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Groarke, Leo. "Auditory Arguments: The Logic of 'Sound' Arguments". Informal Logic 38, n.º 3 (14 de septiembre de 2018): 312–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.22329/il.v38i3.4954.
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This article discusses “auditory” arguments: arguments in which non-verbal sounds play a central role. It provides examples and explores the use of sounds in argument and argumentation. It argues that auditory arguments are not reducible to verbal arguments but have a similar structure and can be evaluated by extending standard informal logic accounts of good argument. I conclude that an understanding of auditory elements of argument can usefully expand the scope of informal logic and argumentation theory.
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Yani, La, Ketut Artawa, Made Sri Satyawati y I. Nyoman Udayana. "Verbal Clause Construction of Ciacia Language: Syntactic Typology Study". e-Journal of Linguistics 13, n.º 2 (31 de mayo de 2019): 242. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/e-jl.2019.v13.i02.p05.
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Typology study of Ciacia language (CL) in various linguistic aspects has not been conducted yet. It is the first study that focus on syntactic typology. Ciacia language is one of local languages in Buton Regency, Southeast Sulawesi Province. The study focuses on five main problems, they are (1) How is the base construction of verbal clause in CL? (2) How are the predicate and structure argument constructions of verbal clause in CL, (3) How are the simple predicate and complex predicate constructions of verbal clause in CL? (4) How are valency and valency change mechanism of verbal clause construction in CL? (5) How are complex sentence construction and grammatical alliance system?. The oral data of this study is obtained through recording and elicitation techniques. Written data is obtained through the previous studies. The study also used synthetic data which is verrified by the informants. The data was analyzed by apportion (distributional) method.
The investigation of clause base construction shows that verbal clause construction of Ciacia language is always filled by subject and aspect markers (PS/A) that is affixed to PRED verb. Base structure of verbal clause in CL consists of verbal predicated clause and non-verbal predicated clause. Non-verbal predicated clause can be constructed through base nominal and adjective categories. Verbal clause predicate can be filled by intransitive base verb, mono transitive base verb, ditransitive base verb, and ambi-transitive base verb.
Predication and argument structure of verbal clause construction in CL can be classified in to verbal clause: (i) intransitive with one main argument in terms of SUBJ and as A or OBJ systematically; (ii) semi-transitive with one main argument as A/ACT and with the presence of OBJ argument optionally; (iii) mono-transitive with two main arguments, namely SUBJ as A/ACT with one OBJ argument as UND, (iv) ditransitive with three main arguments, namely SUBJ as A/ACT before PRED and two arguments after PRED, in terms of OTL (indirect object) and OL (direct object); and (v) ambi-transitive with one main argument, namely SUBJ, either as Sa or as So.
Valency and transitivity of verbal clause construction in CL consists of (i) valency and intransitive verb transitivity with one argument or verb with one valency; (ii) semi-transitive verb with one argument before verb and the presence of argument after Pred verb optionally; (iii) transitive with the obligatory of O presence after Pred verb, so it has two main arguments or verb that has two valency arguments, namely S and O; (iv) ditransitive with three main arguments or verb that has three valency arguments; (v) ambi-transitive with only one argument or verb that has one valency.
Verbal clause construction in CL can be filled by simple Pred verb and complex Pred verb. Simple predicate is created by base verb/intransitive verb and non-verb category, semi-transitive verb, and transitive verb with PS/A. Complex predicate is created through verb (i) intransitive; (ii) semi-transitive verb; and (iii) transitive integral verb. The valency change mechanism of verbal clause construction in CL can be done through formal causativation and semantic causativation, applicative, and resultative.
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Oestermeier, Uwe y Friedrich W. Hesse. "Verbal and visual causal arguments". Cognition 75, n.º 1 (abril de 2000): 65–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0010-0277(00)00060-3.
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Wallace, Bruce. "In Defense of Verbal Arguments". Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 31, n.º 2 (1988): 201–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/pbm.1988.0049.
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Tseronis, Assimakis. "Multimodal argumentation: Beyond the verbal/visual divide". Semiotica 2018, n.º 220 (26 de enero de 2018): 41–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sem-2015-0144.
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AbstractWhat would the consequences be for the interpretation and analysis of arguments if we were to accept that communication, within which arguments are produced and interpreted, involves the intricate use of more than just the verbal mode? In this paper, I discuss the shortcomings of the conception of argument as a purely verbal phenomenon and of the mere juxtaposition of the visual argument to the verbal, as suggested in the discourses of the sceptics and the advocates and of “visual” argument, respectively. Instead I propose a multimodal perspective on the analysis of argumentative discourse, according to which there is no a priori division of labor between the verbal and the visual mode, and attention is paid both to the (verbal and visual) content and to the (verbal and visual) style. In this view, argument is neither verbal nor visual, since argument is not to be defined on the basis of the verbal, visual or other semiotic means by which it is realized in communication. As a case in point, I analyze an ad campaign for the promotion of the British newspaper The Guardian in the United States.
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Ausensi, Josep, Jianrong Yu y Ryan Walter Smith. "Repetitive presuppositions with again: Un-severing the external argument". Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 5, n.º 1 (23 de marzo de 2020): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v5i1.4666.
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Since Marantz (1984) and Kratzer (1996), it has been widely accepted in the literature on argument structure that agents are introduced as external arguments via a functional head VOICE through secondary predication, using semantic composition rules like EVENT IDENTIFICATION. The widely cited evidence for such a position is the fact that while internal arguments can condition special semantic interpretations of the surface verb, agents never do. In this paper, we present evidence against such a view, arguing that a well-defined class of verbs can impose intentionality entailments and also require representation of the agent argument internally within their lexical semantics. The crucial empirical evidence we utilize is modification by again, specifically the range of available repetitive presuppositions it can introduce. We show that again behaves differently with respect to how its repetitive presupposition can be satisfied by verbal roots whose agent argument is introduced externally versus verbal roots that must entail intentionality and representation of its agent argument. Together with widely accepted assumptions about the syntax and semantics of again-modification, we argue that not all external arguments can be severed from the verbal root.
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Lahaussois, Aimée. "The shapes of verbal paradigms in Kiranti languages". Faits de Langues 50, n.º 2 (30 de enero de 2020): 71–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19589514-05002010.
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Abstract The Kiranti languages of Eastern Nepal have polypersonal indexation, with two arguments encoded in verb agreement markers. In contemporary descriptions of Kiranti languages (from 1975 on), the tables presenting transitive verb paradigms are arranged according to the same layout, in a matrix format with the different person/number combinations for the agent argument represented in the vertical axis and the patient argument person/number combinations in the horizontal axis. In earlier grammars, however, a number of different formats for representing the combination of two arguments was used. In this article, I shall present the different paradigm formats found in a sampling of grammars of Kiranti languages from 1857 to the present day, with a view to tracing the origins of the current layout, and, in cases where significantly different layouts are encountered, attempting to retrace the model which may have influenced the presentation of the data
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JOHANNSEN, KYLE. "Conceptual Disagreement about Justice: Verbal, but Not Merely Verbal". Dialogue: Canadian Philosophical Review/Revue canadienne de philosophie 58, n.º 4 (diciembre de 2019): 701–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0012217319000167.
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In this paper, I introduce the articles contained in this special issue, and I briefly explain some of the main arguments presented in my book A Conceptual Investigation of Justice. A central claim in my book is that a verbal and yet also philosophically substantial disagreement over the word ‘justice’ lies at the heart of a number of issues in contemporary political philosophy. Over the course of introducing my book’s arguments and the commentaries in this issue, I also offer an account of what it means for a dispute to be verbal, but not merely verbal.
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Pallanck, Jennifer L., Gabriel O. Castro, Madelyn W. Colonnese, y Tutita M. Casa. "Improving Written Mathematical Arguments". Mathematics Teacher: Learning and Teaching PK-12 113, n.º 11 (noviembre de 2020): 910–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mtlt.2019.0112.
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Iqbal, Muhammad Maulana y Dawud. "Argumentasi dalam Dialog Interaktif di Kanal YouTube Metro TV News (Editorial Media Indonesia)". JoLLA: Journal of Language, Literature, and Arts 1, n.º 7 (31 de julio de 2021): 875–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17977/um064v1i72021p875-892.
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Abstract: The focus of this study is to analyze and to explain about arguments in interactive dialogue in television programs. The use of arguments is critically important. It is because without knowing and understanding them, it can trigger misunderstanding and chaos in the dialogue. The specific focus of this study consists of reasoning in interactive dialogue arguments, evidence in interactive dialogue arguments, along with inference and implication in interactive dialogue arguments. Qualitative approach was used in this study. The data of this study were in the form of verbal data from the dialogue of Editorial Media Indonesia Metro TV video. The verbal data were in the form of phrases, words, prepositions, and sentences. The data sources were taken from YouTube. The data gathering techniques that was used in this study was documentation, by collecting videos. The results of the study showed reasoning, evidence, inference, and implication were found in interactive dialogue. In the inductive reasoning, generalization in casual and analogical relationship was found. In inductive reasoning, categorical and hypothetical syllogism were found. Evidence in arguments tested with data, information, and facts. The data and information testing used observation and expert opinions. The facts testing used consistency. In inference and implication, causal and assumption factors were found.
Keywords: arguments, interactive dialogue, televisions programs
Abstrak: Fokus penelitian ini menganalisis dan menjelaskan argumentasi dalam dialog interaktif di kanal YouTube Metro TV News. Penggunaan argumentasi sangat penting karena jika tidak mengetahui dan memahaminya dengan jelas dapat memicu kesalahpahaman dan kegaduhan dalam berdialog. Fokus khusus penelitian meliputi penalaran dalam argumentasi dialog interaktif, evidensi dalam argumentasi dialog interaktif, serta inferensi dan implikasi dalam argumentasi dialog interaktif. Pendekatan penelitian ini adalah pendekatan kualitatif. Data penelitian ini berupa data verbal dari tuturan dialog interaktif yang ada di dalam video Editorial Media Indonesia Metro TV. Data verbal tersebut berupa frasa, kata, proposisi, atau kalimat. Sumber data penelitian diambil melalui platform YouTube. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah studi dokumen, dengan cara mengumpulkan video-video. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan argumentasi dalam dialog interaktif, ditemukan penalaran, evidensi, inferensi dan implikasi. Penalaran dalam argumentasi terdapat penalaran induktif dan deduktif. Penalaran induktif ditemukan proses generalisasi, hubungan kausal, dan analogi. Penalaran deduktif ditemukan silogisme kategorial dan silogisme hipotetis. Evidensi dalam argumentasi menguji dengan data, informasi, dan fakta. Menguji data dan informasi menggunakan observasi dan meminta pendapat autoritas. Menguji fakta menggunakan segi konsistensi. Inferensi dan implikasi dalam argumentasi ditemukan faktor dugaan, faktor akibat, dan asumsi-asumsi.
Kata kunci: argumentasi, dialog interaktif, kanal YouTube Metro TV News
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De Kind, Jasper. "Pre-verbal focus in Kisikongo (H16a, Bantu)". ZAS Papers in Linguistics 57 (1 de enero de 2014): 95–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.57.2014.421.
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The present paper aims at describing different pre-verbal focus strategies in Kisikongo (H16a), spoken in the vicinity of Mbanza Kongo, northern Angola. This western Bantu language is part of the Kikongo Language Cluster (KLC), stretching from southern Gabon to northern Angola, including Cabinda and parts of Congo-Brazzaville and Congo-Kinshasa. Kikongo exhibits a clause-internal pre-verbal argument focus position, which has rarely been reported in Bantu languages, except in Mbuun (B87) (Bostoen and Mundeke 2012) and Nsong (B85d) (Koni Muluwa and Bostoen, this volume), both spoken in the neighboring Kwilu region of the DRC. The more extensively studied eastern and southern Bantu languages generally have a post-verbal argument focus position (cf. Watters 1979, Morimoto 2000, Creissels 2004, Güldemann 2007, Buell 2009, van der Wal 2009, among others). In addition to this mono-clausal argument focus strategy, Kisikongo also relies on different bi-clausal constructions to focus arguments, i.e. cleft-constructions.
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Bicknell, Klinton, Jeffrey L. Elman, Mary Hare, Ken McRae y Marta Kutas. "Effects of event knowledge in processing verbal arguments". Journal of Memory and Language 63, n.º 4 (noviembre de 2010): 489–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2010.08.004.
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Deutscher, Max. "Stories, Pictures, Arguments". Philosophy 62, n.º 240 (abril de 1987): 159–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031819100064007.
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There is a tradition of philosophy—a conception we can easily under-stand as a limit of a tendency of our own thinking—that philosophy consists only of argument. The rest of the (admittedly) vast prepon-derance of words in philosophical texts is simply embroidery. ‘Naturally’, it will be conceded, actual philosophy books contain more or less of verbal pictures, words and phrases whose purpose is to evoke images, and many stories—examples, hard cases for definitions, and 4 anecdotes. These, it will be said, ‘are only the embellishments, the relief from work, the appetizers or the post-prandial delicacies.’
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박소영. "The Syntax of Verbal Noun Constructions: Arguments against Incorporation". Studies in Generative Grammar 18, n.º 3 (agosto de 2008): 393–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.15860/sigg.18.3.200808.393.
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de Swart, Peter y Geertje van Bergen. "How Animacy and Verbal Information Influence V2 Sentence Processing: Evidence from Eye Movements". Open Linguistics 5, n.º 1 (31 de diciembre de 2019): 630–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opli-2019-0035.
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AbstractThere exists a clear association between animacy and the grammatical function of transitive subject. The grammar of some languages require the transitive subject to be high in animacy, or at least higher than the object. A similar animacy preference has been observed in processing studies in languages without such a categorical animacy effect. This animacy preference has been mainly established in structures in which either one or both arguments are provided before the verb. Our goal was to establish (i) whether this preference can already be observed before any argument is provided, and (ii) whether this preference is mediated by verbal information. To this end we exploited the V2 property of Dutch which allows the verb to precede its arguments. Using a visual-world eye-tracking paradigm we presented participants with V2 structures with either an auxiliary (e.g. Gisteren heeft X … ‘Yesterday, X has …’) or a lexical main verb (e.g. Gisteren motiveerde X … ‘Yesterday, X motivated …’) and we measured looks to the animate referent. The results indicate that the animacy preference can already be observed before arguments are presented and that the selectional restrictions of the verb mediate this bias, but do not override it completely.
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GOH, GWANG-YOON. "Relative obliqueness and the contribution of nonheads in the subcategorization of Old English compound verbs". English Language and Linguistics 4, n.º 1 (mayo de 2000): 13–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674300000125.
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Although the argument structure of preposition–verb (P–V) compounds in Old English (OE) is jointly determined by the head V and the nonhead P, the contribution of the nonhead is limited, often resulting in a seemingly peculiar case-government pattern for a given P–V compound. This paper shows that a new understanding of the case-assigning properties of the head in OE P–V compounds, which is built on the relative obliqueness among OE NP arguments, with accusative NPs less oblique than dative or genitive NPs and verbal arguments less oblique than prepositional arguments, enables us not only to explain the contribution of the nonhead without weakening the traditional priority of the head but also to improve upon the argument attraction process as an account of subcategorization inheritance, demonstrating how the mechanism of argument attraction can be constrained in a principled way.
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Lumsden, John S. "The Load Alternation: Semantic Shifts and Implicit Arguments". Revue québécoise de linguistique 23, n.º 1 (29 de abril de 2009): 79–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/603081ar.
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ABSTRACT This study argues that verbal expressions like to load, to pack, to pile, etc. are composed of specific substantive concepts and general predicate concepts. All surface expressions involve a derivation that combines these elements. Substantive concepts may also appear in nominal expressions (e.g. a load, a pack, a pile, etc.). The verbal expressions allow an alternate realization of their argument structure because the interpretation of the substantive concept undergoes a semantic shift so that it combines differently with the pertinent predicate concepts. In one realization, the substantive concept is an implicit theme argument; in the other, it is an implicit location.
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Baker, Mark y Lisa Demena Travis. "Events, Times, and Mohawk Verbal Inflection". Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 43, n.º 2 (junio de 1998): 149–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008413100020491.
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AbstractThe Mohawk tense-mood-aspect system has many “irregularities” that seem to require a powerful morphological component distinct from syntax. Nevertheless, it is shown that most of these “irregularities” can be explained in syntactic and semantic terms, once the right lexical entries are given. This result is achieved by making two assumptions of general interest: (1) mood is analyzed as the verbal equivalent of specifity in the NP system, and (2) habitual and stative verbs are shown to have time arguments, whereas ordinary eventive verbs have only event arguments. Given this, morpheme positions, cooccurrence restrictions, and the lack of recursion in the inflectional system can be derived from ordinary principles of composition, head movement, and a simple form of blocking. Only the selection of allomorphs is left to a post-syntactic morphology.
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Levin, Theodore, Paulina Lyskawa y Rodrigo Ranero. "Optional agreement in Santiago Tz’utujil (Mayan) is syntactic". Zeitschrift für Sprachwissenschaft 39, n.º 3 (1 de diciembre de 2020): 329–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zfs-2020-2018.
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Abstract Some Mayan languages display optional verbal agreement with 3pl arguments (Dayley1985; Henderson2009; England2011). Focusing on novel data from Santiago Tz’utujil (ST), we demonstrate that this optionality is not reducible to phonological or morphological factors. Rather, the source of optionality is in the syntax. Specifically, the distinction between arguments generated in the specifier position and arguments generated in the complement position governs the pattern. Only base-complements control agreement optionally; base-specifiers control agreement obligatorily. We provide an analysis in which optional agreement results from the availability of two syntactic representations (DP vs. reduced nominal argument). Thus, while the syntactic operation Agree is deterministic, surface optionality arises when the operation targets two different sized goals.
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Samu, Albertina Yosefina. "FUNGSI SINTAKTIS DAN PERAN SEMANTIS ARGUMEN INTI BAHASA MANGGARAI DIALEK MANGGARAI TENGAH". Linguistik Indonesia 36, n.º 2 (26 de febrero de 2019): 186–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/li.v36i2.83.
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This study examines the syntactic functions and the semantic roles of core arguments in Central Manggarai Dialect of Manggarai Language (CMDML). There are two theories applied in this study, i.e., Lexical- Functional Grammar and Macro Roles. This research uses qualitative method. The source of data is Manggarai language texts in oral and written forms. The results show that the basic structure of verbal clauses in CMDML are S+P+O, P+O+S, S+P+O+Oθ, S+P+COMP, P+COMP+S,P+S+COMP and non-verbal clauses are S+P, P+S. The syntactic functions of core arguments in CMDML are Subject (SUBJ), Object (OBJ) and Object Teta (OBJθ). The semantic roles of core argument in CMDML are devided into two, macroroles and thematic roles. Macroroles consist of Actor and Undergoer, while thematic roles consist of Agent, Experiencer, Effector, Recipient, Theme, Source dan Patient.
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Thornton, Abigail. "Agreeing in number: Verbal plural suppletion and reduplication". Linguistic Review 36, n.º 3 (25 de septiembre de 2019): 531–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tlr-2019-2028.
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Abstract Verbal suppletion for participant number has recently attracted theoretical attention (Bobaljik & Harley 2017; Toosarvandani 2016). I show that cross-linguistically, participant number is marked by suppletion and reduplication and is part of a broader phenomenon, verbal number. I argue that reduplication provides evidence that participant number suppletion is not directly triggered by the argument, and I propose a unified account of participant number where there is a verb-internal number node that reflects number and mediates an agreement relation between the argument and the root. The number node, which marks plural arguments and events, may be valued by the closest c-commanding DP, and will be realized as reduplication or will trigger root suppletion. This is supported cross-linguistically by languages which mark both participant and event number by reduplication and suppletion. I propose that this head allows a stricter locality condition on suppletion where the trigger is always a head in the morphological word (complex X⁰). My analysis bears on current issues of locality and suppletive domains since I argue that the topmost complex X⁰ node forms a morphological domain which contains smaller domains that are privileged in the syntax but restrictive in the morphophonology.
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Amossy, Ruth. "Argumentation in Discourse: A Socio-discursive Approach to Arguments". Informal Logic 29, n.º 3 (15 de septiembre de 2009): 252. http://dx.doi.org/10.22329/il.v29i3.2843.
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Rather than the art of putting forward logically valid arguments leading to Truth, argumentation is here viewed as the use of verbal means ensuring an agreement on what can be considered reasonable by a given group, on a more or less controversial matter. What is acceptable and plausible is always coconstructed by subjects engaging in verbal interaction. It is the dynamism of this exchange, realized not only in natural language, but also in a specific cultural framework, that has to be accounted for. From this perspective, it is not enough to reconstruct patterns of reasoning. As logos is by definition both Reason and Language, abstract schemata have to be examined in their verbal realization in a given situation of discourse. Such an approach toarguments allows for a “thick” description taking into account their discursive and communicational aspects, as well as argumentation’s constitutive dialogism and its inscription in a set of common representations, opinions and beliefs (a doxa).This approach, exemplified by the analysis of a short text on stock options borrowed from the French newspaper Libération, is an attempt at establishing a dialogue between disciplines like argumentation theories, rhetorical criticism and discourse analysis.
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Moulton, Keir. "CPs: Copies and Compositionality". Linguistic Inquiry 46, n.º 2 (abril de 2015): 305–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/ling_a_00183.
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Finite clausal arguments differ from other arguments—and other CPs—in two fundamental ways: (a) they do not move leftward ( Koster 1978 , Alrenga 2005 , Takahashi 2010 , Moulton 2013 ) and (b) they may combine with nouns that do not accept arguments ( Stowell 1981 , Grimshaw 1990 ). I argue that finite clausal arguments are predicates of propositional content (type 〈e,〈s,t〉〉), following proposals in Kratzer 2006 , Moulton 2009 . They combine with nouns by Predicate Modification, explaining (b). In order to complement verbs, CPs trigger two type-driven leftward movements (CP-movement and remnant AspPfronting). I argue that the resulting configuration prevents further leftward movement of clausal arguments, explaining (a). Also derived are the right-peripheral position of CPs relative to arguments and the verbal complex in Germanic, freezing effects in the VP, extraction from and binding into CPs, and the similarities and differences among CP argument extraposition, heavy NP shift, and relative clause extraposition. More broadly, the proposal demonstrates that copies can denote restricted variables, but need not be DPs (cf. Fox 2002 , Takahashi 2010 , Johnson 2012 ).
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Šimić, Ana. "Non-Verbal Clauses with Demonstrative Identifiers in the History of Croatian". Fluminensia 31, n.º 1 (2019): 85–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.31820/f.31.1.8.
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The paper presents a corpus-based typological and diachronic study of nonverbal clauses with demonstrative identifiers in Croatian. As one of the four types of demonstratives proposed by H. Diessel, demonstrative identifiers occur in copular and non-verbal clauses. They are used to focus the hearer’s attention on entities in the surrounding situation or in the universe of discourse. The paper reviews the typologies of demonstratives discussed in recent literature with respect to the status of demonstrative identifiers. Furthermore, it investigates the history of non-verbal clauses with demonstrative identifiers in Croatian: 1. se človêkь 2. evo čovjeka DEM man-NOM.SG DEM man-GEN.SG ‘Here is the man!’ ‘Here is the man!’ The main change occurred in the case marking on the argument. In the first Croatian literary language, Croatian Church Slavonic (1), the argument appears in the nominative case. In contemporary Croatian (2), the demonstrative identifier is predominantly followed by a genitive argument. Apart from shedding some light on the diachronic development of non-verbal clauses with demonstrative identifiers and their constituents in Croatian, the paper shows how they differ from similar constructions in other Slavic languages, as well as in some major European languages. In addition, they are compared to other non-verbal constructions with genitive and nominative arguments in Croatian.
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Partee, Barbara H. y Vladimir Borschev. "Genitives, relational nouns, and the argument-modifier distinction". ZAS Papers in Linguistics 17 (1 de enero de 2000): 177–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.17.2000.46.
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The argument-modifier distinction is less clear in NPs than in VPs; nouns do not typically take arguments. The clearest cases of arguments in NPs are in certain kinds of nominalizations which retain some "verbal" properties (Grimshaw 1990). The status of apparent arguments of non-deverbal relational nouns like sister is more controversial.
Genitive constructions like 'John's teacher', 'team of John's' offer a challenging testing ground for the argument-modifier distinction in NPs, both in English and cross-linguistically. On the analyses of Partee (1983/97) and Barker (1995), the DP in a genitive phrase (i.e. 'John' in 'John's') is always an argument of some relation, but the relation does not always come from the head noun. On those "ambiguity" analyses, some genitives are argument-like and some are modifier-like. Recent proposals by Jensen and Vikner and by Borschev and Partee analyze all genitives as argument-like, a conclusion we are no longer sure of.
In this paper we explore a range of possible analyses: argument-only, modifier-only, and ambiguity analyses, and consider the kinds of semantic evidence that suggest that different analyses may be correct for different genitive or possessive constructions in different languages.
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Klaiman, M. H. "The Relationship of Inverse Voice and Head-Marking in Arizona Tewa and Other Tanoan Languages". Studies in Language 17, n.º 2 (1 de enero de 1993): 343–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.17.2.04kla.
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The term 'inverse' has traditionally referred to voice systems characterized by alternations of verbal voice marking, alternations that depend on the relative ontologicai salience of the two core arguments of a transitive animate verb, the logical subject and logical object. In typical inverse languages, speech-act participant (SAP) arguments (1,2 person) ontologically outrank non-SAP arguments (3d person), a fact that is grammatically encoded by 1:3 and 2:3 predications assigning one verbal voice ('direct') while 3:1 and 3:2 predications assign the other voice ('inverse'). 3:3 predications are potentially ambiguous, a problem addressed in some inverse systems by 3d person arguments with relatively low ontologicai salience being assigned a special case, the obviative (4th person). The present work addresses the question whether inverseness may be evinced through formal means other than alternations in verbal voice marking. It is argued that this occurs in a Tanoan (Kiowa-Tanoan) language, Arizona Tewa (AT). In AT transitive animate predications, an opposition in paradigms of person-marking verbal prefixes occurs such that one pronominal paradigm is assigned in case of a direct predication (logical subject ontologically outranks logical object), while the other paradigm is assigned in case of an inverse predication (logical object ontologically outranks logical subject). In effect, then, AT has separate direct and inverse pronominal paradigms; these encode the voice alternations, rather than oppositions of verbal voice marking per se. It is argued that an inverse analysis is both appropriate for AT and, in addition, applicable to at least some other Tanoan languages, such as Picurís and Southern Tiwa.
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Megerdoomian, Karine. "Event Structure and Complex Predicates in Persian". Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 46, n.º 1-2 (junio de 2001): 97–125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008413100017953.
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AbstractThis article investigates the syntactic and semantic properties of complex predicates in Persian in order to isolate the individual contributions of the verbal components. The event structure of causative alternation and unergative verbs is determined, based on a decomposition of the verbal construction into primitive syntactic elements consisting of lexical roots and functional heads, with the latter projecting all arguments of the verbal construction. An analysis is provided whereby the argument structure is not projected from the lexicon but is formed compositionally by the conjunction of the primitive components of the complex predicate in syntax. The dual behaviour of Persian complex predicates as lexical and syntactic elements, which has been attested in Persian literature on light verb constructions, follows naturally from the analysis proposed since there is no strict division between the level of word formation and the component manipulating phrasal constructs.
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You, Seok-Hoon. "Enriched Argument Structure and Argument Licensing of Some Complex Verbal Constructions in Korean". Korean Linguistics 10 (1 de enero de 2000): 155–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/kl.10.07shy.
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Several linguistically intriguing issues have been raised in the literature with regard to complex verbal constructions (CVC's hereafter) which are ubiquitous in Korean language. In particular, various proposals are available in regard to various interrelated aspects such as (a) the underlying structure of CVC's, (b) the argument structure (AS hereafter) of CVC's, (c) the constraints on surface realization of arguments, (d) the constraints on the admission of component predicates, (e) the grammaticalization of the components within CVC's, and so forth. The main focus of the present paper is to observe and explicate the AS of CVC's and its licensing.
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Heit, Evan. "Putting together prior knowledge, verbal arguments, and observations in category learning". Memory & Cognition 29, n.º 6 (septiembre de 2001): 828–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03196412.
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Nuyts, Jan. "The intentional and the socio-cultural in language use". Pragmatics and Cognition 2, n.º 2 (1 de enero de 1994): 237–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/pc.2.2.03nuy.
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This paper is a contribution to the recent debate between a number of anthropologists and philosophers concerning the role of intentions in a theory of verbal behavior. It reviews a number of arguments put forward by ethno- and anthro-polinguists against the intention-centered view of human behavior common in current cognitively oriented language research, and typically represented in John Searle's theory of intentionality and of speech acts. It is argued that these arguments do not affect the assumption that intentions are always and necessarily present in (verbal) behavior (they are based on a much too simplistic view of intentionality), but they do show that intentions as such are insufficient to understand (verbal) behavior. These matters are discussed against the background of Searle's theory of intentionality.
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van den Hoven, Paul. "Discussing discourse modalities in argument theory: Reconsidering a paradigm". Semiotica 2018, n.º 220 (26 de enero de 2018): 19–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sem-2015-0135.
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AbstractThis article analyzes a statement by Blair that the conditions of interpretation of visual expression are indeterminate to a much greater degree than is the case with verbal expression. We argue that this proposition reveals a somewhat hidden paradigm about what argument theory is or should be. This currently dominant paradigm takes as its object a prototypical verbal discourse from which arguments can be “reconstructed” in a fairly straightforward way. In this article, we argue that accepting multimodal discourse as a means to convey argumentation implies the necessity of a serious amendment of this paradigm. The problem of modeling the protagonist’s commitments inevitably requires our having to deal more with indeterminate, “raw” discourse formats, not to be replaced by verbal reconstructions. It requires our incorporating multimodal semiotics as an integrated element of argumentation theory; and it requires our accepting that argumentative commitments are deliberately underspecified and negotiable.
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Law, Paul. "On Null Subjects and Null Arguments". Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 38, n.º 1 (marzo de 1993): 1–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008413100022283.
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In the literature on Null Subject Languages (NSLs) since Rizzi (1982), the three properties that are commonly thought to be connected are (i) the richness of inflectional morphology, (ii) free subject inversion, and (iii) the COMP-trace effect. The connection between them is that if a language (e.g., Italian) has the option of having a null subject (NS) pronominalproin subject position (i.e., SpecIP) as a result of having rich inflectional (i.e., verbal agreement) morphology, as represented in (1a), then the same element may appear in the same position in cases of subjects occurring postverbally as in (1b) and in cases of long-distance subject extraction where the postverbal trace is properly governed by the verb, as in (1c):
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Stark, Elisabeth y Paul Widmer. "Breton a-marking of (internal) verbal arguments: A result of language contact?" Linguistics 58, n.º 3 (26 de mayo de 2020): 745–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ling-2020-0089.
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AbstractWe discuss a potential case of borrowing in this paper: Breton a- ‘of’, ‘from’ marking of (internal) verbal arguments, unique in Insular Celtic languages, and reminiscent of Gallo-Romance de/du- (and en-) arguments. Looking at potential Gallo-Romance parallels of three Middle Breton constructions analyzed in some detail (a with indefinite mass nominals in direct object position, a-marking of internal arguments under the scope of negation, a [allomorphs an(ez)-/ahan-] with personal pronouns for internal arguments, subjects (mainly of predicative constructions) and as expletive subjects of existential constructions), we demonstrate that even if there are some semantic parallels and one strong structural overlap (a and de under the scope of negation), the amount of divergences in morphology, syntax and semantics and the only partially fitting relative chronology of the different constructions do not allow to conclude with certainty that language-contact is an explanation of the Breton facts, which might have come into being also because of internal change (bound to restructuring of the pronominal system in Breton). More research is necessary to complete our knowledge of a-marking in Middle Breton and Modern Breton varieties and on the precise history of French en, in order to decide for one or the other explanation.
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Hofer, Manfred, Kai Sassenberg y Birgit Pikowsky. "Discourse Asymmetries in Adolescent Daughters’ Disputes with Mothers". International Journal of Behavioral Development 23, n.º 4 (diciembre de 1999): 1001–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/016502599383649.
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Audiotaped disputes of 101 mother-daughter dyads (daughter ages 11-20) were used to examine discourse asymmetry in parent-child relationships. To grasp the exchange of arguments, an observation instrument was designed. Parallel surveys assessed the extent to which mothers felt they tried to control daughters’ behaviour and the extent to which daughters felt they tried to separate from and maintain connection with their mothers in their main argument. Findings suggest that mothers and daughters displayed dominant behaviour in different parts of the disputes. Although mothers dominated in the regulative aspects of discourse, daughters took the lead in the argumentative parts. They dominated in questioning mothers’ arguments and adding counterarguments. Sequential analyses showed that daughters were more likely to follow mothers’ initiatives and contradict their arguments than vice versa. Subjective understanding of the discourse was related to specific interactions. Mothers’ and daughters’ verbal behaviour displayed a curvilinear age-dependent pattern. Subjective data, however, showed no age differences.
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Rissman, Lilia. "Instrumental with, locatum with and the argument/adjunct distinction". LSA Annual Meeting Extended Abstracts 1 (2 de mayo de 2010): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/exabs.v0i0.502.
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The objects of the proposition 'with', as in 'I cut the bread with a knife' and 'I covered the ground with a blanket', have received conflicting analyses as to whether they are arguments or adjuncts of the verb. Utilizing a variety of semantic and syntactic diagnostics of argumenthood, I argue that the first kind of participant, an instrument, is an adjunct/modifier and the second kind of participant, what I call a locatum, is an argument/complement of the verbal head.
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Biržietienė, Skirmantė y Eglė Gabrėnaitė. "Eristic Argumentation in Advertising". Respectus Philologicus 26, n.º 31 (25 de octubre de 2014): 190–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/respectus.2014.26.31.15.
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Advertising may be examined as a particular form of rhetoric the aims of which are the same as of rhetoric, namely to affect mind, will, feelings, and to persuade. The theory of rhetoric, the main object of which is discourse not only in narrow meaning (as verbal expression of ideas (i.e. to say text)), but also in broad meaning – as a communicative act between the addresser and the addressee since its interdisciplinary nature provides the right tools to explore the advertising discourse. The theory of rhetoric is successfully applied in development of advertising discourse, because it helps to foresee the communicative act between the addresser and the addressee. Advertising and rhetoric are combined by many common elements, but the same goal is the most important: both, rhetoric and advertising seek for persuasion through verbal and non-verbal measures.The paper deals with the analysis of the inventive level of advertising discourse, i.e., eristic arguments, spread of ways of proofing / persuasion. Eristic argumentation is a dominant argumentation type in advertising. This method of persuasion is a way to create truth visibility although it is just superficial. The most typical schemes of eristic argumentation used in advertising are as follows: argumentum ad vanitatem (appeal to the vanity of the addressee), argumentum ad verecundiam (appeal to the authority), argumentum baculinum (method of “whip” argument), argumentum ad novitatem (appeal to novelty). The article shows the usage of eristic arguments in Lithuanian commercial ads.
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Rudin, Deniz. "Head-Based Syntactic Identity in Sluicing". Linguistic Inquiry 50, n.º 2 (marzo de 2019): 253–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/ling_a_00308.
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This article puts forward two distinct arguments regarding the condition on identity between antecedent and ellipsis site that governs the grammaticality of sluices. The first argument is that the viability of a requirement of syntactic identity has been too hastily dismissed. Such a condition is viable if syntactic identity is not assessed over the entire deleted constituent, but instead is assessed head-by-head for each head stranded in the ellipsis site. This allows syntactic differences associated with material that has moved out of the ellipsis site to not affect the calculation of syntactic identity. The second argument is that the bestiary of possible mismatches under sluicing can be given a uniform syntactic characterization: all and only material originating outside of the verbal complex can be mismatched under sluicing. The restriction of identity conditions to the verbal complex is implementable in many (but not all) approaches to ellipsis identity; I provide a concrete application of it to the proposed head-based syntactic identity condition.
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Vihman, Virve-Anneli. "Pick it up: a look at referential devices in Estonian child-directed speech". Eesti ja soome-ugri keeleteaduse ajakiri. Journal of Estonian and Finno-Ugric Linguistics 6, n.º 2 (18 de diciembre de 2015): 63–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/jeful.2015.6.2.03.
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This paper compares the forms of expression of core verbal arguments in Estonian child-directed speech (CDS) with those in Estonian speech between adults (ADS). The data, consisting of nearly 600 utterances, is taken from a mother speaking to her two-year-old child, and two adult women speaking to each other. The analysis confirms the observation that one-on-one conversation with toddlers includes a reduced number of declarative sentences (43% vs. 62.5% in the ADS sample), in favor of imperatives and interrogatives. Leaving out the unexpressed subjects of imperatives, we find that CDS contains 20% more overt arguments than ADS, and in the object argument role, nearly 30% more. Avoidance of ellipsis and a preference for lexical (rather than pronominal) noun phrases characterises the CDS in our sample; the data analysed support the principles of Preferred Argument Structure, aligning grammatical role, morphosyntactic form and pragmatic prominence, with some peculiarities accounting for the specific character of mother-child interaction.
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Infante, Dominic A., Karen C. Hartley, Matthew M. Martin, Mary Anne Higgins, Stephen D. Bruning y Gyeongho Hur. "Initiating and reciprocating verbal aggression: Effects on credibility and credited valid arguments". Communication Studies 43, n.º 3 (septiembre de 1992): 182–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10510979209368370.
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Orliac, Brigitte. "Colex". Terminology 12, n.º 2 (13 de noviembre de 2006): 261–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/term.12.2.06orl.
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We present a method for extracting verb + noun collocations from specialized corpora based on the lexical functions of the Meaning-Text Theory. Lexical functions offer a complete characterization of verbal collocations. They cover the three grammatical relations that obtain between a verb and its arguments and provide high-level semantic descriptors to represent the meanings of the common verbal collocates of terms. Our system uses morphosyntactic patterns to extract verb–argument relations from a parsed corpus of computer texts. We then apply two statistical tests to isolate the true collocations in the list of syntactically extracted combinations. While the better of the two statistical tests identifies collocations with a precision of 71 %, we argue that a semantic filtering of the combinations, based on their ability to be encoded as standard lexical functions, could achieve higher precision.
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Lindayana, Arifuddin y Halus Mandala. "Divergent Principles of Politeness in Verbal and Non-Verbal Directive Speech Act". International Research Journal of Engineering, IT & Scientific Research 4, n.º 2 (6 de marzo de 2018): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.21744/irjeis.v4i2.640.
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This study was conducted aiming at examining: (1) the divergent principles of politeness in students’ directive speech act (2) factors affecting politeness and impoliteness in verbal and non-verbal directive speech act produced by students at grade X in Senior High School 1 Mataram in the learning process. The subject of this study are teachers teaching Bahasa Indonesia, English, Economy, History, Math, Religion, Civic, and Science, and all students at Grade X of Science 1, Science 3 and Social 2 in Senior High School 1 Mataram. This study is a descriptive qualitative research. The data source in this study is the number of utterances produced by students and teachers in the learning process. The data were collected through observation. This study revealed that: (1) there were divergent principles of politeness in participants’ directive speech act namely single and multiple divergent principles of politeness affected by speaker intentionally accused addressees, intentionally uttered by neglecting the context, was protective to other arguments, showed emotional feeling, given critiques in impolite words and mocked at other; and (2) there were factors affecting politeness and impoliteness in verbal and non-verbal directive speech act produced by students in learning process namely linguistic factor and non-linguistic factor.
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Morapedi, Setumile. "Passive constructions in Setswana". JULACE: Journal of the University of Namibia Language Centre 3, n.º 1 (30 de junio de 2018): 38–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.32642/julace.v3i1.1374.
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The paper analyses passive constructions in Setswana from morpho-syntactic view point, showing that the suffixation of a passive morpheme to the verb reduces the argument structure of the verb. Previous studies carried out in Setswana verbal suffixes have confined their investigations to these morphemes as elements of morphology but have failed to observe that these affixes overlap into syntax. Chebanne (1996) observes that in Setswana, verbal extensions can combine with a single verbal base but fail to observe the overlap into syntax. Further, the studies do not give any insight in the features that Setswana shares with other Bantu languages. The passive construction in Setswana, like in other Bantu languages, is a bit complex in the sense that the verbal extension –iw brings into effect the dropping of the subject, and the object becomes the grammatical subject, thus rendering the transitive verb, such as, apaya ‘cook’ intransitive. Conversely, other derivational suffixes, such as applicative and causative, increase the verb’s arguments by two. For instance, the suffixation of the verbal suffix –el suggests an entity carrying out the action and somebody benefiting. The paper also compares passive with other verbal extensions such as neuter, applicative, causatives and reciprocals. It shows that while the passive occurs with most verbs and other verbal extensions, such as, applicative or causative suffixes, the neuter is rigid in occurring with other verbal extensions. The paper also appeals to Lexical Mapping Theory, whose role is to constrain mapping relations between thematic roles, such as an agent or patient and the corresponding grammatical functions, such as the subject, patient and oblique that have been subcategorized for by predicates
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Dygdon, Judith A., Anthony J. Conger y Esther Y. Strahan. "Multimodal Classical Conditioning of Fear: Contributions of Direct, Observational, and Verbal Experiences to Current Fears". Psychological Reports 95, n.º 1 (agosto de 2004): 133–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.95.1.133-153.
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The authors propose that a multimodal classical conditioning model be considered when clinicians or clinical researchers study the etiology of fears and anxieties learned by human beings. They argue that fears can be built through the combined effects of direct, observed, and verbally presented classical conditioning trials. Multimodal classical conditioning is offered as an alternative to the three pathways to fear argument prominent in the human fear literature. In contrast to the three pathways position, the authors present theoretical arguments for why “learning by observation” and “learning through the receipt of verbal information” should be considered classical conditioning through observational and verbal modes. The paper includes a demonstration of how data, commonly collected in research on the three pathways to fear, would be studied differently using a multimodal classical conditioning perspective. Finally, the authors discuss implications for assessment, treatment, and prevention of learned fears in humans.
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Peach, Harmony. "Picturing a Thousand Unspoken Words". Informal Logic 41, n.º 1 (2 de marzo de 2021): 57–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.22329/il.v41i1.6688.
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I explore how empathetic visual argument may be the mode best suited for eliciting appropriate force to the reasons given by arguers who face systematic identity prejudices. In the verbal mode, this force is often skewed through epistemic injustice (Fricker 2007), argumentative injustice (Bondy 2010), and discursive injustice (Kukla 2010). Highlighting their reliance on the Aristotelian sense of enthymeme, I show how visual arguments are highly context specific. Using Ian Dove’s Visual Scheming (2016) and the theory of the Retort collective (2004) via case study, I demonstrate how the visual mode can leave the appropriate force in the arguer’s control.
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Hazout, Ilan. "Verbless Sentences and Clause Structure". Linguistic Inquiry 41, n.º 3 (julio de 2010): 471–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/ling_a_00005.
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Present tense verbless sentences involve a full clausal structure and not a reduced structure of the kind familiar under the term small clause. This article presents two new arguments in favor of this view. These arguments are based on differences between root verbless sentences and familiar instances of small clauses (rather than on similarities between present tense verbless sentences and verbal sentences in other tenses, as in Benmamoun 2008). The arguments presented in this article provide substantial evidence bearing on the fundamental issue of what a clausal structure needs to have in order to qualify as an independent nonelliptical utterance.
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Mangialavori Rasia, Eugenia. "Expanding the causative alternation". Current trends in analyzing syntactic variation 31 (31 de diciembre de 2017): 104–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bjl.00005.man.
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Abstract The causative-inchoative alternation has been a subject of much debate. It might also be a case where variation patterns that escape existing typological descriptions provide a new perspective on the problem. We analyze the variability and systematicity of alternative argument structure realizations, together with corresponding aspectual/event properties, by considering three different ways in which change-of-state verbs can be semantically and syntactically construed in Romance. Under the general assumption that the syntactic projection of arguments correlates non-trivially with event structure, we apply a novel theoretical approach to the semantics and syntax of the causative-inchoative alternation. We argue that different verbal heads can be independently combined to yield contrasting verbal configurations, with corresponding event/argument structure properties quite freely. Alongside standard cases such as causative and inchoative frames, we discuss what we call ‘stative-causative constructions’ [SCC], where the initiator appears as the sole argument. The general properties of this additional (third) variant suggest the availability of a null causative (external-argument-selecting) v0 producing original monoargumental structures with corresponding (simpler) event structure. These little-known Spanish data challenge current argument structure theories assuming that the causative v0 necessarily implicates the eventive (BECOME) component, or that the latter figures in the verb’s permanent lexical entry. SCCs provide empirical evidence suggesting that what is commonly described as a basic unaccusative/transitive verb may have unergative uses.
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LANDAU, IDAN. "Saturation and reification in adjectival diathesis". Journal of Linguistics 45, n.º 2 (4 de junio de 2009): 315–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226709005714.
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The study of adjectival diathesis alternations lags behind the study of verbal diathesis and nominalization. This paper aims to diminish the gap by applying to the adjectival domain theoretical tools with proven success elsewhere. We focus on evaluative adjectives, which display a systematic alternation between a basic variant (John was rude) and a derived one (That was rude of John). The alternation brings about a cluster of syntactic and semantic changes – in the semantic type of the predicate, its valency and the mode of argument projection. We argue that the adjectival variants are related by the joint application of two operators: a lexicalsaturationoperator (also seen in verbal passive) and a syntacticreificationoperator (also seen in nominalization). The analysis straightforwardly extends to similar alternations with Subject- and Object-Experiencer adjectives (proud,irritating). Among its important implications are (i) lexical saturation is not restricted to external arguments (internal ones may also be saturated), and (ii) ‘referential’ (R) roles are not restricted to nominal predicates (adjectives may assign them as well).
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HULL, RICHARD D. y FERNANDO GOMEZ. "Semantic interpretation of deverbal nominalizations". Natural Language Engineering 6, n.º 2 (junio de 2000): 139–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1351324900002436.
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An algorithmic approach to the semantic interpretation of deverbal nominalizations found in encyclopedic texts, such as support, publication and control, is described. Interpreting these nominalizations is crucial because they are quite common in encyclopedic texts, hence a great deal of information is represented within them. Interpretation involves three tasks: deciding whether the nominalization is being used in a verbal or non-verbal sense; disambiguating the nominalized verb when a verbal sense is used; and determining the fillers of the thematic roles of the verbal concept or predicate of the nominalization. A verbal sense can be recognized by the presence of modifiers that represent the arguments of the verbal concept. It is these same modifiers which provide the semantic clues to disambiguate the nominalized verb. In the absence of explicit modifiers, heuristics are used to discriminate between verbal and non-verbal senses. A correspondence between verbs and their nominalizations is exploited so that only a small amount of additional knowledge is needed to handle the nominal form. These methods are tested in the domain of encyclopedic texts and the results are shown.
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Setyaningrum, Rizky. "OTHELLO’S VERBAL DEFENCE: DISTORTING REALITY IN SHAKESPEARE’S OTHELLO". IJOLTL: Indonesian Journal of Language Teaching and Linguistics 3, n.º 2 (30 de mayo de 2018): 133–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.30957/ijoltl.v3i2.452.
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The study describes Othello’s verbal defences by means of Perry London’s Verbal Defences theory as reflected in William Shakespeare’s Othello, the Moor of Venice. The study was a content analysis whose primary data were words, phrases, sentences and dialogues in the play. The secondary data were articles discussing the Othello, the Moor of Venice. Data were analyzed through determining Othello’s arguments on ego verbal defence mechanisms using Perry London’s Verbal Defences theory. This study revealed that three elements of verbal defences, namely, emotional insulation, intellectualization, and rationalization are experienced by Othello. They operate unconsciously and these mechanisms neutralize the upsetting impact of threatening ideas by distorting reality. In distorting reality, ego takes some extreme ways. One of those ways is “talking away” the anxiety stimuli as well as by the other means of obscuring and retreating from reality.
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Martín Arista, Francisco Javier y Laura Caballero González. "Arguments or macroroles? : Two functional approaches to Old English quirky case". Journal of English Studies 3 (29 de mayo de 2002): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.18172/jes.80.
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After comparing two functional approaches to the question of Old English deviant accusatives, genitives and datives, this paper follows Martín Arista (2001a, b) with respect to Old English prototypical verbal constructions: the prototypical transitive construction is defined as the active accomplishment version of verbs like writan 'write', the activity implementation of creation and consumption verbs representing the less-prototypical transitive construction; the active accomplishment use of verbs such as faran 'go' characterize the prototypical intransitive construction, whereas the activity version of motion verbs define the less-prototypical intransitive construction. The conclusion is reached that quirky case is not a feature of the morphosyntax of certain intransitive verbs of state and causative state, but a characteristic of verbal constructions that, deviating from both the transitive and the intransitive prototypes, show not only case-marking irregularity but also more case-marking choices than verbs that abide by the transitive or intransitive prototype. Since marked morphosyntax -including quirky case- is considered in this paper a consequence of the non-prototypical character of argument structure, it is claimed that the relationship between canonical lexical templates and their configurations should be semantically and syntactically motivated. The Principle of Lexical Template Instantiation guarantees the suitable degree of implementation of a lexical template by stipulating that, prototypically, all the internal variables of the instantiations of lexical templates are fully specified