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Ferraz Filho, Antonio Carlos, José Roberto Soares Scolforo, Antonio Donizette de Oliveira y José Márcio de Mello. "Modeling growth and yield of loblolly pinestands under intensive management". Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 50, n.º 8 (agosto de 2015): 707–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2015000800009.
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Abstract:The objective of this work was to develop and validate a prognosis system for volume yield and basal area of intensively managed loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) stands, using stand and diameter class models compatible in basal area estimates. The data used in the study were obtained from plantations located in northern Uruguay. For model validation without data loss, a three-phase validation scheme was applied: first, the equations were fitted without the validation database; then, model validation was carried out; and, finally, the database was regrouped to recalibrate the parameter values. After the validation and final parameterization of the models, a simulation of the first commercial thinning was carried out. The developed prognosis system was precise and accurate in estimating basal area production per hectare or per diameter classes. There was compatibility in basal area estimates between diameter class and whole stand models, with a mean difference of -0.01 m2ha-1. The validation scheme applied is logic and consistent, since information on the accuracy and precision of the models is obtained without the loss of any information in the estimation of the models' parameters.
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Zhang, Long, Jianhua Hu, Xinzhong Wang, Xiuwei Chai y Lei Zhao. "Collaborative Mining Sequence Optimization for Multiple Stopes under Intensive Mining". Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (1 de abril de 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6683157.
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The optimization of a mining sequence not only reduces stress concentration in surrounding rock but also prevents underground debris flows, significantly improving safety. Firstly, the 870–898 m level of the eastern mining area in the Tiaoshuihe phosphate mine was divided into 25 ore blocks, and six different mining sequences were designed for this area. Then, it was calculated that five ore blocks must be processed simultaneously to reach the annual production output. The distances between the five simultaneously mined ore blocks will inevitably affect the efficiency of the equipment for any scheme. So, a collaborative model considering both the area stability and production capacity was established by combining the distance between the centers of the five ore blocks as an index. Differences in stability, deformation, and plastic zone size between the schemes are compared. The calculation results show that a mining scheme with a convex stepped shape produces the best results. These results provide a general method for entropy-based mining sequence optimization and an optimal solution for the Tiaoshuihe phosphate mine.
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Shelef, G., Y. Azov, A. Kanarek, G. Zac y A. Shaw. "The dan region sewerage wastewater treatment and reclamation scheme". Water Science and Technology 30, n.º 9 (1 de noviembre de 1994): 229–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0486.
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The Greater Tel-Aviv (Dan Region) urban area is composed of seven municipalities producing close to 100 million cubic meters per year (mcmy) of wastewaters, serving a population equivalent of over 1.7 millions. The Dan Region Association of Towns for Sewerage serves the largest population, commercial and tourism center of Israel as well as an important part of its industry. The flow of wastewater in the region is expected to reach some 150 mcmy by the end of this decade due to its intensive growth. Due to the perennial and severe shortage of water, Israel has adopted a national policy of maximizing wastewater reuse, aimed principally at agricultural irrigation of crops without any restrictions (including fruits and vegetables eaten uncooked). The quality requirements for the reclaimed wastewater are quite stringent, due to the fact that a large proportion of the agricultural produce is intended for export to foreign countries. The Dan Region - Third Line scheme is an example of a holistic approach to urban sewerage system integrated with reclamation and agricultural reuse, within an overall policy-making, engineering design, operation, monitoring, surveillance, management, administration and legal framework. It has a combined health, environmental and economical benefit to the urban communities and critical economic and livelihood benefit to the rural community.
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Berkhoff, K. "Groundwater vulnerability assessment to assist the measurement planning of the water framework directive – a practical approach with stakeholders". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 4, n.º 3 (25 de mayo de 2007): 1133–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-4-1133-2007.
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Abstract. An evaluation scheme is presented in this paper which can be used to assess groundwater vulnerability according to the requirements of the European Water Framework Directive (WFD). The evaluation scheme results in a groundwater vulnerability map identifying areas of high, medium and low vulnerability, as necessary for the measurement planning of the WFD. The evaluation scheme is based on the definition of the vulnerability of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). It considers exposure, sensitivity and the adaptive capacity of the region. The adaptive capacity is evaluated in an actors' platform, which was constituted for the region in the PartizipA ("Participative modelling, Actor and Ecosystem Analysis in Regions with Intensive Agriculture") project. As a result of the vulnerability assessment, 21% of the catchment area was classified as being highly vulnerable, whereas 73% has medium vulnerability and 6% has low vulnerability. Thus, a groundwater vulnerability assessment approach is presented, which can be used in practice on a catchment scale for the WFD measurement planning.
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Cholakian, Arineh, Matthias Beekmann, Augustin Colette, Isabelle Coll, Guillaume Siour, Jean Sciare, Nicolas Marchand et al. "Simulation of fine organic aerosols in the western Mediterranean area during the ChArMEx 2013 summer campaign". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, n.º 10 (25 de mayo de 2018): 7287–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-7287-2018.
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Abstract. The simulation of fine organic aerosols with CTMs (chemistry–transport models) in the western Mediterranean basin has not been studied until recently. The ChArMEx (the Chemistry-Aerosol Mediterranean Experiment) SOP 1b (Special Observation Period 1b) intensive field campaign in summer of 2013 gathered a large and comprehensive data set of observations, allowing the study of different aspects of the Mediterranean atmosphere including the formation of organic aerosols (OAs) in 3-D models. In this study, we used the CHIMERE CTM to perform simulations for the duration of the SAFMED (Secondary Aerosol Formation in the MEDiterranean) period (July to August 2013) of this campaign. In particular, we evaluated four schemes for the simulation of OA, including the CHIMERE standard scheme, the VBS (volatility basis set) standard scheme with two parameterizations including aging of biogenic secondary OA, and a modified version of the VBS scheme which includes fragmentation and formation of nonvolatile OA. The results from these four schemes are compared to observations at two stations in the western Mediterranean basin, located on Ersa, Cap Corse (Corsica, France), and at Cap Es Pinar (Mallorca, Spain). These observations include OA mass concentration, PMF (positive matrix factorization) results of different OA fractions, and 14C observations showing the fossil or nonfossil origins of carbonaceous particles. Because of the complex orography of the Ersa site, an original method for calculating an orographic representativeness error (ORE) has been developed. It is concluded that the modified VBS scheme is close to observations in all three aspects mentioned above; the standard VBS scheme without BSOA (biogenic secondary organic aerosol) aging also has a satisfactory performance in simulating the mass concentration of OA, but not for the source origin analysis comparisons. In addition, the OA sources over the western Mediterranean basin are explored. OA shows a major biogenic origin, especially at several hundred meters height from the surface; however over the Gulf of Genoa near the surface, the anthropogenic origin is of similar importance. A general assessment of other species was performed to evaluate the robustness of the simulations for this particular domain before evaluating OA simulation schemes. It is also shown that the Cap Corse site presents important orographic complexity, which makes comparison between model simulations and observations difficult. A method was designed to estimate an orographic representativeness error for species measured at Ersa and yields an uncertainty of between 50 and 85 % for primary pollutants, and around 2–10 % for secondary species.
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de Tapia, Emily McClung, Irma Domínguez Rubio, Jorge Gama Castro, Elizabeth Solleiro y Sergey Sedov. "Radiocarbon Dates from Soil Profiles in the Teotihuacán Valley, Mexico: Indicators of Geomorphological Processes". Radiocarbon 47, n.º 1 (2005): 159–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200052279.
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Radiocarbon dates largely obtained from bulk soil samples in 24 soil profiles in the Teotihuacán Valley, Mexico, are reported insofar as they represent a first step towards developing a sequence of soil formation, erosion, vegetation change, and human impact during the Holocene. Limitations of 14C dating in the area are considered, particularly the absence of charcoal in sediments and poor preservation of pollen. A broad temporal scheme is proposed to guide future research in which 4 periods are defined: ∼5000–2000 BP (relative stability with short, intermittent episodes of erosion); ∼2000–1500 BP (erosion-sedimentation, deforestation, and intensive agriculture); ∼1500–1000 BP (relative stability, depopulation, and partial recovery of the landscape); and ∼1000–500 BP (erosion-sedimentation, deforestation, and intensive agriculture).
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Wang, Kun, Pengju Zhang, Jiong Niu, Weifeng Sun, Lun Zhao y Yonggang Ji. "A Performance Evaluation Scheme for Multiple Object Tracking with HFSWR". Sensors 19, n.º 6 (21 de marzo de 2019): 1393. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19061393.
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High-frequency surface wave radar (HFSWR) can detect and continuously track ship objects in real time and beyond the horizon. When ships navigate in a sea area, their motions in a time period form a scenario. The diversity and complexity of the motion scenarios make it difficult to accurately track ships, in which failures such as track fragmentation (TF) are frequently observed. However, it is still unclear how and to what degrees the motions of ships affect the tracking performance, especially which motion patterns can cause tracking failures. This paper addresses this problem and attempts to undertake a first step towards providing an intensive quantitative performance assessment and vulnerability detection scheme for ship-tracking algorithms by proposing an evolutionary and data-mining-based approach. Low-dimensional scenarios in terms of multiple maneuvering ship objects are generated using a grammar-based model. Closed-loop feedback is introduced using evolutionary computation to efficiently collect scenarios that cause more and more tracking performance loss, which provides diversified cases for analysing using data-mining technique to discover indicators of tracking vulnerability. Results on different tracking algorithms show that more cluster and convergence patterns and longer duration of our convoy and cluster patterns in the scenarios can cause severer TF to HFSWR ship tracking.
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Liao, Yangzhe, Quan Yu, Yi Han y Mark Leeson. "Relay-Enabled Task Offloading Management for Wireless Body Area Networks". Applied Sciences 8, n.º 8 (20 de agosto de 2018): 1409. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8081409.
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Inspired by the recent developments of the Internet of Things (IoT) relay and mobile edge computing (MEC), a hospital/home-based medical monitoring framework is proposed, in which the intensive computing tasks from the implanted sensors can be efficiently executed by on-body wearable devices or a coordinator-based MEC (C-MEC). In this paper, we first propose a wireless relay-enabled task offloading mechanism that consists of a network model and a computation model. Moreover, to manage the computation resources among all relays, a task offloading decision model and the best task offloading recipient selection function is given. The performance evaluation considers different computation schemes under the predetermined link quality condition regarding the selected vital quality of service (QoS) metrics. After demonstrating the channel characterization and network topology, the performance evaluation is implemented under different scenarios regarding the network lifetime of all relays, network residual energy status, total number of locally executed packets, path loss (PL), and service delay. The results show that data transmission without the offloading scheme outperforms the offload-based technique regarding network lifetime. Moreover, the high computation capacity scenario achieves better performance regarding PL and the total number of locally executed packets.
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Fiddes, J. y S. Gruber. "TopoSUB: a tool for efficient large area numerical modelling in complex topography at sub-grid scales". Geoscientific Model Development 5, n.º 5 (10 de octubre de 2012): 1245–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-5-1245-2012.
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Abstract. Mountain regions are highly sensitive to global climate change. However, large scale assessments of mountain environments remain problematic due to the high resolution required of model grids to capture strong lateral variability. To alleviate this, tools are required to bridge the scale gap between gridded climate datasets (climate models and re-analyses) and mountain topography. We address this problem with a sub-grid method. It relies on sampling the most important aspects of land surface heterogeneity through a lumped scheme, allowing for the application of numerical land surface models (LSMs) over large areas in mountain regions or other heterogeneous environments. This is achieved by including the effect of mountain topography on these processes at the sub-grid scale using a multidimensional informed sampling procedure together with a 1-D lumped model that can be driven by gridded climate datasets. This paper provides a description of this sub-grid scheme, TopoSUB, and assesses its performance against a distributed model. We demonstrate the ability of TopoSUB to approximate results simulated by a distributed numerical LSM at around 104 less computations. These significant gains in computing resources allow for: (1) numerical modelling of processes at fine grid resolutions over large areas; (2) efficient statistical descriptions of sub-grid behaviour; (3) a "sub-grid aware" aggregation of simulated variables to coarse grids; and (4) freeing of resources for computationally intensive tasks, e.g., the treatment of uncertainty in the modelling process.
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Enamul Quadir, Md Shahed y John A. Chandy. "Key Generation for Hardware Obfuscation Using Strong PUFs". Cryptography 3, n.º 3 (17 de julio de 2019): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryptography3030017.
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As a result of the increased use of contract foundries, internet protocol (IP) theft, excess production and reverse engineering are major concerns for the electronics and defense industries. Hardware obfuscation and IP locking can be used to make a design secure by replacing a part of the circuit with a key-locked module. In order to ensure each chip has unique keys, previous work has proposed using physical unclonable functions (PUF) to lock the circuit. However, these designs are area intensive. In this work, we propose a strong PUF-based hardware obfuscation scheme to uniquely lock each chip.
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Chen, Zhongwei, Kangbo Peng, Lai Huang, Yichao Wang, Xiaozhong Wu y Zhenfeng Xiao. "A Water-Area Recognition Approach Based on “Tuned” Texture Mask and Cuckoo Search Algorithm". Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2018 (9 de diciembre de 2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/7690435.
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Texture feature extraction is a key topic in many applications of image analysis; a lot of techniques have been proposed to measure the characteristics of this field. Among them, texture energy extracted with a mask is a rotation and scale invariant texture descriptor. However, the tuning process is computationally intensive and easily trap into the local optimum. In the proposed approach, a “Tuned” mask is utilized to extract water and nonwater texture; the optimal “Tuned” mask is acquired by maximizing the texture energy value via a newly proposed cuckoo search (CS) algorithm. Experimental results on samples and images show that the proposed method is suitable for texture feature extraction, the recognition accuracy is higher than the genetic algorithm (GA), particle swarm optimization (PSO) and the gravitational search algorithm (GSA) optimized “Tuned” mask scheme, and the water area could be well recognized from the original image. Experimental results show that the proposed method could exhibit better performance than other methods involved in the paper in terms of optimization ability and recognition result.
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Gerts, Eduard F., Andrey V. Mekhrentsev, Vladimir V. Pobedinsky, Nikolay N. Terinov y Alina F. Urazova. "Improving the Efficiency of Multifunctional Machines for Intensive Forestry". Lesnoy Zhurnal (Forestry Journal), n.º 1 (9 de febrero de 2021): 138–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2021-1-138-149.
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The method of intensification of forestry by means of integrated mechanization of forestry and logging operations is considered. It is proposed to use manipulator-type machines, such as harvesters, forwarders and excavators, as a technical basis. Improving the efficiency of manipulator-type machines can be achieved through using a set of optional interchangeable equipment. This will allow to create crops by planting seedlings with open and closed root systems, to carry out soil cultivation, seed sowing, thinning of young plants and to carry out pest control, mulching of skidding tracks after major work in the logging site, as well as earthworks during the construction of forest roads. The use of optional interchangeable equipment transforms a manipulator-type machine into a multifunctional machine. It has been shown that the purchase of optional equipment for forestry and logging is a cost-effective investment even for a small amount of works. Intensive forestry is primarily based on the measures of mature and overmature stands cutting, forest tending, and reforestation. Several technological schemes with the use of the multifunctional machine for felling both in the harvester and feller buncher modes are offered. In the latter option, tree length bucking and branch pruning ensure the concentration of all logging residues at the upper depot and create favorable conditions for their processing into raw material for biofuel production and reduce woodwaste in cutting areas. An option of using small size equipment for hauling trees into the area of operation of a multifunctional machine with an installed harvester head is offered when performing selective felling using wide-strip technology of harvesting. Preliminary preparation of the cutting area with small sized equipment (harvesting of small-sized, dead and fallen trees) is proposed. This will significantly reduce the damage to plantation components and provide a greater degree of preservation of the natural environment during the main work of the multifunctional machine. Its use in the most favorable terms due to the work execution on a quarter-block scheme, reducing the number of downtime due to naturalproduction conditions and the number of relocations and, accordingly, increasing the number of machine hours, will minimize total costs of the range of forestry and harvesting works.
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Prusov, Maxim, Vladimir Kurdyumov y Andrey Pavlushin. "Optimization of the hopper design parameters with a controlled technological process of loading, storage and unloading of bulk materials". BIO Web of Conferences 27 (2020): 00131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20202700131.
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The subject of the study is the process of loading capacities and bodies of vehicles to increase the usable volume and static load for further storage or transportation. Based on an analysis of the mechanization of loading operations at agricultural facilities related to the production, distribution and use of animal feed, the authors identified the most promising loading scheme based on the principle of intensive dispersed flow, outlined ways to improve the loading of grain materials and animal feed, proposed a new structural and technological scheme of a loading device with a drive using the gravitational flow of bulk material to evenly distribute the flow of bulk material over a significant cross-sectional area of the tank. The article presents theoretical studies of the loading process using the proposed device and substantiates its geometric parameters. There are results of experimental studies that confirm theoretical conclusions and allow comparing the proposed device with existing analogues.
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Kwon, Doyle y Duk Kyung Kim. "Optimal Resource Allocation for a Single-Cell Multicast Transmission Scheme with a Supplementary Multicast Channel". Electronics 8, n.º 6 (22 de junio de 2019): 704. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8060704.
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Multicast transmission is an attractive solution when a large number of users receive the same content in a wide area, for example, as with mobile TV. Ever since the multimedia broadcast multicast service (MBMS) was introduced in the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), continuing work on the multicast transmission has been done and its importance is growing in the fifth generation (5G) cellular networks. The use cases of multicast transmission have been enlarged from mobile TV and public safety to vehicular-to-everything (V2X) and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV). Recently, for group communications in public safety networks and for geographical information sharing in automotive, airborne and social networks, multicast transmission has been targeted at fewer users in a relatively small area, which has stimulated extensive research on the single-cell multicast transmission scheme. In the proposed single-cell multicast transmission scheme, a supplementary multicast channel is additionally assigned in a single-cell multicast transmission scheme to exploit channel diversity. The resource allocation is adaptive to the channel variations of the users (responsive to users QoS needs), using channel feedback from the users, in contrast with previous approaches where resources were determined conservatively. An optimal resource allocation problem to minimize the required bandwidth while enabling every user to obtain the target multicast rate is formulated as a convex problem and an iterative algorithm is proposed in a computationally efficient way. Performance is evaluated mathematically and through intensive simulations, where other cell interference is considered using a fluid model. The proposed single-cell multicast transmission scheme provides benefits in comparison to existing multicast schemes in the simulations, under a set of various parameters including the number of multicast users and channel correlation between the multicast channels.
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Rao, N. X., S. C. Ou y K. N. Liou. "Removal of the Solar Component in AVHRR 3.7-µm Radiances for the Retrieval of Cirrus Cloud Parameters". Journal of Applied Meteorology 34, n.º 2 (1 de febrero de 1995): 482–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450-34.2.482.
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Abstract A numerical scheme has been developed to remove the solar component in the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) 3.7-µm channel for the retrieval of cirrus parameters during daytime. This method uses a number of prescribed threshold values for AVHRR channels 1 (0.63 µm), 2 (0.8 µm), 3 (3.7 µm), 4 (10.9 µm), and 5 (12 µm) to separate clear and cloudy pixels. A look-up table relating channels 1 and 3 solar reflectances is subsequently constructed based on the prescribed mean effective ice crystal sizes and satellite geometric parameters. An adding–doubling radiative transfer program has been used to generate numerical values in the construction of the look-up table. Removal of the channel 3 solar component is accomplished by using the look-up table and the measured channel 1 reflectance. The cloud retrieval scheme described in Ou et al. has been modified in connection with the removal program. The authors have applied the removal–retrieval scheme to the AVHRR global area coverage daytime data, collected during the First ISCCP (International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project) Regional Experiment cirrus intensive field observation (FIRE IFO) at 2100 UTC 28 October 1986 over the Wisconsin area. Distributions of the retrieved cloud heights and optical depths are comparable to those determined from Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite visible and IR channels data reported by Minnis et al. Morwver, verifications of the retrieved cirrus temperature and height against lidar data have been carried out using results reported from three FIRE IFO nations. The retrieved cloud heights are within 0.5 km of the measured lidar values.
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Chang, Ki-Yin, Gene Eu Jan y Ian Parberry. "A Method for Searching Optimal Routes with Collision Avoidance on Raster Charts". Journal of Navigation 56, n.º 3 (26 de agosto de 2003): 371–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463303002418.
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Collision avoidance is an intensive discussion issue for navigation safety. This article introduces a new routing algorithm for finding optimal routes with collision detection and avoidance on raster charts or planes. After the required data structure of the raster chart is initialized, the maze routing algorithm is applied to obtain the particular route of each ship. Those ships that have potential to collide will be detected by simulating the particular routes with ship domains. The collision avoidance scheme can be achieved by using the collision-area-marking method with collision avoidance rules at sea. The algorithm has linear time and space complexities, and is sufficiently fast to perform real-time routing on the raster charts.
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Mineev, Sergei, Elvira Filatieva, Aleksandr Oleinichenko y Mihaela Toderas. "On the relationship between gas emission from undermined coal-bearing stratum and the intensity of coal seam mining". E3S Web of Conferences 280 (2021): 08017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128008017.
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A theoretical scheme of gas release from the coalbed under production by treatment workings has been developed. The sizes of zones of different intensity of gas release from the working thickness are set according to the characteristic points of muld shift of the earth's surface. Total amount of releasing gas is determined by the area of the developed space, over which there is an intensive movement of the mined coal. The formation of this area is associated with the development of cleaning operations within the boundaries of the excavation site and the speed of movement of the treatment face. During the development of the theoretical scheme, several assumptions were made, the validity of which was verified on the basis of experimental data obtained in the conditions of four mines at fifteen excavation sites. Coal seams with coals of grades G and A were worked out by them at a depth of 300-1195 m, the capacity of coal seams was 0.90-2.20 m, cleaning works were carried out at a depth of 300-1195 m, the length of the lavas was in the range of 74÷270 m. The monthly movement of the treatment faces and the amount of gas released during this period were taken into account for each excavation site. It is established that the relative gas release per unit area of the developed space remains a fairly constant value for some mining and geological conditions, if the total amount of gas is attributed to the area that determines the active movement of rocks over a moving treatment face. This allows you to use the previously obtained results of determining the categorical danger of mines by relative gas release per ton of coal production in terms of improving the forecast of gas release from the coalbed under production more efficiently.
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You, Cheng-Rong, Kao-Shen Chung y Chih-Chien Tsai. "Evaluating the Performance of a Convection-Permitting Model by Using Dual-Polarimetric Radar Parameters: Case Study of SoWMEX IOP8". Remote Sensing 12, n.º 18 (15 de septiembre de 2020): 3004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12183004.
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In this study, a dual-polarimetric radar observation operator is established and modified for the Taiwan area for the purpose of model verification. A severe squall line case during the Southwest Monsoon Experiment Intensive Observing Period 8 (SoWMEX IOP#8) on 14 June 2008, is selected and examined. Because the operator is adopted from the use of the midlatitude region, sensitivity tests are performed to obtain the optimal setting of the operator in the subtropical region. To accurately capture the dynamic structure of the squall lines, the ensemble-based data assimilation system, which assimilates both radial wind and reflectivity data, is used to obtain the optimal analysis field on the mesoscale for evaluating the performance of model simulation. The characteristics of two microphysics schemes are investigated, and the results obtained using the schemes are compared with the S-band dual-polarimetric radar observations. The horizontal and vertical cross-sections show that the analyses resemble the observations. Both schemes can replicate the polarimetric parameter signature such as ZDR and KDP columns. When comparing model simulation with polarimetric parameters through the drawing of contour frequency by altitude diagrams (CFADs), the results reveal that the single moment microphysics scheme performs better than the double moment scheme in this case. However, the reflectivity field in the stratiform area is more accurately captured when using the double moment scheme. Furthermore, validation with polarimetric variables (ZH, ZDR and KDP) histograms shows underestimation of the KDP field in both schemes. Overall, this study indicates the benefit of assimilating radial wind and reflectivity data for the analyses of severe precipitation systems and the necessity of assimilating polarimetric parameters for the accuracy of microphysical processes, especially complex microphysics schemes in subtropical region.
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Lim, SungUk y Junmo Kim. "Technology Portfolio and Role of Public Research Institutions in Industry 4.0: A Case of South Korea". Applied Sciences 9, n.º 13 (28 de junio de 2019): 2632. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9132632.
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The 4th industrial revolution has been a hot topic in various societies for several overlapping reasons. It may be a huge wave for researchers to navigate through. In this context, research institutions are not different from major industrial sectors, in that both consider the 4th revolution a major turning point as well as a threat. Today’s industries and research institutions are knowledge-intensive in nature. Consequently, their potential for survival depends on scientific and technological aspects as well as their organizational dimension. This study analyzes 25 major public research institutions in South Korea, located in the DaeDuk area, based on their technological capability for organizational and expert evaluation. It also proposes a matching scheme between research institutions and research topics related to the 4th industrial revolution.
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Aroosa, Syed Sajid Ullah, Saddam Hussain, Roobaea Alroobaea y Ihsan Ali. "Securing NDN-Based Internet of Health Things through Cost-Effective Signcryption Scheme". Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2021 (6 de abril de 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5569365.
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The Internet of Health Things (IoHT) is an extended version of the Internet of Things that is acting a starring role in data sharing remotely. These remote data sources consist of physiological processes, such as treatment progress, patient monitoring, and consultation. The main purpose of IoHT platform is to intervene independently from geographically remote areas by providing low-cost preventive or active healthcare services. Several low-power biomedical sensors with limited computing capabilities provide IoHT’s communication, integration, computation, and interoperability. However, IoHT transfers IoT data via IP-centric Internet, which has implications for security and privacy. To address this issue, in this paper, we suggest using named data networking (NDN), a future Internet model that is well suited for mobile patients and caregivers. As the IoHT contains a lot of personal information about a user’s physical condition, which can be detrimental to users’ finances and health if leaked, therefore, data protection is important in the IoHT. Experts and scholars have researched this area, but the reconstruction of existing schemes could be further improved. Also, doing computing-intensive tasks leads to slower response times, which further worsens the performance of IoHT. We are trying to resolve such an error, so a new NDN-based certificateless signcryption scheme is proposed for IoHT using the security hardness of the hyperelliptic curve cryptosystem. Security analysis and comparisons with existing schemes show the viability of the designed scheme. The final results confirm that the designed scheme provides better security with minimal computational and communicational resources. Finally, we validate the security of the designed scheme against man-in-the-middle attacks and replay attacks using the AVISPA tool.
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Roels, Guillaume y Bradley R. Staats. "OM Forum—People-Centric Operations: Achievements and Future Research Directions". Manufacturing & Service Operations Management 23, n.º 4 (julio de 2021): 745–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/msom.2021.0977.
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As the nature of work has become more service oriented, knowledge intensive, and rapidly changing, people—be they workers or customers—have become more central to operational processes and have impacted operational outcomes in novel and perhaps more fundamental ways. Research in people-centric operations (PCO) studies how people affect the performance of operational processes. In this OM Forum, we define PCO as an area of study, offer a categorization scheme to take stock of where the field has allocated its attention to date, and offer our thoughts on promising directions for future research. The future of PCO is bright: Thanks to today’s availability of granular data, PCO researchers have numerous and growing opportunities to study, from both descriptive and prescriptive angles, the link between people’s behavior and operational performance.
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Berkhoff, K. "Spatially explicit groundwater vulnerability assessment to support the implementation of the Water Framework Directive – a practical approach with stakeholders". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 12, n.º 1 (29 de enero de 2008): 111–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-12-111-2008.
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Abstract. The main objective of the study presented in this paper was to develop an evaluation scheme which is suitable for spatially explicit groundwater vulnerability assessment according to the Water Framework Directive (WFD). Study area was the Hase river catchment, an area of about 3 000 km2 in north-west Germany which is dominated by livestock farming, in particular pig and poultry production. For the Hase river catchment, the first inventory of the WFD led to the conclusion that 98% of the catchment area is "unclear/unlikely" to reach a good groundwater status due to diffuse nitrogen emissions from agriculture. The groundwater vulnerability assessment was embedded in the PartizipA project ("Participative modelling, Actor and Ecosystem Analysis in Regions with Intensive Agriculture", www.partizipa.net), within which a so-called actors' platform was established in the study area. The objective of the participatory process was to investigate the effects of the WFD on agriculture as well as to discuss groundwater protection measures which are suitable for an integration in the programme of measures. The study was conducted according to the vulnerability assessment concept of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, considering sensitivity, exposure and adaptive capacity. Sensitivity was computed using the DRASTIC index of natural groundwater pollution potential. Exposure (for a reference scenario) was computed using the STOFFBILANZ nutrient model. Several regional studies were analysed to evaluate the adaptive capacity. From these studies it was concluded that the adaptive capacity in the Hase river catchment is very low due to the economic importance of the agricultural sector which will be significantly affected by groundwater protection measures. As a consequence, the adaptive capacity was not considered any more in the vulnerability assessment. A groundwater vulnerability evaluation scheme is presented which enjoys the advantage that both exposure and sensitivity can be operationalized in a spatially resolved manner (500×500 m grid) by the two models mentioned above. The evaluation scheme was applied in the Hase river catchment. 21% of the catchment was classified as highly vulnerable, another 73% as medium vulnerable. Only 6% of the Hase river catchment has low vulnerability. Grid cells of the high vulnerability class are considered as priority areas for groundwater protection measures in the programme of measures of the WFD. Measures will be particularly effective in the north-eastern part of the catchment where groundwater vulnerability is mainly due to high nitrogen emissions.
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Cumino, Pedro, Wellington Lobato Junior, Thais Tavares, Hugo Santos, Denis Rosário, Eduardo Cerqueira, Leandro Villas y Mario Gerla. "Cooperative UAV Scheme for Enhancing Video Transmission and Global Network Energy Efficiency". Sensors 18, n.º 12 (27 de noviembre de 2018): 4155. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18124155.
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Collaboration between multiple Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) to set up a Flying Ad Hoc Network (FANET) is a growing trend since future applications claim for more autonomous and rapid deployable systems. The user experience on watching videos transmitted over FANETs should always be satisfactory even under influence of topology changes caused by the energy consumption of UAVs. In addition, the FANET must keep the UAVs cooperating as much as possible during a mission. However, one of the main challenges in FANET is how to mitigate the impact of limited energy resources of UAVs on the FANET operation in order to monitor the environment for a long period of time. In this sense, UAV replacement is required in order to avoid the premature death of nodes, network disconnections, route failures, void areas, and low-quality video transmissions. In addition, decision-making must take into account energy consumption associated with UAV movements, since they are generally quite energy-intensive. This article proposes a cooperative UAV scheme for enhancing video transmission and global energy efficiency called VOEI. The main goal of VOEI is to maintain the video with QoE support while supporting the nodes with a good connectivity quality level and flying for a long period of time. Based on an Software Defined Network (SDN) paradigm, the VOEI assumes the existence of a centrailized controller node to compute reliable and energy-efficiency routes, as well as detects the appropriate moment for UAV replacement by considering global FANET context information to provide energy-efficiency operations. Based on simulation results, we conclude that VOEI can effectively mitigate the energy challenges of FANET, since it provides energy-efficiency operations, avoiding network death, route failure, and void area, as well as network partitioning compared to state-of-the-art algorithm. In addition, VOEI delivers videos with suitable Quality of Experience (QoE) to end-users at any time, which is not achieved by the state-of-the-art algorithm.
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Rutkevych, Volodymyr. "DEVELOPMENT OF A MOWER FOR THE MULLING OF OPTIMUM TREES OF TREES IN". ENGINEERING, ENERGY, TRANSPORT AIC, n.º 3(106) (29 de noviembre de 2019): 18–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.37128/2520-6168-2019-3-3.
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The article describes the current state of soil retention near the trees of the intensive garden. The disadvantages of the main soil retention systems in perennial fruit plantations and the inappropriateness of using a wide range of systemic and contact chemicals for the cultivation of fruit and berry crops are noted. It is established that the most rational and accessible system of soil retention in gardens is sod-humus with mowing vegetation as mulch. The disadvantages of the lack of technical means in the field of horticulture are noted: decrease of labor productivity, lack of harvest by 40-50%, the main restraining factor of introduction of modern highly efficient technologies. The design and technological scheme of the rotor mower has been developed for mulching of the accessory strips of trees in intensive gardens, which will allow to increase the water, temperature, air regime of the soil, to activate microbiological activity in it, to ensure the reduction of erosion processes. The hydraulic drive of the rotary mower is offered, which will allow to mow, grind and send the plant mass into the adjacent area of the garden for mulching more qualitatively.
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V., Bulgakov,, Holovach, I., Ruzhylo, Z. y Rybalko, V. "Development and calculation of a new constructive scheme of spiral potato heap cleaner". Mehanization and electrification of agricultural, n.º 9(108) (2019): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.37204/0131-2189-2019-9-2.
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Purpose. Improvement of quality and productivity of potato peeling process by means of development and substantiation of new construction of spiral peeler taking into account reduction of losses and damages of potato tubers. Methods. Development of a new construction of a spiral cleaner is based on the application of basic principles of agricultural machinery construction, patent search and methods of calculation of basic construction parameters of the machine. Results. In the paper the authors developed a new construction of spiral potato peeler capable of active self-cleaning from sticky soil, effective removal of soil and plant impurities and qualitative cleaning of potato tubers with their minimal losses and damages. Presence of five wave-likely located working spirals has given the chance to expand considerably a working zone of separation of an arriving potato heap that promotes its better dispersal on a working surface of a cleaner, more intensive destruction of soil clods, and hence improvement of sifting of soil and vegetative impurity and reduction of clogging of working spirals that finally raises productivity and working capacity of a potato cleaner. The process of cleaning the tubers from soil and plant impurities is carried out due to the movement of the potato heap by means of the coils of the console fixed spiral springs rotating at a certain angular speed and the oscillatory movement of the springs themselves, arising due to the deflection of their longitudinal axes under the influence of the weight of the heap cleaner entering the working area. Soil and vegetable impurities are sieved through separating gaps and spiral coils, and potato tubers are transported by spiral coils towards the discharge conveyor. Conclusions 1. A new construction of the potato peeler has been developed, the main difference of which is five cantilever mounted cleaning spirals,arranged in waves at different heights, which allowed to expand the cleaning working area and improve the quality of cleaning potato tubers from soil impurities and plant residues. 2. The expediency of developing a new construction of the potato heap cleaner is confirmed by its efficient operation, high quality of cleaning of tubers from soil and plant impurities, ability of working bodies to self-clean from sticky soil, simplicity of construction and reliability in operation, increase of the cleaner's productivity. 3. Calculations of the required power for the drive of the new spiral cleaner have shown that it does not exceed 1.3 kW. 4. Preliminary calculations show that the use of the proposed spiral potato peeler cleaner will improve the quality of potato tubers cleaning from impurities by 15...20% in comparison with the triochspiral cleaner. Keywords: potato heap, tuber, impurities, purification spiral, coils, oscillatory motion, self-cleaning.
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Kalinicheva, Svetlana, Alexander Fedorov y Mikhail Zhelezniak. "Mapping Mountain Permafrost Landscapes in Siberia Using Landsat Thermal Imagery". Geosciences 9, n.º 1 (20 de diciembre de 2018): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9010004.
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Intensive development of South Yakutia, a mountainous area in the Russian sporadic permafrost zone, must be founded on knowledge about regional permafrost conditions. New permafrost maps for mountainous areas in South Yakutia (the Elkon Mountains and the Olekma-Chara Upland) are presented that provide a more detailed and updated description of permafrost distribution in the area than those that were hitherto available. These maps are based on the previously-developed and tested method of detecting permafrost and unfrozen ground using Landsat-5/TM satellite data with relatively high resolution. The method represents a scheme for permafrost identification based on a set of landscape indicators: terrain elevation, slope angle and exposition, vegetation, snow cover, and land surface temperature (LST). A correlation analysis of satellite data to full-scale field data has been carried out for the two areas under consideration. Indicator properties of LST obtained by Landsat-5/TM Band 6 Infrared have been characterized in detail for detection and regional mapping of permafrost. The effect of landscape factors (landscape cryo-indicators) on ground temperature and condition, frozen or unfrozen reflected in LST intensity, is demonstrated.
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Shubhashis, S., M. Choubey y A. C. Rao. "A PSEUDO PROBABILISTIC APPROACH TO TO DETECT DISTINCT INVERSIONS OF KINEMATIC CHAINS". Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering 21, n.º 2 (junio de 1997): 85–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/tcsme-1997-0006.
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Isomorphism in kinematic chains has been the subject of intensive investigations, but the detection of distinct inversions has received lesser attention. The methods to detect distinct mechanisms reported to-date require extra or separate computational efforts. The method presented saves both computational effort and time. Moreover, it incorporates more information on the type, number and disposition of the links of kinematic chains and is computationaly easier. A pseudo probability scheme (pseudo means it appears to be , but not exactly) is developed to uniquely represent the kinematic chain and the same is used directly to detect distinct inversions of the kinematic chain. The capability of the method has been illustrated by applying it to detect distinct inversions of kinematic chains with simple as well as multiple joints, the latter being a less explored area so far. The method is applied to linkage (kinematic chains with lower pairs) mechanisms with revolute joints only.
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Spakovszky, Péter y Rainer Raab. "Impact of agriculture irrigation on the habitat structure and use by Great Bustards (Otis tarda) in a Natura 2000 site". Ornis Hungarica 28, n.º 2 (1 de diciembre de 2020): 74–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/orhu-2020-0018.
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AbstractAs the whole Palearctic steppe system, its iconic bird, the Great Bustard has also suffered from the expansion of intensive agriculture. The species now typically has stable or growing populations only in protected areas, but negative processes are still prevalent even there. In this study, we present a recent change in a part of the Natura 2000 site designated for the isolated West Pannonian population. In recent years, a total of 2.3 km Center-pivot and laterally moving linear irrigation systems have been built and 4.7 km of underground pipelines have been laid, with which more than 52% of the 1245,5 ha study area was irrigated by 2020. In comparison to 2009, when the study period has started, the sown area of autumn cereals, one of the main breeding habitats, was roughly halved and the proportion of crops unsuitable for breeding was increased. New crops requiring irrigation have emerged with a rate of 30.6% in the last year. Despite the available support, the area of alfalfa, which is the most significant breeding habitat, and is grown almost exclusively in the agri-environmental scheme, has decreased. As a result of habitat degradation, the number of Great Bustard females observed in the area in spring decreased to a small fraction of the beginning. Irrigation farming is expected to increase, as a response to the climate change, but in order to save agro-steppe habitats and their species, the adverse effects of agricultural intensification need to be urgently addressed at both local and European levels.
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Sodiq, Akhmad. "Identifikasi Sistim Produksi dan Keragaan Produktivitas Domba Ekor Gemuk di Kabupaten Brebes Propinsi Jawa-Tengah". Jurnal Agripet 10, n.º 1 (1 de abril de 2010): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17969/agripet.v10i1.634.
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Identification of production system and productivity level of fat tailed sheep in brebes regency of central javaABSTRACT. Reproductive performance is one of the main determinants of productivity of the sheep. This applies to the breeding of animal for meat production. High reproduction rates are essential for profit in meat sheep production and determined by the number of progeny delivered in a given period of time. The level of reproductive performance is dependent on the interaction of genetic and environmental factors. The evaluation of reproductive performance of a local and adapted breed of sheep such as Fat Tailed Sheep can provide important information to understand its productive potential under local production system. The study was designed to identify characteristic of production system and to find out the level productivity of Fat Tailed Sheep in Brebes areas of Central Java. Livestock On-Farm Trials (LOFT) using multistage sampling was implemented in this study. Descriptive and variance analysis using procedure of General Linear Model (GLM) was applied in this study. This study revealed that (1) In general, production system in Brebes is based on integration scheme of crop livestock in the form of traditional smallholders. In low land area, mostly extensive and tethering model were implemented. Intensive and semi intensive model was found in landless area. (2) Average litter size at birth was 1.54 head and dominated by double litter, followed by single and triplets (46.8, 47.88 and 4.29%). The highest preweaning lamb mortality was 15% with the average 8.9%. Ewe productivity ranges from 1.76-5.24 with average of 2.14 lamb/ewe/year. Least squares analysis of variance reveals that ewe reproduction rate was significantly affected by type of birth.
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Chen, Qinyu, Yuxiang Fu, Wenqing Song, Kaifeng Cheng, Zhonghai Lu, Chuan Zhang y Li Li. "An Efficient Streaming Accelerator for Low Bit-Width Convolutional Neural Networks". Electronics 8, n.º 4 (27 de marzo de 2019): 371. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8040371.
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Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have been widely applied in various fields, such as image recognition, speech processing, as well as in many big-data analysis tasks. However, their large size and intensive computation hinder their deployment in hardware, especially on the embedded systems with stringent latency, power, and area requirements. To address this issue, low bit-width CNNs are proposed as a highly competitive candidate. In this paper, we propose an efficient, scalable accelerator for low bit-width CNNs based on a parallel streaming architecture. With a novel coarse grain task partitioning (CGTP) strategy, the proposed accelerator with heterogeneous computing units, supporting multi-pattern dataflows, can nearly double the throughput for various CNN models on average. Besides, a hardware-friendly algorithm is proposed to simplify the activation and quantification process, which can reduce the power dissipation and area overhead. Based on the optimized algorithm, an efficient reconfigurable three-stage activation-quantification-pooling (AQP) unit with the low power staged blocking strategy is developed, which can process activation, quantification, and max-pooling operations simultaneously. Moreover, an interleaving memory scheduling scheme is proposed to well support the streaming architecture. The accelerator is implemented with TSMC 40 nm technology with a core size of 0.17 mm 2 . It can achieve 7.03 TOPS/W energy efficiency and 4.14 TOPS/mm 2 area efficiency at 100.1 mW, which makes it a promising design for the embedded devices.
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Vangelov, Dian, Ianko Gerdjikov, Docho Dochev, Zornitsa Dotseva, Stefan Velev, Yasen Dinev, Diliana Trayanova y Jenny Dancheva. "Upper Cretaceous lithostratigraphy of the Panagyurishte strip (Central Bulgaria) – part of the Late Cretaceous Apuseni-BanatTimok-Srednogorie magmatic belt". Geologica Balcanica 48, n.º 3 (abril de 2019): 11–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.52321/geolbalc.48.3.11.
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The investigations of the Upper Cretaceous Panagyurishte and Chelopech volcano-sedimentary strips of the Central Srednogorie tectonic subzone date back to the end of 19th and became more intensive during the middle of the 20th century, mainly due to the discovery of important mineral deposits in the area. Our field work during the last 15 years and analysis of previously published data show that the existing lithostratigraphic scheme does not cover the entire spectrum of lithologies, successions and interrelations in both strips. This study deals with four stratigraphic sections, along the valleys of the Topolnitsa, Kamenitsa and Mirkovska rivers, and their correlation on the basis of the Turonian/Coniacian boundary, local extinction event and palaeontological data that demonstrate the unreliability of already existing schemes. The previously used “layer-cake” stratigraphic model does not reflect the diachronism of the studied units or the existence of subaerial volcano craters, together with synchronous deposits. In this paper, we also propose a subdivision of the intervals containing magmatic and sedimentary rocks into individual members, including non-layered magmatic centres, stratified lava flow and volcanoclastic flow deposits and stratified epiclastic deposits of mainly turbiditic origin, instead of the currently used Chelopech Formation. The presented herein new data do not cover entirely the wide palette of problems with the lithostratigraphy of the area, but clearly demonstrate the necessity of its revision, especially for practical application and better understanding of the Late Cretaceous evolution of the area.
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Rademaker, Mark, Any Suryantini y Jangkung Handoyo Mulyo. "Financial Feasibility of Investing in Smallholder Cow-Calf Cooperatives in Baluran National Park". Agro Ekonomi 28, n.º 1 (28 de junio de 2017): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jae.23543.
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Livestock grazing is a major driver of human-wildlife confl ict in conservation areas. Currently, it is estimated that 3000 heads of cattle illegally grazing within Baluran National Park (BNP) in East Java. The recent research has suggested the potential of livestock system intensifi cation to reduce land-use and conflict through conservation priorities. The research goal was to investigate the fi nancial feasibility of starting intensive cow-calf cooperatives by smallholders in the BNP area. Data were collected using Farm surveys in a Criterion sampling design. Optimal herd management plans were generated using whole farm Linear Programming and fi nancial feasibility was assessed using Discounted cash-flow analysis and debt-servicing capabilities. Investment lifetime was set at 15 years and four alternative varieties of cattle were taken from Bali, Peranakan Ongole, Limousin and Simmental. Results show that investing in all varieties represents a positive investment opportunity. Bali cattle obtaining the highest NPV ($53.769), IRR (14,25%) and B/C ratio (1,13). Farmer income can be increased by 163% by combining additional Off-farm labor. However, debt servicing capabilities of cow-calf cooperative activities showed that the loan principal can only be repaid in the 10th year instead of the maximum eight years set by the government cow-calf credit scheme. We urge the government to reconsider either the grace period or the repayment time of the credit scheme to better fit the cash-fl ow characteristics of cow-calf enterprises.
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Balakrishnan, Mundanthra y Dora E. Ndhlovu. "Wildlife Utilization and Local People: A Case-study in Upper Lupande Game Management Area, Zambia". Environmental Conservation 19, n.º 2 (1992): 135–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900030617.
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Wildlife culling is the most preferred form of wildlife utilization in ULGMA. Nevertheless, the frequency of game-meat consumption by local people is low, partly due to the problem of irregular meat sales from the culling scheme and partly due to the low purchasing capability of villagers. LIRDP needs to improve the distribution routine of meat sale at lower prices if the culling scheme is to fulfil its objective of providing game-meat to local people. It is also essential to spread comprehension of the use of benefits from wildlife utilization among the local residents. Any increase in the allocation of the wildlife harvest quota should be considered with caution in order that species are not harvested at a rate beyond their reproductive capacity.There is resentment against safari hunting, based on the opinion that it gives to foreigners the opportunities to utilize wildlife resources while the local people are forbidden access to them. Appreciation of benefits from safari hunting is minimal, and option for reduction of the off-take allocation quota is strong. Although safari hunting is the most prominent revenue-generating form of utilization, benefits from it are not visible to local communities. Exchange of information between LIRDP and the local communities concerned with the use of revenue from wildlife utilization programmes needs to be reinforced. This would be instrumental not only in minimizing misconceptions about safari hunting, but also in establishing cooperation between LIRDP and local communities. An increase in the number that may be taken of the more numerous species during DGL hunting could well be considered, so as to enable more local people to utilize wildlife resources legally.Control shooting has a marginal effect in reducing crop damage. Even though electric fencing could be an effective barrier against large animals such as Elephants, it would be better to encourage traditional methods of self-defence. Control shooting is advocated only if and when the problem gets out of hand. Subsistence poaching is widely successful, due to the skills of the practitioners, the use of appropriate traditional technology, and the low operating costs. These features may be considered favourably in wildlife culling operations. Through allocation of a sustainable off-take quota to local hunter cooperatives, their services could be used to provide game-meat to local communities.Continued confrontation with commercial poachers through regular and more intensive patrols is essential, particularly in vulnerable areas. LIRDP should maximize the services of Village Scouts stationed at Miliyoti and Kauluzi wildlife camps by providing adequate firearms and ammunition for more effective anti-poaching patrols in the game management areas than currently exist. To gain local support, LIRDP may consider an increased wildlife offtake quota for the Malaila Kunda traditional ceremony. This would serve to sustain local culture and would help to develop enthusiasm among local people for due conservation of animal wildlife and other natural resources.
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Vélez-Alvarado, D. A. y J. Álvarez-Mozos. "Clasificación de usos y cubiertas del suelo y análisis de cambios en los alrededores de la Reserva Ecológica Manglares Churute (Ecuador) mediante una serie de imágenes Sentinel-1". Revista de Teledetección, n.º 56 (27 de noviembre de 2020): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/raet.2020.14099.
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<p class="p1">Management practices adopted in protected natural areas often ignore the relevance of the territory surrounding the actual protected land (buffer area). These areas can be the source of impacts that threaten the protected ecosystems. This paper reports a case study where a time series of Sentinel-1 imagery was used to classify the land-use/land-cover and to evaluate its change between 2015 and 2018 in the buffer area around the Manglares Churute Ecological Reserve (REMCh) in Ecuador. Sentinel-1 scenes were processed and ground-truth data were collected consisting of samples of the main land-use/land-cover classes in the region. Then, a Random Forests (RF) classification algorithm was built and optimized, following a five-fold cross validation scheme using the training dataset (70% of the ground truth). The remaining 30% was used for validation, achieving an Overall Accuracy of 84%, a Kappa coefficient of 0.8 and successful class performance metrics for the main crops and land use classes. Results were poorer for heterogeneous and minor classes, nevertheless the performance of the classification was deemed sufficient for the targeted change analysis. Between 2015 and 2018, an increase in the area covered by intensive land uses was evidenced, such as shrimp farms and sugarcane, which replaced traditional crops (mainly rice and banana). Even though such changes only affected the land area around the natural reserve, they might affect its water quality due to the use of fertilizers and pesticides that easily. Therefore, it is recommended that these buffer areas around natural protected areas be taken into account when designing adequate environmental protection measures and polices.</p>
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Noor, Fazal y Hatem ElBoghdadi. "Neural Nets Distributed on Microcontrollers using Metaheuristic Parallel Optimization Algorithm". Annals of Emerging Technologies in Computing 4, n.º 4 (1 de octubre de 2020): 28–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.33166/aetic.2020.04.004.
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Metaheuristic algorithms are powerful methods for solving compute intensive problems. neural Networks, when trained well, are great at prediction and classification type of problems. Backpropagation is the most popular method utilized to obtain the weights of Neural Nets though it has some limitations of slow convergence and getting stuck in a local minimum. In order to overcome these limitations, in this paper, a hybrid method combining the parallel distributed bat algorithm with backpropagation is proposed to compute the weights of the Neural Nets. The aim is to use the hybrid method in applications of a distributed nature. Our study uses the Matlab® software and Arduino® microcontrollers as a testbed. To test the performance of the testbed, an application in the area of speech recognition is carried out. Due to the resource limitations of Arduino microcontrollers, the core speech pre-processing of LPC (linear predictive coding) feature extractions are done in Matlab® and only the LPC parameters are passed to the Neural Nets, which are implemented on Arduino microcontrollers. The experimental results show that the proposed scheme does produce promising results.
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Rahi, Khayyun A., Abdul-Sahib T. Al-Madhhachi y Safaa N. Al-Hussaini. "Assessment of Surface Water Resources of Eastern Iraq". Hydrology 6, n.º 3 (26 de junio de 2019): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrology6030057.
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Large amounts of runoff is generated in western Iran and flows into eastern Iraq due to relatively intensive rainstorms along the international border line. Currently, most of this runoff is being wasted by evaporation instead of being stored and preserved for later uses. This paper is an attempt to (1) assess and harness the water resources of eastern Iraq, and (2) propose a storage scheme to use the harvested water in the water shortage times. The runoff of eight catchment areas (Mandali, Qazania, Tursaq, Mirzabad, Galal Badra, al-Chabbab, al-Teeb, and Dwaireeg) is estimated using regression equations derived for areas in the western and southern parts of the United States of America. Several models were selected from two states based on catchment area location, average terrain elevation, average annual precipitation, and slope of main stream. Observed runoffs of Tursaq, Galal Badra, and al-Chabbab streams are analyzed using normal probability plots. Statistical analysis shows that there is no a statistically significant difference between observed and predicted runoffs for different return periods. The study proposes a water reservoir to be constructed within al-Shiwiaja Marsh to accommodate runoff generated within Mandali, Qazania, Tursaq, Mirzabad, and Galal Badra streams. The capacity of the proposed reservoir is 3000 Mm3 and the expected inflow from these streams is projected to exceed the capacity of the reservoir. The proposed reservoir will contribute to the flow of the River Tigris during the non-rainy seasons. More studies are needed to propose and design a storage scheme for two remaining streams (al-Teeb and Dwaireeg).
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Kotarela, Faidra, Anastasios Kyritsis y Nick Papanikolaou. "On the Implementation of the Nearly Zero Energy Building Concept for Jointly Acting Renewables Self-Consumers in Mediterranean Climate Conditions". Energies 13, n.º 5 (25 de febrero de 2020): 1032. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13051032.
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Cost-effective energy saving in the building sector is a high priority in Europe; The European Union has set ambitious targets for buildings’ energy performance in order to convert old energy-intensive ones into nearly zero energy buildings (nZEBs). This study focuses on the implementation of a collective self-consumption nZEB concept in Mediterranean climate conditions, considering a typical multi-family building (or apartment block) in the urban environment. The aggregated use of PVs, geothermal and energy storage systems allow the self-production and self-consumption of energy, in a way that the independence from fossil fuels and the reliability of the electricity grid are enhanced. The proposed nZEB implementation scheme will be analyzed from techno-economical perspective, presenting detailed calculations regarding the components dimensioning and costs-giving emphasis on life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) indexes—as well as the energy transactions between the building and the electricity grid. The main outcomes of this work are that the proposed nZEB implementation is a sustainable solution for the Mediterranean area, whereas the incorporation of electrical energy storage units—though beneficial for the reliability of the grid—calls for the implementation of positive policies regarding the reduction of their payback period.
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Sustakowski, Monica C., Edleusa P. Seidel, Renata F. Barabasz, Rayssa H. da Silva, Willian dos Reis, Juliano Zimmermann y Maria do C. Lana. "Ferralsol Porosity and Density After Mechanical Scarification and Crop Rotation Systems". Journal of Agricultural Science 12, n.º 10 (15 de septiembre de 2020): 316. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v12n10p316.
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With intensive cultivation and the lack of crop rotation, the no-tillage system has been showing compacted areas. For its reduction, mechanical scarification and crop rotation has been recommended. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate in a no-tillage system the effect of mechanical scarification and crop rotation systems on soil porosity and density after 18 months. The experimental design used was randomized blocks in a split-plot scheme, with four replications. The main plots consisted of maintaining the no-tillage system and minimal soil preparation with a chisel, carried out before the cultivation of cover plants. The subplots were composed of different plant species grown in winter: wheat, consortium of forage pea + black oat and consortium of black oat + forage turnip. Both were succeeded by cultivation of soy and lupin. Macroporosity, microporosity, total porosity and bulk density were evaluated. After 18 months, the scarified soil showed a higher bulk density (0.10-0.15 m layer) when compared to the no-tillage system, demonstrating that this isolated decompression alternative does not improve the physical properties of the soil. The area in succession to oat + turnip/soybean/lupin showed lower bulk density.
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Shakhmirzoev, R. A. y M.-R. A. Kaziev. "Biological potential of the Carmen apple variety in the South of Dagestan". Horticulture and viticulture, n.º 4 (25 de septiembre de 2020): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.31676/0235-2591-2020-4-25-30.
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The article provides a pomological estimation of the Carmen apple variety cultivated in the southeastern foothill sub-province of Dagestan. The purpose of the research is to study the biological potential of the variety and to reveal the best in productivity apple scion/stock combinations that combine high adaptive capabilities for constructing intensive-type orchards in the commercial horticultural zone. The establishment of such orchards is associated with high material costs; therefore, improving the technology plays a crucial role. Especially important is the selection of scion/stock combinations in the production of apple planting material, which in the intensive horticulture should be characterized by precocity, stable productivity, high fruit quality and environmental sustainability. In Dagestan, fruit zones are sharply heterogeneous in terms of soil and climate conditions, which prevents the unification of the technology of intensive apple plantations. The most promising for the development of commercial horticulture is the South-Eastern foothill sub-province. Among the unfavorable environmental factors that negatively affect the vital activity of fruit crops in Dagestan, the first place is occupied by recurrent cold in spring and early frosts in autumn. In accordance with the Program of scientific research of the Federal Agrarian Scientific Center of the Republic of Dagestan, it is planned to study the influence of different stocks – dwarf M9, SK7 and medium-tall SK2, MM106 on the productivity of the Carmen variety. Based on the research results, biometric parameters of tree growth in a young orchard were studied depending on the design of the plantings. It is noted that at the three-year-old, the condition of the trees estimated on a 5-point scale is good. The height of the trees, depending on the stock, reached an average of 1.9 to 2.6 m. On dwarf rootstocks M9 and SK7, the diameter of the tree stem in the Carmen variety was 3.0-3.3 cm; on stocks SK2 and MM106, respectively 3.6-4.0 cm. The most prominent growth activity of trees of various scion/stock combinations reflects the total length of shoots. The smallest shoot length was observed in stands with dwarf rootstocks M-9 and SK-7, the largest – on medium-sized rootstocks MM-106. The largest number of fruit formations was on the dwarf rootstock SK7 (24.7 PCs.), with a planting scheme of 3.0×1.5 m; per square meter of food area, the number of fruit formations was 4.3-5.4 PCs./m2, and on stocks SK-2 and MM-106 with a planting scheme of 5.0×2.0 m their number was 2.1-2.2 PCs./m2.
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Li, Pengyuan, Xiangying Jiang, Gongbo Zhang, Juan Trelles Trabucco, Daniela Raciti, Cynthia Smith, Martin Ringwald, G. Elisabeta Marai, Cecilia Arighi y Hagit Shatkay. "Utilizing image and caption information for biomedical document classification". Bioinformatics 37, Supplement_1 (1 de julio de 2021): i468—i476. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btab331.
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Abstract Motivation Biomedical research findings are typically disseminated through publications. To simplify access to domain-specific knowledge while supporting the research community, several biomedical databases devote significant effort to manual curation of the literature—a labor intensive process. The first step toward biocuration requires identifying articles relevant to the specific area on which the database focuses. Thus, automatically identifying publications relevant to a specific topic within a large volume of publications is an important task toward expediting the biocuration process and, in turn, biomedical research. Current methods focus on textual contents, typically extracted from the title-and-abstract. Notably, images and captions are often used in publications to convey pivotal evidence about processes, experiments and results. Results We present a new document classification scheme, using both image and caption information, in addition to titles-and-abstracts. To use the image information, we introduce a new image representation, namely Figure-word, based on class labels of subfigures. We use word embeddings for representing captions and titles-and-abstracts. To utilize all three types of information, we introduce two information integration methods. The first combines Figure-words and textual features obtained from captions and titles-and-abstracts into a single larger vector for document representation; the second employs a meta-classification scheme. Our experiments and results demonstrate the usefulness of the newly proposed Figure-words for representing images. Moreover, the results showcase the value of Figure-words, captions and titles-and-abstracts in providing complementary information for document classification; these three sources of information when combined, lead to an overall improved classification performance. Availability and implementation Source code and the list of PMIDs of the publications in our datasets are available upon request.
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Favarato, Luiz Fernando, Rogério Carvalho Guarçoni, Frederico Jacob Eutrópio, Lidiane Mendes y Mírian Piassi. "Growth of lettuce cultivars in beds covered with differing materials". REVISTA AGRO@MBIENTE ON-LINE 13 (23 de julio de 2019): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.18227/1982-8470ragro.v13i0.5442.
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In commercial lettuce growing, the intensive cultivation of the soil results in an increase in weed populations, making it difficult to fully exploit the area and increasing production costs. Under such
circumstances, the use of soil covers can minimize this problem. Consequently, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different materials as soil covers on the agronomic performance of three lettuce cultivars. The experiment was arranged in randomized blocks, with treatments set in a subdivided plot scheme. Five types of soil cover (plots) were tested: no cover, black plastic, double white faced plastic, straw mulching and kraft paper and three Lettuce cultivars (subplots): loose-crested leaf group, iceberg lettuce group, with four replicates. Number of leaves per plant, stem length and diameter, head diameter, mass of fresh and total dry matter, fresh matter mass of leaves and stem were evaluated. For the Lisa and Americana lettuce groups, bed soil cover materials were more efficient when compared to the uncovered beds. For economic and environmental reasons, kraft paper is recommended as a bedding cover material for these cultivars. Variation in growth occurred between the lettuce cultivars, independently of the use of bedding cover. This
occurred in the sequence: loose leaf > iceberg lettuce> loose-crested leaf group.
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Hindson, J. C. "Sheep health: husbandry and production problems". BSAP Occasional Publication 14 (enero de 1990): 93–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263967x00002081.
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AbstractThe paper is based on problems found in a large ‘farm animal’ practice in Devon, in which the author is largely committed to the sheep work. There are some 80 000 sheep in the area, and some 1·5 million in the county of Devon which are kept under varying conditions from the high areas of Dartmoor to the very intensive flocks on permanent grass on heavy soils. A brief look is made at the effects of health research over the last 50 years in the context of present problems and/or barriers to future efficiency. Also present production problems are examined, in particular those relating to coccidiosis and ‘ill thrift’. The problems of the field application of modern technology are considered in the areas of: (1) manipulation of the breeding season, in an attempt to even out the production curve, using sponges, PMS and melatonin and teaser rams; (2) manipulation of prolificacy, using fecundin and prolific hybrids; and (3) genetic manipulation/improvement, using Meat and Livestock Commission backfat/eye muscle recording schemes, sire referencing, AI and MOET.A scheme for the best utilization of veterinary surgeon/farmer relationship is outlined and mention is made as to the future direction of the industry as seen from the ‘sharp end’.
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Kuksina, Liudmila y Valentin Golosov. "Flash floods: formation, study and distribution". E3S Web of Conferences 163 (2020): 02005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016302005.
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Flash floods are one of the most widespread and dangerous phenomenon on our planet. They are characterized by fast speed of development and short duration. However their study just begins because there is no one opinion what flash flood is, and there is no special term in many countries. The key reasons of their formation are intensive rainfall of short duration, location of river basin in mountain areas, and small catchment area, providing fast concentration of the runoff in river channel. Another significant factor is antecedent soil moisture. Flash floods are mostly spread in zones of subtropic, tropic and equatorial climate in the northern hemisphere. The study of flash floods is implemented in various fields of science due to hydrometeorological and lythogeomorphological causes of their formation. The important task is the differentiation of flash floods and debris flows. It can be based on the relations between sediment yield and sediments grain size and runoff characteristics with a glance of sediments concentration. The scheme of natural factors of flash floods formation is suggested with their differentiation from debris flows and floods of other types. The main issues of flash floods research and forecast are connected with small spatio-temporal scale of phenomenon and remoteness of river basins.
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Rizk, Matthew L., Yaming Hang, Wen-Lin Luo, Jing Su, Jing Zhao, Havilland Campbell, Bach-Yen T. Nguyen, Peter Sklar, Joseph J. Eron y Larissa Wenning. "Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Once-Daily versus Twice-Daily Raltegravir in Treatment-Naïve HIV-Infected Patients". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 56, n.º 6 (19 de marzo de 2012): 3101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.06417-11.
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ABSTRACTQDMRK was a phase III clinical trial of raltegravir given once daily (QD) (800-mg dose) versus twice daily (BID) (400 mg per dose), each in combination with once-daily coformulated tenofovir-emtricitabine, in treatment-naive HIV-infected patients. Pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) analyses were conducted using a 2-step approach: individual non-model-based PK parameters from observed sparse concentration data were determined, followed by statistical analysis of potential relationships between PK and efficacy response parameters after 48 weeks of treatment. Sparse PK sampling was performed for all patients (QD,n= 380; BID,n= 384); selected sites performed an intensive PK evaluation at week 4 (QD,n= 22; BID,n= 20). In the intensive PK subgroup, daily exposures (area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 24 h [AUC0–24]) were similar between the two regimens, but patients on 800 mg QD experienced ∼4-fold-higher maximum drug concentration in plasma (Cmax) values and ∼6-fold-lower trough drug concentration (Ctrough) values than those on 400 mg BID. Geometric mean (GM)Ctroughvalues were similarly lower in the sparse PK analysis. With BID dosing, there was no indication of any significant PK/PD association over the range of tested PK parameters. With QD dosing,Ctroughvalues correlated with the likelihood of virologic response. Failure to achieve an HIV RNA level of <50 copies/ml appeared predominantly at high baseline HIV RNA levels in both treatment arms and was associated with lower values of GMCtroughin the 800-mg-QD arm, though other possible drivers of efficacy, such as time above a threshold concentration, could not be evaluated due to the sparse sampling scheme. Together, these findings emphasize the importance of the shape of the plasma concentration-versus-time curve for long-term efficacy.
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Bulgakov, Volodymyr, Valerii Adamchuk, Ladislav Nozdrovický y Yevhen Ihnatiev. "Theory of Vibrations of Sugar Beet Leaf Harvester Front-Mounted on Universal Tractor". Acta Technologica Agriculturae 20, n.º 4 (20 de diciembre de 2017): 96–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ata-2017-0019.
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Abstract The harvest and transport of sugar beet leaves during harvesting can be considered a current task in the area of sugar beet growing system development. A rotary sugar beet leaf cutting mechanism is used for achieving the significant increase in the harvester forward speed during harvest. This leads to intensive vibrations of the topping mechanism in the longitudinal vertical plane causing the decrease of harvest quality. Therefore, it is necessary to analytically determine the effect of kinematic and design parameters of the sugar beet topping mechanism front-mounted on the tractor and to discover the value of the amplitude of oscillations in the longitudinal vertical plane of its sugar beet topping mechanism. We have constructed a mathematical model of the estimated motion of this machine by means of dynamics equations in Lagrange II-kind form. A system consisting of two non-linear differential equations was obtained by developing the equivalent scheme of selected generalized coordinates and by performing the necessary mathematical transformations. This system describes the vibrations of the sugar beet topping mechanism in the longitudinal vertical plane. The optimal design and kinematic parameters of the sugar beet topper mechanism front-mounted on the tractor were determined by means of our own software and numerical solution of the differential equation system, which allows the reduction of mentioned vibrations.
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Powell, George W. y Edward W. Bork. "Competition and facilitation in mixtures of aspen seedlings, alfalfa, and marsh reedgrass". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 34, n.º 9 (1 de septiembre de 2004): 1858–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x04-065.
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Increasing demand for aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) and related poplar species is generating interest in their intensive cultivation. Successful establishment of aspen plantations requires minimizing the negative effects of associated plant species. Competitive and facilitative effects were isolated in field plots containing fixed-density mixtures of aspen seedlings, alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), and marsh reedgrass (Calamagrostis canadensis (Michx.) Beauv.) in central Alberta. Although aspen survival was unaffected in mixtures, damage to aspen leaf area was lower when grown with either herbaceous species than when grown in monoculture, possibly reflecting facilitation through plant defense guilds. Over the first two growing seasons, net competition was expressed as most aspects of aspen growth were reduced. Herbaceous species reduced photosynthetically active radiation, soil moisture, and soil N available to aspen. Moreover, relative yield totals from the species mixtures examined consistently indicated either neutral effects (combined yields equaled monoculture yields) or underyielding. Despite this, evidence of facilitation was also found when aspen was grown with alfalfa, including increases of overall available soil N and transient increases in soil moisture with pulsed precipitation during drought. These results indicate that short-term facilitative aspects of aspenlegume mixtures may be exploited through an agroforestry scheme by appropriately timed harvest of the herbaceous component. Conversely, aspen establishment has limited potential for integrated production with marsh reedgrass.
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Andrei, Gabriela. "APPROACHES BASED ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE FOR WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS". Journal of marine Technology and Environment 1, n.º 2021 (2021): 5–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.53464/jmte.01.2021.01.
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"In the current context of the existence of life, of the development of human activities, water has a double importance: - environmental factor, generator of ecological systems - “raw material” for certain uses (drinking water, industrial water, fish farming, leisure, etc.) The current problems in the field of water supply are due to: - exponential increase of water demand; - the limited water resources and their uneven distribution, which requires large and expensive works of development and accumulation of water; - deterioration of the quality of water sources, as a result of human activity and the emergence of industries that discharge waste, containing very stable impurities, difficult to remove from water, in the processes of water purification or treatment; - increase in standards on quality conditions that must be met by water delivered to the population [1]. For the extensive and intensive development of water supplies, a concrete solution, already existing in the area of Artificial Intelligence is given by heuristic methods and Evolutionary Calculus. This article provides an overview of the role of the most important metaheuristics, based on evolutionary concepts - Evolutionary computation and behavioral patterns inspired by biology - Swarm calculus) in the case of of water supply systems and their subsystems, with exemplification in the case of a model network (Scheme of the network distribution in Hanoi), taking into account water quality (its treatment with chlorine). "
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Vasylkovska, Kateryna, Mykola Kovalov y Ludmyla Molokost. "Technical and Technological Support of Drip Irrigation of Vegetable Crops". National Interagency Scientific and Technical Collection of Works. Design, Production and Exploitation of Agricultural Machines, n.º 50 (2020): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.32515/2414-3820.2020.50.35-41.
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The article proposes a scheme of drip irrigation for growing vegetables in the backyard. In the conditions of change of climatic conditions, the question of lack of moisture sharply arises. For growing vegetables in areas of risky agriculture, irrigation is an important condition for obtaining high yields. In order to increase the technological efficiency of growing vegetables at the department of general agriculture of the Central Ukrainian National Technical University developed a prototype of a drip irrigation system for vegetables. A series of studies was conducted to provide moisture to the site and preserve soil air exchange. With the use of conventional irrigation, possible negative consequences in the form of soil flooding, the root system of plants is not able to develop evenly and is deficient in oxygen. The calculation and the scheme of drip irrigation of tape type are offered. In the proposed design for drip irrigation of the area under vegetable crops used a container with water to provide a small constant water pressure in the strips. This made it possible to water as needed, as well as to use a solution tank to feed the plants, protect them from stress, improve development and increase yields. The use of drip splicing allowed the first fruits to appear a decade earlier and increase yields by 25-50%. The use of drip tape irrigation system on the experimental plots allowed to increase the quantity and quality of tomato harvest. Also, the use of drip irrigation allowed to maintain the optimal water-physical regime in the root layer of the soil, which created the conditions for a better harvest. Thus, with the change of climatic situation, most of the Kirovohrad region was looking for in the zone of risky agriculture. Drip irrigation has an almost universal application, is effective in intensive technologies for growing crops and ornamental crops, as well as in garden areas, when the condition of the plant largely depends on the accuracy of maintaining the humidity and nutrition of plants.
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Marsden, Nicholas A., Michael J. Flynn, James D. Allan y Hugh Coe. "Online differentiation of mineral phase in aerosol particles by ion formation mechanism using a LAAP-TOF single-particle mass spectrometer". Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 11, n.º 1 (11 de enero de 2018): 195–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-195-2018.
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Abstract. Mineralogy of silicate mineral dust has a strong influence on climate and ecosystems due to variation in physiochemical properties that result from differences in composition and crystal structure (mineral phase). Traditional offline methods of analysing mineral phase are labour intensive and the temporal resolution of the data is much longer than many atmospheric processes. Single-particle mass spectrometry (SPMS) is an established technique for the online size-resolved measurement of particle composition by laser desorption ionisation (LDI) followed by time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF-MS). Although non-quantitative, the technique is able to identify the presence of silicate minerals in airborne dust particles from markers of alkali metals and silicate molecular ions in the mass spectra. However, the differentiation of mineral phase in silicate particles by traditional mass spectral peak area measurements is not possible. This is because instrument function and matrix effects in the ionisation process result in variations in instrument response that are greater than the differences in composition between common mineral phases. In this study, we introduce a novel technique that enables the differentiation of mineral phase in silicate mineral particles by ion formation mechanism measured from subtle changes in ion arrival times at the TOF-MS detector. Using a combination of peak area and peak centroid measurements, we show that the arrangement of the interstitial alkali metals in the crystal structure, an important property in silicate mineralogy, influences the ion arrival times of elemental and molecular ion species in the negative ion mass spectra. A classification scheme is presented that allowed for the differentiation of illite–smectite, kaolinite and feldspar minerals on a single-particle basis. Online analysis of mineral dust aerosol generated from clay mineral standards produced mineral fractions that are in agreement with bulk measurements reported by traditional XRD (X-ray diffraction) analysis.
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Maphisa, David H., Hanneline Smit-Robinson y Res Altwegg. "Dynamic multi-species occupancy models reveal individualistic habitat preferences in a high-altitude grassland bird community". PeerJ 7 (15 de febrero de 2019): e6276. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6276.
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Moist, high-altitude grasslands of eastern South African harbour rich avian diversity and endemism. This area is also threatened by increasingly intensive agriculture and land conversion for energy production. This conflict is particularly evident at Ingula, an Important Bird and Biodiversity Area located within the least conserved high-altitude grasslands and which is also the site of a new Pumped Storage Scheme. The new management seeks to maximise biodiversity through manipulation of the key habitat variables: grass height and grass cover through burning and grazing to make habitat suitable for birds. However, different species have individual habitat preferences, which further vary through the season. We used a dynamic multi-species occupancy model to examine the seasonal occupancy dynamics of 12 common grassland bird species and their habitat preferences. We estimated monthly occupancy, colonisation and persistence in relation to grass height and grass cover throughout the summer breeding season of 2011/12. For majority of these species, at the beginning of the season occupancy increased with increasing grass height and decreased with increasing grass cover. Persistence and colonisation decreased with increasing grass height and cover. However, the 12 species varied considerably in their responses to grass height and cover. Our results suggest that management should aim to provide plots which vary in grass height and cover to maximise bird diversity. We also conclude that the decreasing occupancy with increasing grass cover and low colonisation with increasing grass height and cover is a results of little grazing on our study site. We further conclude that some of the 12 selected species are good indicators of habitat suitability more generally because they represent a range of habitat needs and are relatively easy to monitor.