participants felt best explained the success of the ELL program. The purposeful sample comprised 4 teachers, 2 principals, and 2 central office administrators. The research included data collected using 8 individual interviews, 1 group interview, 3 classroom observations, and document reviews. Data were coded and analyzed to reveal common themes and perceptions. Findings revealed that participants believed their efforts to develop relevant course content motivated the students to learn a new language, the application of the principles of the universal design for learning improved teachers' pedagogical practices, and the participants placed a priority on creating positive student and family relationships to encourage language learning. The findings can promote positive social change by advancing teachers' capacity to apply supportive practices and educators' efforts to improve the academic achievement of ELLs by implementing effective programs that motivate students to acquire adequate language skills.
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Murrieta, Imelda Guadalupe y Imelda Guadalupe Murrieta. "Identifying Emotional and Behavioral Difficulties Among English Language Learners". Diss., The University of Arizona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/625551.
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English Language Learners (ELLs) are considered to be at higher risk for developing emotional and behavioral difficulties due to their limited English proficiency. As a result, the present study examined the identification of emotional and behavioral risk (EBR) among ELLs and non-ELLs through the use of universal behavior screening measures. The study consisted of 395 students enrolled in kindergarten through 5th grades, ranging in age from 5 years, 6 months to 12 years, 4 months. Over half of participants (52.4%) were male and a majority (42.8%) identified as Hispanic/Latino(a). Approximately one-fifth (19.7%) of students were classified as ELLs. Teachers completed the electronic version of the BASC-2 Behavioral and Emotional Screening System-Teacher Form (BESS) for each student in their classroom. Demographic student data was provided by the school via the school’s electronic database.
Results showed no relationship between ELL status and EBR. However, there was a relationship between gender and the identification of EBR among ELL students, where males demonstrated increased risk levels. In addition, students' reading ability, age, and gender predicted whether ELL and non-ELL students would be identified as at-risk for emotional and behavior problems.
Although results did not show a relationship between language proficiency and EBR, ELLs remain a group vulnerable for being identified as at-risk for emotional and behavioral difficulties, due to academic and/or social-emotional problems that they may experience. In practice, schools may want to consider using an integrated approach to conducting universal screening, where schools screen for reading difficulties and behavior concerns, thus allowing them to address a broader range of concerns through early intervention programs.
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Kevari, Mary Kathleen. "The role of universal grammar in second language acquisition: An experimental study of Spanish ESL students' interpretation of lexical pronouns". CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2000. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1710.
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Girardi, Caterina. "The Quest for a Global Language from Ogden's Project of Basic English". Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/20863/.
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After the decline of Latin, philosophers and linguists started developing the idea of creating a new universal language for international communication. Many languages were developed, some of them were designed to be exclusively written, some others were created a priori, meaning that they tried not to draw upon already existing languages, and others a posteriori. These languages were either combinations of already existing word roots and language systems (e.g. Esperanto) or simplifications of languages. One example of the latter is Basic English, created by linguists Charles K. Ogden and Armstrong Richards. With a core vocabulary of 850 words, it aimed at being the first step to learn Standard English, the language that was becoming de facto the global language.
The scope of this thesis is to give an overview of the quest for a universal language and analyse the political and linguistic implications of Charles K. Ogden’s Basic English.
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Dupuy, Ludivine. "Pragmatic Abilities and Second Language Learning". Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE2133.
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L’objectif de ce travail de thèse était d’étudier les capacités pragmatiques universelles des adultes apprenant une langue seconde et l’impact de cet apprentissage sur la maîtrise de l’aspect communicatif du langage. Une première étude a montré la capacité des apprenants à produire des inférences scalaires, un cas prototypique d’enrichissement pragmatique d’une forme logique, mais pas d’impact de l’apprentissage des langues sur les capacités pragmatiques. Un effet lié à la nécessité d’utiliser deux langues a néanmoins été observé. Une seconde étude, sur les scalaires enchâssées, a montré que les capacités pragmatiques sont susceptibles d’être utilisées pour compenser un déficit linguistique. La troisième étude a montré l’impact du contexte discursif sur le taux de réponse pragmatique. Dans la quatrième étude, nous avons examiné une différence potentielle entre le français et l’anglais quant aux présuppositions implicitées. Ceci permettra ultérieurement de tester un transfert de la L1 vers la L2The aim of this PhD work was to assess the impact of language learning on the universal pragmatic competence of adult second language learners. A first study showed that L2 learners have the ability to derive scalar implicatures, a universal pragmatic phenomenon, in their second language but no impact of language learning on pragmatic abilities. An effect linked to the need to mobilize two languages was nonetheless observed. In another study, using embedded scalars, we investigated the possibility that language learners use their pragmatic knowledge to compensate a lower linguistic proficiency. The results suggest that learners can indeed rely on compensatory strategies. A third study has shown the impact of the discursive context on the rate of pragmatic answers. In the fourth study, we examined a potential difference between the French and English language regarding implicated presuppositions. This will allow conducting a study on negative transfer from the L1 to the L2
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Lotze, Johannes. "Translation of empire : Mongol legacy, language policy, and the early Ming world order, 1368-1453". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2017. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/translation-of-empire-mongol-legacy-language-policy-and-the-early-ming-world-order-13681453(3d6420a4-5c66-4ed9-8895-d291c9fae068).html.
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This thesis approaches two perennial and interrelated problems in the historiography of China - the question of the openness or self-isolation of (Ming) Chinese society, as well as the nature and extent of the Mongol legacy in the (early) Ming - from a new angle. In spite of a growing body of scholarship on political, military, and institutional aspects of the transition from 'foreign' Mongol Yuan (1271-1368) to 'native' Ming (1368-1644) rule, there is one aspect that has received little attention so far: language, or rather languages in the plural, and translation between them. By bringing the various multilingual dimensions of the early Ming to the foreground of analysis and studying them against the backdrop of the Mongol legacy, this thesis covers new ground. While recognising that not all activities with which it is concerned would have been seen as connected by early Ming actors, this thesis argues that they do collectively constitute a realm of action with a common purpose, which we can comprehend as 'language policy.' This perspective is significant, because Yuan continuities on macro levels (administrative, institutional, political) can only be truly grasped through a systematic investigation of micro levels, such as language. To achieve these aims, the thesis blends concepts and methods from history, sinological philology, and Linguistic Landscape Studies (LLS). My argument is threefold. First, the Mongol heritage was not just perceptible in institutions and newly absorbed territory but also on the level of language. Second, the early Ming, far from being 'fiercely anti-Mongol' (as one authority recently put it), consciously attempted to imitate and surpass the Yuan, and multilingualism - for both communicative and emblematic reasons - played an important part in this endeavour. Third, and most importantly, the year 1368 marked neither a 'revolutionary' rupture nor a 'business as usual' continuation of Mongol legacies. Rather, the new dynasty attempted to strike a difficult balance, in which language and translation policies were instrumental in harmonising the needs for both continuity with and a break from the past. The Ming continued Yuan traditions such as the production of multilingual steles and edicts to symbolise and enforce their universal imperial claim, while Chinese was (not de jure, but de facto) reinstituted as the major imperial language, as opposed to one imperial language among many, as in Mongol times. The very notion of universal empire, continued from Yuan to Ming, would beat odds with monolingualism, and consequently, the Ming could not have been monolingual, even if they had so desired. While the distinction between 'multilingual foreign' dynasties (Yuan, Qing) and 'monolingual Chinese' ones (Ming) is not outright wrong, it does need considerable refinement, in order to understand the Ming's place in the larger Yuan-Ming-Qing transition. 'Translation of empire' has a double meaning in this thesis. First, it is meant literally in the sense of language mediation: textual legacies of the Yuan were translated from languages such as Mongolian or Persian into Chinese, while the new empire translated its claim to power into other languages. Second, it is a metaphor alluding to the political concept of translatio imperii, known from Western Eurasian history and comparable to the Chinese 'dynastic cycle' narrative: fundamentally the idea of cultural mobility, with knowledge and power moving from empire to empire. How did the Yuan-Ming transition work as a translatio imperii in both senses of the word and what can we conclude from it regarding the nature of the early Ming?
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Zhang, Jun. "Scope interaction between universal quantifiers and sentential negation in non-native English : the roles of UG and L1 grammar in L2 acquisition". HKBU Institutional Repository, 2013. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/1521.
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Lunasco, Jeremy. "The Right to Be Human: Universal Design for Learning and Literacy Sponsorship as Liberatory Pedagogy". CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd/774.
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This project explores the possibilities of implementing a critical and liberatory pedagogy within the confines of the prison. Building upon the fields of critical prison theory, literacy studies, and (dis)ability studies, I assert that implementing small, organic, and tactical changes though the principles of Universal Design for Learning allows the prison educator to make impactful moves with liberatory goals. I conclude by reimagining what a prison education mission statement that takes this perspective looks like then imagine the liberatory applications of the principles of universal design for learning within the prison.
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Hinterwimmer, Stefan. "The interpretation of Universally Quantified DPs and singular definites in adverbially quantified sentences". Universität Potsdam, 2007. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2008/1940/.
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This paper deals with the conditions under which singular definites, on the one hand, and universally quantified DPs, on the other hand, receive interpretations according to which the sets denoted by the NP-complements of the respective determiner vary with the situations quantified over by a Q-adverb. I show that in both cases such interpretations depend on the availability of situation predicates that are compatible with the presuppositions associated with the respective determiner, as co-variation in both cases comes about via the binding
of a covert situation variable that is contained within the NP-complement of the respective determiner. Secondly, I offer an account for the observation that the availability of a co-varying interpretation is more constrained in the case of universally quantified DPs than in the case of singular definites, as far as word order is concerned. This is shown to follow from the fact that co-varying
definites in contrast to universally quantified DPs are inherently focus-marked.
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Koscielecki, Marek M. "English as an international language: A sociolinguistic analysis of the Japanese experience". Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 1994. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1475.
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This study was designed to investigate the nature of English as an International Language (ElL) in Japan from both a diachronic and a synchronic point of view, drawing some comparison with countries in South East Asia and Africa. Using comparative material from socio-historical and sociolinguistic literature from other countries it was possible to examine the use and cultivation of English in Japan and compare it with that in other countries where English fulfils different roles. The material on Japan was supplemented by research based on data obtained from questionnaires both at the high school level and within business corporations. From a diachronic point of view the study tried to determine a range of factors which have contributed to the cultivation of English in Japan and to understand how they have influenced policies related to language planning within Japan, In particular it sought to clarify the relationship of English to the process of modernisation against the background of the wider role of English as an international language. From a synchronic point of view the study sought indicators as to the success of teaching and learning English as a performance variety in Japan. It has considered how such success or failure is affected by language-in education planning both on the part of the Ministry of Education (Mombusho) and of other bodies. Furthermore the study sought to understand how the substantial Japanese participation rate in studying English at both education and business levels contributes to the spread of English worldwide. Finally, the study tried to formulate a broader definition of ElL, assuming the fact that ElL is not a variety but a status designation of various Englishes in the present world.
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Fulda, Nancy Ellen. "Semantically Aligned Sentence-Level Embeddings for Agent Autonomy and Natural Language Understanding". BYU ScholarsArchive, 2019. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/7550.
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Many applications of neural linguistic models rely on their use as pre-trained features for downstream tasks such as dialog modeling, machine translation, and question answering. This work presents an alternate paradigm: Rather than treating linguistic embeddings as input features, we treat them as common sense knowledge repositories that can be queried using simple mathematical operations within the embedding space, without the need for additional training. Because current state-of-the-art embedding models were not optimized for this purpose, this work presents a novel embedding model designed and trained specifically for the purpose of "reasoning in the linguistic domain".Our model jointly represents single words, multi-word phrases, and complex sentences in a unified embedding space. To facilitate common-sense reasoning beyond straightforward semantic associations, the embeddings produced by our model exhibit carefully curated properties including analogical coherence and polarity displacement. In other words, rather than training the model on a smorgaspord of tasks and hoping that the resulting embeddings will serve our purposes, we have instead crafted training tasks and placed constraints on the system that are explicitly designed to induce the properties we seek. The resulting embeddings perform competitively on the SemEval 2013 benchmark and outperform state-of- the-art models on two key semantic discernment tasks introduced in Chapter 8.The ultimate goal of this research is to empower agents to reason about low level behaviors in order to fulfill abstract natural language instructions in an autonomous fashion. An agent equipped with an embedding space of sucient caliber could potentially reason about new situations based on their similarity to past experience, facilitating knowledge transfer and one-shot learning. As our embedding model continues to improve, we hope to see these and other abilities become a reality.
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Silva, Antonio Wardison Canabrava da. "Itinerário formativo da ética do discurso de Karl Otto Apel". Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2013. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/11638.
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This thesis aims to identify and analyze the itinerary that led Karl Otto Apel to his Ethics of Discourse. In this perspective, this research, which is critical-analytical in character, departs from an inquiry that will guide his whole reflection: what is the way that was covered by Apel to elaborate his ethical postulate? This inquiry will try to understand how Apel built a rational ethics amid discussions waged with modern and contemporary philosophers. So as to accomplish this task, Chapter One will analyze the problem of the ethical grounding in the Age of Science, characterized by the situation of the human being as an ethical problem, due to the paradox of the dearthiness and abnegation of a rational ethics and due to the philosophical currents that defy a possible ethical grounding: modern Analytical Philosophy, Wittgenstein s Logic of Science, Hans Albert s Decisionism, Max Weber s Rationality and Ethical postulates, and methodological Solipsism. Chapter Two will present the hermeneutical-semiotic transformation of Transcendental Philosophy, by analyzing Apel s critical perspective regarding the Kantian factum of Reason; the Hermeneutical Turn in the transformation of Transcendental Philosophy and, with that, Heidegger s and Gadamer s Phenomenology, as well as Apel s critique of those two thinkers; the Semiotic transformation of Transcendental Philosophy brought about by Peirce, the postulate of the Community of Inquiry and Interpretation, and Apel s critique of Peirce s Scientifism and the Transcendental-Hermeneutical concept according to Apel s understanding. Chapter Three will present the architecture of Apel s Ethics of Discourse, understood by its Pragmatic-Transcendental dimension, the A (ideal) and B (real) parts of his Ethics of Discourse and the existing dialogicity between, the transcendental reflection as philosophy s last grounding, and Kohlberg s particular contribution to Apel s ethical grounding; and, lastly, the relevance of Apel s Ethics of Discourse to the contemporary world. In sum, this thesis will try to identify and analyze the course covered by Apel to elaborate his ethical-philosophical proposal
Esta dissertação se propõe identificar e analisar o itinerário formativo da Ética do Discurso de Karl Otto Apel. Nesta perspectiva, a pesquisa, de caráter analítico-crítico, parte de um questionamento que norteará toda sua reflexão: qual o caminho percorrido por Apel para elaborar seu postulado ético? Este questionamento buscará compreender como Apel arquiteta uma ética racional em meio às discussões travadas com filósofos modernos e contemporâneos. Para cumprir esta tarefa, o primeiro capítulo irá analisar o problema de uma fundamentação ética na era da ciência, caracterizada pela situação do ser humano como problema ético, pela paradoxalidade de carência e abnegação de uma ética racional e pelas correntes filosóficas que desafiam a fundamentação da ética, a saber: a moderna filosofia analítica, a lógica da ciência de Wittgenstein, o decisionismo de Hans Albert, as racionalidades e postulados éticos de Max Weber e o solipsismo metódico. O segundo capítulo apresentará a transformação hermenêutico-semiótica da filosofia transcendental, ao analisar a perspectiva crítica de Apel sobre o factum kantiano da razão, a virada hermenêutica de transformação da filosofia transcendental e, com isso, a fenomenologia de Heidegger e Gadamer, assim como a crítica apeliana a esses dois pensadores, a transformação semiótica da filosofia transcendental instaurada por Peirce, o postulado da comunidade de experimentação e interpretação e a crítica de Apel ao cientificismo peirciano e o conceito transcendental-hermenêutico segundo a compreensão de Apel. O terceiro capítulo apresentará a arquitetura da Ética do Discurso, compreendida pela sua dimensão pragmático-transcendental, as partes A (ideal) e B (real) da ética discursiva e a dialogicidade existente entre elas, a reflexão transcendental como fundamentação última da filosofia, e a particular contribuição de Kohlberg para a fundamentação da ética apeliana e, por fim, a relevância da Ética do Discurso para o mundo contemporâneo. Em suma, esta dissertação procurará identificar e analisar o caminho percorrido por Apel para a elaboração da sua proposta ética filosófica
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Nordell, Patrik. "Universalspråket : Deleuzes semiotik och åtbördsspråket". Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för kultur och lärande, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-35402.
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In fact, as far as I know, linguists and philosophers of language have never really looked at the universal language. Instead, they frame a “universal language” that is based on the premise of the majoritarian languages. One approach, traditional linguistics, often goes from signs (lexical signs), phonology, and syntax and is based on phonocentric framing, i.e., sound is the basis of their theoretical frames. The other approach, cognitive linguistics, is based on spatiality and embodied figures in mental space. Cognitive linguists (Leonard Talmy, for example) believe that the objects of spoken languages or signed languages are mainly created from natural perception and mental spaces. However, natural perception and mental spaces are in turn shaped, formed, and modified by sensorimotor perception and the movement of thought. Would it not be better to derive from them directly so that we can gain an understanding of how a language is created from the human body? We could also gain an understanding of the relationship between perception, thought, and the utterable of languages. The ontological benefit is that signed languages are closer to "raw" thought, perception, and the universal language than spoken languages. Sign language poetry, for example, is close to the universal language. Therefore, as opposed to spoken languages, signed languages are based on the movement of thinking outside the body. We can thus reveal the pure language or the universal language. The essay question: Is the “mobile” part of sign languages (åtbördsspråket) and gestures (åtbörder) appropriate as a model for constructing a general definition of all languages? I apply Gilles Deleuze's philosophy, especially his pure semiotics, perception, and the theory of movement, to construct this universal language.
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Wong, Kim-Yung Eddie. "Automatic spoken language identification utilizing acoustic and phonetic speech information". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2004. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/37259/1/Kim-Yung_Wong_Thesis.pdf.
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Automatic spoken Language Identi¯cation (LID) is the process of identifying the language spoken within an utterance. The challenge that this task presents is that no prior information is available indicating the content of the utterance or the identity of the speaker. The trend of globalization and the pervasive popularity of the Internet will amplify the need for the capabilities spoken language identi¯ca- tion systems provide. A prominent application arises in call centers dealing with speakers speaking di®erent languages. Another important application is to index or search huge speech data archives and corpora that contain multiple languages. The aim of this research is to develop techniques targeted at producing a fast and more accurate automatic spoken LID system compared to the previous National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Language Recognition Evaluation. Acoustic and phonetic speech information are targeted as the most suitable fea- tures for representing the characteristics of a language. To model the acoustic speech features a Gaussian Mixture Model based approach is employed. Pho- netic speech information is extracted using existing speech recognition technol- ogy. Various techniques to improve LID accuracy are also studied. One approach examined is the employment of Vocal Tract Length Normalization to reduce the speech variation caused by di®erent speakers. A linear data fusion technique is adopted to combine the various aspects of information extracted from speech. As a result of this research, a LID system was implemented and presented for evaluation in the 2003 Language Recognition Evaluation conducted by the NIST.
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Fohl, Jr George Christopher. "The Influence of Universal Screening Measures on the Diversity of Students Found Eligible for Gifted Education Program Services". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/103229.
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Underrepresentation among those identified for gifted programs has been a concern in the field of gifted education for over a century, affecting students of color, students with disabilities, English language learners, and economically disadvantaged students. Universal screening has emerged as a possible strategy to increase referrals of students from underrepresented populations and to produce gifted population demographics more reflective of total student enrollment. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of universal screening measures on the diversity of students found eligible for gifted education services. The study examined the following research questions:
1. What is the relationship between a referral source and the gifted identification of elementary school students?
2. To what extent do universal screening measures influence the diversity of students eligible for gifted education services?
This study used existing referral and eligibility data of elementary school students in a medium-sized school district who were administered a universal screening measure during the 2019-2020 school year. Pearson chi-square tests with Yates' continuity correction were used to determine the existence of possible associations between referral source and gifted identification status, and Cramér's V was used as a measure of effect size. Referral rates, accuracy, and effectiveness of referral sources were also computed. Across all demographic groups, universal screeners referred more students than any other referral source, and the highest number of students identified gifted after the full gifted evaluation came from universal screener referrals. Teacher referrals and universal screener referrals produced the most diverse identified gifted results after evaluation. Universal screeners displayed the highest referral rates and were the most accurate and effective referral source across all demographic groups.
This study provides the field of gifted education further research on universal screening, and the findings of this study provide educational leaders data to inform practice. Implications for school and district leaders involve multiple stakeholders and address different areas to promote diversity among the gifted student population. The implications center on parent and community engagement, professional learning, best practices in gifted education, and evaluation of gifted identification processes.Doctor of Education
Historically, students of color, students with disabilities, English language learners, and economically disadvantaged students have been underrepresented in gifted programs. Universal screening has emerged as a potential practice to refer more students from underrepresented populations and consequentially identify a more diverse gifted population, but few studies exist to support adoption of the practice and to justify the financial expense and amount of instructional time devoted to administering the assessments. This study used existing data of elementary school students in a medium-sized school district who were administered a universal screening measure to investigate the influence of universal screening measures on the diversity of students found eligible for gifted education services. Possible associations between referral source and gifted status were determined, and referral rates, accuracy and identification rates, and effectiveness of various referral sources were calculated. Across demographic groups, universal screeners referred more students than any other referral source, and the highest number of students identified gifted after the full gifted evaluation resulted from these referrals. Teacher referrals and universal screener referrals were found to produce the most diverse identified gifted populations after evaluation; universal screeners displayed the highest referral rates and were the most accurate and effective referral source across all demographic groups. This study adds further research on universal screening to the field of gifted education, and the findings of this study provide educational leaders information regarding the effectiveness of universal screening to translate into institutional practice.
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Rauschenberger, Maria. "Early screening of dyslexia using a language-independent content game and machine learning". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/667692.
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Els nens amb dislèxia tenen dificultats per aprendre a llegir i escriure. Sovint se'ls diagnostica després de fallar a l'escola, encara que la dislèxia no estigui relacionada amb la intel·ligència general. En aquesta tesi, presentem un enfocament per a la selecció prèvia de la dislèxia mitjançant un joc independent del llenguatge en combinació amb models d’aprenentatge automàtic formats amb les dades d’interacció. Abans volem dir abans que els nens aprenguin a llegir i escriure.
Per assolir aquest objectiu, vam dissenyar el contingut del joc amb el coneixement de l'anàlisi de paraules d'error de persones amb dislèxia en diferents idiomes i els paràmetres relacionats amb la dislèxia com la percepció auditiva i la percepció visual. Amb els nostres dos jocs dissenyats (MusVis i DGames) vam recollir conjunts de dades (313 i 137 participants) en diferents idiomes (principalment espanyols i alemanys) i els vam avaluar amb classificadors d'aprenentatge automàtic.
Per a MusVis utilitzem principalment contingut que fa referència a un únic indicador acústic o visual, mentre que el contingut de DGames fa referència a diversos indicadors (també contingut genèric).
El nostre mètode proporciona una precisió de 0,74 per a l'alemany i 0,69 per a espanyol i una puntuació de F1 de 0,75 per a alemany i de 0,75 per a espanyol a MusVis quan s'utilitzen arbres extraestats. DGames es va avaluar principalment amb alemany i obté la màxima precisió de 0,67 i la màxima puntuació de F1 de 0,74. Els nostres resultats obren la possibilitat de la dislèxia de detecció precoç a baixos costos ia través del web.Children with dyslexia have difficulties in learning how to read and write. They are often diagnosed after they fail in school, even though dyslexia is not related to general intelligence. In this thesis, we present an approach for earlier screening of dyslexia using a language-independent game in combination with machine learning models trained with the interaction data. By earlier we mean before children learn how to read and write. To reach this goal, we designed the game content with knowledge of the analysis of word errors from people with dyslexia in different languages and the parameters reported to be related to dyslexia, such as auditory and visual perception. With our two designed games (MusVis and DGames) we collected data sets (313 and 137 participants) in different languages (mainly Spanish and German) and evaluated them with machine learning classifiers. For MusVis we mainly use content that refers to one single acoustic or visual indicator, while DGames content refers to generic content related to various indicators. Our method provides an accuracy of 0.74 for German and 0.69 for Spanish and F1-scores of 0.75 for German and 0.75 for Spanish in MusVis when Random Forest and Extra Trees are used in . DGames was mainly evaluated with German and reached a peak accuracy of 0.67 and a peak F1-score of 0.74. Our results open the possibility of low-cost and early screening of dyslexia through the Web.
Los niños con dislexia tienen dificultades para aprender a leer y escribir. A menudo se les diagnostica después de fracasar en la escuela, incluso aunque la dislexia no está relacionada con la inteligencia general. En esta tesis, presentamos un enfoque para la detección temprana de la dislexia utilizando un juego independiente del idioma en combinación con modelos de aprendizaje automático entrenados con los datos de la interacción. Temprana aquí significa antes que los niños aprenden a leer y escribir. Para alcanzar este objetivo, diseñamos el contenido del juego con el conocimiento del análisis de las palabras de error de las personas con dislexia en diferentes idiomas y los parámetros reportados relacionados con la dislexia, tales como la percepción auditiva y la percepción visual. Con nuestros dos juegos diseñados (MusVis y DGames) recogimos conjuntos de datos (313 y 137 participantes) en diferentes idiomas (principalmente español y alemán) y los evaluamos con clasificadores de aprendizaje automático. Para MusVis utilizamos principalmente contenido que se refiere a un único indicador acústico o visual, mientras que el contenido de DGames se refiere a varios indicadores (también contenido genérico). Nuestro método proporciona una exactitud de 0,74 para alemán y 0,69 para español y una puntuación F1 de 0,75 para alemán y 0,75 para español en MusVis cuando se utilizan Random Forest y Extra Trees. DGames fue evaluado principalmente con alemán y obtiene una exactitud de 0,67 y una puntuación F1 de 0,74. Nuestros resultados abren la posibilidad de una detección precoz y de bajo coste de la dislexia a través de la Web
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Tonchev, Ognyan y Mohammed Salih. "High-level programming languages translator". Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Avdelningen för för interaktion och systemdesign, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-2560.
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This paper discusses a high level language translator. If we divide translators of programming languages in two types: those working for two specific languages and universal translators that can be used for translation between different programming languages, the solution that will be presented in this work can be classified as both, specific language oriented and an universal translator. For the purpose of the research it was limited to translate only from Java to C++, but it can easily be extended to translate between any other high level languages. For simplifying the process of translation the project uses an intermediate step. All programs in the input language are first compiled to an abstract XML language and then to the desired output language. That way it is not necessary to translate directly from one programming language to another which is a very tricky and difficult task and could make the solution difficult to be maintained and extended. Hence the translator can also be used to translate from any high level language to XML. That gives another advantage to our solution: an XML representation of a computer program is valuable information by itself. We describe the design and implementation of the solution, demonstrate how it works and also give information on how it can be extended to work for any other programming language.This paper discusses a high level language translator. If we divide translators of programming languages in two types: those working for two specific languages and universal translators that can be used for translation between different programming languages, the solution that will be presented in this work can be classified as both, specific language oriented and an universal translator. For the purpose of the research it was limited to translate only from Java to C++, but it can easily be extended to translate between any other high level languages. For simplifying the process of translation the project uses an intermediate step. All programs in the input language are first compiled to an abstract XML language and then to the desired output language. That way it is not necessary to translate directly from one programming language to another which is a very tricky and difficult task and could make the solution difficult to be maintained and extended. Hence the translator can also be used to translate from any high level language to XML. That gives another advantage to our solution: an XML representation of a computer program is valuable information by itself. We describe the design and implementation of the solution, demonstrate how it works and also give information on how it can be extended to work for any other programming language.
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Atay, Zeynep. "Second Language Acquisition Of The English Article System By Turkish Learners: The Role Of Semantic Notions". Master's thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12611970/index.pdf.
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This thesis investigates the second language acquisition of the English article system by Turkish learners in order to find out the role of certain semantic universals of the Universal
Grammar during the acquisition process. More specifically, the purpose is to see whether or not L1 Turkish learners of English fluctuate between two semantic notions namelyspecificity and definiteness, and the effect of this fluctuation on acquisition. 120 students from three groups of learners at different proficiency levels (40 elementary, 40 intermediate and 40 upper &ndash
intermediate students) were tested. Data collection instrument, a forced-choice elicitation task is used. The task consists of 40 short and contextualized dialogues. The target sentence in each dialogue is missing an article and learners were asked to fill the gap with an appropriate article
a/an, the or Ø
on the bases of their understanding of the proceeding context. Dialogues in the task belong to four different contexts
i.e. definite/specific, definite/non-specific, indefinite/specific and indefinite/non-specific. Each context has 10 dialogues with four different contexts that are randomized. Data were analyzed using SPSS 17 packet program (descriptive analysis and one-way ANOVA). The results showed that intermediate level learners exhibited fluctuation between definiteness and specificity to a great extent in (+definite/-specific) and (-definite/+specific) contexts. Elementary level learners were more accurate in these contexts exhibiting article omission errors in definite contexts. Overall, despite certain unexpected results, upper intermediate level students were quite successful in article assignment in defined contexts. This revealed that there is a positive correlation between article system acquisition and proficiency.
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Vitrano, Tricia Duffy. "Set Design for Three Sisters: An Extraordinary Encounter with Chekhov". ScholarWorks@UNO, 2007. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/641.
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The thesis An Extraordinary Encounter with Chekhov strives to examine the process and phases involved in the design of the set for Anton Chekhov's Three Sisters. This play was produced in the Spring of 2007, at the University of New Orleans. This production was chosen by the graduate committee, as the final work to complete my Master of Fine Arts degree in set design. I seek to examine the nature of the creative process for the set design through a series of encounters, from the initial encounter with the play to the various encounters with the director and other collaborators. These various encounters will include the, research and preparation to the final creation of the set design examined in detail. Copies of all the research, renderings, photos, draftings and any supporting materials that were relevant to the creative process will accompany the text of the thesis.
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Lucena, Percival Silva de. ""SemanticAgent, uma plataforma para desenvolvimento de agentes inteligentes"". Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/55/55134/tde-01082003-102927/.
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Agentes inteligentes é um termo guarda-chuva que agrega diversas pesquisas no desenvolvimento de softwares autônomos que utilizam técnicas de Inteligência Artificial a fim de satisfazer metas estabelecidas por seus usuários. A construção de sistemas baseados em agentes inteligentes é uma tarefa complexa que envolve aspectos como comunicação entre agentes, planejamento, divisão de tarefas, coordenação, representação e manipulação de conhecimento e comportamentos, entre outras tarefas. Plataformas para agentes prevêem alguns serviços que permitem a desenvolvedores construir soluções sem a necessidade de se preocupar com todos detalhes da implementação. Um novo modelo para criação de agentes chamado 'agentes atômicos' é proposto com o objetivo de oferecer flexibilidade para o gerenciamento de conhecimento e implementação de comportamentos. A arquitetura Agentes Semânticos provê um framework para a implementação de tal modelo, oferecendo um conjunto de ferramentas para a criação de agentes inteligentes. Um protótipo de plataforma para agentes, baseado em tal arquitetura, foi desenvolvido em Java e permite a criação de aplicações capazes de processar linguagem natural restrita, manipular conhecimento e executar ações úteis.Intelligent Agents is an umbrella term that aggregates different research on the development of autonomous software that uses Artificial Intelligence techniques in order to satisfy user requests. The construction of systems based on intelligent agents is a complex task that involves aspects such as agent communication, planning, work division, cooperation, epresentation and manipulation of knowledge,among other activities. Agent Platforms provide some services that allow developers to build solutions without the need of worrying about every implementation detail. A new model for creating agents, called 'atomic agents', is proposed with the goal of offering flexible knowledge management and behavior implementation for constructing software agents. The Semantic AgentArchitecture provides a framework for the implementation of such model, offering a set of tools for the creation of intelligent agents. A prototype Agent Platform, based on the architecture, was developed in Java and allows the creation of applications that are able to process restricted natural language, manipulate knowledge and execute useful actions.
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Gravel, Jenna W. "A disciplined application of Universal Design for Learning (UDL): Supporting teachers to apply UDL in ways that promote disciplinary thinking in English Language Arts (ELA) among diverse learners". Thesis, Harvard University, 2017. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:33051610.
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This qualitative study used design-based research to explore how teachers can be supported to apply Universal Design for Learning (UDL) in ways that promote disciplinary thinking in English Language Arts (ELA) among diverse learners. Using a purposive sampling strategy, I recruited three upper-elementary teachers who were interested in exploring the intersection of UDL and disciplinary thinking in ELA. This study occurred over eleven months and included three phases: 1) establishing a baseline for each teacher in terms of current practice and current understandings of UDL and disciplinary thinking; 2) collaboratively designing, implementing, and refining an individualized intervention with each teacher; and 3) reflecting on our collaboration. Data were collected throughout these phases via classroom observation, collection of instructional materials and student work, teacher interviews, and regular meetings. The analytical framework for this study joins CAST’s UDL Guidelines and common themes of disciplinary thinking in ELA distilled from the literature and piloted in my qualifying paper. Data were analyzed to determine how teachers’ practice, understandings, and beliefs evolved; how students’ disciplinary thinking evolved; and which aspects of the interventions were useful in developing teachers’ practice, understandings, and beliefs. A case study approach was used to dive deeply into each teacher’s journey, and a cross-case analytic approach was used to uncover common and divergent themes. The findings underscore the potential synergy between UDL and disciplinary thinking and reveal the rich student thinking that is possible when UDL is leveraged for disciplinary aims. Further, the findings contribute to existing conversations on teacher change by exploring the influence of teachers’ preexisting practices and beliefs on their learning trajectories and by identifying the factors and conditions of the interventions that facilitated teacher growth: developing the lenses to “see” evidence of student thinking, leveraging tools for specific aims, and attending to the affective nature of the learning process. Together, these findings have potential to inform leaders in schools, districts, and organizations who seek to support teachers to apply UDL to encourage all learners to engage in disciplinary thinking in ELA—and who seek to support teacher learning at a broader level as well.
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Uroš, Nedeljković. "Univerzalno pismo – modernistička utopija ili savremena komunikacijska potreba". Phd thesis, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Fakultet tehničkih nauka u Novom Sadu, 2016. http://www.cris.uns.ac.rs/record.jsf?recordId=99908&source=NDLTD&language=en.
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Sa ciljem da se ponude odgovori u širem kontekstu disciplina, disertacija je segmentirana u dva dela. U prvom delu, tj. u poglavlju pod naslovom Stanje u oblasti istraživanja, hronološki se razmatra poimanje i atribuiranje univerzalnog u tipografskoj praksi modernizma i postmodernizma,i introspektivno analiziraju istorijska mišljenja i prakse, okolnosti i refleksije. Na osnovu konstatovanih suprotstavljenih mišljenja i do kraja ne određenih odgovora na ova pitanja, u drugom delu teze, konkretizovana su istraživačka pitanja i izdvojile hipoteze koje su testirane eksperimentalnim putem. Na osnovu rezultata istraživanja dati su odgovori na istraživačka pitanja i potvrđene alternativne hipoteze.Aiming to provide answers that will cover broader discipline context, this thesis is segmented in two parts. In the first part i.e. The State of the Research Field section, comprehension and attribution of the universal in the typographic practice of modernism and postmodernism has been chronologically examined, with additionalintrospective analysis of historical thinking and practices, circumstances and reflection in order to find answers to questions synthesized in the title of thesis. Based on the presented opposed opinions, and questions that have notbeen completely answered, in the second part, this thesis focuses on research question and hypothesis which have been empirically tested. Based on the results of the research the answers to the research questions have been provided, and the alternative hypotheses have been confirmed.
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Swan, Karen Esther. "Borrowing the Essentials: A Diachronic Study of the Semantic Primes of Modern English". BYU ScholarsArchive, 2013. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/4249.
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In order for communication to take place, there must be a set of core concepts that are universal to all speakers. Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) has proposed an inventory of these concepts, called semantic primes, and uses them as universal concepts in the explication and exploration of cultural values. The English semantic primes, while the majority are Anglo-Saxon, contain words that have been borrowed from Latin, Old Norse, and French. Borrowing lexical items into core vocabulary has many implications. First, the primes are not entirely stable or immune to foreign influence, even the Anglo-Saxon primes have been susceptible to the processes of language change. Second, the primes do not reflect the trends of borrowing in English as a whole. And finally, because the primes are core vocabulary, this study opens up a new aspect of English as a mixed language.
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Ferrer, i. Cancho Ramon. "Language: universals, principles and origins". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/671775.
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Here, old and new linguistic universals, i.e. properties obeyed by all languages on Earth are investigated. Basic principles of language predicting linguistic universals are also investigated. More precisely, two principles of reference, i.e. coding least effort and decoding least effort, a reformulation of G. K. Zipf's speaker and hearer least e
ort principles. Such referential principles predict Zipf's law, a universal of word frequencies, at the maximum tension between coding and decoding needs. Although trivial processes have been proposed for explaining Zipf's law in non-linguistic contexts, Zipf's law meaningfulness for human language is supported here. Minimizing the Euclidean distance between syntactically related words in sentences is a principle predicting projectivity, a universal stating that arcs between syntactically linked words in sentences generally do not cross. Besides, such a physical distance minimization successfully predicts (a) an exponential distribution for the distribution of the distance between syntactically related words and (b) subject-verb-object (SVO) order superiority in the actual use of world languages. Previously unreported non-trivial features of real syntactic dependency networks are presented here, i.e. scale-free degree distributions, small-world phenomenon, disassortative mixing and hierarchical organization. Instead of a universal grammar, a single universality class is proposed for world languages. Syntax and symbolic reference are unified under a single topological property, ie. connectedness in the network of signal-object associations of a communication system. Assuming Zipf's law, not only connectedness follows, but the above properties of real syntactic networks.
Therefore, (a) referential principles are the principles of syntax and symbolic reference, (b) syntax is a byproduct of simple communication principles and (c) the above properties of syntactic dependency networks must be universal if Zipf's law is universal, which is the case. The transition to language is shown to be of the kind of a continuous phase transition in physics. Thereafter, the transition to human language could not have been gradual. The reduced network morphospace resulting from a combination of a network distance minimization principle and link density minimization principle is presented as an alternative hypothesis and a promising prospect for linguistic networks subject to fast communication pressures. The present thesis is unique among theories about the origins of language, in the sense that (a) it explains how words or signals naturally glue in order to form complex messages, (b) it validates its predictions with real data, (c) unifies syntax and symbolic reference and (d) uses ingredients already present in the animal communication systems, in a way no other approximations do. The framework presented is radical shift in the research of linguistic universals and its origins through the physics of critical phenomena.
The principles presented here are not principles of human language, but principles of complex communication. Therefore, such principles suggest new prospects for other information transmission systems in nature.En aquesta tesi s'investiguen vells i nous universals lingüístics, és a dir, propietats que obeeixen totes les llengües de la Terra. També s'estudien principis bàsics del llenguatge que prediuen universals lingüístics. En concret, dos principis referencials, mínim esforç de codificació i mínim esforç de descodificació, una reformulació dels principi de mínim esforç de G. K. Zipf pel qui parla i pel qui escolta. Els esmentats principis referencials prediuen la llei de Zipf, un universal de la freqüència de les paraules en el punt de màxima tensió entre necessitats de codificació i descodificació. Encara que s'han proposat processos trivials per explicar la llei de Zipf en contextos no lingüístics, aquí es recolza la significança d'aquesta llei per al llenguatge humà. Minimitzar la distància euclidea entre paraules sintàcticament relacionades dins frases és un principi que prediu projectivitat, un universal que afirma que els arcs entre paraules sintàcticament relacionades dins una frase no es creuen en general. D'una altra banda, aquesta minimització de la distancia física prediu (a) una distribució exponencial per a la distribució de la distància entre paraules sintàcticament relacionades (b) superioritat de l'ordre SVO en l’ús real de les llengües del món. Aquí es presenten propietats totalment noves de les xarxes de dependències sintàctiques, és a dir, distribucions de grau potencials, fenomen del món petit assortative mixing i organització jeràrquica. Enlloc d'una gramàtica universal, es proposa una única classe d'universalitat per a les llengües del món. Sintaxi i referència simbòlica són unificades sota una única propietat topològica: connectivitat en la xarxa d'associacions senyal-objecte d'un sistema de comunicació. Assumint la llei de Zipf, no sols se segueix connectivitat sinó les propietats de xarxes sintàctiques reals esmentades més amunt. Per tant, (a) els principis referencials són els principis de la sintaxi i la referència simbòlica, (b) la sintaxi és el subproducte de principis simples de la comunicació i (c) les propietats esmentades de les xarxes de dependències sintàctiques han de ser universals si la llei de Zipf és universal, que és el cas. Es mostra que la transició a llenguatge és del tipus de les transicions de fase contínues en física. Per tant, la transició a llenguatge no va poder ser gradual. Es presenta el morfoespai reduït que resulta d'una combinació d'un principi de minimització de la distància i un principi de minimització de la densitat de connexions com una hipòtesi alternativa i una perspectiva prometedora per a xarxes lingüístiques que pateixin pressions per comunicació ràpida. La present tesi és única entre les teories sobre els orígens del llenguatge, en el sentit que (a) explica com les paraules o els senyals es combinen de forma natural per tal de formar missatges complexos, (b) valida les seves prediccions amb dades reals, (c) unifica sintaxi i referència simbòlica i usa ingredients que ja estan presents en els sistemes de comunicació animal, d'una forma que cap altra aproximació fa. El marc presentat és un canvi radical en la recerca dels universals del llenguatge i els seus orígens a través de la física dels fenòmens crítics. Els principis presentats aquí no són els principis del llenguatge humà, sinó els principis de la comunicació complexa. Per tant, els propdits principis suggereixen noves perspectives per a altres sistemes naturals de transmissió d’informació complexa.
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Keegan, Te Taka Adrian Gregory. "Indigenous language usage in a digital library he hautoa kia ora tonu ai /". The University of Waikato, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2534.
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The research described in this thesis examines indigenous language usage in a digital library environment that has been accessed via the Internet. By examining discretionary use of the Māori Niupepa and Hawaiian Nūpepa digital libraries this research investigates how indigenous languages were used in these electronic environments in 2005. The results provide encouragement and optimism to people who are striving to retain, revitalise and develop the use of indigenous languages in information technologies. The Transaction Log Analysis (TLA) methods used in this research serve as an example of how web logs can be used to provide significant information about language usage in a bilingual online information system. Combining the TLA with user feedback has provided insights into how and why clients use indigenous languages in their information retrieval activities. These insights in turn, show good practice that is relevant not only to those working with indigenous languages, indigenous peoples or multilingual environments, but to all information technology designers who strive for universal usability. This thesis begins by describing the importance of using indigenous languages in electronic environments and suggests that digital libraries can provide an environment to support and encourage the use of such languages. TLA is explained in the context of this study and is then used to analyse aspects of te reo Māori usage in the Niupepa digital library environment in 2005. TLA also indicates that te reo Māori was used by international clients and this usage differed to te reo Māori usage by national (Aotearoa) clients. Findings further reveal that the default language setting of the Niupepa digital library had a considerable impact on te reo Māori usage. When the default language was set to te reo Māori not only were there more requests in te reo Māori but there was also a higher usage of te reo Māori in the information retrieval activities. TLA of the Hawaiian Nūpepa digital library indicated that the Hawaiian language was also used in a digital library. These results confirm that indigenous languages were used in digital library environments. Feedback from clients suggests reasons why indigenous languages were used in this environment. These reasons include the indigenous language content of the digital library, the indigenous language default language setting of the digital library and a stated desire by the clients to use the indigenous language. The key findings raise some interface design issues and support the claim that digital libraries can provide an environment to support the use of indigenous languages.
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Antonelli, Oronzo. "Studio e implementazione di un sistema ensemble per il parsing dell'italiano". Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/16123/.
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In questo lavoro di tesi sono state valutate le prestazioni di otto parser che considerano modelli di analisi sintattica dipendente con un'architettura basata su reti neurali deep. Utilizzando due corpora in lingua italiana presenti nelle Universal Dependencies, uno di dominio generico e l'altro di dominio social media, nello specifico Twitter, si è sperimentato come l'apprendimento dal corpus di dominio social media porta ad un significativo incremento dell'accuratezza di parsing rispetto all'apprendimento dal corpus di dominio generico, entrambi valutati sul dominio social media. Inoltre, si è mostrato come utilizzando più dati nel corpus di apprendimento, inclusi i dati di dominio, si riesce ad ottenere un ulteriore miglioramento delle prestazioni dei parser. In seguito, utilizzando i modelli di parsing già appresi, si sono sperimentate differenti tecniche di ensemble allo scopo di combinare i modelli e le predizioni dei singoli parser per migliorare le prestazioni dei singoli modelli e superare la valutazione del miglior parser singolo ottenuto in precedenza. Dai risultati è emerso che utilizzare modelli combinati per il dominio social media fornisce un significativo incremento delle prestazioni rispetto ai tesi di dominio generico.
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Verdet, Florian. "Exploring variabilities through factor analysis in automatic acoustic language recognition". Phd thesis, Université d'Avignon, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00954255.
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Language Recognition is the problem of discovering the language of a spoken definitionutterance. This thesis achieves this goal by using short term acoustic information within a GMM-UBM approach.The main problem of many pattern recognition applications is the variability of problemthe observed data. In the context of Language Recognition (LR), this troublesomevariability is due to the speaker characteristics, speech evolution, acquisition and transmission channels.In the context of Speaker Recognition, the variability problem is solved by solutionthe Joint Factor Analysis (JFA) technique. Here, we introduce this paradigm toLanguage Recognition. The success of JFA relies on several assumptions: The globalJFA assumption is that the observed information can be decomposed into a universalglobal part, a language-dependent part and the language-independent variabilitypart. The second, more technical assumption consists in the unwanted variability part to be thought to live in a low-dimensional, globally defined subspace. In this work, we analyze how JFA behaves in the context of a GMM-UBM LR framework. We also introduce and analyze its combination with Support Vector Machines(SVMs).The first JFA publications put all unwanted information (hence the variability) improvemen tinto one and the same component, which is thought to follow a Gaussian distribution.This handles diverse kinds of variability in a unique manner. But in practice,we observe that this hypothesis is not always verified. We have for example thecase, where the data can be divided into two clearly separate subsets, namely datafrom telephony and from broadcast sources. In this case, our detailed investigations show that there is some benefit of handling the two kinds of data with two separatesystems and then to elect the output score of the system, which corresponds to the source of the testing utterance.For selecting the score of one or the other system, we need a channel source related analyses detector. We propose here different novel designs for such automatic detectors.In this framework, we show that JFA's variability factors (of the subspace) can beused with success for detecting the source. This opens the interesting perspectiveof partitioning the data into automatically determined channel source categories,avoiding the need of source-labeled training data, which is not always available.The JFA approach results in up to 72% relative cost reduction, compared to the overall resultsGMM-UBM baseline system. Using source specific systems followed by a scoreselector, we achieve 81% relative improvement.
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Voss, Christina L. "The universal language of Freemasonry a socio-linguistic study of an in-group's means of communication compared with ritualistic diction and symbolism of "profane" fraternities, and a survey of its general applicability /". [S.l. : s.n.], 2003. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=969267843.
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