Artículos de revistas: "Voltage droop"

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Gorijeevaram Reddy, Prudhvi Kumar, Sattianadan Dasarathan y Vijayakumar Krishnasamy. "Investigation of Adaptive Droop Control Applied to Low-Voltage DC Microgrid". Energies 14, n.º 17 (28 de agosto de 2021): 5356. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14175356.

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In a DC microgrid, droop control is the most common and widely used strategy for managing the power flow from sources to loads. Conventional droop control has some limitations such as poor voltage regulation and improper load sharing between converters during unequal source voltages, different cable resistances, and load variations. This paper addressed the limitations of conventional droop control by proposing a simple adaptive droop control technique. The proposed adaptive droop control method was designed based on mathematical calculations, adjusting the droop parameters accordingly. The primary objective of the proposed adaptive droop controller was to improve the performance of the low-voltage DC microgrid by maintaining proper load sharing, reduced circulating current, and better voltage regulation. The effectiveness of the proposed methodology was verified by conducting simulation and experimental studies.

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2

S. Pilehvar, Mohsen y Behrooz Mirafzal. "Frequency and Voltage Supports by Battery-Fed Smart Inverters in Mixed-Inertia Microgrids". Electronics 9, n.º 11 (22 de octubre de 2020): 1755. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9111755.

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This paper presents a piecewise linear-elliptic (PLE) droop control scheme to improve the dynamic behavior of islanded microgrids. Islanded microgrids are typically vulnerable to voltage and frequency fluctuations, particularly if a combination of high- and low-inertia power generation units are used in a microgrid. The intermittent nature of renewable energy sources can cause sudden power mismatches, and thus, voltage and frequency fluctuations. The proposed PLE droop control scheme can be employed in a battery energy storage system (BESS) to effectively mitigate voltage and frequency fluctuations in an islanded microgrid. Though the PLE shape can be implemented for any droop control scheme, it has been applied for active power-frequency (P-f) and reactive power-voltage (Q-v) droops in this paper. In addition, the dynamic response of a battery-fed smart inverter equipped with the proposed PLE droops has been compared with the results obtained from a linear droop control scheme in an islanded microgrid containing high- and low-inertia power-generation units. In this paper, the results of several case studies are presented to confirm the capability of the PLE droop control in mitigating voltage and frequency fluctuations in islanded microgrids.

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3

Gadhethariya, Fenil V. y Melvin Z. Thomas. "Analysis of Voltage Droop Control of Dc Micro-Grid". Indian Journal of Applied Research 4, n.º 5 (1 de octubre de 2011): 235–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/may2014/69.

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4

Zhang, Liang, Kang Chen, Shengbin Chi, Ling Lyu y Guowei Cai. "The Hierarchical Control Algorithm for DC Microgrid Based on the Improved Droop Control of Fuzzy Logic". Energies 12, n.º 15 (3 de agosto de 2019): 2995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12152995.

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In the direct current (DC) microgrid composed of multiple distributed generations, due to the different distances between various converters and the DC bus in the system, the difference of the line resistance will reduce the current sharing accuracy of the system. The droop control was widely used in the operation control of the DC microgrid. It was necessary to select a large droop coefficient to improve the current sharing accuracy, but a too large droop coefficient will lead to a serious bus voltage drop and affect the power quality. In view of the contradiction between the voltage regulation and load current sharing in the traditional droop control, a hierarchical control algorithm based on the improved droop control of the fuzzy logic was proposed in this paper. By improving the droop curve, the problems of voltage regulation and current sharing were solved simultaneously. The effectiveness of the algorithm was verified by simulation.

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5

Le, Phuong Minh, Huy Minh Nguyen, Hoa Thi Xuan Pham y Tho Quang Tran. "Analysis and design of new droop control scheme for three-phase parallel inverters in standelone Microgrid." Science and Technology Development Journal 19, n.º 1 (31 de marzo de 2016): 5–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v19i1.605.

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This paper presents a new load sharing technique for parallel-connected three-phase inverters in Standelone Microgrid. The paper proposed improvements droop controller to accurate load share by ratio with rated power of the inverter. In addition, the proposed scheme ensures reduced load voltage droop due to the load and droop. In the paper, the active power and reactive power are divided by voltage regulation under reference voltage in conditions of stark difference between line impedances, In addition the paper presents the ability to overcome the disadvantages of traditional droop scheme. The proposed model is simulated by Matlab-Simulink for 3 parallel-connected threephase inverters. The simulation results proved the technical soundness and advantages of the proposed in comparision with a tradition scheme even if the output impedance is resistance reactance in power sharing and load voltage drop reduce problems.

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6

Mohammadi, Fazel, Gholam-Abbas Nazri y Mehrdad Saif. "An Improved Droop-Based Control Strategy for MT-HVDC Systems". Electronics 9, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2020): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9010087.

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This paper presents an improved droop-based control strategy for the active and reactive power-sharing on the large-scale Multi-Terminal High Voltage Direct Current (MT-HVDC) systems. As droop parameters enforce the stability of the DC grid, and allow the MT-HVDC systems to participate in the AC voltage and frequency regulation of the different AC systems interconnected by the DC grids, a communication-free control method to optimally select the droop parameters, consisting of AC voltage-droop, DC voltage-droop, and frequency-droop parameters, is investigated to balance the power in MT-HVDC systems and minimize AC voltage, DC voltage, and frequency deviations. A five-terminal Voltage-Sourced Converter (VSC)-HVDC system is modeled and analyzed in EMTDC/PSCAD and MATLAB software. Different scenarios are investigated to check the performance of the proposed droop-based control strategy. The simulation results show that the proposed droop-based control strategy is capable of sharing the active and reactive power, as well as regulating the AC voltage, DC voltage, and frequency of AC/DC grids in case of sudden changes, without the need for communication infrastructure. The simulation results confirm the robustness and effectiveness of the proposed droop-based control strategy.

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7

Ren, Biying, Xiangdong Sun, Shasha Chen y Huan Liu. "A Compensation Control Scheme of Voltage Unbalance Using a Combined Three-Phase Inverter in an Islanded Microgrid". Energies 11, n.º 9 (18 de septiembre de 2018): 2486. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11092486.

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A large number of single-phase loads in an islanded microgrid have a bad influence on the alternating current (AC) bus voltage symmetry, which will further impact the power supply for the other loads. In this paper, the combined three-phase inverter is adopted as the distributed generation (DG) interface circuit for its independent control of each bridge. However, the combined three-phase inverter will generate an asymmetrical voltage with the traditional droop control. Moreover, the system impedance also effects the voltage symmetry. Therefore, the improved droop control method based on the self-adjusting P-f and Q-U droop curves and the system impedance voltage drop compensation are proposed. The system control scheme is also designed in detail. A simulation and an experiment under the conditions of the balanced, unbalanced loads are carried out, and the results verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the control strategy.

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8

Chen, Xiao Qi y Hong Jie Jia. "A New more Stable Droop Control Strategy in the Islanded Microgrid". Applied Mechanics and Materials 448-453 (octubre de 2013): 2228–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.448-453.2228.

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The droop control is commonly used as the control strategy in microgrid. The traditional droop control only considers the relation between the active power and voltage frequency; and the relation between the reactive power and voltage amplitude.This study proposes the improved droop control ; which considers the active and reactive power are simulatedly related with both the voltage amplitude and the voltage frequency. This improved droop control not only could satisfy the load sharing in according to the capability of the distributed generations; but also represents better stability than the conditional droop control.The simulation in MATLAB/simuliink validate the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy

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9

Zhang, Quan-Quan y Rong-Jong Wai. "Robust Power Sharing and Voltage Stabilization Control Structure via Sliding-Mode Technique in Islanded Micro-Grid". Energies 14, n.º 4 (8 de febrero de 2021): 883. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14040883.

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With a focus on the problems of active power sharing and voltage deviation of parallel-connected inverters in an islanded micro-grid (MG), in this study, the power-voltage droop controller and the inner voltage regulator are redesigned based on a total sliding-mode control (TSMC) technique. As for the power-voltage droop control loop, a droop control relation error between the active power and the point-of-common-coupling (PCC) voltage amplitude is defined. Then, the TSMC scheme is adopted to reach the new droop control relation, where the active power sharing and voltage amplitude recovery can be achieved simultaneously. Owing to the faster dynamic response and strong robustness provided by the TSMC framework, high-precision active power sharing during transient state also can be ensured without the influence of line impedances. The power allocation error can be improved by more than 81.2% and 50% than the conventional and proportional-integral (PI)-based droop control methods, respectively, and the voltage deviation rate can be reduced to 0.16%. Moreover, a small-signal model of the TSMC-based droop-controlled system is established, and the influences of control parameters on the system stability and the dynamic response are also investigated. The effectiveness of the proposed control method is verified by numerical simulations and experimental results.

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10

Yan, Xiangwu, Hongbin Ma, Jiaoxin Jia, Waseem Aslam, Chenguang Wang, Shizheng Zhang y Baixue Liang. "Precise Reactive Power-Voltage Droop Control of Parallel Virtual Synchronous Generators That Considers Line Impedance". Electronics 10, n.º 11 (3 de junio de 2021): 1344. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10111344.

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Problems such as high power coupling, low distribution accuracy, and insufficient reactive power-voltage droop accuracy occur when distributed generators are operated in parallel due to the influence of line impedance. The precise control of output reactive power and voltage is difficult to achieve using traditional virtual synchronous generator (VSG) control. Taking this into consideration, this study proposes a virtual synchronous generator reactive power-voltage integrated control strategy that considers line parameters to solve this problem. First, the impedance voltage drop of the line is compensated for in accordance with local information control to ensure the consistency of the control voltage in parallel operation of distributed generators and to realize the precise droop control of reactive power and the voltage of the point of common coupling (UPCC). Second, virtual negative impedance control is added to change the equivalent output impedance characteristics of the system and achieve power decoupling. On this basis, the active frequency and reactive voltage decoupling control effect of the improved control strategy is quantified and analyzed using the relative gain matrix. The accuracy of reactive power distribution and droop control is theoretically derived and analyzed by establishing a small-signal model of a two-machine parallel system. Finally, the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed integrated control strategy are verified via a simulation model and an experimental platform for parallel operation. Results show that the proposed integrated control strategy can effectively solve the problems of power decoupling and accurate distribution, reduce system loop current, and realize accurate reactive power-voltage droop. Compared with the traditional VSG control strategy, the dynamic deviation of UPCC is reduced by at least 40% when a large-scale load disturbance occurs.

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11

Liu, Yingpei, La Zhang y Haiping Liang. "DC Voltage Adaptive Droop Control Strategy for a Hybrid Multi-Terminal HVDC System". Energies 12, n.º 3 (25 de enero de 2019): 380. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12030380.

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To solve the problems of DC voltage control and power allocation in the hybrid multi-terminal high voltage direct current system effectively, a DC voltage adaptive droop control strategy based on DC voltage-current characteristics is proposed. Based on adjustment of the droop coefficient of the converter station, the proposed control strategy introduces the influence factor of the droop coefficient, which considers the dynamic power margin of the converter station according to the direction of DC current variation in the converter station. When changes in the hybrid multi-terminal high voltage direct current system power flow occur, the droop coefficient of the converter station can be adjusted by the influence factor of the droop coefficient, so that the converter station can participate in power regulation according to its own power regulating ability. Consequently, the proposed control strategy can reasonably allocate the active power and minimize the deviation of the DC voltage. Besides, the stability analysis of the proposed control strategy is also carried out. Simulation results have verified the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.

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12

Milan, Ivanovic, Popovic Dragan, Stojic Djordje, Veinovic Slavko, Milinkovic Milan, Arnautovic Dusan y Minic Sasa. "Generator voltage droop and voltage-reactive states of transmission network". Zbornik radova, Elektrotehnicki institut Nikola Tesla, n.º 22 (2012): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zeint22-2518.

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13

Gao, Dengke, Jianguo Jiang y Shutong Qiao. "Comparing the use of two kinds of droop control under microgrid islanded operation mode". Archives of Electrical Engineering 62, n.º 2 (1 de junio de 2013): 321–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aee-2013-0025.

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Abstract A microgrid with parallel structure operating under islanded mode is considered in this paper. Under microgrid islanded operation mode, lines bring adverse effect for power distribution between microsources (MSs). Because traditional droop control ignores this effect, MSs adopting this method can not achieve satisfactory power distribution. A kind of droop control including line compensation applied to this microgrid is proposed. It can eliminate this effect to obtain satisfactory power distribution. The relationship of two kinds of droop control with power distribution is analyzed. The reference voltage generated by droop control is applied to control output voltage of MSs. Comparison of two kinds of droop control through MATLAB/Simulink simulation is made to verify the superiority of droop control including line compensation for power distribution. The relationship between PCC voltage and output power of MSs is also presented.

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14

Kanɡ, Yilonɡ, Ningkang Zheng, Xiangyang Yan, Huanruo Qi y Kai Li. "Research on Bus Voltage Control Strategy of Off-grid DC Microgrid". E3S Web of Conferences 185 (2020): 01064. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202018501064.

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It is important to achieve stability of bus voltage in control of DC microgrids. In the DC microgrid, the traditional droop control method is usually adopted to stabilize the bus voltage for its high reliability and cost-effectiveness. However, line resistance will reduce the voltage quality of the DC bus in actual situations. In order to improve the voltage quality of the DC bus, a novel bus voltage control strategy based on modified droop characteristic is proposed. Finally, the simulation model of the off-grid DC microgrid with improved droop control strategy is built on PSCAD/EMTDC platform, and the results verify the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed control strategy.

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15

Yao, Yuan y Longyun Kang. "The Virtual Harmonic Power Droop Strategy to Mitigate the Output Harmonic Voltage of the Inverter". Energies 11, n.º 9 (22 de agosto de 2018): 2196. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11092196.

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The harmonic voltage issue becomes a challenge for a distributed generation system. Considering that droop control is the most common control algorithm used in the distributed system, a virtual harmonic power droop strategy which aims to mitigate the harmonic voltage is proposed in this paper. First, the conventional droop control is analyzed. Based on that concept, the virtual power algorithm is introduced. Second, the output harmonic voltage issue and the mathematical model of the inverter are presented. In addition, the second-order generalized integrator is briefly discussed. Third, taking into consideration the algorithms and models presented, a virtual harmonic power droop strategy is proposed to implement the harmonic voltage mitigation. In this algorithm, signals in fundamental frequency and harmonic frequency are separated with the help of second-order generalized integrators. Unlike the conventional voltage–current dual loop structure which is used to mitigate system harmonics, this method only needs the virtual power feedback to mitigate the harmonic voltage. Based on these features, the system’s control structure is simplified. Simulation and experimental results verified the harmonic voltage mitigation ability of the proposed strategy.

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16

Purushotham y Muniswamy. "Reinforced Droop for Active Current Sharing in Parallel NPC Inverter for Islanded AC Microgrid Application". Energies 12, n.º 16 (11 de agosto de 2019): 3090. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12163090.

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The paper investigates the current sharing in parallel 3-level Neutral point clamped inverter for islanded AC microgrid application. In Distributed generation, parallel power electronic interface based microgrid suffers from power quality issues due to inaccurate output current sharing. To address the current sharing problem, the paper proposes an improved droop technique that reinforces the droop loop by infusing the incurred voltage drop accountable for inaccurate current sharing at the inverter output. The control based on droop reference is bounded with regard to output current since the output impedance influences the output current of the inverter largely. Besides that, the parallel NPC inverter also suffers from dc link voltage imbalance due to neutral currents. To address these issues a control strategy is proposed in the research work in which the processed DC offset is incorporated into the reinforced droop loop and the generated reference is utilized with feedback control to accurately share the currents under linear and nonlinear load conditions. The effectiveness of devised reinforced droop strategy is realized in MATLAB/Simulink environment and experimental validation is carried out with the field-programmable gate array as hardware interface to the hardware laboratory prototype of parallel NPC inverter.

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17

Li, Yujun, Zhao Xu, Jianliang Zhang y Ke Meng. "Variable Droop Voltage Control For Wind Farm". IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy 9, n.º 1 (enero de 2018): 491–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tste.2017.2726355.

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18

Sattianadan, D., G. R. Prudhvi Kumar, R. Sridhar, Kuthuru Vishwas Reddy, Bhumireddy Sai Uday Reddy y Panga Mamatha. "Investigation of low voltage DC microgrid using sliding mode control". International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 11, n.º 4 (1 de diciembre de 2020): 2030. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v11.i4.pp2030-2037.

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As the requirement of power increases, the use of renewable energy resources has become prominent. The power collected from these energy resources needs to be converted using AC-DC or DC-DC converters. The control of DC-DC converters is a complex task due to its non-linearity in the converter introduced by the external changes such as source voltage, cable resistance and load variations. Converters are to be designed to obtain a well stabilized output voltage and load current for variable source voltages and load changes. Droop control method is the most abundantly used technique in controlling the parallel converters. The major limitations of the conventional droop control technique are circulating current issues and improper load sharing. The proposed work is to resolve these issues by integrating Sliding Mode Controller (SMC) with the converter in order to enhance the performance of DC microgrid. The entire control system was designed by taking the output voltage error as the control variables. Similarly, droop control with PI and PID were also performed and all these techniques were simulated and compared using MATLAB/Simulink. The experimental results show that the proposed sliding mode controller technique provides good overall performance and is suitable against variable voltage and load changes.

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19

Fusco, Giuseppe y Mario Russo. "A Procedure to Determine the Droop Constants of Voltage Controllers Coping with Multiple DG Interactions in Active Distribution Systems". Energies 13, n.º 8 (15 de abril de 2020): 1935. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13081935.

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In modern distribution systems, the presence of an increasing amount of Distributed Generation (DG) systems causes over-/under-voltage problems, due to the reverse power flows. To face these problems, the voltage-reactive power droop controllers of DG systems are commonly used for their simplicity and are required by international standards. On the other hand, the interaction among voltage droop controllers of different DG systems may introduce instability. The paper presents an effective procedure to determine the droop constants of voltage-reactive power controllers for multiple DG systems. Firstly, a multi-input multi-output model of the distribution system is introduced. Then, using the concept of the interaction measure under decentralized control, a simple constraint is added to the single-input single-output design of each droop controller. Such a constraint guarantees stability with respect to the interaction among the voltage droop controllers of all the DG systems. Eventually, the proposed procedure is applied to an LV test system with 24 nodes and six photovoltaic systems; the results of numerical simulations are presented, giving evidence of the effectiveness of the proposed procedure in various operating conditions of the distribution system.

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20

Abu Bakar, A., E. Pathan, M. K. Khan, M. A. Sadiq, M. I. Rabani, S. B. Goli, F. Pathan y M. A. Shaikh. "Decentralized Virtual Impedance-based Circulating Current Suppression Control for Islanded Microgrids". Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 11, n.º 1 (6 de febrero de 2021): 6734–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.3895.

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Parallel connected inverters in islanded mode, are getting momentous attention due to their ability to increase the power distribution and reliability of a power system. When there are different ratings of Distributed Generation (DG) units, they will operate in parallel connection due to different output voltages, impedance mismatch, or different phase that can cause current to flow between DG units. The magnitude of this circulating current sometimes can be very large and damage the DG inverters and also cause power losses that affect power-sharing accuracy, power quality, and the efficiency of the Microgrid (MG) system. Droop control, improved droop control, and virtual impedance control techniques and modifications in the virtual impedance control technique are widely used to suppress the circulating current. However, the addition of the virtual impedance to each inverter to compensate the output impedance is resistive or inductive in nature. The resistive nature of the output impedance always causes a certain voltage drop, whereas the inductive nature of the output impedance causes phase delay for the output voltage. Both problems are addressed by the proposed control mechanism in this paper. Negative resistance, along with virtual impedance, is utilized in the proposed control strategy. The output impedance is to be maintained as inductive in nature to achieve good load sharing in droop control MGs. The simulation results validate the proposed control scheme.

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21

Yang, Shi Wang, Peng Li, Chang Wang y Jia Ming Li. "Decoupling Droop Control Method for Power Distribution of Microgrid". Advanced Materials Research 732-733 (agosto de 2013): 1354–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.732-733.1354.

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How to ensure the security, stability and economic operation of microgrid in different operation modes is a difficult problem of microgrid research. There is active power and reactive power coupling in the regulation of frequencies and voltages because of the line parameter characteristics of microgrid. The defect of the traditional active power-frequency, reactive power-voltage droop control is analyzed and a novel decoupling droop control method for low voltage microgrid is proposed in this paper. At last, the multiple feedback loop control strategy for inverters on the basis of this proposed method and a microgrid simulation model are established. The comparative analysis between the new method and the traditional method based on the simulation results can prove that the proposed control method is simple in design, and it can assure an excellent power quality and realize the reasonable distribution of active power and reactive power between distributed generations.

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22

Siddaraj, Siddaraj, Udaykumar R. Yaragatti, Nagendrappa H. y Vikash Kumar Jhunjhunwala. "Autonomous microgrid based parallel inverters using droop controller for improved power sharing". Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 9, n.º 6 (1 de diciembre de 2020): 2302–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v9i6.2663.

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The existing microgrid has become a challenge to the sustainable energy source to provide a better quality of power to the consumer. To build a reliable and efficient microgrid, designing a droop controller for the microgrid is of utmost importance. In this paper, multiple voltage source inverters connected in parallel using an active power-frequency/reactive power-voltage droop scheme. The proposed method connected to two distributed generators local controllers, where each unit consists of a droop controller with an inner voltage-current controller and a virtual droop controller. By adding this controller to the microgrid reliability and load adaptability of an islanded system can be improved. This concept applied without any real-time communication to the microgrid. Thus, simulated using MATLAB/Simulink, the obtained results prove the effectiveness of the autonomous operation's microgrid model.

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23

Zhong, Xu, Runqiu Zhu, Kai Hou y Weifeng Yuan. "Research on the control technology of self-synchronous voltage source inverter for distributed parallel system". E3S Web of Conferences 231 (2021): 01006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123101006.

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In this paper, a small signal model based on droop controller is established for the self-synchronous voltage source parallel system. The influence of droop coefficient on system stability is analysed, and the constraint conditions of droop coefficient are given. Based on the analysis of the parallel system of self-synchronous voltage source inverter, a multi-machines parallel control scheme of self-synchronous voltage source inverter is formulated. The model and test platform are built to carry out the parallel simulation and experimental verification of distributed line impedance parameters. Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed control strategy can achieve good dynamic and steady-state power sharing.

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Ireshika, Muhandiram Arachchige Subodha Tharangi, Ruben Lliuyacc-Blas y Peter Kepplinger. "Voltage-Based Droop Control of Electric Vehicles in Distribution Grids under Different Charging Power Levels". Energies 14, n.º 13 (29 de junio de 2021): 3905. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14133905.

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If left uncontrolled, electric vehicle charging poses severe challenges to distribution grid operation. Resulting issues are expected to be mitigated by charging control. In particular, voltage-based charging control, by relying only on the local measurements of voltage at the point of connection, provides an autonomous communication-free solution. The controller, attached to the charging equipment, compares the measured voltage to a reference voltage and adapts the charging power using a droop control characteristic. We present a systematic study of the voltage-based droop control method for electric vehicles to establish the usability of the method for all the currently available residential electric vehicle charging possibilities considering a wide range of electric vehicle penetrations. Voltage limits are evaluated according to the international standard EN50160, using long-term load flow simulations based on a real distribution grid topology and real load profiles. The results achieved show that the voltage-based droop controller is able to mitigate the under voltage problems completely in distribution grids in cases either deploying low charging power levels or exhibiting low penetration rates. For high charging rates and high penetrations, the control mechanism improves the overall voltage profile, but it does not remedy the under voltage problems completely. The evaluation also shows the controller’s ability to reduce the peak power at the transformer and indicates the impact it has on users due to the reduction in the average charging rates. The outcomes of the paper provide the distribution grid operators an insight on the voltage-based droop control mechanism for the future grid planning and investments.

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25

Zhang, Zhuang, Liu, Wang y Guo. "A Novel Autonomous Current-Sharing Control Strategy for Multiple Paralleled DC–DC Converters in Islanded DC Microgrid". Energies 12, n.º 20 (17 de octubre de 2019): 3951. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12203951.

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Due to the existence of line impedances and low-bandwidth communication, the traditional peer-to-peer control method based on droop control has difficult meeting the requirements of current sharing and voltage stability in islanded DC microgrids at the same time. In this paper, a novel current-sharing control strategy based on injected small ac voltage with low frequency and low amplitude is proposed for multiple paralleled DC–DC converters. The small ac voltage is superimposed onto the output voltage of each converter. Then, the reactive circulating power is generated and used to regulate the output DC voltage of each converter. Under the droop characteristic between the injected frequency and output DC current, a feedback mechanism is generated to realize the accurate current sharing. On this basis, a reactive power-voltage limiter link and virtual negative impedance are added. Under the interaction of the two links, the bus voltage drop caused by line impedances can be almost completely eliminated. This method does not need any communication or to change the hardware structure. The controller design process is presented in detail along with a system stability analysis. Finally, the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed control strategy are validated by the results obtained from simulations and experiments.

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26

Simpson-Porco, John W., Florian Dorfler y Francesco Bullo. "Voltage Stabilization in Microgrids via Quadratic Droop Control". IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control 62, n.º 3 (marzo de 2017): 1239–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tac.2016.2585094.

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27

Johnson, B. K., R. H. Lasseter, F. L. Alvarado y R. Adapa. "Expandable multiterminal DC systems based on voltage droop". IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 8, n.º 4 (1993): 1926–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/61.248304.

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28

Baker, Kyri, Andrey Bernstein, Emiliano Dall'Anese y Changhong Zhao. "Network-Cognizant Voltage Droop Control for Distribution Grids". IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 33, n.º 2 (marzo de 2018): 2098–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrs.2017.2735379.

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29

Berggren, Bertil, Kerstin Linden y Ritwik Majumder. "DC Grid Control Through the Pilot Voltage Droop Concept—Methodology for Establishing Droop Constants". IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 30, n.º 5 (septiembre de 2015): 2312–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrs.2014.2360585.

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30

Singirikonda, Srinivas y Y. P. Obulesu. "A Novel Approach Using Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Based Droop Control Standalone Microgrid In Presences of Multiple Sources". International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 9, n.º 1 (22 de diciembre de 2019): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.9.1.43-51.

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In this paper, a novel Q/P droop control strategy for regulating the voltage and frequency in Standalone micro grid with multiple renewable sources like solar and wind is presented. The frequency and voltage control strategy is applied to a Standalone micro grid with high penetration of intermittent renewable generation system. Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy logic Interface system (ANFIS) controller is used for frequency and voltage control for Renewable generation system. Battery energy storage system (BESS) is used to generate nominal system frequency instead of using the synchronous generator for frequency control strategy. A synchronous generator is used to maintain the state of charge (SOC) of the BESS, but it has limited capacity. For Voltage control strategy, we proposed reactive power/active power (Q/P) droop control to the conventional reactive power controller which provides voltage damping effect. The induced voltage fluctuations are reduced to get nominal output power. The proposed model is tested on different cases and results show that the proposed method is capable of compensating voltage and frequency variations occurring in the micro grid with minimal rated synchronous generator. ©2020. CBIORE-IJRED. All rights reserved

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31

Lin, Shizhi, Lei Lin y Buying Wen. "A Voltage Control Strategy of VSG Based on Self-Adaptive Inertia Coefficient and Droop Coefficient". Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021 (24 de abril de 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5567826.

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With the increasing penetration rate of distributed renewable energy in power systems, the control strategy of virtual synchronous generator (VSG) is widely used for several years. Some existing VSG control strategies have been able to solve the stability problems caused by the abnormal grid voltage, but the effects of the inertia coefficient and the droop coefficient on the voltage stability are not taken into account. In order to further improve the voltage stability of the microgrid system, a voltage control strategy of VSG based on self-adaptive inertia coefficient and droop coefficient is proposed in this paper. When the voltage is far from the steady state, the increase of the inertia coefficient can decrease the voltage deviation. On the contrary, when it is close to the steady state, the decrease of the inertia coefficient can make the system response speed accelerate. According to the real-time voltage deviation, the droop coefficient can change adaptively to decrease the adjusting time and the voltage deviation during the disturbance. Finally, the simulation model of VSG is built by MATLAB/Simulink for conducting simulation experiments. Compared with other strategies, the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed control strategy are validated.

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32

Yu, Zhi Yong, Ming Lu, Zhen Nan Wang y Yi Gong Zhang. "A Droop Control Strategy with Impedance Compensation for Low Voltage Microgrid". Applied Mechanics and Materials 441 (diciembre de 2013): 245–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.441.245.

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With conventional droop control, parallel operation of distributed generations (DG) in microgrid would lead to unbalanced power sharing. In this paper, inherent limitation of conventional droop control is analyzed. Analysis results show that different converter output impedance and line impedance make the power sharing unbalanced. In order to weaken or eliminate impedance difference from point of common coupling (PCC) to DGs, virtual impedance is introduced. By the introduction of designed virtual impedance, a novel droop control strategy with impedance compensation is proposed in this paper. Simulation results are presented from a two converters parallel-connected microgrid, showing the effectiveness of the droop control with impedance compensation. Simulation results show that DGs with proposed approach can allocate the power equally, and work stably in grid-connected mode, island mode and progress of reconnection to grid.

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33

Sun, Qian, Qiuye Sun y Dehao Qin. "Adaptive Fuzzy Droop Control for Optimized Power Sharing in an Islanded Microgrid". Energies 12, n.º 1 (24 de diciembre de 2018): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12010045.

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With the serious environment pollution and power crisis, the increasing of renewable energy resource (RES) becomes a new tendency. However, the high proportion of RES may affect the stability of the system when using the conventional droop control with a fixed droop coefficient. In order to prevent the power overloading/curtailment, this paper proposes an adaptive fuzzy droop control (AFDC) scheme with a P-f droop coefficient adjustment to achieve an optimized power sharing. The droop coefficient is adjusted considering the power fluctuation of RES units and the relationship of power generation and demand, which can realize the stability requirements and economic power sharing for the islanded microgrid. What is more, a secondary control is considered to restore the frequency/voltage drop resulting from the droop control. The proposed strategy improves the stability and economics of microgrid with a droop-based renewable energy source, which is verified in MATLAB/Simulink with three simulations which are variations in load, in generation and in load and generation simultaneously. The simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy for stable and economic operation for the microgrid.

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34

Wang, J. B. "Primary Droop Current-Sharing Control of the Parallel DC/DC Converters System considering Output Cable Resistance". Advances in Power Electronics 2011 (5 de abril de 2011): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/713250.

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This paper presents a primary droop current-sharing controller that can integrate into voltage feedback controller and, thus, provides a low-cost and simple solution for parallel DC/DC converters system. From the equivalent small-signal model, a two-port network was adapted to describe the output and control variables for designing voltage and droop current-sharing loops. From the analysis results, the designed primary droop current-sharing controller will not affect the original voltage loop gain profile to let the DC/DC converter preserve desire control performance. After designing a stable DC/DC converter with primary droop current-sharing control, the stability of the interconnected parallel DC/DC converters system was studied. When the cable resistance is reduced, when the cable resistance is reduced, the interconnected system might be unstable. Finally, some simulation and experimental results demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed controller in a prototype parallel DC/DC converters system.

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35

Maharjan, Manisha, Ujjwol Tamrakar, Zhen Ni, Bishnu Bhattarai y Reinaldo Tonkoski. "Overvoltage Prevention and Curtailment Reduction Using Adaptive Droop-Based Supplementary Control in Smart Inverters". Applied Sciences 11, n.º 17 (27 de agosto de 2021): 7900. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11177900.

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Recent developments in the renewable energy sector have seen an unprecedented growth in residential photovoltaic (PV) installations. However, high PV penetration levels often lead to overvoltage problems in low-voltage (LV) distribution feeders. Smart inverter control such as active power curtailment (APC)-based overvoltage control can be implemented to overcome these challenges. The APC technique utilizes a constant droop-based approach which curtails power rigidly, which can lead to significant energy curtailment in the LV distribution feeders. In this paper, different variations of the APC technique with linear, quadratic, and exponential droops have been analyzed from the point-of-view of energy curtailment for a LV distribution network in North America. Further, a combinatorial approach using various droop-based APC methods in conjunction with adaptive dynamic programming (ADP) as a supplementary control scheme has also been proposed. The proposed approach minimizes energy curtailment in the LV distribution network by adjusting the droop gains. Simulation results depict that ADP in conjunction with exponential droop reduces the energy curtailment to approximately 50% compared to using the standard linear droop.

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36

Molina-Viloria, Eder A., John E. Candelo Becerra y Fredy E. Hoyos Velasco. "Reactive power sharing in microgrid using virtual voltage". International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 11, n.º 4 (1 de agosto de 2021): 2743. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v11i4.pp2743-2751.

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The traditional droop control strategy has been applied previously in microgrids (MGs) to share accurately the active power. However, in some cases the result obtained when sharing reactive power is not the best, because of the parameters related to the distances from distributed generators (DGs) to the loads and the power variations. Therefore, this paper proposes a reactive power control strategy for a low voltage MG, where the unequal impedance related to the distances between generators and loads requires adjustments to work with the conventional frequency and voltage droop methods. Thus, an additional coefficient is calculated from parameters of the network that relate the location of elements. The test is perfomed by simulations in the MATLAB-Simulink software, considering a three-node MG with three DGs and a load that can change power at different periods of time. The results show that it is possible to improve reactive power sharing between the DGs located in the MG according to the load changes simulated and to improve voltages with this method.

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37

Zhang, Zhong Lin y Tao Wang. "Single-Phase Independent Droop Control Strategy in Low-Voltage Microgrid". Applied Mechanics and Materials 733 (febrero de 2015): 684–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.733.684.

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In the three-phase four-wire low-voltage micro grid, three-phase imbalance usually happens because of a large number of single-phase loads. In this situation, the traditional control method cannot effectively control the voltage and frequency stability when the low-voltage micro grid operates in the island mode. According to the characteristics of the three-phase four-wire low-voltage micro grid, this paper designs a single-phase independent control based on the droop control. This paper firstly uses the improved droop control considering that the impedance characteristic of the low voltage micro gird is mainly resistance, and also designs single-phase independent control to ensure the control system have the ability to run under the unbalanced loads. Then this paper designs a two-level control strategy to control the voltage and frequency in the micro grid during the island operation. Finally, a simulation analysis based on the proposed method is used to prove the effectiveness. A micro grid is set up on PSCAD, and verifies the effectiveness of the single-phase control strategy based on the improved droop control. The proposed method can also realize the requirement of the voltage and frequency stability during the island operation. At the same time, the control method proposed in this paper can achieve the control objective under the condition of unbalanced three-phase.

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38

Lv, Zhenyu, Zaijun Wu, Xiaobo Dou, Min Zhou y Wenqiang Hu. "Distributed Economic Dispatch Scheme for Droop-Based Autonomous DC Microgrid". Energies 13, n.º 2 (14 de enero de 2020): 404. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13020404.

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In this paper, a distributed economic dispatch scheme considering power limit is proposed to minimize the total active power generation cost in a droop-based autonomous direct current (DC) microgrid. The economical dispatch of the microgrid is realized through a fully distributed hierarchical control. In the tertiary level, an incremental cost consensus-based algorithm embedded into the economical regulator is utilized to search for the optimal solution. In the secondary level, the voltage regulator estimating the average voltage of the DC microgrid is used to generate the voltage correction item and eliminate the power and voltage oscillation caused by the deviation between different items. Then, the droop controller in the primary level receives the reference values from the upper level to ensure the output power converging to the optimum while recovering the average voltage of the system. Further, the dynamic model is established and the optimal communication network topology minimizing the impact of time delay on the voltage estimation is given in this paper. Finally, a low-voltage DC microgrid simulation platform containing different types of distributed generators is built, and the effectiveness of the proposed scheme and the performance of the optimal topology are verified.

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39

Ebrahim, Mohamed A., Reham M. Abdel Fattah, Ebtisam M. Saied, Samir M. Abdel Maksoud y Hisham El Khashab. "An Islanded Microgrid Droop Control using Henry Gas Solubility Optimization". International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering 10, n.º 3 (10 de enero de 2021): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.c8365.0110321.

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Coordination of various distributed generation (DG) units is required to meet the growing demand for electricity. Several control strategies have been developed to operate parallel-connected inverters for microgrid load sharing. Among these techniques, due to the lack of essential communication links between parallel-connected inverters to coordinate the DG units within a microgrid, the droop control method has been generally accepted in the scientific community. This paper discusses the microgrid droop controller during islanding using the Henry Gas Solubility Optimization (HGSO). The most important goals of droop control in the islanded mode of operation are the frequency and voltage control of microgrid and proper power sharing between distributed generations. The droop controller has been designed using HGSO to optimally choose PI gains and droop control coefficients in order to obtain a better microgrid output response during islanding. Simulation results indicate that the droop controller using HGSO improves the efficiency of micro-grid power by ensuring that variance in microgrid frequency and voltage regulation and effective power sharing occurs whenever micro-grid island mode or when variation in load occurs.

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40

Akkari, Samy, Marc Petit, Jing Dai y Xavier Guillaud. "Interaction between the voltage-droop and the frequency-droop control for multi-terminal HVDC systems". IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution 10, n.º 6 (21 de abril de 2016): 1345–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd.2015.0814.

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41

Rokrok, E. y M. E. H. Golshan. "Adaptive voltage droop scheme for voltage source converters in an islanded multibus microgrid". IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution 4, n.º 5 (2010): 562. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd.2009.0146.

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42

SHUAI, Zhikang, Shanglin MO, Jun WANG, Z. John SHEN, Wei TIAN y Yan FENG. "Droop control method for load share and voltage regulation in high-voltage microgrids". Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy 4, n.º 1 (enero de 2016): 76–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40565-015-0176-1.

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43

Ying, Xiao, Heng Wei Lin, Zhao Yang Yan, Jian Xia Li y Ming Su. "Voltage and Frequency Droop Control in an Autonomous Microgrid". Applied Mechanics and Materials 236-237 (noviembre de 2012): 568–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.236-237.568.

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In this paper, a method for the parallel operation of inverters in an autonomous microgrid system is adopted. This paper presents the resistive output impedance control scheme that allows multiple voltage source converters (VSCs) to operate in parallel in a VSC fed microgrid. The control loops are taking into account the special nature of a low-voltage microgrid, in which the line impedance is mainly resistive. In contrast with the conventional droop-control method, the proposed controller uses a virtual resistance without communication signals to achieve good power sharing, which is insensitive to line-impedance unbalances.

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44

Han, Seunghyup, Osama Waqar Bhatti y Madhavan Swaminathan. "Computation of Maximum Voltage Droop in Power Delivery Networks". IEEE Access 8 (2020): 197875–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3035046.

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45

Vasquez, J. C., R. A. Mastromauro, J. M. Guerrero y M. Liserre. "Voltage Support Provided by a Droop-Controlled Multifunctional Inverter". IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 56, n.º 11 (noviembre de 2009): 4510–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tie.2009.2015357.

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46

Khorsandi, Amir, Mojtaba Ashourloo, Hossein Mokhtari y Reza Iravani. "Automatic droop control for a low voltage DC microgrid". IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution 10, n.º 1 (7 de enero de 2016): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd.2014.1228.

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47

Wang, Aimeng y Jia Zhang. "An accurate reactive power control study in virtual flux droop control". Open Physics 15, n.º 1 (29 de diciembre de 2017): 948–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/phys-2017-0116.

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AbstractThis paper investigates the problem of reactive power sharing based on virtual flux droop method. Firstly, flux droop control method is derived, where complicated multiple feedback loops and parameter regulation are avoided. Then, the reasons for inaccurate reactive power sharing are theoretically analyzed. Further, a novel reactive power control scheme is proposed which consists of three parts: compensation control, voltage recovery control and flux droop control. Finally, the proposed reactive power control strategy is verified in a simplified microgrid model with two parallel DGs. The simulation results show that the proposed control scheme can achieve accurate reactive power sharing and zero deviation of voltage. Meanwhile, it has some advantages of simple control and excellent dynamic and static performance.

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48

Pham, Minh-Duc y Hong-Hee Lee. "A Centralized Shifted Voltage Control Method for Accurate Power Sharing in DC Islanded Microgrids". Renewable Energy and Power Quality Journal 19 (septiembre de 2021): 155–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.24084/repqj19.242.

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Due to line impedance mismatch among renewable energy sources (RESs), it is hard to realize accurate power sharing in the DC microgrid system. To solve this issue, a distributed power sharing strategy for adjusting the RES output voltage is developed by adding shifted output voltage into each local controller. Thanks to the shifted voltage, the influence of voltage drop caused by the droop controller is effectively mitigated, so that the DC bus voltage is constantly balanced regardless of the load changes. The proposed method is realized with a centralized approach, and all the required control variable to determine the reference voltage is transmitted through low-bandwidth communication. The controller design and system stability are analyzed in detail with a simplified microgrid model. Small-scale DC microgrid is simulated to verify the effectiveness of the centralized shifted voltage control method.

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49

Zhu, Wang, Liu, Wang, Tai y Jiang. "Optimal Control of Microgrid Operation Based on Fuzzy Sliding Mode Droop Control". Energies 12, n.º 19 (20 de septiembre de 2019): 3600. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12193600.

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In the application of microgrid systems that include wind power, photovoltaic systems, diesel generators, and battery storage, the cooperative control and optimisation of power distribution between power sources is a major issue. Recently, the droop control has been used widely in microgrids. However, droop control relies mainly on the line parameter model between the grid and the load. Therefore, to improve the performance of the microgrid, the optimal control of microgrid operation based on the fuzzy sliding mode droop control method is considered in this paper. To begin, system parameters were obtained by modeling droop control with self-learning fuzzy control strategy. Then, to improve the accuracy of the power distribution in the multi-micro source system, the nonlinear differential smoothing control method was employed. Finally, by comparing the self-learning fuzzy sliding mode control based on drooping strategy and the traditional droop control method, it was demonstrated that the method proposed can effectively reduce the fluctuation of the bus voltage and improve the output voltage quality of the microgrid system.

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50

Belgacem, Moussa, Mohamed Khatir, Mohammed Abdeldjalil Djehaf, Sid Ahmed Zidi y Riyadh Bouddou. "Implementation of DC voltage controllers on enhancing the stability of multi-terminal DC grids". International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 11, n.º 3 (1 de junio de 2021): 1894. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v11i3.pp1894-1904.

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Because of the increasing penetration of intermittent green energy resources like offshore wind farms, solar photovoltaic, the multi-terminal DC grid using VSC technology is considered a promising solution for interconnecting these future energies. To improve the stability of the multi-terminal direct current (MTDC) network, DC voltage control strategies based on voltage margin and voltage droop technique have been developed and investigated in this article. These two control strategies are implemented in the proposed model, a ±400 kV meshed multi-terminal MTDC network based on VSC technology with four terminals during the outage converter. The simulation results include the comparison and analysis of both techniques under the outage converter equipped with constant DC voltage control, then the outage converter equipped with constant active power control. The simulation results confirm that the DC voltage droop technique has a better dynamic performance of power sharing and DC voltage regulation.

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