Tesis sobre el tema "Uruguay"

Purpose: The purpose of our research was to study the role and impact that ‘information and communication technologies’ and the MEC centers might have on the Uruguayan society. We want to examine how MEC and ICT usage could affect daily lives of marginalized people in Uruguay. We want to explore how it might benefit individuals living in small communities by evaluating indicators of positive impact of how ICT usage could strengthen capitals and increase freedom. Furthermore, our aim is to understand how digital literacy and the access to ICT’s can be related to democracy, and try to understand if greater individual empowerment also could enhance democracy. Method: For a period of eight weeks, from March 3rd to 28th of April 2014, we were in Montevideo and vicinity to gather material that we later have analyzed qualitatively. The material is based on observations in the field, interviews with various stakeholders, manuals and national policy documents concerning MEC, as well answers we received from an online survey. Main conclusions:We have found that the MEC centers and ICT, combined with education, could be an important tool to facilitate the inclusion of marginalized groups in the Uruguayan society. Our findings indicate that the MEC centers in Uruguay could contribute to the decentralization of the country and have a positive impact on gender- and generation equality. The result suggests that the centers could have a positive impact on democracy in Uruguay by teaching participants how to use e-governmental services as well as encouraging them to participate in online governmental websites. Furthermore, we found that MEC lets the local communities be in charge of their own development, which indicate that the sustainability of the project is increased as well as the positive development outcome. Through the MEC centers we found that both the freedom and the social capital of the participants were positively affected.

Les travaux présentent un parcours centré sur les murs de Montevideo, un regard ethnologique et sémiologique sur différents genres d’inscriptions et leur pratique : les pintadas des brigades de partis politiques ; les murales communautaires des Afro-uruguayens ; les graffitis, pochoirs et autres formes de street art de la jeune génération. Directement ou indirectement politiques, ces expressions graphiques sont le reflet de différentes manières de s’engager et de formuler cet engagement ; elles sont issues d’une tradition structurée, instituée comme un rite d’affrontement entre partis, ou sont encore les traces d’une jeunesse née dans le désenchantement de la post-dictature. Ces « jeunes » prennent le politique de biais, sur le mode de l’ironie et de la dérision, ou bien de front, exprimant l’émergence de nouvelles formes de militantisme. L’ensemble de ces inscriptions, les imaginaires et les systèmes symboliques qu'elles exposent, permettent de cerner des cultures politiques cohabitant à Montevideo, dans le cadre du premier gouvernement du Frente Amplio (2005-2009), mais aussi dans une histoire plus longue et plus globale. Les inscriptions aspirent à créer l'identification ou la connivence des citoyens-citadins, en usant de rhétoriques informelles, callejeras. Plus efficaces symboliquement que politiquement, ces pratiques renvoient à ce que le politique recèle de plus éprouvé et de plus subjectif, elles sont le lieu où l'individu peut réécrire le monde, se situant en son sein et dans des cadres d'expériences partagées. Sans cesse resémantisée, on voit évoluer une ville politique où certains pans de la démocratie se jouent dans la rue
This work focuses on the walls of Montevideo; it is an ethnological and semiological glance to various types of inscriptions and their practice: The pintadas of the political parties brigades; the murales of the Afro-Uruguayan community; graffiti, stencils and other forms of street art of the young generation. Direct or indirect politics, these graphic expressions are the reflection of different ways to make a commitment and formulate this commitment; they come from a structured tradition, established as a rite of confrontation between parties, or as traces of a youth born in the disillusionment after the dictatorship. This youth takes politics on the bias, on the way of irony and mockery, either frontally, expressing the emergence of new forms of militancy. All these inscriptions, imaginaries, and symbolic systems exposed by them, allow outlining the political cultures living in Montevideo, within the framework of the first government of Frente Amplio (2005-2009), but also griping in a longer and more global history. The registrations intend to create the identification or the complicity of the urban-citizens, using informal, street rhetoric. More effective symbolically than politically, these practices send back to the fact that politics conceals more sensitive and more subjective feelings; they are the place where the individual can rewrite the world, by positioning within it and in shared experiences frames. Ceaselessly resemantic, we can see the evolution of a political city where certain pieces of the democracy play in the street

Texte remanié de: Tesis--Facultad de ciencias sociales--Universidad de la República, 2005. Titre de soutenance : Adaptación partidaria y competencia política en Uruguay : el caso del Frente Amplio, 1971-2004.
Au dessus du titre : Instituto de ciencia política, Facultad de ciencias sociales, Universidad de la República. Bibliogr. p. 191-201.

This study deals with the impact of the legislative bill that enabled the creation of a regulated cannabis market in Uruguay as a means to combat organized crime in the country. This study will also explore the hypothesis that this legislative bill changed the legal character of criminality as well as reformulating narcotic issues from being a criminal issue into a public health issue. Analyzing the very specific case of Uruguay’s current narcotic policies becomes a means to explore the ideas that constitute Law Nr 19.172 “Marijuana and its derivatives” which might be indicative of the attitudes in society regarding criminality. This ties into the new iteration of the dichotomy between law and democracy as a result of this legislative reform in Uruguay and the possible new role of legal theory in a democratic country which is discussed in this article.

Nous prenons la condition humaine, en tant que trilogie espèce / individu / être social, comme articulation de nos recherches. Sélectionner dans une thématique, les composants basiques ainsi que trouver la façon dont ils se lient entre eux et avec d'autres, en trouvant leur équilibre dans une globalité spatiale, temporelle, affective et axiologique est la vocation de notre théorie. Ceci est essentiel pour étendre un réseau d'appui qui organise conjointement la compréhension, l'étude, les représentations, les sens, les vécus et les modifications d'une réalité. En particulier nous avons appliqué la "théorie d'articulation de moments" à la relation ville / nature, prenant le paysage comme analyseur et en la mettant à l'épreuve avec un cas type, l'avenue côtière (rambla) de Montevideo. Nous proposons une dialogique dynamique pour aborder la complexité de la réalité, en commençant par la définition nécessaire d'une unidualité primaire, représentée par des paires de forces opposées et complémentaires qui, conjuguées avec des distances, génèrent des "moments" dont l'équilibre s'obtient en articulant de différents plans. L'opposition complémentaire originale est la considération de l'homme dans et hors de la nature. Dans notre cas, suit celle de cette dernière avec la ville. Nous formulons donc l'existence d’un processus récursif où sont fondamentaux les différents niveaux d'interaction entre homme et milieu, ainsi que s'occuper de l'équilibre sur chaque plan et dans la globalité, en voie d'obtenir la réussite dans l'essence humaine et environnementale à long terme
We have taken the human condition, insofar as it is a trilogy: species / individual / social being, as an articulation for our searches. The selection, within the subject matter of the basic components and finding the way they relate among themselves and with other components, discovering their balance in a spatial, temporal, affective and axiological global situation, is the vocation of our theory. This is essential in order to weave a supportive network that organizes together understanding, study, representation, meanings, experience and changes in a situation. In particular we have applied the "theory of linking moments" to a city / nature relationship, using the landscape us an analyst and testing it with a practical example: that of the Montevideo Sea Front Avenue or promenade, the rambla. We propose a dynamic dialogue to address the complexity of the situation, starting from the necessary definition of a primary dual unity, represented by pairs of opposing and complementary forces that, conjugated with distances, give rise to "moments" whose balance is achieved by linking different levels. The original complementary opposition is the consideration of man in and outside nature. This is followed, in our case, by that of nature with the city. Thus we formulate the existence of a process of resources, where the various levels of interaction between man and the environment are fundamental, in addition to addressing balance at each level and globally with the aim of achieving success in the long term, in a human and environmental essence

Montevideo est victime durant le dix-neuvieme siecle de plus d'une epidemie. Le cholera et la fievre jaune produissent au sein de l'etat et de la population des changements importants. La ville est desormais organisee pour le combat contre les maladies infectieuses. La population construit autour de la mort et de la peur un grand nombre d'idees, consolident alors un imaginaire sur la question epidemique
Montevideo leave in the nineteenth century some epidemics. Cholera and yellow fever are presents in the scene of the state and society, with a lot of importants changes. The urban systems are ready to fight infectious diseases. The society built around death and fear a lot of ideas, necessary to found a imaginaty around the epidemic phenomenon

Le thème central de la thèse a trait au rapport entre les concepts de citoyenneté sociale et de genre, plus particulièrement l'articulation entre la vie productive et reproductive des femmes en Uruguay, et les répercussions qu'ont les changements de modèles en matière de vie commune et d'organisation familiale quant à l'articulation entre famille, communauté, Etat et marché. On commencera par exposer le cadre théorique qui sous-tend les divers chapitres de cette thèse, concernant le concept de genre, tout en se référant aux discussions actuelles sur le thème en question. Les différentes parties et chapitres de cette thèse sont structurés de la manière suivante : la première partie est consacrée à l'explicitation des fondements conceptuels sur lesquels s'appuie ce travail. Sont notamment abordés dans le premier chapitre la question des rapports sociaux de sexe et l'apport de ce concept pour saisir la complexité de la réalité sociale, les systèmes de genre et de division sexuelle du travail, les mécanismes d'inclusion et d'exclusion sociales. Le deuxième et le troisième chapitre abordent, d'un point de vue théoriquqe, le concept de citoyenneté sociale ainsi que les questions conceptuelles liées aux services de garde, aux responsabilités familiales et à la vie quotidienne. Le quatrième chapitre est consacré à l'analyse des transformations familiales en Uruguay et le cinquième à la présentation de la situation sociale, économique et culturelle des femmes dans ce pays. La deuxième partie est consacrée aux aspects empiriques. Elle inclut plusieurs points : la quantification des demandes de garde en fonction de facteurs démographiques, un diagnostic des services et des formes de garde d'enfants existant en Uruguay, ainsi qu'une étude de cas sur la maternité et le travail salarié. La thèse présentée ici résulte d'un cheminement intellectuel qui trouve lui-même sa source dans plusieurs années de réflexiion autour de la thématique du genre. Comme on l'a déjà souligné, la préoccupation centrale à l'origine de ce travail était l'articulation entre vie familiale et travail féminin : comment faire pour que les droits des femmes en matière de citoyenneté sociale cessent d'être des droits formels pour devenir des droits réels ? Pour traiter de cette question, le travail a été conçu en plusieurs temps. La réflexion a d'abord porté sur la dimension analytique du genre sur des concepts classiques ou plus récents de la sociologie, dont le concept de citoyenneté, celui des droits sociaux, du travail, etc. Cette approche théorique, fondée sur la reconceptualisation et sur la lecture critique de nombreuses notions, nous a permis de définir plus clairement la problématique qui est au fondement de ce travail. Une mise à plat des besoins de garde en Uruguay, tenant compte de la situation démographique, a ensuite été réalisée, étant entendu que l'articulation entre vie familiale et travail constitue l'une des difficultés majeures auxquelles se heurtent les femmes dans l'exercice de leurs droits, en tant que cityoennes. C'est pour répondre à cette difficulté qu'a été élaborée, dans le corps de la thèse, une échelle des besoins en matière de soins et de services de garde permettant de mesurer la demande en Uruguay. Une fois connue la demande de garde et ses caractéristiques démographiques selon l'âge des populations concernées, il est apparu pertinent de chercher à connaître les offres et les services de garde à disposition dans l'un des secteurs où les besoins de prise en charge individuels sont parmi les plus importants : à savoir celui des enfants. On a procédé pour ce faire à un relevé systématique des services de garde uruguayens - publics et privés - concernant la petite enfance. A partir de cet état des lieux et en se référant à d'autres indicateurs présentés au cours de la thèse, il ressort que l'offre de services publics de type institutionnel en direction des plus jeunes enfants - ceux de la tranche d'âge de 0 à 3 ans - est des plus réduites en Uruguay. Pour parvenir à articuler travail et famille, nombre de mères ont recours à des solutions non institutionnelles, informelles, telles que les réseaux familiaux ou sociaux. C'est pour connaître les pratiques et les stratégies concrètes mises en oeuvre par les femmes en vue d'assumer leurs responsabilités familiales et de garde, tout en travaillant, qu'une étude de cas multiple sur la maternité et le travail salarié a été réalisée.

Se developpant en uruguay depuis 40 ans, les cultes de possession tels que l'umbanda, le batuque, la quimbanda et te candomble, sont devenus une reponse aux diverses difficultes que les individus rencontrent dans leur vie : problemes economiques, affectifs, psychologiques, physiques, etc. . . Dans un pays ou pres de 2/3 de la population est urbaine, ou le systeme de soins est defaillant et inadapte, ou les guerisseurs traditionnels ont disparu, les cultes de possession sont devenus la seule reponse therapeutique hormis le regime hospitalier et mutuel general. En tant que systeme religieux, les cultes de possession inscrivent la therapeutique dans un systeme ordonne de croyances aux esprits desincarnes et aux orixas. Mais ces cultes ne trouvent pas leur origine dans les populations descendant des africains ou des amerindiens puisque nous montrons qu'elles sont inexistantes. Provenant donc directement du bresil, ce pays sert de terre de reference pour les adeptes de ces religions. Les divers rituels observes et le discours de differents informateurs serviront de base a notre analyse, dans une perspective comparative. La dimension therapeutique prenant une telle ampleur en uruguay, le choix de l'anthropologie de la maladie comme approche du terrain s'est impose d'emblee, des lors que l'etude des representations sociales et culturelles de la maladie, de la sante, revele la conception de l'homme et de sa place dans l'univers. Le chapitre i definit notre approche methodologique, dans le chapitre ii, les donnees monographiques recueillies en uruguay sont confrontees aux donnees bresiliennes rapportees par les auteurs classiques et contemporains. Les chapitres iii et iv sont consacres respectivement a l'analyse du systeme religieux et du systeme therapeutique des cultes de possession dans leur version uruguayenne. En conclusion, nous degageons les particularites des religions etudiees, nous fesons le point sur les modalites de leur implantation dans la cultureet nous determinons s'il existe ou non un modele typiquement uruguayen de ces cultes, puis, nous montrons que pour des manifestations culturelles similaires, leur signification est differente pour un pays comme le bresil et un pays comme l'uruguay. Si au bresil ils sont l'expression ou la survivance d'une identite culturelle noire, en uruguay ils sont surtout la manifestation d'un vide culturel et une volonte de

El derecho a la huelga ha implicado, desde hace varios años, un medio a través del cual los trabajadores buscanhacer valer sus derechos e intereses dentro del ámbito laboral. Si bien muchas veces es entendido como el uso de la fuerza para lograrlos, ello se encuentra completamente alejado de la realidad, pues dicho mecanismo cuenta con una legislación que reglamenta el accionar tanto de empleadores como subordinados.En el presente artículo, el autor se enfoca en cómo dicho derecho se encuentra regulado en el ordenamiento jurídico uruguayo. Para ello, parte de su reconocimiento como derecho fundamental preexistente a su manifestación en la norma constitucional, para luego enfocarse en cómo debe entenderse a la huelga, revisando jurisprudencia y la doctrina de Uruguay. Termina explicando los efectos de la misma en el contrato laboral. En resumen, este es un artículo que nos permite analizar la situación del derecho a la huelga en un país cuya legislaciónes muy similar a la nuestra.

Ce travail a ete divise en 4 chapitres. Un premier chapitre est consacre a l'etude du panorama historique du rio de la plata et plus precisement de l'uruguay et cela a partir des premieres annees de vie independante (1825) et jusqu'a la deuxieme presidence de jose batlle y ordonez (1921). Un deuxieme chapitre est consacre a l'enquete aupres de familles italiennes etablies en uruguay. Elle inclue les dossiers de 3 familles italiennes ayant illustre leur saga familiale avec de tres bons documents. Le troisieme chapitre est consacre a la vie associative. On y trouve plusieurs listes d'associations; elles ont ete classes en fonction de leur date de creation, de leur but, ou de leur decouverte au cours de notre enquete. Certaines ont ete etudiees a partir de documents fournis par d'anciens membres ou par leur famille et le cas echeant, par le conseil d'administration en place. Cette documentation se trouve en annexe. Un dernier chapitre etudie la presence des italiens a montevideo : dans l'urbanisme la gastronomie, les arts, la langue, etc. Le travail se complete par un grand nombre d'annexes ou l'on trouve une masse importance de documents concernant notamment la legislation sur l'immigration, les statuts des associations, des documents divers ayant appartenu a des immigres. .
This work has 4 chapters. - chapter one : it studies historical events of the rio de la plata, and specially of uruguay between 1825 and 1920; that is, fron the years after the independance to the end of jose batlle y ordonez's second period of governement (1921). - a second chapter consists of a research on the italian families living in uruguay. A questionnary has been presented to 25 families; 3 other families related their history and they illustrated their souvenirs with different family documents. - the 3 rd chapter studies the different associations created by italian imigrants in uruguay. Several lists have been made. Each list contains a group of associations that have been put together according to their specific particula- rities : - the last chapter studies the presence of italian immigrants in montevideo and it shows how their influence is easily found in the every different aspect of everyday life : urbanism, arts, language, cooking, social habits etc. . . The present study includs an important mass of documents concerning each chapter : - immigration laws. .

L'Uruguay méridional connaît certaines transformations territoriales, qui annoncent des mutations, essentielles pour la structuration et le développement du pays : la métropolisation de Montevideo, l'intensification de l'occupation du littoral sur, la conurbation naissante de maldonado-punta del este et la mise en place d'une nouvelle structure de gestion de la ville capitale. Une analyse prospective des impacts du nouveau processus d’intégration (marche commun du cône sud, mercosur), ou Montevideo est appelé a être sa capitale, s’avère indispensable. Les projets du pont Buenos Aires - colonia, l'hidrovia paraguay - parana et l'axe routier du cône sud, constituent des sources d'impacts énormes sur le littoral sud uruguayen qui devient un lien entre les grandes métropoles du cône sud. C'est par le biais du pont que la région métropolitaine de Buenos Aires enclenchera un deuxième processus de métropolisation sur l'Uruguay. Dans un pays sans tradition d’aménagement du territoire, les contradictions entre les structures institutionnelles et fiscales limitent les possibilités de développements régionaux et locaux, et la maîtrise des grands ouvrages d’intégration régionale. La forte concentration de la population, des activités économiques, et du pouvoir dans la capitale rend encore plus difficile la mise en place des politiques de développement déconcentre ou décentralisé
The south of Uruguay undergoes certain territorial transformations, which indicate changes that are essential for country's structuration and development : metropolization of montevideo, intensification of the southern littoral's occupancy, nascent conurbation of maldonado-punta del este, setting of a new structure of the capital city's administration. A prospective analysis of the impacts by the new method of regional integration (commom market of the southern cone, mercosur), where of montevideo is invited to become the capital, moves to be necessary. Projects of the buenos aires-colonia bridge, the hidrovia paraguay-parand, and the road axis of the southern cone form the cource of huge impacts on the southern littoral of uruguay, thus binding the capitals of the southern cone. It's by the bias of the bridge that the metropoltain region of buenos aires engages the second process of the uruguay's metropolization. In a country without traditions of the territorial development, contradictions between institutional and fiscal structures limit the possibilities of regional and local development, and the control of important works concerning regional integration. Strong concentration of the population, economical and administrative activities of the capital make the setting of disconcentrated or decentralized development policy even more difficult

Texte remanié de: Tesis doct.--Facultad de geografía e historia--Madrid--Universidad Complutense, 1983. Titre de soutenance : La conferencia de París sobre la banda oriental, 1817-1819.
Bibliogr. p. 357-367.

Bibliography: leaves 51-59.
The objective of this study was to evaluate maté consumption as a risk factor for oesophageal cancer and to further evaluate the role of quantity and temperature in order to assess whether the effect is related to the carcinogenicity of the plant or the high temperature at which maté is consumed. In addition the effect of diet, alcohol drinking and tobacco smoking on oesophageal cancer risk was assessed.

L'etude des contacts culturels en uruguay dans la periode comprise entre 1870 et 1930 environ, permet d'approcher la mise en place historique d'une nouvelle configuration de l'ensemble des spectacles vivants, ainsi que de chacune des pratiques qui le composent: diverses formes theatrales, le cirque dit criollo, les activites spectaculaires afrouruguayennes, les multiples expressions du carnaval de montevideo. Le dernier tiers du xixe siecle et les premieres decennies du xxe sont en uruguay une epoque de profonds bouleversements demographiques, qui concernent en particulier une forte urbanisation, le phenomene connu comme exode rural et, surtout, l'immigration europeenne massive. Ce contexte marque par l'heterogeneite culturelle donne lieu a des processus de transculturation au cours desquels de nouvelles formes spectaculaires apparaissent. L'idee de l'emergence de phenomenes culturels nouveaux comme consequence des situations de contact est precisement la proposition principale contenue dans la notion de transculturation, avancee par l'ethnologue cubain fernande ortiz en 1940. Cette notion, enrichie par les contributions des theories de l'auto-organisation et celles de l'apprentissage, fournit a l'etude des spectacles vivants en uruguay des outils conceptuels nettement plus appropries, par exemple, que la theorie de l'acculturation, forgee au sein de l'anthropologie culturelle nord-americaine. La transculturation situe, en effet, les processus de contact culturel au centre de la specificite des formes spectaculaires en uruguay, issues de la circulation intense de materiauxculturels extremement divers a partir de la fin du xixe siecle. La dynamique des transformations de cet ensemble de pratiques amene des questions sur leur plasticite, leur morphogenese, leur historicite, posees et encadrees dans la perspective de l'ethnoscenologie.

Las prácticas, los relatos y las creencias relacionadas con entidades espirituales en la ciudad de Salto y su entorno constituyen el objeto de estudio de esta investigación. Los hombres y mujeres protagonistas e informantes –funcionarios, jubilados, trabajadores rurales, policías, artistas, docentes, comerciantes y finqueros– son habitantes de la ciudad, vecinos de pequeños poblados, así como peregrinos y trabajadores de La Aurora, una zona rural tenida por mística. Sus historias personales, ideas, vivencias y preguntas proporcionaron la materia principal para una etnografía que pretende aproximarse a la sociedad salteña a través de sus relaciones con hechos y seres etiquetados como extraordinarios. En Salto los relatos sobre mujeres fantasmales, lobisones, poseídas y criaturas monstruosas, localizados en zonas limítrofes, sugieren paralelismos con estructuras sociales en que corporalidades y territorios parecen entrelazarse con relaciones comunitarias de control social, de género y de clase. Otros aparecidos, provenientes de la muerte y del pasado, son muertos que se resisten a morir y que continúan en el mundo de los vivos. Mientras que algunos espíritus de difuntos aparecen para proteger a los suyos, otros emergen de las incertidumbres de la historia y de los reclamos de la memoria colectiva. Las entidades sabias y altruistas –santos, seres de luz o extraterrestres– constituyen una tercera categoría de apariciones. Sus mensajes, milagros y prodigios, contextualizados en distintas propuestas religiosas, conllevan esperanzadas posibilidades de curación del cuerpo, de evolución espiritual o de futura salvación. Las apariciones frecuentan territorios próximos o cotidianos y, al mismo tiempo, informan de otros mundos. En los primeros, determinados enclaves, objetos, singularidades de la geografía constituyen soportes materiales idóneos u operan como puertas de comunicación con los espacios de los espíritus. Por otro lado, los seres sobrenaturales ofrecen a hombres y mujeres visionarios indicios de otros mundos cuyas emergencias en el nuestro conllevan riesgos o amenazas para unos y, para otros, curiosidad, bienestar o satisfacción. Aunque en Salto, cada colectivo social mantiene ideas particulares sobre patrones de apariciones que se consideran aceptables, existe interacción entre prácticas y creencias de grupos diversos y un sustrato de conocimientos compartidos. Las ideas de los salteños y las salteñas sobre este punto no resultan –ni mucho menos– excepcionales, pero quizás una circulación intensa y una cierta promoción de los relatos evidencian umbrales de aceptación de lo extraordinario algo más bajos que en otras comunidades similares. La amalgama de poblaciones de origen americano y europeo que colonizaron el territorio, ciertas experiencias espirituales singulares, una apertura a la diversidad religiosa desde épocas tempranas, junto a un sentido identitario ligado al territorio urbano y al rural configuran algunas claves de la comprensión de los mundos que habitan los asombros, los espectros y otras apariciones salteñas.
The subject of this study is the practices, narratives, and beliefs related to spirit entities in the Uruguayan city of Salto and its surrounding area. The women and men who are the protagonists and informants --civil servants, retirees, agricultural laborers, policemen, artists, teachers, shopkeepers and estate owners-- are the inhabitants of the city, the residents of small settlements, as well as the pilgrims, workers and residents of La Aurora, a rural zone considered spiritually active. The narratives of the people of Salto and its zone about female spirits, werewolves, people who are possessed, and monstrous spirits suggest parallels with community mechanisms for social control, gender and social class. Other spirits are the dead who resist dying and remain in the world of the living. Whereas some spirits of the dead appear to protect their living relations, others emerge from the obscurity of certain historical events and respond to the demands of collective memory. Spirits that are wise and altruistic --saints, beings of light, or extraterrestrials-- constitute a third kind of apparitions. Their messages, miracles and prodigies, contextualized through varying religious traditions, offer hope for healing bodies, spiritual evolution, or future salvation. The apparitions frequent nearby or everyday territories, while at the same time providing information on other worlds in whose emergence some people see risks or threats while others approach with curiosity, well-being or satisfaction. Although in Salto each social collective has its own ideas about the kinds of apparitions it considers acceptable, there is an interaction between the practices and beliefs of different groups, and a substrate of shared knowledge and concept. The ideas of the people of Salto on this matter are certainly not exceptional, but it may be that the intense circulation and a certain promotion of the narratives are signs that the barriers for belief in the supernatural are somewhat lower than in other similar communities. The amalgam of populations of native American and European origin who settled the territory, certain singular spiritual experiences, and a long history of openness to religious diversity, together with a sense of identity with an urban and rural territory, comprise some of the key elements for understanding the worlds that the Salto spirits, specters, and other apparitions inhabit.

Orientador: Clodoaldo Bueno
Banca: Fernando da Silva Camargo
Banca: José Luis Bendicho Beired
Resumo: Na segunda década do século XIX, a região platina, zona de intersecção entre os impérios lusitano e hispânico na América Meridional ao longo de já alguns séculos, tornou-se palco, dentro da força motriz das independências hispano-americanas, de uma onda de movimentos e agitamentos políticos contundentes: o próprio processo independentista bonaerense, o movimento federalista de José Gervásio Artigas e, articulando-se a tais episódios, o sempre presente projeto português de ocupação da Banda Oriental, o qual foi materializado com as intervenções de 1811 e 1816. Neste trabalho serão apresentados os contextos políticos que cercavam os espaços políticos envolvidos nestas duas ações militares de Portugal. A Europa era afetada pelos ideais e práticas do imperialismo napoleônico e na península ibérica a crise política se aprofundava ao mesmo tempo em que os movimentos de resistência cresciam. A região platina, por sua vez, recebia as influências políticas desse cenário: a crise de legitimidade dinástica após o aprisionamento de Fernando VII, os movimentos revolucionários e o audaz projeto de Carlota Joaquina para se tornar Regente da Espanha formaram um ambiente propício para que a diplomacia portuguesa tornasse o antigo projeto expansionista lusitano uma realidade. Assim, neste trabalho buscar-se-á reconstruir os episódios políticos que cercaram e, até mesmo, motivaram as duas intervenções portuguesas na Banda Oriental do Uruguai.
Abstract: During the second decade of the XIX century, the platine region intersecting the Portuguese and Spanish empires in the Meridional America, as a result of Spanish and American independence, became the center of a wave of important political movements and agitations: the independence actions in Buenos Aires, the federalist campaign of José Gervásio Artigas, and, cunningly articulated with such events, the permanently present Portuguese project of occupying the Eastern Zone, which was materialized by interventions that took place in 1811 and 1816. The political context associated to the political spaces involved in these two military actions undertaken by Portugal will be presented in this paper. The ideals disseminated by Napoleonic imperialism were affecting Europe, while the political crisis was aggravated and the resistence movements increased in the Iberian peninsula. The platine region was affected by the political actions under way in this such scenario: the dynastic legitimacy crisis following the imprisonment of Fernando VII, the revolutionary movements, and the daring project of Carlota Joaquina to became the Regent of Spain composed a favorable environment for the Portuguese diplomacy to implement its old expansionist project. Therefore, the reconstruction of the political events surrounding - and even motivating - both Portuguese interventions in the Eastern Zone of Uruguay will be sought in this paper.
Mestre

Cette thèse aborde deux problématiques liées aux manifestations de la mémoire sur le passé récent en Uruguay (1985-2003). La première concerne l'histoire des représentations de la pré-dictature à la dictature dans l'espace public; l'histoire qui comprend les débats et les demandes que les différents groupes engagés dans la lutte autour de la mémoire ont présentés dans l'arène publique, ainsi que les processus et événements historiques ponctuels liés à ces débats et demandes, c'est-à-dire, une histoire des enjeux de la mémoire (les usages politiques du passé) qui lient le passé aux discussions du présent et aux perspectives pour le futur. La seconde problématique a trait aux lieux de mémoire : les lieux où se cristallise et se réfugie la mémoire, qui recréent des aspects de l'histoire à travers une présence symbolique, matérielle et fonctionnelle. La thèse porte sur deux types de lieux de mémoire qui existent en Uruguay sur le passé récent : les expressions artistiques (témoignages, romans, journalisme, théâtre et musique) et les aspects urbains (plaques commémoratives, rues, places, anciens centres de détention, mémoiraux et commémorations)
This dissertation takes on two issues related to the manifestation of the memory on the recent past in Uruguay (1985-2003). The first on is concerned with the history of the representations that regarding the pre-dictatorship and the dictatorship is expressed in the public sphere, history that includes the debates and demands that the differebt groups involved in the memorial batlles have presented in the public arena, as well as the specific historical processes and events related to those debates and demands. That is, a history of the crossroads of memory (the political employment of the past) that links the past to the discussion about the present and the perspectives of the future. The second subject refers to the sites of memory. That is, the places where memory crystallizes and finds refuge, and where aspects of history are recreated through a symbolic, material and functional presence. In this sense, the dissertation deals with two sites of memory that exist in Uruguay regarding the recent past: the artistic expressions (testimonies, novels, journalism, theater and music) and the urban spaces (commemoratong inscriptions, streets, plazas, old detention centers, memorials and commemorations)

L’architecture générale de cette thèse repose sur trois piliers bien distincts. Le premier est un exposé sur l’histoire et les aventures planétaires de la Prospective. La présentation de ses techniques et méthodes est mise en perspective dans le contexte des problèmes d’aménagement, d’urbanisme, et d’économie politique et sociale actuels. Le deuxième traite des questions de développement, à toutes les échelles, au regard de la prospective et de ses aspects régionaux et parfois singuliers. C’est dans ce contexte uruguayen, que se succèdent de brillantes réussites économiques foudroyées par la tragédie de la dictature militaire, jusqu’aux défis actuels d’une renaissance au cœur de la mondialisation et plus particulièrement de la naissance du MERCOSUR. Le troisième applique la prospective territoriale à Montevideo, au sens large, de la cité historique à la région métropolitaine, en passant par le niveau départemental, pour aboutir à un périmètre pertinent au regard de la prospective : le Grand Montevideo. L’exercice de prospective « Uruguay 2025 », cycle d’expertise et de démocratie participative, accompagnera rapidement et officiellement les travaux de Carina Nalerio, qui participera aussi à son organisation et à son animation. Cette thèse témoigne d’un long parcours de la théorie à la pratique, à travers trois domaines : l’urbanisme et l’aménagement, l’histoire urbaine mouvementée de l’Uruguay, et l’approche de pratiques de prospective territoriale appliquée en Amérique du sud
The architecture of this thesis is based on three pillars. The first one is a narration of the history and the adventures of the Prospective. Its techniques and methods are interpretated at first glance within the context of contemporary problems such as Territorial and Urban Planning as well as economic and social politics. The second pillar deals with matters of developement from a prospective focus, considering its regional and sometimes its singular aspects as well. It is within the Uruguayan context, where great economical achievements as well as fulminating crisis ocurr-as for example the military dictatorship-,that poses, within the frame of globalization, the present challenges of a renaissance in the heart of the Mercosur. The third pillar applies territorial foresight to Montevideo in a broader sense-from the historic city to the metropolitan area passing through the departmental scale, in order to reach a pertinent perimeter : Greater Montevideo. The task of prospective « Uruguay 2025 », a cycle of participative democracy and of expert knowledge, accompanies Carina´s work rapidly and officially and she will also participate in its organization and animation. This thesis reports of a long journey, from theory to practise, based on three areas of knowledge : Urban and Territorial Planning, the urban history of Uruguay and the practise of Territorial Foresight applied to South America

En Uruguay, pays marqué par une faible densité de population, la relation ville-campagne repose, depuis la conquête, sur l'extraction de la richesse produite par l'activité agricole et sur la mobilité des habitants. Au cours du XXème siècle, les transformations de l'organisation du travail dans les exploitations agricoles ont favorisé la salarisation. Celle-ci a été accompagnée d'une précarisation de l'emploi touchant inégalement les salariés. Parmi eux, les journaliers ont été les plus affectés. Le gouvernement au pouvoir depuis 2005, plus sensible à la question de la pauvreté, se préoccupe de leur situation. La précarité se caractérise par la rotation de l'emploi et la circulation des travailleurs entre les exploitations. La particularité des journaliers uruguayens est de résider en ville, dans les quartiers périphériques. Loin d'être assimilée à un ajustement mécanique entre la localisation de la main-d'œuvre et celle de l'emploi, cette mobilité répond, d'une part, à des stratégies de recrutement et de gestion de la main-d'œuvre par les employeurs et, d'autre part, à une construction individuelle et familiale du mouvement par les journaliers. Cette thèse, qui s'inscrit dans les préoccupations actuelles sur la précarité et la géographie du mouvement, cherche à comprendre, à partir de l'étude des pratiques spatiales du quotidien des journaliers agricoles résidant dans deux villes du pays (Salto et Las Piedras), comment leurs mobilités professionnelles participent de leur territorialité et en quoi elles permettent de préciser les relations ville-campagne en Uruguay.

La República Oriental del Uruguay debe su nombre a su ubicación con respecto al curso de agua que marca su límite con la República Argentina. Más allá de su origen geopolítico como país independiente, cuña entre Brasil y Argentina, desde su denominación, el territorio queda vinculado al río y a su posición con respecto al mismo. Pocas naciones hay que hereden su nombre del soporte geográfico. Del mismo modo, en la margen Oeste del bajo río Uruguay, la Provincia de Entre Ríos recibe la denominación de su localización entre los ríos Uruguay y Paraná. Hoy la cartografía fuerza la lectura de este río como límite; los planos de Uruguay y Argentina muestran la otra margen como un territorio plano, vacío, en el que apenas se identifican algunas rutas principales y las ciudades más próximas a las que se puede acceder a través de los puentes internacionales. Sin embargo esto no siempre fue así; el río Uruguay fue un estructurador del territorio de sus márgenes. Ruta de entrada a América en la época de la conquista, vía de comunicación en la colonia, une ambas márgenes a través de su navegación y permite una temprana estructuración territorial, fuertemente marcada por la geografía del lugar. Desde el ámbito privado y público, misioneros e industriales, la corona española primero y las nuevas naciones después, impulsan y ejecutan procesos de ocupación análogos. El territorio resultante manifiesta hoy las huellas de estas intervenciones. Esta investigación procura retomar la visión del origen de este territorio como un espacio unitario, vertebrado por el río, dando cuenta de sus transformaciones, indagando sobre su imagen, su estructuración y el proyecto subyacente en cada etapa. Para ello, se propone realizar tres aproximaciones, describiendo, explicando o interpretando el territorio del bajo río Uruguay, desde enfoques diferentes. La primera de ellas consiste en explicar su situación actual en clave de paisaje cultural, en el bienentendido de que éste es la manifestación externa de las sucesivas transformaciones del hombre sobre el territorio a lo largo del tiempo. La hipótesis planteada es que el análisis del bajo Uruguay como paisaje cultural permite reconocer la estrecha relación entre soporte geográfico y construcción del territorio. La segunda explica los procesos de ocupación y estructuración del territorio desde ambas márgenes y desde el propio río como camino, rescatando o construyendo la epopeya que lo ha colocado en la historia de ambas naciones. La hipótesis en este caso es que a pesar de su actual condición de frontera, el río Uruguay ha sido el estructurador principal del territorio, uniendo márgenes y no separándolas y actuando como bisagra o articulador entre los territorios de ambas orillas. En tercer lugar se profundiza en las diversas modalidades de asentamientos humanos en ambas márgenes, buscando en cada caso similitudes y divergencias en las estrategias de ocupación, sus referentes y su materialización. La hipótesis formulada es que las formas de ocupación, sus referentes y las estrategias de uso y ocupación desarrolladas en el bajo Uruguay son similares en ambas márgenes, aún después del proceso de independencia de ambas naciones. El documento se estructura en cuatro partes. Cada una de ellas desarrolla un aspecto concreto. En la Parte I (marco conceptual) se formula desde qué perspectiva se realiza la investigación -sus fundamentos y marco epistemológico-, y cuál es el estado del arte considerado para este abordaje. Se presenta el ámbito territorial de estudio y los criterios para su delimitación. El primer capítulo desarrolla los aspectos tenidos en cuenta con respecto al paisaje, presentando las referencias básicas en el surgimiento del concepto de paisaje cultural y su posterior evolución hasta su vinculación con el sentido de identidad y pertenencia. Se incorporan las dimensiones histórica y simbólica en la estructuración del territorio y la importancia de su representación y de los diferentes relatos sobre el mismo. Se mencionan referentes internacionales y nacionales que se han considerado relevantes en el tipo de abordaje territorial desarrollado. Finalmente se determina el enfoque con el que se realiza la caracterización del bajo Uruguay según las consideraciones anteriores. El segundo capítulo delimita y describe el ámbito territorial objeto de esta investigación, los estudios realizados sobre el territorio concreto de estudio y las consideraciones metodológicas para su abordaje. La Parte II describe cómo es el soporte físico sobre el que se ha conformado el paisaje del bajo Uruguay. La serie de planos generados, hasta la fecha inexistentes, constituyen el punto de partida que permite visualizar primero las similitudes y diferencias en ambas márgenes del río, e interpretar posteriormente los procesos de ocupación y estructuración territorial en relación a las particularidades físicas de su geografía. Para ello se seleccionan los componentes que se consideran más representativos para una caracterización que dé respuesta a la primera hipótesis formulada en esta investigación. La dimensión histórica y simbólica del paisaje del bajo Uruguay se desarrolla en la Parte III que, trabajando con escalas de aproximación mayores, explica e interpreta cómo se ha generado este paisaje, cuál ha sido el origen de sus trazas, y su posterior evolución. Los capítulos cinco a ocho definen cuatro momentos en los que el territorio se ha estructurado con diferentes lógicas, procurando dar respuesta a las hipótesis dos y tres. En esta argumentación se hace imprescindible aportar algunos datos históricos que permitan comprender la sucesión de culturas - aborígenes, españoles, criollos, mestizos, inmigrantes- que han tomado las decisiones o, sencillamente, habitado y estructurado el bajo Uruguay. Si bien cada una de las aproximaciones permite avanzar en una lectura que apunta a la reconstrucción de ambas márgenes como espacio unitario, solamente al finaldel trabajo, en la Parte IV, se responde a la pregunta inicial: ¿podemos hablar del bajo río Uruguay como un territorio? Esta investigación se centra en el espacio fronterizo uruguayo-argentino, recogiendo e interpretando información de ambas naciones. Sin embargo está escrita desde Uruguay, un pequeño país de 176.215 kilómetros cuadrados de superficie terrestre, quince veces menor a la superficie argentina. Uruguay comparte aproximadamente 780 kilómetros de frontera con Brasil, 512 kilómetros con Argentina y 600 kilómetros con el Río de la Plata y el Océano Atlántico. El espacio comprendido entre dos naciones, define y caracteriza una proporción importante de nuestro territorio. Se pretende que este trabajo no sea un proceso cerrado, sino el inicio a una nueva manera de mirar los espacios de la frontera uruguaya en general y del bajo Uruguay en particular. Las tres aproximaciones desarrolladas permiten indagar sobre el pasado y el presente del territorio del bajo río Uruguay en un abordaje en el que participan varias escalas de aproximación, asociando las transformaciones territoriales y su concreción, con el origen de las decisiones que las provocan y los actores que intervienen en las mismas. Desearíamos que permita sentar las bases para una nueva visión territorial que fundamente futuras actuaciones, máxime considerando los escenarios de integración regional. En lo particular, esta investigación aporta la generación de una nueva cartografía, una lectura territorial realizada en clave contemporánea, que permite relacionar la idea que da origen a los asentamientos en ambas márgenes, su referente normativo y su posterior evolución, en una visión unitaria del espacio en torno al río.
The "República Oriental del Uruguay' takes its name after the river that fiows between it and Argentina, which in fact marks the border between the two countries . There are not many countries in the world which have inherited their name from their geographical location. In the same way, on the western margin of the River Uruguay, the Argentinian County called "Entre Ríos" (between rivers) takes its name after its geographical location, because it is situated between the rivers Uruguay and Paraná. Nowadays, cartography forces us to take this river as the limit, the maps oy Uruguay and Argentina show the other margin as an empty territory, in wich there are a few main roads and the nearest cities can only be reached by means of the international bridges. However, this was not always like that, the River Uruguay was a builder of the territory of its margins. In the period of the Conquest, il was the entrance route to America, it was a way of communication within the Colony, as it joins both margins just by sailing across it, and allows an early territorial structure, strongly marked by the geography of the place. From both the prívate and public fields, missionaries and industrialists, the Spanish Crown first and the new nations later, slimulate and execute similar processes of occupation. The resulting territory shows the scars of these interventions, even today. This investigation aims to retake the vision of the origin of this territory as a unitary space, joined up by the river, showing its transformations , investigating about its imagine and formation. To do this, three hypoteses are made from diferent angles. The first one explains its actual situation within the cultural landscape, bearing in mind that this is the external manifestation oft the succesive transformations that men have made over the territory through the years. The hypothesis outlined will try to show that the analysis of the low part of the River Uruguay as a cultural lanscape help us to recognize the close relationship between the geographical support and formation of the territory. The second one explains the processes of occupation and formation of the territory from both margins ando fron the river irself as a way, redeeming or reconstructing the epopee that has placed the river in the history of both nations. The hypothesis in this case is that even though its actual condition of border, the River Uruguay has been the main builder of the territory, joining margins and not separating then, and acting as a joint between the territories of both shores. Thirdly, it deepens into the differenta kinds of dwellings on both margins. The hypothesis tries to show that the ways of occupation, their eferents and the strategies of use and occupation developed on the low part of the River Uruguay, are similar on both margins, even after the Independence process in both nations. These three approaches allow us to investigate about the past, present and future of the territory on the low part of the River Uruguay in a way that various approximation scales take part, associating the territorial transformations and their concretion with the origin of the decisions that provoke them and the actors who participate in them. Each one allows us to advance ina a reading that leads to the reconstruction of this territory as an unitary space, concluding that the low part ofthe River Uruguay does not build a unique territory, but various ones whose limits respond to different variables, made of diverse joint strategies of domain, occupation, separation , or integratíon, taken from outside the low part of the River Uruguay and from the different territorialities of the cultures which have inhabited it. Along the years the river has taken various roles, always being protagonist in the formatio of the territory on both margins.

L'estudi se centra en el nivell d'importància i el tipus de tractament que li van donar els governs departamentals i nacionals al desenvolupament de les polítiques del govern electrònic en l'Uruguai (2005 al 2015). Va estar basat en una metodologia d'investigació qualitativa i una anàlisi sistemàtica de documentació política pública. L'estudi va revelar que al nivell departamental no existeixen plans estratègics en govern electrònic, verificant la tendència de casos aïllats d'innovació en govern electrònic departamental. Trobem esforços cap a sistemes integrats i coordinats (ara el Sistema Único de Cobro de Ingresos Vehiculares, SUCIVE) que són liderats i centralitzats fortament des del govern nacional. Fins al moment les agències nacionals: Agencia de Gobierno electrónico y Sociedad de la Información y del Conocimiento (AGESIC) i Oficina de Planeamiento y Presupuesto de Presidencia (OPP) no van ser rellevants per facilitar la definició de plans en els governs departamentals tot i que les tendències indiquen que en els propers anys si tindran incidència. Les barreres que impedeixen la planificació estratègica en govern electrònic departamental van aparèixer com l'àrea de contingut més abordat pels entrevistats. La manca de voluntat política i enteniment per part de les autoritats departamentals, la manca de capacitat en gestió i modernització i de capital humà en general, i la manca de recursos financers van ser els impediments més freqüentment citats.
El estudio se centró en el nivel de importancia y el tipo de tratamiento que le dieron los gobiernos departamentales y nacionales al desarrollo de las políticas del gobierno electrónico en el Uruguay (2005 al 2015). Estuvo basado en una metodología de investigación cualitativa y un análisis sistemático de documentación política pública. El estudio reveló que al nivel departamental no existen planes estratégicos en gobierno electrónico, verificando la tendencia de casos aislados de innovación en gobierno electrónico departamental. Encontramos esfuerzos hacia sistemas integrados y coordinados (ejemplo el Sistema Único de Cobro de Ingresos Vehiculares, SUCIVE) que son liderados y centralizados fuertemente desde el gobierno nacional. Hasta el momento las agencias nacionales: Agencia de Gobierno electrónico y Sociedad de la Información y del Conocimiento (AGESIC) y Oficina de Planeamiento y Presupuesto de Presidencia (OPP) no fueron relevantes para facilitar la definición de planes en los gobiernos departamentales aunque las tendencias indican que en los próximos años sí tendrán incidencia. Las barreras que impiden la planificación estratégica en gobierno electrónico departamental aparecieron como el área de contenido más abordado por los entrevistados. La falta de voluntad política y entendimiento por parte de las autoridades departamentales, la falta de capacidad en gestión y modernización y de capital humano en general, y la falta de recursos financieros fueron los impedimentos más frecuentemente citados.
The investigation focused on the level of importance and type of treatment that the departmental (state) and national governments gave to electronic government in Uruguay between 2005 and 2015. It was based on a qualitative research methodology and a systematic analysis of public policy documentation. The study revealed that on a departmental level there are no strategic plans in electronic government. It also confirmed a trend of isolated cases of innovation in departmental electronic government. We did find efforts toward integrated and coordinated systems (i.e. the Sistema Único de Cobro de Ingresos Vehiculares, SUCIVE-a common system for collecting revenues from vehicle payments), which are led and centralized by the national government. Up until the present, the national level agencies: Agencia de Gobierno Electrónico y la Sociedad de la Información y el Conocimento (the national e-government agency) and the Oficina de Planeamiento y Presupuesto (the national budget and planning office) were not relevant in facilitating the definition of strategic plans in the departmental governments. However a clear tendency toward their being influential within the next few years did emerge in the research. The barriers that impede strategic planning in departmental electronic government was the content area discussed in the most depth by the informants. The lack of political will and understanding on the part of the departmental authorities, the lack of management and modernization capacity and of human capital in general, and the lack of financial resources were the most frequently cited impediments.

In 2008, New Zealand’s gross domestic product (GDP) was four times the size of Uruguay’s, and its export earnings were five times Uruguay’s. Nevertheless, agricultural products accounted for over 60% of export earnings for both economies. This highlighted the importance that the agricultural sectors of Uruguay and New Zealand had to their respective foreign trade sectors. The success with which both countries’ agricultural sectors solved their financial needs would be influential to their export sectors and overall economies. Through the use of expert interviews, a multiple-case study strategy was employed to carry out a comparative study of the agricultural financing systems of Uruguay and New Zealand. The findings revealed contrasting situations in both countries. Chief among them were the differences encountered in agricultural debt relative to agriculture’s contribution to total GDP in each country. In Uruguay this figure was 26% whereas in New Zealand it amounted to almost 400%. The differences found were largely attributable to the institutional frameworks in place in each country (i.e. the legal and cultural norms that structure political, social and economic interactions), as well as the historical contexts in which the institutions evolved. In Uruguay, the institutional framework limited producers’ possibilities of accessing bank credit due to restrictive central bank regulations. The lack of access to international credit markets by Uruguayan banks due to the country’s unfavourable credit risk rating was an additional factor which limited credit availability. These were largely a result of the financial crisis (and the subsequent recession) that had occurred in the region in 2002. Producers in Uruguay were able to access costlier seasonal capital and some medium-term capital from informal lenders such as cooperatives, processors and input suppliers. Nevertheless, if they required medium and long term credit, Uruguayan farmers needed to deal with the banking system. Furthermore, the high cost of registering mortgages, combined with long-term loan facilities that generally did not go for longer than ten years, resulted in a limited demand for high-volume, long-term credit on producers’ side. Almost the exact opposite situation was found in New Zealand. No great financial turmoil had affected New Zealand since the economic reforms of 1984, in which the economy in general was deregulated. An institutional framework which promoted access to credit, combined with a favourable country credit risk rating which promoted open access to overseas funding for banks, meant that the agricultural sector was able to expand its use of credit uninterruptedly since the early 1990s. Also, in contrast with the Uruguayan case, mortgaging of properties was relatively straightforward and inexpensive, and long term lending could be approved for terms of generally up to 20 years. These factors contributed to the expansion of rural credit in New Zealand. However, New Zealand’s agricultural debt was found to be greatly exposed to one subsector (the dairy farming sector). Moreover, the level of debt of New Zealand’s agricultural sector surpassed its contribution to GDP many times over, which raised doubts concerning the long-term sustainability of that level of debt.

For years the dominant theme of higher education in Uruguay has been financial distress. However the literature relating to higher education has not addressed the question of how higher education institutions receive their funding. The aim of this study was to provide an analytical view of the current model of financing higher education in this country and predictions about its possible evolution or change according to the views of different stakeholders. This study used a qualitative approach and multi-modal tools - documents, literature, semi structured interviews, a Focus Group and speeches at Parliamentary sessions- were chosen to address several questions from different perspectives. Findings in this research suggest that the traditional historical funding model used until the 1990s has evolved into a historical/ incremental model. In this case, increases, or new funds that are allocated to the system, are tied to certain specific purposes determined in the Budget laws. In this way, funding relies on: (a) historical allocations, actually the biggest part of the allocations, which are always the same and are expected to be the same; and (b) new allocations (increases) focused on certain projects which are specified in the Budget Laws by the Parliament. In this way, Uruguay mirrors the regional pattern in which very little strategic planning occurs in the financing process. This study suggests, too, a particular approach to accountability in Uruguayan higher education. Resources are allocated to the system by the Parliament on a decentralised basis and institutions keep broad decision-making powers. The Ministry of Education and Culture is not involved in the process of allocating resources to higher education. The Government applies no control on institutional performance or efficiency. University autonomy is considered the raison d´etre of this approach; information gathered for this study suggests that Governmental agencies hold very little concern about the use of public funds. Internal use of public appropriations has bureaucratic controls and is only monitored through the conventional accounting audits prescribed by law. This research shows that a new left wing state-wide administration headed by the Frente Amplio Party will devote more funds to the finance of public higher education, primarily concerned with the insufficient amount of funds devoted historically to the sector. A considerable increase is expected as political leaders and Government officers have announced that the educational sector will receive added funding in the future Budget Law. However, there is also a view that, although the system will receive further funding, the funding model will remain the same. Moreover, whilst there is concern about the insufficient amount of funds devoted to the sector, the majority of stakeholders are not paying attention to the merits or problems of the current model of funding the sector. This study also suggests that: a) in the future the funding authorities may expand the mechanism of allocating funds oriented to special programmes and, in this way, introduce some kind of strategic orientations; b) further funding for public institutions may be originated in the collection of the graduate tax and that its utility could be improved in ways to introduce more funding to the system; c) it is unlikely that a future model will consider the use of formulae or quality considerations; and d) the introduction of a tuition-fee scheme is very improbable in the short term because the availability of further funding will reduce the pressures to introduce alternative funds to complement public revenues. Further, the ideological and political predominance of the Frente Amplio party in the Parliament (historically placed against tuition-fees) will certainly abort discussions about cost-recovery in the public University.

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La reintroducción de Aedes aegypti en Uruguay fue en 1997. Esto colocó al país en riesgo de la reemergencia del Dengue. En los países limítrofes (Brasil y Argentina), existe transmisión autóctona de la enfermedad. La medición de vulnerabilidad consiste en asignar un valor frente a un peligro y la posibilidad de una respuesta. Es el principal objetivo de este estudio caracterizar la vulnerabilidad al Dengue de las principales ciudades en Uruguay. El estudio se desarrolló en dos etapas, en la primera se construyó un índice de vulnerabilidad, basado en información socio-demográfica y ambiental, de cada una de las ciudades Para su elaboración se empleo análisis factorial. En la segunda etapa aplicando técnicas de la geoestadística, usando información sobre presencia o ausencia de Aedes aegypti en las diferentes ciudades, se investigó el efecto de variables climatológicas tales como: lluvia, temperatura y humedad, sobre la probabilidad de presencia del mosquito en un momento específico en el tiempo. ies

Ingeniero Civil Industrial
En 2012, Uruguay inició su Sistema Nacional de Inversión Pública (SNIP), con él pretende dar un mejor enfoque a la entrega de recursos en función de las prioridades nacionales. Desde entonces, se ha regularizado la estimación de precios sociales de factores básicos de producción como la mano de obra, la divisa y la tasa social de descuento. El presente trabajo de título pretende realizar una estimación de los precios sociales, concerniente a proyectos de transporte, como apoyo a un estudio para la Oficina de Planeación y Presupuesto (en adelante OPP), dependiente de la secretaria nacional de la presidencia en Uruguay. Se propuso hacer una revisión a los principales aspectos teóricos relacionados al cálculo de precios sociales, en particular, el trabajo realizado consistió primero en la definición de los precios sociales atingentes al transporte, para posteriormente realizar una revisión bibliográfica respecto a los modelos y métodos de estimación y, finalmente, realizar la estimación propiamente tal de los precios sociales relacionados del transporte. Para esto, se recopilaron las estructuras de costos y la información pública respecto a los precios sociales de factores básicos de producción, para, posteriormente, calcular las razones de precio social de cada bien. Se decidió por un modelo de equilibrio general para los precios sociales de los combustibles, lubricantes, asfaltos y transporte carretero de carga, y se optó por un modelo de equilibrio parcial para el Valor Social del tiempo. De los resultados obtenidos se tiene que la razón de precio social (RPS) del combustible para los tres principales, Nafta, Gas-Oil y Fuel-Oil, es 0,58, 0,89 y 0,935 respectivamente. El RPS de los lubricantes es 0,935. Para el RPS del Asfaltos se obtuvo un valor de 0,809, mientras que el RPS para el transporte carretero de carga, fue de 0,7736 y 0,7885 para camiones de tipo I y II respectivamente. Respecto al valor social del tiempo, se obtuvo un valor de $40 pesos uruguayos por hora para rutas urbanas. Para áreas interurbanas $82,82 para automóviles, $109,81 para camionetas, $121,89 para camiones y $479,62 para buses interurbanos. Finalmente para áreas rurales se obtuvo $90,96 para automóviles, $12,60 para camionetas, $133,87 para camiones y $247,80 para buses rurales. Como conclusión, se espera que este trabajo sirva como guía metodológica para las futuras actualizaciones en base a los precios de mercado o nuevos antecedentes de los bienes estudiados.

Cette etude a ete entreprise afin d'analyser les enjeux territoriaux de l'uruguay, a la fin du xxeme siecle, a trois echelles differentes : a l'echelle regionale du bassin de la plata, puis a l'echelle du pays et finalement au niveau local du departement de colonia et de son littoral ouest. Ces trois niveaux d'analyse ont ete choisis du fait que le processus d'integration regionale en cours de realisation. (mercosur), ainsi que la mise en oeuvre de grands equipements, ("hidrovia" parana-paraguay et pont colonia-buenos aires) ameneront des interactions et des modifications, sur l'expace geographique a ces differentes echelles. D'abord, on fait recours, aux donnees geopolitiques qui ont conditionne la formation d'un etat-nation uruguayen en lui attribuant un role dans la region en delicat equilibre entre l'argentine et le bresil. Des interrogations sur la nouvelle tache de l'uruguay restent ouvertes. Ensuite, l'accent est prote sur les atouts et les faiblesses du territoire uruguayen. Un espace favorable a l'installation de l'homme, qui a pourtant etet marque pour le constant vide demographique et les grands desequilibres dans l'organisation de son territoire. Finalement, on aborde les composantes du departement de colonia, un departement different a d'autres departements du pays. Un volet de cette partie, concerne l'analyse de l'occupation du sol, par des images satellitaires, de quelques zones-test du departement de colonia
This study has been decided to analyse the territorial stakes of uruguay at the end of the 20th century at three different scales : at the regional scale of the basin of the plata, then at the country scale and finaly at the local level of the department of colonia and is west coast. These three levels of analysis have been choosen because of the processof regional integration which was involved (mercosur), as the realisation of great equipments, ("hidrovia" parana-paraguay and the bridge of colonia-buenos aires) will induce interactions and modifications, on the geographical space at this differents scales. On the first time, we will present the geopolitical data who have conditionned the formation of a uruguayan state-nation by given it a role in a region with a fragile balance between argentina and brasil, in keeping the questions on the new task of uruguay. Then, the interest is focused on the advantage and the weakness of uruguayan territory, a favourable space to the human settlements which has been neverthless marked by the constant demographic gap and the great imbalance in the organisation of its territory. Finaly, we will discuss of the components of the department of colonia, a different department in comparison of the others departments of the country. One chapter of this part concern the analysis of the land cover, by satellite, in several test area in the department of colonia

O presente trabalho analisa a ditadura civil-militar uruguaia (1973-1984) a partir da perspectiva da política de Terror de Estado, mecanismo implementado para aplicar as premissas da Doutrina de Segurança Nacional e defender os interesses dos setores dominantes locais. Da mesma forma, possibilitou o disciplinamento da força de trabalho, exigência implícita nas novas demandas do capitalismo mundial, o que significou, na prática, a destruição do questionamento social e das manifestações por mudanças promovidas pelas distintas organizações populares nos anos 60 e 70. Este período, aliás, foi marcado, na América Latina, tanto pela efervescência produzida pela Revolução Cubana quanto pelo esforço dos EUA em disseminar as concepções contra-insurgentes e reforçar a pentagonização regional. Foi durante as administrações de Pacheco Areco e de Bordaberry (1968-1973), marcadas por acentuada guinada autoritária ainda em regime democrático, que começaram a ser aplicadas determinadas práticas repressivas de Terror de Estado, fato que se projetou, ampliou e consolidou posteriormente, com o regime de exceção. O objetivo norteador da pesquisa foi estudar o conceito de Terror de Estado e analisar sua aplicação na experiência concreta da ditadura uruguaia enquanto metodologia de atuação de um sistema repressivo complexo que abrangeu as múltiplas dimensões da sociedade. Assim, procurou-se destacar a diversidade e articulação das diferentes modalidades de atuação implementadas: a interdição do Poder Legislativo; a subordinação do Poder Judiciário à Justiça Militar; a proibição de partidos políticos, sindicatos e organizações sociais; a intervenção no sistema de ensino; a imposição de uma política global de censura; a iniciativa de refundação societária; a subjugação e destruição do “inimigo interno”; a aplicação de ações contra-insurgentes (a tortura, o "grande encarceramento", a política de "reféns" e os seqüestros seguidos de desaparecimentos forçados); etc. A participação ativa uruguaia na conexão repressiva internacional (Operação Condor) expressou o deslocamento da violência estatal da "guerra interna" contra os núcleos exilados nos países vizinhos. Em síntese, a dinâmica imposta caracterizou o Terror de Estado implementado no Uruguai como sendo abrangente, prolongado, indiscriminado, preventivo, retroativo e extraterritorial além de conter pretensões pedagógicas e ser gerador de seqüelas que se projetaram no período democrático posterior.
This paper intends to analyse the Uruguayan civil-military dictatorship (1973 – 1984) from the perspective of the “State Terror” policy, mechanism implemented to apply the premiss of the “National Security Doctrine” and to defend the local dominant groups interests. In the same way it made possible to discipline the workforce, an implicit requirement of the new world capitalism demands, and that meant the destruction of the social questioning and the demonstrations for changes promoted by different popular organizations in the 60´s and 70´s. This period, as a matter of fact, was marked in Latin America as much by the agitation produced by the Cuban Revolution, as the North American effort to spread the counterinsurgents conceptions and to reinforce the USA influence in the region. It was during the Pacheco Areco and Bordaberry governments (1968-1973), characterized by a strong turn towards authoritarism even in a democratic regime, that some repressive practices of “State Terror” started to be implemented. These practices were projected, enlarged and consolidated subsequently, during the authoritarian regime. The main aim of this paper was to study the concept of “State Terror” and analyses its application in the Uruguayan dictatorship experience, as an acting metodology of a complex repressive system which covered the multiple dimension of the society. Thus, it was intended to emphasize the diversity and the articulation of the different ways of acting implemented: the injunction in the Parliament; the subordination of the Judiciary to the Military Justice; the prohibition of political parties, trade unions and social organizations; the intervention in the educacional system; the imposition of a global censorship policy; the establishment of a new social order; the subjugation and destruction of the internal enemy; the application of counterinsurgents measures (the torture, the “grande encarceramento”, the “hostage” policy and the kidnappings followed by disappearance); etc. The effective Uruguayan participation in the international repressive connection (Condor Operation) expressed the movement from the “internal war” state violence to an action against the exiled activists in neighbour countries. Briefly, the strategies implemented characterized the Uruguayan Terror State as being extensive, prolonged, indiscriminate, preventive, retroactive, and beyond territorial limits, besides having pedagogical intentions and producing sequels in the subsequent democratic period.

Objectif cette these a un double objectif 1. Analyser les impacts economiques des resultats de l'uruguay round sur les pays de l'afrique au sud du sahara en terme d'acces aux marches pour les exportations et les importations (principalement de cereales) 2. Definir les mesures a prendre afin d'y faire face. Methode cette these s'est focalisee essentiellement sur les trois grands marches internationaux que sont la cee, les etats-unis et le japon dans l'analyse des impacts de l'accord agricole en terme d'acces aux marches pour les pays de l'afrique subsaharienne. Elle est composee de quatre parties. La premiere partie analyse les blocages internes et externes de l'agriculture des pays de l'afrique subsaharienne. La deuxieme partie expose les grandes lignes de l'accord signe a marrakech en 1994 dans le domaine agricole et ses consequences sur les echanges agricoles mondiaux. La troisieme partie, reprend les etudes de la banque mondiale, gatt, f. A. O, cnuced et analyse les effets de cet accord sur les pays de l'afrique subsaharienne. Enfin, une quatrieme partie essentiellement consacree a des etudes de cas sur les filieres d'exportation (banane, coton, cafe-cacao, tabac, oleagineux (arachide) et d'importation (riz, ble, sucre) est un point de depart dans la definition des strategies a suivre pour repondre a la nouvelle configuration du commerce internationale. Resultats les deux principaux resultats qui ressortent de cet exercice sont que : 1. La liberalisation pese moins sur les secteurs qui ont connu une restructuration << reussie >> suite a la mise en place des politiques d'ajustement 2. Les pays qui ont su diversifier s'en sortent mieux que les autres de maniere generale.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Este trabalho tem por objetivo realizar uma discussão acerca do ideário de José Pedro Varela (1845-1879) e a sua proposta de uma reforma educacional no Uruguai caudilhista do século XIX, a partir de uma perspectiva situada no campo da História Intelectual. Neste sentido, propomos, por meio do conceito de “contextualismo lingüístico” de Quentin Skinner e John G. A. Pocock, relacionar as ideias políticas de Varela com os principais debates e publicações realizadas por esse intelectual no período trabalhado sobre a questão da educação pública no Uruguai. Partimos do pressuposto de que, por meio das propostas de educação estabelecidas por ele, existe uma intenção política mais ampla que visava a implementação da democracia e a consolidação das práticas republicanas no país. Além disso, acreditamos que, por meio das propostas de Varela, existe uma ideia de como deveria ser o Uruguai, em termos de estabilidade política e social. Para que “tal projeto de Uruguai” seja desvelado de seus escritos, utilizaremos escritos do autor em alguns periódicos e jornais da época, além das obras La Educación del Pueblo e La Legislación Escolar, também de sua autoria. Da mesma forma, por meio da análise dos espaços de sociabilidade e os “microclimas” – nos dizeres de Jean François Sirinelli - dos homens de letras no país, recorreremos eventualmente aos escritos de alguns de seus contemporâneos, como Carlos María Ramírez, Agustin de Vedia, Lucas Herrera y Obes, Juan Zorrilla de San Martin, entre outros, para que possamos ter uma maior compreensão acerca dos embates em torno da questão educacional e, conseqüentemente, do projeto republicano de nação uruguaia nela inserido.
The present work, situated in the field of Intellectual History, aims to focus a discussion towards José Pedro Varela‟s (1845 -1879) ideas for an educational reform in Uruguay on nineteenth century. Therefore, we propose, through Quentin Skinner e John G. A Pocock‟s “linguistic conceptualism”, a relation between Varela‟s ideas and the main debates and publications about public education issues in Uruguay. Our hypothesis that his educational propositions intend to accomplish a wider political project that aimed to implement democracy and the consolidation of republican practices. Besides that, we believe that Varela‟s propositions build a projection of how Uruguay should be in terms of social and political stability. To discover this “project of Uruguay” in his writings, we are going to utilize as historical sources some texts published in newspapers back in those days, beside his works La Educación del Pueblo and La Legislción Escolar. Yet, for the purposes of the analyzing the Uruguayan intellectual‟s sociability spaces and their “microweathers” – in Jean François Sirinelli‟s terms – we are going the recur eventually to the writings of Varela‟s contemporaries, such as Carlos MaríaRamírez, Agustin de Vedia, Lucas Herrera y Obes, Juan Zorrilla de San Martin, and others, in order to get a wider comprehension about the educational struggles e, by the consequence, Uruguayan republican project attached to it.
FAPESP: 2014-06151-3

Cette recherche analyse le fonctionnement et les dynamiques d’un réseau social qui a soutenu la mise en place en Uruguay du Gouvernement militariste de Lorenzo Latorre en 1876. Ce gouvernement s’est perpétué pendant quatre ans jusqu’à l’arrivée de la figure de Maximo Santos, qui a poursuivi ce modèle politique. Cette thèse se propose d’analyser comment s’est articulé le groupe de soutien issu de deux réunions qui ont favorisé ce processus politique, c’est-à-dire, une première réunion, qui a eu lieu le 10 mars 1876, à laquelle ont participé 38 acteurs, et une seconde, à laquelle ont participé 21 individus dont Latorre lui-même. L’objectif principal de ce travail est de montrer les différents liens qu’entretenaient les différents membres du groupe de soutien au militarisme et les éléments internes de celui-ci. De même, il s’agit de visualiser les réseaux qui ont été tissés en dehors du groupe et les intérêts qui rendirent possibles ces événements manrquants l’histoire uruguayenne. D’un point de vue social, politique et économique, nous analysons les dynamiques qui se déroulent à l’intérieur du groupe et qui aident à comprendre le fonctionnement d’une partie de la société orientale. Les motivations et les approches de travail différenciées donnant des résultats très intéressants des stratégies adoptées dans ce contexte. Pour répondre à cet objetif, diverses sources et ressources ont été analysées en Uruguay, aussi bien des archives publiques que des fonds privés et des collections d’institutions sociales, commerciales et politiques qui selon moi ont été et sont pertinentes pour comprendre le fonctionnement de la structure relationnelle étudiée. Pour travailler sur ce sujet et ses sources, nous avons priviliégié la méthodologie de l’analyse des réseaux sociaux et de la prosopographie afin de proposer une nouvelle approche de l’historiographie uruguayenne et de faire connaître le parcours d’acteurs inconnus jusqu’à présent
This research analyses the functioning and dynamics of a social network that supported the establishment in Uruguay of the Lorenzo Latorre Military Government in 1876. This government was perpetuated for four years until the arrival of the figure of Máximo Santos, who continued with this political model. The analysis focuses on the articulation of the support group resulting from two meetings that have fostered this political process, that is, an initial meeting, which took place on 10 March 1876, in which 38 stakeholders participated, and one second, in which 21 individuals took part, counting Latorre himself. In total, 59 actors are working on relationships. The main objective of this work is to show the different ties, links and social relations between the various members of the group supporting militarism and the internal intricacies of it. Similarly, it is intended to visualize the networks that were woven outside the group and the interests that made possible those events that marked the Uruguayan history. From a social, political and economic point of view, one reflects on the dynamics which take place within the group and which help to understand the functioning of a part of Eastern society. As well as the different motivations and approaches to work giving very interesting results of the strategies adopted in this context. In response to the above, various sources and resources have been implemented in Uruguay, ranging from public archives to private funds to collections of social institutions, the trade and political policies that we believe have been and are relevant to understanding the functioning of the relationship structure being studied. To work on this subject and its sources, we used the methodology of the Analysis of social networks and prosopography by bringing a new approach to Uruguayan historiography, and to make known the realities of actors unknown until now
Esta investigación analiza el funcionamiento y las dinámicas de una red social que apoyó la instauración en Uruguay, del gobierno militarista de Lorenzo Latorre en 1876. Dicho gobierno, se perpetuó durante cuatro años hasta la llegada de la figura de Máximo Santos, que continuó con dicho modelo político. El análisis se centra en la articulación del grupo de apoyo obtenido de dos reuniones que favorecieron este proceso político, es decir, una primera reunión acontecida en 10 de marzo de 1876, en la que participaron 38 actores; y una segunda, en la que confluyeron 21 individuos contando al propio Latorre. En total, se trabajan las relaciones de 59 actores. El objetivo principal de este trabajo es mostrar los diferentes lazos, vínculos y relaciones sociales entre los diversos miembros del grupo de apoyo al militarismo y los entresijos internos del mismo. De igual forma, se pretende visualizar las redes que se tejieron fuera del grupo y los intereses que hicieron posible tuvieran lugar dichos eventos que marcaron la historia uruguaya. Desde un prisma social, político y económico, se reflexiona sobre las dinámicas acontecidas en el interior del grupo y que ayudan a comprender el funcionamiento de una parte de la sociedad oriental. Así como las motivaciones y enfoques de trabajo diferenciados dando unos resultados muy interesantes de las estrategias adoptadas durante este contexto. Para responder a lo aquí expuesto, se han trabajado diversas fuentes y recursos en Uruguay, desde archivos públicos pasando por acervos privados, hasta colecciones de instituciones sociales, comerciales y políticas que creemos han sido y son relevantes para comprender el funcionamiento de la estructura relacional estudiada. Para trabajar este sujeto y fuentes, se ha usado la metodología del Análisis de Redes Sociales y la prosopografía aportando un enfoque novedoso a la historiografía uruguaya, y dando a conocer las realidades de unos actores desconocidos hasta el momento

Ce travail analyse les particularités et les traits spécifiques de la crise politique et de la rupture du régime démocratique en Uruguay dans les années 60 et au début des années 70. Le point de départ de l'observation, est la recherche des causes de la rupture institutionnelle de juin 1973, mais, en un deuxième temps, cette analyse conduit nécessairement à l'examen des modalités et des conditions de stabilité du système. La recherche est centrée sur l'analyse du rôle des partis politiques, et aborde les deux aspects du thème général de la stabilité du régime démocratique uruguayen : d'une part, les bases structurales historiques des longues années de continuité du système ; d'autre part, les éléments qui menacèrent et finirent par rompre cette stabilité
This study analyses the particularities and specific traits of the political crisis and the breakdown of the Uruguayan democratic regime during the 60's and early '70's. The starting point of this observation is the search for the causes of the institutional rupture in June of 1973 in a second time this analysis examines the conditions allowing for the system's stability. The research centers itself on the analysis of the role played by the political parties and includes the two aspects of the general theme of the Uruguayan democratic regime's stability. The first aspect consists of the structural bases of the system's continuity, and the second the elements that threatened and dissolved this stability

Magíster en artes con mención en musicología
Este trabajo está dividido en tres capítulos, donde cada uno focaliza sobre distintos componentes que integran la canción. En el primer capítulo se propone un panorama sobre la guitarra popular en el Uruguay a partir de la década de 1960. En el capítulo dos, el tema central es la Milonga Oriental, con una mirada crítica sobre los mapas milongueros estáticos que conforman el área de dispersión del género. En este sentido se proponen otras configuraciones regionales que mantienen la presencia de la milonga, mayoritariamente en el territorio uruguayo, algunas Provincias argentinas, el Estado de Río Grande do Sul (Brasil) y el sur paraguayo. En el último capítulo se analiza un caso de estudio local que enmarca una escena musical de Treinta y Tres, donde el cruce conceptual con marcos teóricos de lo barrial y las relaciones de poder dan paso a una consideración final: la retrospectiva de la canción “A Don José”, vista en el marco local de donde surgió, pero desde la actualidad. La búsqueda general del trabajo se puede definir en el intento de instalar la discusión sobre esta canción que gravita entre los estudios culturales de los instrumentos musicales y la configuración de las rutas milongueras de la región, dando cuenta de una red de significación política sobre un mapa relacional que constantemente está redefiniendo los alcances y límites del espacio urbano donde estas ideas se encarnan.

In order to reverse the decline of small-scale farming in Latin America, many social movements on the political left are advocating “agroecology” and “food sovereignty”. Agroecology is an approach that places biological and cultural diversity at the foundation of agricultural systems. The concept of food sovereignty relates to the orientation to international trade. Proponents of food sovereignty argue that the priority of food systems should focus on local producers and consumers, who should also decide how the system functions. In Uruguay, the creation of a citizens’ proposal called “Sustainable Uruguay” has brought together rural and urban organizations in efforts to create an alternative plan for the country. A central principle is the need for national policies for food sovereignty.I carried out fieldwork to examine the connection between these ideas and the views and practices of horticultural family farmers in a locality in the northeast of the department of Canelones. This region has seen negative environmental impacts from the use of chemical fertilizers and monocropping. It was also affected by trade liberalization in the 1970s, which led to the collapse of a national agroindustry oriented to the domestic market. My analysis, based on research in the region and particularly with an organic cooperative, indicates that agroecology methods have been beneficial for farmer autonomy, health and environmental protection. Several of the local strategies and skills were crucial for making the transition to organic production.Vital to the relative success of organic producers has also been their participation in organizations to develop markets and to exert political influence. Many leaders of Uruguayan organizations representing small producers point out the cultural value of family farms and critique the production-driven model of agriculture. They demand differential policies for protection of family farms and for the revitalization of
Dans le but de renverser le déclin de l’agriculture à petite échelle en Amérique Latine, plusieurs mouvements de gauche font la promotion de « l’agroécologie » et de la « souveraineté alimentaire. » L’agroécologie est une approche axée sur la diversité biologique et culturelle comme fondation des systèmes agricoles. Le concept de la souveraineté alimentaire est, quant à lui axé sur le commerce international. Ceux qui proposent la souveraineté alimentaire estiment que les systèmes alimentaires devraient prioriser avant tout les producteurs et les citoyens locaux, et que ceux-ci devraient décider du fonctionnement du système. En Uruguay, la création d’une proposition citoyenne appelée « Uruguay Durable » a réuni des organisations rurales et urbaines dans un effort pour créer un plan alternatif pour le pays. Le besoin d’instituer des politiques nationales pour la souveraineté alimentaire est un principe central.J’ai entrepris des études sur le terrain afin de comprendre si ces idées correspondent aux points de vue et pratiques des familles agricultrices travaillant en horticulture dans une localité dans le Nord-est du département de Canelones. Cette région a connu des impacts négatifs provenant de l’utilisation de fertilisants chimiques et de la monoculture. Elle a aussi été affectée par la libéralisation du commerce dans les années 1970, ce qui a entraîné le déclin d’une industrie agricole importante orientée vers le marché domestique. Mon analyse, basée sur la recherche dans la région et particulièrement avec une coopérative de production biologique, indique que les méthodes agroécologiques ont été bénéfiques pour l’autonomie des agriculteurs, leur santé et la protection de l’environnement. Plusieurs des stratégies et habilités locales ont été cruciales pour la transition à la production biologique.Leur participation dans des organisations qui œuvrent pour le développement d

An increasingly common part of being human is living with chronic health problems for which management over time, and not cure, is the goal of medical treatment. One such chronic condition is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a lung disease caused by breathing-in smoke, dusts and chemicals, including tobacco smoke. This ethnographic study set out to explore how COPD is lived with and cared for in Uruguay, where rates of COPD are amongst the highest in South America and where most cases go undiagnosed. The aims of the research were to explore the following questions: a) what does it feel like to be breathless and how is COPD experienced within family and healthcare relationships? b) how is the lived-experience of COPD shaped by cultural, social, economic and political contexts? And, c) what are some of the challenges and opportunities for preventing and treating COPD? The objective of this ethnography is to contribute a unique case study to the anthropological literature on chronic illness both in terms of the disease under investigation and the cultural context. The thesis responds to a call in the literature for more sophisticated phenomenological approaches. By incorporating a multitude of field methods into ethnographic fieldwork I combine a sensorial medical anthropology approach and a political-economy of health perspective. The ethnography begins with a cultural and sensorial analysis of breathing and breathlessness in Uruguay in order to situate the expressions of this disease across a diverse group of participants. I argue that the experience of COPD is shaped by healthcare systems and inequalities and highlight two healthcare contexts where space is made for people to socially interpret sensations in the body. The thesis culminates in the critical assessment of public health goals and makes recommendations for improving COPD prevention and care in Uruguay.

Reconhecida como uma das maiores empresas do Brasil, controlada pelo governo, a Petrobras apresenta um processo de internacionalização dividido em duas fases: (i) busca de melhores condições contratuais para o abastecimento do mercado interno e (ii) posicionamento mundial, segurança financeira e internacionalização da marca. Ambas as perspectivas de atuação internacional promoveram o aproveitamento de vantagem competitiva, ainda que sob comportamentos distintos. Diante disso, o objetivo do presente estudo é mensurar o impacto do processo de internacionalização no sistema de controle gerencial da unidade de estudo: Petrobras Uruguay Distribución, subsidiária no segmento de downstream1 e constituída em 2006 por meio de um processo de reorganização societária decorrente da aquisição dos ativos da Shell. Para atender a este propósito, analisam-se as possíveis alterações dos sistemas de controle gerencial e a relação existente, em termos de proximidade e afastamento da literatura presente e o caso estudado. Para tanto, o capítulo de revisão de literatura representa o embasamento teórico responsável pelas abordagens das características dos sistemas de controles, identificação dos contextos influenciadores de seu desenho e destaque para os tipos de internacionalização, nas tangentes comportamentais e motivacionais, além de abordar as teorias de ciclo de vida organizacional. O método aplicado no teste do referencial teórico foi o estudo exploratório com caso único, mediante a aplicação de um questionário padronizado. As variáveis de pesquisa consubstanciaram-se no relacionamento da literatura abordada e as questões de pesquisa e foram classificadas, segundo a natureza, em contingentes e identificadoras. Os resultados obtidos possibilitaram avaliar o nível do impacto do processo de internacionalização e a capacidade de adaptabilidade da organização aos novos contextos, comprovando que o empreendimento de novas estratégias, sejam elas internacionais ou em novos negócios, influencia o desenho do sistema de controle gerencial que refletirá, na proporção do interesse dos gestores, num processo de controle mais adequado à organização.
Known as one of the biggest companies of Brazil, controlled for the government, Petrobras presents an internationalization processs divided in two stages: (i) searchs of better contractual conditions for supplying domestic market; and (ii) world-wide spotting, financial security and internationalization of the mark. Both perspectives of international performance had promoted the advantage competitiveness, even tough under distinct behaviours. The objective of this study is to measure the impact of the internationalizations process on the management control system of the leading: Petrobras Uruguay Distribución, subsidiary in the downstream segment and created in 2006 by a process of sould reorganization in face of the acquisition of Shells assets. To answer to this purpose, was analyzed the possible changes of the management control system and the existing relationships, in terms of closeness and distance of this literature and the study. Therefore, the chapter of literatures revision represents theoretical basement which is responsible for the approaching the characteristics of the controls systems, identification of the contexts that influence of this design and prominence for the types of internationalization, on the behaviours and motivational aspects, besides approaching the theories of corporate life cycle. The method applied in the test of the review of literature was the exploratory cases study approaching an unique case, by the application of a standard questionnaire. The research variables a related to the relationship of the literature and the questions of research, witch were classified, according its nature, in contingents and identifiers. The results obtained made possible to evaluate the level of the impact of internationalization process and the capacity of adaptation of organization to the new contexts, proving that the use of new strategies, international or new businesses, influence the design of the management control systems that it will reflect, in the ratio of the managers interest, a control process more adjusted to the organization.

El yeísmo, así como su rehilamiento y ensordecimiento, son rasgos caracterizadores del español del Uruguay. Varios estudios locales han indagado sobre estos fenómenos atendiendo tanto a cuestiones diacrónicas como sincrónicas. Sin embargo, y tal como se desprende de la literatura especializada, no contamos hasta el momento con una mirada crítica y global de estos estudios ni con una evaluación panorámica de sus resultados. En el presente trabajo, ofrecemos una revisión crítica de las investigaciones sobre el yeísmo, el rehilamiento y el ensordecimiento en el Uruguay, prestando especial atención a la caracterización histórica de estos fenómenos, su estado actual en el sistema fonológico del español del Uruguay y las actitudes asociadas a ellos. Esto nos permite, por un lado, aportar a la caracterización de la historia del español del Uruguay, así como también contribuir con una mirada local a un fenómeno ciertamente complejo en la historia del español. Por otro lado, la revisión crítica de los estudios nos permite identificar sus aportes globales y sus limitaciones específicas e identificar nuevas áreas de investigación en la temática para una caracterización más contundente y acabada de estos fenómenos.
The phenomena of yeísmo, rehilamiento and devoicing are certainly constitutive of Uruguayan Spanish. In the past, many studies have analyzed these phenomena focusing on both the synchronic and the diachronic perspectives of language analysis. However –and as indicated by the specialized literature–  there still have not been systematic attempts to evaluate –globally and critically– previous studies and their findings. This paper provides a critical review of studies addressing yeísmo, rehilamiento and devoicing in Uruguayan Spanish. Our focus is on the historical description of these processes, their current status in the phonological system of Uruguayan Spanish and the social attitudes attached to them. This allows us to contribute to the history of the Spanish language in Uruguay, but also to provide a local view of a phonological and phonetic process that is by definition complex and that has for a long time accompanied the phonological evolution of Spanish. On the other hand, providing a critical review of the literature also allows us to identify and evaluate previous contributions, theoretical and methodological limitations and future research areas. In turn, this will help us achieve a better understanding of these phenomena.

Esta tese é uma cartografia do dispositivo do neoxamanismo. Nela se mostra o processo de chegada de três diferentes tradições de neoxamanismo no Uruguai, que provém do Peru, Brasil e México: o vegetalismo amazônico, o Santo Daime e o Caminho Vermelho, respectivamente. Também descreve um quarto grupo neoxamânico uruguaio, independente dessas tradições, que toma elementos das mesmas. Analisa-se o neoxamanismo como um dispositivo, isto é, como um conjunto de discursos associados a uma imaginada espiritualidade indígena e umas práticas que giram em torno do uso de plantas de poder e da realização de rituais de busca espiritual e de cura. A cura é entendida enquanto expansão da consciência e “reconexão” com outras formas de estar no mundo, diferentes das modernas hegemônicas. Esta diferença se articula através da colocação em circulação de epistemologias outras, “nativas” do continente americano. O conjunto da tese levanta uma tensão, no marco do paradigma da modernidade/colonialidade, em torno da imbricação dos processos de (des)colonialidade que convergem no dispositivo do neoxamanismo. Observam-se alguns efeitos que o neoxamanismo produz e se propõe as ideias de amazonismo e de neo-orientalidade (para o Uruguai) para compreendê-los.
This thesis proposes a cartography of the neo-shamanism dispositif. It describes the process of arrival of three different neo-shamanic traditions in Uruguay: Amazonian vegetalismo, Santo Daime and Red Path, originating from Peru, Brazil and Mexico respectively. Furthermore it describes a Uruguayan neo-shamanic group, independent from these traditions, but which has adapted elements from them. The study analyses neo-shamanism as a dispositif, understood as a set of discourses, associated to an imagined indigenous spirituality, and practices relating to the use of power plants and the performing of rituals for spiritual quest and healing. The cure is understood as an Expansion of Consciousness and "reconnection" with other ways of being in the world, different from those of the modern hegemonic. That difference is articulated through the circulation of Other epistemologies, considered to be "native" originating from the American Continent. The overall thesis presents a tension, within the paradigm of modernity/coloniality, around the interweaving of processes of (de)coloniality converging on the neo-shamanism dispositif. Finally, it observes some effects produced by neo-shamanism and proposes understating these through the perspective of Amazonism and neo-orientalidad (in Uruguay).
Esta tesis es una cartografía del dispositivo del neochamanismo. En ella se muestra el proceso de llegada de tres tradiciones diferentes de neochamanismo al Uruguay, que provienen de Perú, Brasil y México: el vegetalismo amazónico, el Santo Daime y el Camino Rojo, respectivamente. Asimismo, describe un grupo neochamánico uruguayo, independiente de esas tradiciones, que toma elementos de ellas. Se analiza el neochamanismo como un dispositivo, es decir, un conjunto de discursos asociados a una imaginada espiritualidad indígena y unas prácticas que giran en torno al uso de plantas de poder y la realización de rituales de búsqueda espiritual y cura. La cura es entendida en tanto expansión de la conciencia y “reconexión” con otras formas de estar en el mundo, diferentes a las modernas hegemónicas. Esa diferencia se articula a través de la puesta en circulación de epistemologías otras, “nativas” del continente americano. El conjunto de la tesis plantea una tensión, en el marco del paradigma de la modernidad/colonialidad, en torno a la imbricación de los procesos de (de)colonialidad que convergen en el dispositivo del neochamanismo. Se observan algunos efectos que el neochamanismo produce y se proponen las ideas de amazonismo y de neo-orientalidad (por el Uruguay) para comprenderlos.

Este estudo tenta mostrar as condições de trabalho em uma planta industrial na cidade de Montevidéu, a fim de compreender a importância de conhecer quais são as condições em que as pessoas estão trabalhando, se essas condições estão dentro das normas trabalhistas e se elas podem ser melhoradas. Foram realizadas pesquisas de sons de toda a planta industrial, obtendo-se, em todos os casos, níveis inferiores a 84,0 dB (A). A partir dos resultados obtidos, foi feito um mapa de ruído, foi calculada a dose de ruído dos funcionários e foram estudados em profundidade os pontos críticos, onde as exigências não foram cumpridas, a fim de propor soluções.
This work depicts working conditions inside an industrial plant in the city of Montevideo with the aim of highlighting the importance of knowing said conditions and whether or not they can be improved. Sound measurements of the entire industrial plant were made, obtaining levels under 84.0 dB(A) in all cases. With these results, a noise map was made, the noise dose of workers was calculated, and critical areas where requirements weren’t met were thoroughly studied in order to propose solutions.
Este trabajo intenta mostrar las condiciones de trabajo en una planta industrial de la ciudad de Montevideo, con el objetivo de comprender la importancia de conocer cuáles son las condiciones en las que las personas se encuentran trabajando y si las mismas se pueden mejorar. Se realizaron relevamientos sonoros de toda la planta industrial obteniéndose niveles en todos los casos menores a 84,0 dB(A). A partir de los resultados obtenidos se realizó un mapa de ruido, se calculó la dosis de ruido de los funcionarios y se estudiaron con profundidad los lugares críticos donde no se cumplan los requerimientos, con el fin de proponer soluciones.

AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Tsenolo Leche, for the Master of Science degree in Agribusiness Economics, presented on October 29, 2009, at Southern Illinois University Carbondale. TITLE: AGRICULTURAL TRADE: PROSPECTS FOR LIBERALIZATION AFTER URUGUAY AND DOHA ROUNDS MAJOR PROFESSOR: Dr. Wanki Moon Chapter 1 outlines the goal of the project by evaluating the prospects for agricultural trade liberalization by analyzing the progress and setbacks of the Uruguay and Doha Rounds. The international trade framework is analyzed with consideration of standard trade theory, agricultural protectionism, agricultural trade liberalization efforts and assessment of the prospects for liberalizing agricultural trade in the future. Chapter 2 deals with two issues of standard trade theory: economic rationales for trade and efforts to liberalize trade in industrial goods after World War II. Evidence suggests free trade is a stimulus for growth and development. Empirical evidence suggests liberalization of trade increases economic growth, decreases poverty, increases productivity and increases technology transfer. Global efforts to liberalize trade in industrial goods after World War II are summarized. Efforts to liberalize trade in industrial goods started in 1947 with the formation of the General Agreement of Tariff and Trade (GATT), a multilateral body. Subsequently, the chapter briefly discusses the GATT's accomplishments through its various rounds of multilateral trade talks. It also looks into other channels that the international community pursued to liberalize trade such as regional trade liberalization, one-way trade to developing countries and unilateral trade liberalization. Chapter 3 examines the history of agricultural protectionism in general and in developed countries. Furthermore, it explains theories behind agricultural protectionism. It identifies instruments countries used to protect their agricultural sector before the Uruguay Round Agreement on Agriculture (URAA) and in the post-Uruguay period. Chapter 4 examines efforts to liberalize agricultural trade beginning with the Uruguay Round, and including the GATT multilateral trade talks that brought agriculture under the discipline. It examines the commitments and limitations of the round in agriculture trade liberalization under three pillars of trade namely market access, export competition and domestic support. Subsequently, ongoing Doha Development Agenda Rounds are analyzed. Further, it examines the July 2004 framework and proposals from member countries for advancing agricultural trade liberalization. Chapter 5 measures the influence of the European Union's Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and the U.S.'s Farm Bills on multilateral agricultural trade liberalization negotiations and their influence on the agricultural policies of both the European Union and the U.S. The impact of multifunctionality of agriculture on multilateral agricultural trade liberalization negotiations is discussed. Finally, the chapter focuses on the various perspectives by examining the roles of developing countries in the evolution of the Doha Development Agenda. Chapter 6 assesses the prospects for agricultural trade liberalization by examining agricultural trade following World War II, the WTO's Uruguay and Doha Rounds and the impact of four members of the WTO on international trade. Chapter 7 concludes that agricultural trade liberalization after the Uruguay and Doha Rounds is not likely to be as free as industrial trade liberalization because of some unique characteristics of agriculture. Based on both the Uruguay and Doha Rounds, the main goal seems to be reduction of trade-distorting domestic supports, improvement of market access and phasing out and eventual elimination of export subsidies.

L'Uruguay est aujourd'hui le seul pays d'Amérique du Sud à ne pas reconnaître d'indiens sur son territoire, et cela bien qu'avant 1830, date de la fondation de l'État, de nombreuses ethnies (guaraníes, charrúas, chanáes, guenoas, yaros, biguaes) fussent présentes sur son territoire. Cependant, depuis1980, des groupes se font entendre qui revendiquent leur ascendance et même leur identité charrúa.Cette ethnie, selon l'Histoire officielle aurait disparu au cours du XIXº siècle. Le massacre de Salsipuedes, qui mit fin à l'existence de ce groupe social, culturel et politique en 1831, fut en effet, la première opération militaire menée par l'Etat-nation uruguayen, une année après son indépendance.Cette thèse se propose d'analyser la relation entre État et Indien, en essayant de comprendre les places respectives de l'oubli et des constructions mémorielles tout à la fois chez les individus (terrain ) etdans l'Histoire officielle (archives). L'image de l'indien s'est construite à la fin du XIX siècle dans l'art, l'histoire et la littérature, à partir de projections européennes et créoles, au service d'un nationalisme qui dénonçait avec force le métissage, et ignorait à la fois les dernières communautés indiennes du territoire national. Une fois l'indien occulté, l'utopie du creuset des races, le melting pot uruguayen, pouvait alors proposer un métissage exclusivement intra-européen, et une nouvelle identité uruguayenne promue par l'État-nation.Avec les années 60, de nouveaux discours identitaires apparurent malgré tout. Passés sous silence pendant la dictature (1973-1985), ils se transformèrent en revendications identitaires ethniques indiennes, profitant alors d'un nouveau contexte politique et mémoriel. A travers l'observation des processus en jeu dans l'irruption des groupes néo-charrúas nous verrons que l'objet de l'occultation historique dépasse les seuls Indiens.