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Cinquegrani, Alessandro, Francesca Pangallo y Federico Rigamonti. Romance e Shoah Pratiche di narrazione sulla tragedia indicibile. Venice: Fondazione Università Ca’ Foscari, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-492-9.
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Over the last 70 years, Holocaust representations increased significantly as cultural objects distributed on a large scale: fictional books, museum sites, artworks, documentaries, and films are only a few samples of those echoes the Holocaust produced in contemporary Western culture. There are some specific patterns in the way the Holocaust has been represented that, however, contrast with the survivors’ account of the same event: for example, the dichotomy between bad and good characters so essential within Holocaust-based media – especially on television and film - does not really match with the testimony’s experience. While storytelling strategies may help to involve the public by emotionally engaging with the story, the risks of altering the real meaning of the Holocaust are quite high: what we often label as a “story” is actually been an outrageous, documented mass-genocide. Furthermore, as the age gap between the present and the past generation progresses, also the collective awareness of Nazi crimes as a real fact gets compromised. This volume explores selected Holocaust narrations by contextualizing the historical, literary, and social influences those texts had in their unique points of view. Starting with some recent examples of Holocaust exploitation through social media, the first chapter explores the paradigm shift when the Holocaust became a cultural, fictional trend rather than a historical massacre. In the second chapter, the analysis examines postmodern representations of Holocaust and Nazi semantics through relevant examples taken from both American and European literature. The third chapter analyses Europe Central by William T. Vollman, as all the narratological and cultural issues considered in the previous two chapters are well outlined in this articulated novel, where the relationship between reality and its representation after the postmodernist period is largely investigated. In chapter four, an account is given of the connections and differences between the narratological category romance, as understood by Northrop Frye, and Holocaust narration features. In chapter five, those elements are used to consider the work of Italian Holocaust survivor and Jewish writer Primo Levi, as his narration around Auschwitz adopts some fictional tools and still refuses undemanding storytelling mechanisms. The sixth and final chapter examines the relevant novel Les Benviellants by Jonathan Littell, considering its Nazi genocide account through the antagonist’s perspective.
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Hellie, Benj. Praxeology, Imperatives, and Shifts of View. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198777991.003.0010.
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Recent neo-Anscombean work in praxeology (aka ‘philosophy of practical reason’), salutarily, shifts focus from an alienated ‘third-person’ viewpoint on practical reason to an embedded ‘first-person’ view: for example, the ‘naive rationalizations’ of Michael Thompson, of form ‘I am A-ing because I am B-ing’, take up the agent’s view, in the thick of action. Less salutary, in its premature abandonment of the first-person view, is an interpretation of these naive rationalizations as asserting explanatory links between facts about organically structured agentive processes in progress, followed closely by an inflationary project in ‘practical metaphysics’. If, instead, praxeologists chase first-personalism all the way down, both fact and explanation vanish (and with them, the possibility of metaphysics): what is characteristically practical is endorsement of nonpropositional imperatival content, chained together not explanatorily, but through limits on intelligibility. A connection to agentive behavior must somehow be reestablished—but this can (and can only) be done ‘transcendentally’.
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Meijaard, Erik. How a mistaken ecological narrative could be undermining orangutan conservation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808978.003.0014.
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This chapter explores how the particular conditions in which conservation biologists conduct their studies can provide a narrow and possibly misleading view of endangered species. Orangutans are a good example. Generally viewed by scientists as ecological specialists of primary rainforests with limited human influence, orangutans may in fact be ecologically and behaviorally adapted to human disturbance, shaped by 60 000 years of co-existence with modern humans. Orangutan scientists have been slow in embracing these views, which has hampered the development of more effective approaches to conservation management, such as the protection of orangutans in selectively logged forests. Also, a narrow focus on habitat loss has hampered efforts to address other important threats such as hunting. This chapter urges young scientists to remain open-minded about their study objectives, question any long-held beliefs, and learn to view species and systems in the broadest context possible.
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Ott, Walter. Early Malebranche. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791713.003.0008.
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Malebranche’s early view is hidden under the massive revisions he made to his Search After Truth. This chapter peels away those revisions and examines his original, 1674 view on its own merits. The early Malebranche thinks that the mind achieves pairing, positioning, and localization by means of judgments. The mind must judge that, for example, the color yellow really is in the fire. Such judgments are useful but always false. The problem, as Malebranche himself might well have seen, is that this view is circular. If, as Malebranche insists, the only way to individuate an object from its surroundings is by perceiving its color, I cannot project color on to the object. For that presupposes that I have already individuated it in thought.
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Pradeu, Thomas. Genidentity and Biological Processes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779636.003.0005.
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A crucial question for a process view of life is how to identify a process and how to follow it through time. The genidentity view (first proposed by Kurt Lewin and later elaborated by Hans Reichenbach) can contribute decisively to this project. It says that the identity through time of an entity X is given by a well-identified series of continuous states of affairs. Genidentity helps address the problem of diachronic identity in the living world. This chapter describes the centrality of the concept of genidentity for David Hull and proposes an extension of Hull’s view to the ubiquitous phenomenon of symbiosis. Finally, using immunology as a key example, it shows that the genidentity view suggests that the main interest of a process approach is epistemological rather than ontological and that its principal claim is one of priority, namely that processes precede and define things, and not vice versa.
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Ahlstrom-Vij, H. Kristoffer y Jeffrey Dunn, eds. Epistemic Consequentialism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779681.001.0001.
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An important issue in epistemology concerns the source of epistemic normativity. Epistemic consequentialism maintains that epistemic norms are genuine norms in virtue of the way in which they are conducive to epistemic value, whatever epistemic value may be. So, for example, the epistemic consequentialist might say that it is a norm that beliefs should be consistent in virtue of the fact that holding consistent beliefs is the best way to achieve the epistemic value of accuracy. Thus epistemic consequentialism is structurally similar to the familiar family of consequentialist views in ethics. Recently, philosophers from both formal epistemology and traditional epistemology have shown interest in such a view. In formal epistemology, there has been particular interest in thinking of epistemology as a kind of decision theory where instead of maximizing expected utility one maximizes expected epistemic utility. In traditional epistemology, there has been particular interest in various forms of reliabilism about justification and whether such views are analogous to—and so face similar problems to—versions of rule consequentialism in ethics. This volume presents some of the most recent work on these topics as well as others related to epistemic consequentialism, by authors that are sympathetic to the view and those who are critical of it.
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Way, Jonathan. Reasons and Rationality. Editado por Daniel Star. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199657889.013.22.
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This chapter explores the recent debate about the relationship between reasons and rational requirements of coherence—for example, requirements to be consistent in one’s beliefs and intentions. Such requirements seem plausible because they explain what is wrong with incoherence. But it is unclear whether there are always reasons to comply with such requirements. And it is plausible that, if there are not, then there are no such requirements. The first half of this chapter defends these claims. The second half of the chapter discusses an alternative view of what is wrong with incoherence, defended by Kolodny and others. On this view, the problem with incoherence is that it guarantees that you have some attitude that you should not have or that you lack some attitude that you should have. The chapter raises and discusses three problems for this view.
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Trout, J. D. The Natural Limits of Explanation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190686802.003.0003.
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Chapter 3 explores the cognitive and social limits on explanation. Those limitations are defined by the biology of a species, limitations on processing and conceptual range that likely make some truths unknowable by humans. For example, the phenomenon of consciousness may be complex in a way that we could track some of its elaborate neural causes but never have a transparent understanding of its many core causes. But there is another limitation that is imposed by the world: Some problems may in fact be irreducibly mysterious. This chapter explores candidate obstacles to knowledge and understanding, and promises to show how these limitations are compatible with an “ontic” view of explanation. The ontic view holds that the quality of an explanation is determined by its possession of certain objective factors, like its accurate description of causal factors, rather than the sense of coherence or feeling of understanding it may convey.
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Cunning, David. Margaret Cavendish. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190664053.001.0001.
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Margaret Cavendish, a seventeenth-century philosopher, scientist, poet, playwright, and novelist, went to battle with the great thinkers of her time, and in many cases arguably got the better of them, but she did not have the platform that she would have had in the twenty-first century. She took a creative and systematic stand on the major questions of philosophy of mind, epistemology, metaphysics, and political philosophy. She defends a number of theses across her corpus: for example, that human beings and all other members of the created universe are wholly material; that matter is eternal; that the universe is a plenum of contiguous bodies; that matter is generally speaking knowledgeable and perceptive and that non-human creatures like spiders, plants, and cells exhibit wisdom and skill; that motion is never transferred from one body to another, but bodies always move by motions that are internal to them; that sensory perception is not via impressions or stamping; that we can have no ideas of immaterials; and that creatures depend for their properties and features on the behavior of the beings that surround them. Cavendish uses her fictional work to further illustrate these views, and in particular to illustrate the view that creatures depend on their surroundings for their social and political properties. For example, she crafts alternative worlds in which women are not seen as unfit for roles such as philosopher, scientist, and military general, and in which they flourish. This volume of Cavendish’s writings provides a cross-section of her interconnected writings, views, and arguments.
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Edwards, Elisa. The Fourth of July Is Surely Come. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199390205.003.0007.
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In this chapter, Edwards explores the meaning of Drake’s subtly revolutionary inscription and interprets it as an example of double-consciousness and alienation. Although some have interpreted Dave’s couplet as a straightforward celebration of the holiday, Edwards critiques this view, finding evidence of a “countervailing assertion of Dave the Potter’s black consciousness” in the inscription. The allusion to drums conflates war and nationalistic celebration with a tool often noted by paranoid plantation owners for being a tool of slave communication. The couplet thus hints at a “radical directive” to rebel. Edwards concludes by considering a variety of other meanings circulating around Dave’s inscription.
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Ivanhoe, Philip J. Virtues, Inclinations, and Oneness. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190840518.003.0005.
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This chapter develops various implications of the oneness hypothesis when applied to theories of virtue, drawing on several claims that are closely related to the hypothesis. Many of the views introduced and defended are inspired by neo-Confucianism and so the chapter offers an example of constructive philosophy bridging cultures and traditions. It focuses on Foot’s theory, which holds that virtues correct excesses or deficiencies in human nature. The alternative maintains that vices often arise not from an excess or deficiency in motivation but from a mistaken conception of self, one that sees oneself as somehow more important than others. The chapter goes on to argue that such a view helps address the “self-centeredness objection” to virtue ethics and that the effortlessness, joy, and wholeheartedness that characterizes fully virtuous action are best conceived as a kind of spontaneity that affords a special feeling of happiness dubbed “metaphysical comfort.”
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Cullity, Garrett. Content-Undermining. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807841.003.0006.
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The fitness of concern as a response to others’ welfare, or respect as a response to their self-expression, can be undermined when their welfare or self-expression has the wrong content: for example, when a person takes pleasure in others’ suffering. This chapter shows how, by treating presumptive fitness relations as foundational to morality, we can not only allow for such exceptions, but explain them. The explanation draws on an insight from Brentano: loving the bad is bad, as he puts it. Adapting a Brentano-style value theory, simple structural principles can be repeatedly applied to explain how the complexity of morality is generated. A view with this structure can avoid circularity, and accommodates an Aristotelian view about the value of pleasure.
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Jenset, Gard B. y Barbara McGillivray. Historical corpus annotation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198718178.003.0004.
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Chapter 4 explains the concept and process of annotation for historical corpora, from a theoretical, practical, and technical point of view, and discusses the challenges presented by historical texts. We introduce basic terminology for XML technologies and corpus metadata, and we describe the different levels of linguistic annotation, from spelling normalization to morphological, syntactic, and semantic analysis, and briefly present the state of the art for historical corpora and treebanks. We cover annotation schemes and standards and illustrate the main concepts in corpus annotation with an example from LatinISE, a large annotated Latin corpus.
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Guillery, Ray. The subcortical motor centres. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198806738.003.0004.
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This chapter looks more closely at some of the subcortical motor centres that play a peripheral or an auxiliary role in the standard view: primarily the basal ganglia, the cerebellum, and the superior colliculus; also several brainstem centres. These all play a significant role in motor control and between them receive inputs from the majority of cortical areas. The colliculus serves as an example of a centre that in mammals is often dominated by the cortex. The cortical action may be direct or may involve a strong inhibitory pathway through the basal ganglia. The standard view assigns even quite simple actions to the motor cortex, although comparable actions can be controlled in our vertebrate ancestors by the midbrain tectum which corresponds to the mammalian superior and inferior colliculi. The interactive view has information about movements going to most parts of the cortex, and has all cortical areas contributing to motor control through phylogenetically old centres. For most cortical areas, we must still learn how their motor outputs influence our actions.
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Muñoz, Gerardo Sanchis. Public Service, Public Goods, and the Common Good. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190670054.003.0007.
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The proper provision of public goods by a well-functioning, impartial government is not the only thing necessary for attaining the common good, but it is essential. The economic view of the human person as a rational, self-interested maximizer has become pervasive in analyzing government dysfunction and is employed by international agencies to generate proposals to realign the economic incentives of government officials. But this mindset assumes and encourages self-interest and undermines idoneidad (suitability)—which includes integrity, motivation, and competence—as the most fundamental characteristic that must be demanded of both elected and appointed officials at all levels of government. The failure of public institutions in Argentina is employed as a telling example of such problems.
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Stretton, Tim. Contract and Conjugality in Early Modern England. Editado por Lorna Hutson. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199660889.013.15.
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Literary scholars have long been aware of the near saturation of English Renaissance plays with marriage plots. Many Jacobean City Comedies, for example, use marriages to contrast traditional visions of society, formed around reciprocal obligations within a status hierarchy, with a more self-interested and contractual view of social relations. This chapter highlights links between marital contracts and financial contracts and considers changes in contractual thinking in the context of unprecedented litigation over conditional bonds; the displacement of dower by jointure in marital negotiations; and the increasingly contractual nature of private marital separations (in a society where divorce in the modern sense was unavailable).
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Bruce, Steve. The Value of Social Science. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786580.003.0002.
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Many elements of religious studies (expounding beliefs or interpreting texts, for example) have no need of social science, but as soon as we make assertions about changes in the popularity of religion, or of certain types of religion, or say why certain sorts of people are more likely than others to be religious, then we stray into territory that can be mapped only with the techniques of social science. This chapter presents a series of ‘things we cannot know unless we do numbers’ and, by answering the most common criticisms of what is now derided as ‘positivism’, makes the case for an old-fashioned scientific view of social science.
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Santos, Frederico Rios C. dos. A Retórica da guerra cultural e o parlamento brasileiro: A argumentação no impeachment de Dilma Rousseff. Brazil Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-86854-47-3.
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The origin of the term “culture wars” is controversial. It was in the United States, however, that the expression became popularized, through the publication of Culture Wars, by James Davison Hunter, in 1991. It was a description of the clash between two antagonistic world views, a conservative one, often associated with political right, and a progressive one, predominantly related to the left, but not only. Cultural war brings with it social and moral problems that concern, for example, sexuality, behavior, race, religiosity, etc., but which may also involve political and economic issues. From the point of view of language, it is asked: in view of these cultural clashes in society, would there be a rhetoric that is peculiar to it? Would it be possible to think of some regularities, even though this war has peculiar traits among countries and historical periods? To think about these issues, this work is based on the pronouncements made in the Chamber of Deputies of Brazil, during the vote on the admissibility of the impeachment of Dilma Rousseff, on April 17, 2016. With the help of concepts in Rhetoric and Discourse Analysis, the objective of the book is also to evaluate in which sense the arguments in the process of dismissing the former president contributed or not to the integrity of Parliament, considered the par excellence public space for deliberation of democratic societies.
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Stricker, Frank. American Unemployment. University of Illinois Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252043154.001.0001.
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This book shows that full employment has been rare in the United States in the last 150 years; excessive unemployment has been the norm. Against prominent economists who argue that unemployment is voluntary choice, it shows by analysis and many stories that being unemployed is painful and not something people choose lightly. It argues that hidden unemployment and a continuing labor surplus help explain why average real wages in 2019 are not much above their level of the early 1970s. The book locates consequential ideas about unemployment on a continuum between two opposing views. The free-market view holds that except for external shocks or government mistakes, significant unemployment is rare. People can always find jobs. But the historical record tells another story. For example, with mostly laissez-faire conditions, there were six major depressions from 1873 through 1933.The opposing view is that the business system naturally generates excessive unemployment, and at times depressions with catastrophic levels of joblessness. The book shows how the second model fits past and present facts. It also argues that the official unemployment rate, whose creation in the 1940s was an advance for economic policy, underestimates real unemployment and lessens the impetus for job-creation programs. And that’s a problem. Because many employers are happy with a labor surplus, and because tax cuts for the rich do not create many good jobs, this book argues that only direct job creation by the federal government—financed partly by taxes on the rich—will bring high-wage full employment.
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Lê, Jane y Rebecca Bednarek. Paradox in Everyday Practice. Editado por Wendy K. Smith, Marianne W. Lewis, Paula Jarzabkowski y Ann Langley. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198754428.013.24.
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This chapter explores the shared ontological basis of the paradox and practices perspectives to advance the emerging “practice turn” in paradox. The authors outline the practice-theoretical approach to studying paradox by articulating four main principles that define its research agenda. These principles are social construction, everyday activity, consequentiality, and relationality. They describe each theoretical principle, explain its implications for the way paradox is understood and studied, and illustrate it with an example of existing work. Finally, they use these principles to reflect on the potential of a practice-based view of paradox, highlighting avenues for future research. Herein the authors review, integrate, and develop a foundation for practice-based studies of paradox.
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Dearman, J. Andrew. Characters in the Book of Ruth. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190246488.003.0005.
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This chapter explores characters and point of view in the book of Ruth as an example of narrative analysis. Both major (rounded or developed) and minor (flat) characters in the narrative are examined. The depiction of Israel’s God, also a character in the short story, is also briefly discussed. Three pairs of characters play off one another. They are Ruth and Orpah, Ruth and Naomi, Boaz and an unnamed kinsman. The relationships between the characters present aspects of an Israelite community ethos, the positive elements of which are commitment to the health and vitality of the family. The actions of both Boaz and Ruth are described by the Hebrew word hesed, a term for loyalty and kindness that exceeds the requirements of law and custom.
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Fox, Alistair. A Māori Girl Watches, Listens, and Learns – Coming of Age from an Indigenous Viewpoint: Mauri (Merata Mita, 1988). Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474429443.003.0007.
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This chapter examines Merata Mita’s Mauri, the first fiction feature film in the world to be solely written and directed by an indigenous woman, as an example of “Fourth Cinema” – that is, a form of filmmaking that aims to create, produce, and transmit the stories of indigenous people, and in their own image – showing how Mita presents the coming-of-age story of a Māori girl who grows into an understanding of the spiritual dimension of the relationship of her people to the natural world, and to the ancestors who have preceded them. The discussion demonstrates how the film adopts storytelling procedures that reflect a distinctively Māori view of time and are designed to signify the presence of the mauri (or life force) in the Māori world.
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Cassam, Quassim. Vices of the Mind. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198826903.001.0001.
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This book defends the view that epistemic vices are blameworthy or otherwise reprehensible character traits, attitudes, or ways of thinking that systematically obstruct the gaining, keeping, or sharing of knowledge. An account is given of specific epistemic vices and of the particular ways in which they get in the way of knowledge. Closed-mindedness is an example of a character vice, an epistemic vice that is a character trait. Epistemic insouciance and epistemic malevolence are examples of attitude vices. An example of an epistemic vice that is a way of thinking is wishful thinking. Only epistemic vices that we have the ability to control or modify are strictly blameworthy but all epistemic vices are intellectual failings that reflect badly on the person whose vices they are. Epistemic vices merit criticism if not blame. Many epistemic vices are stealthy, in the sense that they block their own detection by active critical reflection or other means. In these cases, traumatic experiences can sometimes open one’s eyes to one’s own failings but are not guaranteed to do so. Although significant obstacles stand in the way of self-improvement in respect of our epistemic vices, and some epistemic vices are resistant to self-improvement strategies, self-improvement is nevertheless possible in some cases.
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Cheng, Russell. Randomized-Parameter Models. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198505044.003.0013.
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This chapter does not involve non-standard behaviour but is included as a contribution to the broader book theme on model building. The basic idea is to obtain greater flexibility in fitting a standard two-parameter base distribution by multiplying one of its parameters by a one-parameter mixing random variable with mean unity. Absorbing the random effect by integration yields what will be called a randomized parameter (also called compound) distribution depending on all three parameters involved. This chapter collects together a large number of examples where there is a gamma mixing distribution. Their tail behaviour is compared. For the cases where the base distribution is the Pearson Type III or V, the randomized three-parameter model is the Pearson Type VI, providing a different view of the relationship between these distributions previously examined via embeddedness. Fits obtained using some of these models in a real-data example are given.
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Masato, Ishida. Nondualism after Fukushima? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190456320.003.0015.
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Humans and environment form a single continuum, part of a larger cosmic life. This, however, seems to imply that we are continuous even with the radioactive waste produced by the nuclear meltdown in Fukushima. There is nothing surprising about this, since in Buddhism no substance is considered to have intrinsic self-nature such as “clean” or “dirty”—indeed radioactive waste is Buddha-nature in Dōgen’s worldview. On the other hand, there remains a clear distinction between purifying and nonpurifying acts, if Dōgen’s view of human agency in relation to the environment is correctly applied in our present-day context. Taking Fukushima as an example and scrutinizing Dōgen’s many passages on Buddha-nature, washing, and wrongdoing reveal our responsibility to participate in nature’s self-purifying process rather than making questionable appeals to “nondualism.”
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Huber, Claus y Daniel Imfeld. Operational Risk Management for Hedge Funds. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190607371.003.0018.
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This chapter focuses on operational risk management for hedge funds. It takes a practitioner’s view of how to implement an operational risk framework as part of an enterprise-wide risk and control system in a “hands-on” approach. The focus of the contribution is on practical implementation with simple tools, such as Excel, rather than trying to quantify operational risk with complex mathematical formulas. The chapter outlines how a midsize hedge fund can develop systematically an integrated perspective on its main risks and set priorities on how to mitigate and control these risks. It illustrates the proposed process framework and solutions by using an example of the operational risk of “unauthorized trading.” Hints to avoid pitfalls when implementing an operational risk management framework, based on the authors’ experience as practitioners, are also provided.
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Stewart, Frances, Gustav Ranis y Emma Samman. The Politics of Progress in Human Development. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794455.003.0008.
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This chapter analyses approaches to understanding the politics underlying success and failure on human development, which are of critical importance for progress, as shown in earlier chapters. It draws on Polanyi’s analysis of a long-term swing of a pendulum between emphasis on markets and emphasis on social objectives, and on theories of social movements and social change, for example put forward by Tarrow and Tilly. It illustrates the relevance of both these approaches with empirical examples. The chapter contends that democracy is a permissive condition, providing space for collective action (social movements, workers’ movements action, and political parties) to promote change favouring human development. The chapter also discusses how far politics has been incorporated into the human development and capabilities approaches, considering and critiquing the view that what is needed is a ‘democratic consensus’.
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Piggott, Glyne y Lisa deMena Travis, eds. Wordhood and word-internal domains. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198778264.003.0003.
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This chapter investigates a view of wordhood where words are analysed as complex heads that contain no phrasal material. Several cases are examined where phonological and semantic information points to the existence of word-internal domains, but these domains are argued not to be indicative of phrases but rather phases that are spelled out separately. The claim is that syntax is a better predictor of cyclic phonological patterns than either Lexical Phonology or Stratal OT. The chapter begins with a syntactic account of an apparent counter-example to the ban on word-internal phrases by positing head adjunction via External Merge. The second section presents a phonological account of mismatches between the structure produced by the phasal spell-out in the syntax and the phonological output. The claim is these structures are created through Phonological Merger, where phonological movement from a higher to a lower phase is triggered by a phonological requirement.
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Ivanhoe, Philip J. Conceptions of the Self. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190840518.003.0003.
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This chapter explores the general question of what it is to have a notion of the self and surveys a range of contemporary accounts of what the self might be. It challenges the widely yet uncritically held “hyper-individualist” conception of the self and argues that how one conceives of the self is strongly underdetermined by empirical evidence or conceptual constraints. It presents neo-Confucian conceptions of the self as an example of a traditional expression of the oneness hypothesis and shows how one can develop more relational and interdependent conceptions of the self, inspired by and partly modeled on such a view, that are not inconsistent with the best science of the day. It shows there is nothing incoherent or irrational in living in light of such conceptions, and the happy consequences to both self and other of choosing to live such a life offer good reasons to do so.
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Cappelen, Herman. Metalinguistic Negotiation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198814719.003.0015.
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This chapter, along with the next two, discuss alternative accounts of conceptual engineering, both for their own sake and to help bring out the author’s theory more by contrast. This chapter discusses and criticizes the appeal to the notion of metalinguistic negotiation found in both Ludlow and Plunkett and Sundell. Ludlow’s claim that we are constantly negotiating meanings is inconsistent with the claim that changes in meaning are out of control, and so should be rejected, and his appeal to microlanguages is problematic. While Plunkett and Sundell can avoid these problems, their view that engineering is a matter of metalinguistic negotiation is bad because someone who is interested in improving our representational devices for talking about torture (for example) doesn’t care about English word ‘torture’, but about torture itself. It closes by discussing some worries about the examples used to motivate the idea of metalinguistic negotiation.
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Frowe, Helen. The Just War Framework. Editado por Seth Lazar y Helen Frowe. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199943418.013.27.
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Much work in the ethics of war is structured around the distinction between jus ad bellum and jus in bello. This distinction has two key roles. It distinguishes two evaluative objects—the war ‘as a whole’, and the conduct of combatants during the war—and identifies different moral principles as relevant to each. I argue that we should be sceptical of this framework. I suggest that a single set of principles determines the justness of actions that cause nonconsensual harm. If so, there are no distinctive ad bellum or in bello principles. I also reject the view that whilst the justness of, for example, ad bellum proportionality rests on all the goods and harms produced by the war, the justness of combatants’ conduct in war is determined by a comparatively limited set of goods and harms in a way that supports the ad bellum–in bello distinction.
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Saprai, Prince. Contract Law Without Foundations. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779018.001.0001.
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In recent times, the philosophy of contract law has been dominated by the ‘promise theory’, according to which the morality of promise provides a ‘blueprint’ for the structure, shape, and content that contract law rules and doctrines should take. The promise theory is an example of what this book calls a ‘foundationalist’ theory of an area of law, according to which areas of law reflect or are underlain by particular moral principles or sets of such principles. The book argues that the promise theory is false, by considering contract law from the point of view of its theory, rules, and doctrines and broader political context. The book claims that ‘top-down’ theories of contract law such as the promise theory and its bitter rival the economic analysis of law seriously mishandle legal doctrine by ignoring or underplaying the irreducible plurality of values that shape contract law. The book defends the role of this multiplicity of values in forging contract doctrine, by developing from the ‘ground-up’ a radical and distinctly republican reinterpretation of the field.
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Fiddian, Robin. Consolidating the Postcolonial Agenda. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794714.003.0005.
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This chapter complements preceding analyses with coverage of themes including language, River Plate identity, self and other, and the contribution of Borges’s family line to the literary tradition of Argentina and beyond. Poems studied include ‘Alexander Selkirk’, in which Borges rewrites the Robinson Crusoe narrative, and ‘El forastero’/‘The Stranger’ (also translatable as ‘The Outsider’), which is read in a geopolitical light. The chapter devotes attention to the poem, ‘España’/‘Spain’, which gives prominence to Iberian influences on Borges and his view of Argentina. Authors studied include Cervantes and Quevedo, and William (Guillermo) Hudson, who is an example of cultural ‘crossing-over’ much admired by Borges. An essay on Edward FitzGerald and Omar Khayyam is a rich source of observations on relations between East and West and a critique of the assumptions of the Victorian English establishment.
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Goh, Ian. Republican Satire in the Dock. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198788201.003.0003.
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This chapter treats the account of the courtroom activities—Q. Mucius Scaevola Augur defending himself when brought to trial for extortion in 119 BC by T. Albucius—in book 2 of Gaius Lucilius’ satires as an example of forensic oratory in post-Gracchan Republican Rome. The fragments of Lucilius’ verse record of the trial are considered in their historical and literary context, with a view to their influence on later satirical tradition. The fragments reveal intimations of force standing in for physical injury, problems resulting from the impact of philosophy on speaking styles, and ironies of mixed identity put to service in courtroom repartee. Lucilius is something of a stenographer, whose take on the trial is slanted towards its relevance for equestrians and its sensational elements redolent of Pacuvian tragedy; finally, the identification of poet and defendant encapsulates the trial’s interest and uniqueness.
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Gert, Joshua. Color Primitivism and Neo-pragmatism. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198785910.003.0003.
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This chapter responds to criticisms raised by Jonathan Cohen, on behalf of reductionists, to the Benacerraf-style argument for color primitivism offered in Chapter One. The response stresses the fact that the argument for primitivism is perfectly consistent with the idea that some ostensively taught terms—terms for natural kinds, for example—refer to properties that have hidden essences that are the business of empirical science to determine. In this way, the Benacerraf-style argument is perfectly consistent with the idea that water is identical to H2O. The chapter also presents in much more detail the neo-pragmatism on which the book relies throughout. Rather than making the a priori assumption that descriptive language must function by making use of words that “latch on” via a substantive relation of reference to objects and properties out there in the world, the neo-pragmatist takes a more empirical view of language that reflects a deeper naturalism.
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Richardson, John. The Neosurrealist Musical and Tsai Ming-Liang’s the Wayward Cloud. Editado por John Richardson, Claudia Gorbman y Carol Vernallis. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199733866.013.0034.
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This article appears in theOxford Handbook of New Audiovisual Aestheticsedited by John Richardson, Claudia Gorbman, and Carol Vernallis. This chapter theorizes an important new development in auteur cinema, the neosurrealist metamusical, through Jan Assman’s idea of “figures of memory,” which are aspects of cultural memory that are differentiated from everyday experiences by their ritualized and temporally displaced nature. Musical numbers in this view become figures of memory that highlight reflectivity. Tsai Ming-Liang’sThe Wayward Cloud (Tian bian yi duo yun, 2005) is a classic example of a neosurrealist metamusical, a surrealist sensibility manifesting itself in the film’s collage-like assemblage of genres-art house cinema, film musicals, and hard-core pornography-combined with an element of absurdism. The use of vintage popular songs as found objects is central in negotiating cultural meanings, including tensions between local Taiwanese culture and mainland China, the mediatized West and the local everyday. Although the film contains potent critical messages, its dominant modality is playful camp aestheticism, which is theorized by means of Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick’s idea of “reparative reading.”
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Auslander, Philip. Sound and Vision. Editado por John Richardson, Claudia Gorbman y Carol Vernallis. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199733866.013.025.
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This article appears in theOxford Handbook of New Audiovisual Aestheticsedited by John Richardson, Claudia Gorbman, and Carol Vernallis. Referring to the relationship between visual and audible dimensions of music performance as an “economy” suggests that they may not work hand-in-hand. There can be competition for the audience’s attention and to influence its understanding of the performance. Relationships between sight and sound can be normative or traditional, or challenge norms. The “traditionalist” view emphasizes visible causality: what the audience sees should provide information about how the sound is being produced and perhaps about the musician’s affective state. Visual information that does not contribute to this is interference. The relative value of sound and visual information varies by genre. But even performers operating within traditionalist values sometimes challenge them by manipulating the relationship between the auditory and visual aspects in ways that go against the grain. An example is the use of light shows in both psychedelic rock and classical music concerts in the late 1960s and early 1970s.
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Faxneld, Per. Sylvia Townsend Warner’s Liberating Devil. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190664473.003.0011.
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Chapter11 scrutinizes Sylvia Townsend Warner’s (1893–1978) debut novel Lolly Willowes (1926), which tells the tale of spinster Laura ‘Lolly’ Willowes, who ends up becoming a witch liberated and empowered by Satan. The book caused a major stir, and is, it is argued, the most explicit and conspicuous literary example ever of programmatic Satanic feminism. It is demonstrated how Warner drew on contemporary understandings of witch cults and worked very much within a pre-existing tradition of Satanic feminism. Hence, the focus is in particular on aspects of the text that relate to the motifs seen repeatedly in preceding chapters, such as demonic lesbianism, a view of Christianity as a central pillar of patriarchy, and nature being coded as Satan’s feminine realm where he can offer immunity from the pressures of a male-dominated society. The chapter closes with a consideration of the critical reception of the novel.
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Vallier, Kevin y Michael Weber. Religious Accommodation, Social Justice, and Public Education. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190666187.003.0008.
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The question of what religious practices modern democracies should accommodate is urgent and widely discussed. This essay provides a framework for dealing with accommodation issues in pluralistic societies. It does this in part through examining Kevin Vallier’s Liberal Politics and Public Faith: Beyond Separation, which defends an accommodationist liberalism. His view is more permissive than this chapter’s both in accommodationist policy and on some broad normative questions; for example, this chapter gives a larger role to natural reason as a capacity shared by normal human beings and a basis for reasons not dependent on theology or religion. For secular citizens, identifying and appraising natural reasons for lawmaking is valuable both for clarifying their own thinking and communication; for religious citizens, seeking such reasons is also beneficial and need not be unduly burdensome. The essay concludes with applications of the proposed ethics of citizenship to both politics and public education.
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Gersel, Johan, Rasmus Thybo Jensen, Morten S. Thaning y Søren Overgaard, eds. In the Light of Experience. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809630.001.0001.
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A simple idea: Perception is of what is in view (before the eyes), or making noise, or the noises made, or emitting odours, or the thus emitted (etc.). What we see is, say, a pig, or its perambulations, or its rooting beneath that oak. Sight offers us a certain form of awareness of this, characterized in one way by its objects. It thus offers us occasion for another sort: we may recognize what we are aware of as, for example, a case of a pig rooting, or of an interminable drum machine. We take up the offer in exercising capacities for recognition such as they are. John McDowell has argued that this cannot be quite right (or anyway complete). For it needs to posit rational relations where there can be none. What follows argues that McDowell cannot be quite right: if he were, thought would cease to exist.
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Travis, Charles. The Move, the Divide, the Myth, and its Dogma. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809630.003.0004.
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A simple idea: Perception is of what is in view (before the eyes), or making noise, or the noises made, or emitting odours, or the thus emitted (etc.). What we see is, say, a pig, or its perambulations, or its rooting beneath that oak. Sight offers us a certain form of awareness of this, characterized in one way by its objects. It thus offers us occasion for another sort: we may recognize what we are aware of as, for example, a case of a pig rooting, or of an interminable drum machine. We take up the offer in exercising capacities for recognition such as they are. John McDowell has argued that this cannot be quite right (or anyway complete). For it needs to posit rational relations where there can be none. What follows argues that McDowell cannot be quite right: if he were, thought would cease to exist.
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Rush, Fred. Two Pistols and Some Papers. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190467876.003.0010.
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This chapter investigates the modernist credentials of Ibsen’s Hedda Gabler by considering the title character as an example of what Kierkegaard in Either—Or calls an “aesthetic” agent. Kierkegaard did not influence Ibsen in the writing of the play; rather, the claim is that the portrayal, especially of the extremely reflective aesthete of the “Seducer’s Diary,” is a formidable lens through which to view Hedda’s agency as a form of radical subjectivity. After establishing needed background in both the reception of the play and in Kierkegaard’s treatment of the seductive aesthete, the chapter discusses in detail two main scenes in the play: Hedda’s burning of Løvborg’s papers and the provision of her pistols to him and, finally, to herself. The chapter concludes with an argument that the play’s treatment of unhinged subjectivity is the most radical in the Ibsen canon, able to pass any test of high modernism.
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Waters, C. Kenneth. Ask Not “What Is an Individual?”. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190636814.003.0005.
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Philosophers of biology typically pose questions about individuation by asking “what is an individual?” For example, we ask: what is a species, what is an organism, and what is a gene? In this chapter, the author presents his account of the gene concept to motivate a more pragmatic approach. Instead of asking “what is a gene?,” he asks, “how do biologists individuate genes?,” “for what purposes?,” and “do their practices of individuating genes serve these purposes?” He proposes that philosophers use this approach when analyzing concepts of organisms and biological individuals. Following philosophical pragmatism, he argues that philosophers should view practices of individuating organisms in terms of a three-place relation: between the world, ideas, and human purposes and actions. He concludes with three lessons: an ontological, an epistemological, and a meta-philosophical lesson, which he suggests apply to philosophy of science generally and to philosophy and metaphysics at large.
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Bruce, Steve. Conversion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786580.003.0007.
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Although religious conversion is rare (most people are born and socialized into their faiths), it provides an important challenge for social science. This chapter considers the relative merits of explanations (such as brainwashing) that see conversion as something done to the convert and more activist paradigms that see conversion as an accomplishment of the religious seeker. It also considers the extent to which we can take what people say when accounting for their actions as the raw material for our explanations. It argues against the view that talk is only ever another narrative. Although an account of one’s past (given in court, for example) may well be shaped by a desire to influence hearers, it can still be used as material for inferring motives. In everyday life we untangle layers of motives and distinguish between different degrees of self-understanding and honesty. We can do the same in social science.
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Bryan, Karen M. Clarence Cameron White’s Ouanga! in the World of the Harlem Renaissance. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036781.003.0007.
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This chapter examines Clarence Cameron White's Ouanga! in the context of the Harlem Renaissance. Produced by White in collaboration with John Frederick Matheus, Ouanga! is an important example of African American opera in the late 1920s and early 1930s. It draws upon Haiti's role as the first independent black-ruled state in the Western Hemisphere, as well as the prominence of its African heritage and the voudon religion. This chapter first provides a brief synopsis of the impact and legacy of the Haitian revolution on American society in the 1920s before discussing the genesis of Ouanga!, along with its use of physical representation and description to heighten the contrast between the concepts of old and new. It also considers social and religious structures represented in Ouanga! as well as its musical representation of Haitian culture. It argues that Ouanga! illuminates the history, heritage, and complexity of Haitian culture by combining two conceptions of Haiti: a highly romanticized view of Haiti's revolutionary history with an African American response to twentieth-century society and culture.
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Ridley, Aaron. The Deed is Everything. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198825449.001.0001.
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Nietzsche is often held to be an extreme sceptic about human agency, keen to debunk it along every dimension. He dismisses the ideas of freedom, autonomy, and morality, we are told, and even the very existence of agents or selves. This book sets out the opposite view. It does so by arguing that Nietzsche was committed to an ‘expressivist’ conception of agency, a conception that contrasts with the ‘empiricist’ orthodoxy and which—partly in virtue of that fact—allows him to develop highly distinctive accounts not only of freedom, autonomy, and morality, but also of selfhood. In the course of the argument, a variety of central Nietzschean themes are revisited—for example, self-creation, the sovereign individual, will to power, Kantian and Christian morality, amor fati—often to unexpected effect. The Nietzsche who emerges from this book has a clear, if demanding, conception of human agency and a robust commitment to the value of human excellencein all of its forms.
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Rosenthal, Chelsea. Why Desperate Times (But Only Desperate Times) Call for Consequentialism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198828310.003.0011.
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People often think there are moral duties that hold irrespective of the consequences, until those consequences exceed some threshold level—that we shouldn’t kill innocent people in order to produce the best consequences, for example, except when those consequences involve saving millions of lives. This view is known as “threshold deontology.” While clearly controversial, threshold deontology has significant appeal. But it has proven quite difficult to provide justifications for it that aren’t ad hoc. This chapter develops a new, non-ad hoc justification, by showing that acting like a threshold deontologist is a good strategy for being moral, given our uncertainty and imperfect moral knowledge. And failing to use good strategies for being moral is, itself, morally bad. The argument of the chapter draws on a broader account of moral uncertainty under which we have a moral responsibility to use good procedures for being moral (“procedural oughts”), alongside ordinary, first-order moral responsibilities (“substantive oughts”).
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Naticchia, Chris. Transparency and Executive Authority. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190922542.003.0011.
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This chapter will examine the extent (if any) to which sovereign power and executive authority may be justifiably exercised through secret laws. Generally speaking, social contract views reject such secrecy—insisting instead that laws must be public. In opposition to this apparent view of the social contract tradition, we have recent developments in the United States. These developments go beyond mere government attempts to classify information or to bar disclosure of intelligence-gathering methods or capabilities. They also include maintaining secrecy in the law through which the government exercises the authority it claims. For example, the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court issues classified rulings, creating a body of secret law that determines, by implication, which surveillance activities are consistent, and which inconsistent, with the Fourth Amendment’s protection against unreasonable searches without a particularized warrant based on probable cause. This chapter will argue that the social contract tradition itself may contain resources for defending these sorts of actions. It will explore whether paternalistic principles, whose scope is determined through contractarian reasoning, might be able to account for some government secrecy that extends beyond classifying information and protecting intelligence methods and capabilities to maintaining secrecy in some governing laws themselves. The question would be whether such limited paternalism—limited to cases involving “infirmities” of our reason or will—may be justifiably expanded to cover cases where those infirmities are absent, but where typical citizens may simply be “squeamish” about the judgments that certain executive decisions require.
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Prinzing, Marlis, Bernhard S. Debatin y Nina Köberer, eds. Kommunikations- und Medienethik reloaded? Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783748905158.
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Media environments and public communication are becoming increasingly digital, and the coronavirus crisis has accelerated this development. The changes connected to this relate to key ethical values and norms, such as informational autonomy, privacy and transparency. This not only demands an empirically based discourse underpinned by theory, but also consideration of what courses of action may result from this and, from a normative perspective, what recommendations for action can be formulated. Media and communication ethics is thus confronted with some fundamental questions: Are its existing concepts and models still viable in the face of these digitally induced changes? Should they be altered or expanded? Where should this ‘reloading’ start? The contributions in this book develop important guidelines in this respect, for example on ethical demands on innovations and on truth and our world view in this post-factual society. With contributions by Klaus-Dieter Altmeppen, Christian Augustin Christoph Bieber, Roger Blum, Ekkehard Brüggemann Bernhard Debatin, Tobias Eberwein, Rainer Erlinger, Daniel Fiene, Alexander Filipović, Andrea Günter, Matthias Karmasin, Nina Köberer, Larissa Krainer, Geert Lovink, Colin Porlezza, Marlis Prinzing, Matthias Rath, Pierre Rieder, Christian Schicha, Josephine B. Schmitt, Sonja Schwetje, Saskia Sell, Ingrid Stapf, Hansi Voigt, Thomas Zeilinger and Marc Ziegele.
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Richter, Klaus. Fragmentation in East Central Europe. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198843559.001.0001.
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The First World War led to a radical reshaping of Europe’s political borders like hardly any previous event. Nowhere was this transformation more profound than in East Central Europe, where the collapse of imperial rule led to the emergence of a series of new states. New borders intersected centuries-old networks of commercial, cultural, and social exchange. The new states had to face the challenges posed by territorial fragmentation and at the same time establish durable state structures within an international order that viewed them at best as weak and at worst as provisional entities that would sooner or later be reintegrated into their larger neighbours’ territory. Fragmentation in East Central Europe challenges the traditional view that the emergence of these states was the product of a radical rupture that naturally led from defunct empires to nation states. Using the example of Poland and the Baltic States, it retraces the roots of the interwar states of East Central Europe, of their policies, economic developments, and of their conflicts back to deep in the First World War. At the same time, it shows that these states learned to harness the dynamics caused by territorial fragmentation, thus forever changing our understanding of what modern states can do.