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1
Lanning, Kevin. "Democracy, Voting, and Disenfranchisement in the United States: A Social Psychological Perspective". Journal of Social Issues 64, n.º 3 (septiembre de 2008): 431–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2008.00571.x.
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ANDERSON IV, ROBERT y ALEXANDER M. TAHK. "Institutions and Equilibrium in the United States Supreme Court". American Political Science Review 101, n.º 4 (noviembre de 2007): 811–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055407070591.
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Over the last decade the scholarship on judicial politics has increasingly emphasized the strategic aspects of decision making in the United States Supreme Court. This scholarship, however, has struggled with two significant limitations—the restriction to unidimensional policy spaces and the assumption of binary comparisons of alternatives. These two assumptions have the advantage of implying stable, predictable outcomes, but lack a sound theoretical foundation and assume away potentially important aspects of strategic behavior on the Court. In this article, we identify institutional features of the Court that, under certain conditions, allow us to relax these two assumptions without sacrificing stable, predictable policy outcomes. In particular, we formalize the “part-by-part” opinion voting used by the justices, a feature that, together with separable preferences over policy issues, implies stable policy outcomes around the issue-by-issue median of the justices.
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Simas, Elizabeth N. "Perceptions of the heterogeneity of party elites in the United States". Party Politics 24, n.º 4 (15 de septiembre de 2016): 444–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354068816668676.
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While it is widely accepted that in the United States, political party labels serve as brand names which cue voters about the beliefs and ideologies of members, I explore the possibility that the signals sent by these labels are contingent upon the party membership of the individual voter. More specifically, I draw on social identity theory and hypothesize that individuals will be more likely to perceive heterogeneity among members of their own party. I find support for this hypothesis in perceptions of both the overall ideologies and voting records of US senators. Additionally, I compare respondent perceptions back to actual voting records and find that inpartisans are (1) only more likely to be correct when senators do in fact vote differently and (2) significantly less likely to be correct when senators vote the same way. These results suggest that the partisan differences uncovered are due to psychological bias and not just informational asymmetries and that biases stemming from group membership may lead to distorted opinions of senators and the representation they provide.
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Obschonka, Martin, Michael Stuetzer, Peter J. Rentfrow, Neil Lee, Jeff Potter y Samuel D. Gosling. "Fear, Populism, and the Geopolitical Landscape". Social Psychological and Personality Science 9, n.º 3 (8 de marzo de 2018): 285–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550618755874.
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Two recent electoral results—Donald Trump’s election as U.S. president and the UK’s Brexit vote—have reignited debate on the psychological factors underlying voting behavior. Both campaigns promoted themes of fear, lost pride, and loss aversion, which are relevant to the personality dimension of neuroticism, a construct previously not associated with voting behavior. To that end, we investigate whether regional prevalence of neurotic personality traits (neuroticism, anxiety, and depression) predicted voting behavior in the United States ( N = 3,167,041) and the United Kingdom ( N = 417,217), comparing these effects with previous models, which have emphasized the roles of openness and conscientiousness. Neurotic traits positively predicted share of Brexit and Trump votes, and Trump gains from Romney. Many of these effects persisted in additional robustness tests controlling for regional industrial heritage, political attitude, and socioeconomic features, particularly in the United States. The “sleeper effect” of neurotic traits may profoundly impact the geopolitical landscape.
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BAKKER, BERT N., MATTHIJS ROODUIJN y GIJS SCHUMACHER. "The psychological roots of populist voting: Evidence from the United States, the Netherlands and Germany". European Journal of Political Research 55, n.º 2 (18 de octubre de 2015): 302–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.12121.
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Braaten, Daniel, Maui Orozco y Jonathan R. Strand. "Voting for Green? U.S. Support for Environmental Projects in the Multilateral Development Banks". Journal of Environment & Development 28, n.º 1 (30 de noviembre de 2018): 28–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1070496518815216.
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This article examines the drivers of American support for environmental projects in the multilateral development banks (MDBs). We first describe how U.S. Executive Directors are guided by Congressional directives regarding environmental aspects of MDB projects. The article then turns to statistical analysis of the strategic and normative drivers of U.S. positions on MDB projects. Our analysis finds mixed support for environmental factors driving U.S. votes. The United States is more inclined to vote against “dirty” projects (i.e., mining, coal, and oil) rather than specifically support “green” projects (i.e., projects related toward climate change or biodiversity). The overall environmental performance of a country had a minor influence on whether the United States would support proposals from that country, but the United States was much more likely to disapprove of a project if a project failed to undergo an environmental analysis or failed the analysis in anyway.
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Turska-Kawa, Agnieszka. "Psychological Aspects of the U.S. Election Campaign". Slovak Journal of Political Sciences 13, n.º 3 (1 de septiembre de 2013): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sjps-2013-0010.
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Abstract Great diversity - racial and cultural as well as in terms of quality of life - in the United States forces versatility of electoral activities, pushing them to a certain level of generality, as specific, defined solutions may turn out too narrow for a broad electorate. In specific campaigns, psychological mechanisms become particularly important, especially those which in many ways provide a sense of closeness to the preferred candidate and build a relationship that leads to support and casting a vote in the elections. The present study focuses on three important - from a psychological point of view - issues, which are perfectly represented in the American elections - the narrative of the political image; communities created on the Internet thanks to management of specific electoral groups by politicians, and the presence of humor and satire in the campaign.
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Pirch, Kevin A. "When Did the Campaign End? An Examination of the Timing of Vote Returns in the 2008 General Election in Washington State". PS: Political Science & Politics 45, n.º 04 (27 de septiembre de 2012): 711–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049096512000807.
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AbstractDuring the past decade the United States has seen an increase in alternative forms to Election Day voting, including voting by mail. Voting by mail has spurred a number of studies concerning the effects it has on voter turnout and other aspects of voting. However, one important facet of voting by mail has not been examined—when people decide to send in their vote. Because ballots are mailed out weeks before the election, voting by mail creates, in effect, a rolling Election Day. This could have profound effects for campaigns as candidates must determine when to use campaign resources and campaign to an electorate who might have already voted. Using data from the 2008 general election in Washington State, this study examines when voters turned in their ballots and determines if age, partisanship, or other factors play a role in the timing of turning in a ballot.
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Peery, Destiny y Galen V. Bodenhausen. "AMBIGUITY AND AMBIVALENCE IN THE VOTING BOOTH AND BEYOND". Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 6, n.º 1 (2009): 71–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x09090067.
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AbstractThe issue of race has followed Barack Obama since he emerged on the national political scene, continuing unabated throughout his successful 2008 presidential campaign. Although the issue of race is not always explicitly acknowledged or discussed by Obama himself, the implications of his successful candidacy for U.S. politics and the ways people in the United States think about race more generally have been of great interest to media pundits, social scientists, and laypersons alike. Race has been considered a substantial barrier to the electoral success of previous non-White political candidates; therefore Obama's success requires reconsideration of how race can be expected to influence political outcomes in the future. In addition, his biracial identity also raises questions about how his role as a prominent cultural figure will affect existing racial categories in the United States. A review of social psychological evidence highlights the importance of understanding the ambivalence that characterizes contemporary racial attitudes, as well as the ways in which definitions of race and racial categories may be changing, in order to understand the impact that Obama could have on the future of racial politics. We conclude that Obama's victory represents a large step in the direction of increasingly positive racial attitudes and more sophisticated public conceptualizations of race, but steady progress in the coming years is not guaranteed. We consider some of the opportunities and obstacles that may affect the trajectory of future gains in the struggle for racial equality in the Obama era.
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Kortum, Philip y Michael D. Byrne. "The Importance of Psychological Science in a Voter’s Ability to Cast a Vote". Current Directions in Psychological Science 25, n.º 6 (diciembre de 2016): 467–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963721416665104.
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Ensuring the integrity of elections is one of the most important elements in maintaining democracy. While it is commonly believed that threats to election integrity are primarily due to security issues, the reality is that voting systems that are not designed to support human perceptual and cognitive limitations also pose a serious and immediate threat. This mismatch between system design and human capabilities can cause tremendous difficulty for voters who are trying to cast a ballot, and has almost certainly altered the outcome of elections in the United States. This article describes the psychological issues that can impact the ability of a voter to cast a vote as intended.
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Sanyaolu, Adekunle, Chuku Okorie, Xiaohua Qi, Jennifer Locke y Saif Rehman. "Childhood and Adolescent Obesity in the United States: A Public Health Concern". Global Pediatric Health 6 (enero de 2019): 2333794X1989130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2333794x19891305.
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Childhood and adolescent obesity have reached epidemic levels in the United States. Currently, about 17% of US children are presenting with obesity. Obesity can affect all aspects of the children including their psychological as well as cardiovascular health; also, their overall physical health is affected. The association between obesity and other conditions makes it a public health concern for children and adolescents. Due to the increase in the prevalence of obesity among children, a variety of research studies have been conducted to discover what associations and risk factors increase the probability that a child will present with obesity. While a complete picture of all the risk factors associated with obesity remains elusive, the combination of diet, exercise, physiological factors, and psychological factors is important in the control and prevention of childhood obesity; thus, all researchers agree that prevention is the key strategy for controlling the current problem. Primary prevention methods are aimed at educating the child and family, as well as encouraging appropriate diet and exercise from a young age through adulthood, while secondary prevention is targeted at lessening the effect of childhood obesity to prevent the child from continuing the unhealthy habits and obesity into adulthood. A combination of both primary and secondary prevention is necessary to achieve the best results. This review article highlights the health implications including physiological and psychological factors comorbidities, as well as the epidemiology, risk factors, prevention, and control of childhood and adolescent obesity in the United States.
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Rigoli, Francesco. "The Link Between COVID-19, Anxiety, and Religious Beliefs in the United States and the United Kingdom". Journal of Religion and Health 60, n.º 4 (29 de mayo de 2021): 2196–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10943-021-01296-5.
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AbstractResearch has shown that stress impacts on people’s religious beliefs. However, several aspects of this effect remain poorly understood, for example regarding the role of prior religiosity and stress-induced anxiety. This paper explores these aspects in the context of the recent coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19). The latter has impacted dramatically on many people’s well-being; hence it can be considered a highly stressful event. Through online questionnaires administered to UK (n = 140) and USA (n = 140) citizens professing either Christian faith or no religion, this paper examines the impact of the coronavirus crisis upon common people’s religious beliefs. Anxiety about the coronavirus and prior religiosity showed an interaction effect upon change in religious beliefs (t(276) = 2.27, p = .024): for strong believers higher anxiety about coronavirus was associated with increased strengthening of religious beliefs (r = .249), while for non-believers higher anxiety about coronavirus was associated with increased scepticism towards religious beliefs (r = − .157). These observations are consistent with the notion that stress-induced anxiety enhances support for an individual’s existing ideology already embraced before a stressful event occurs. This study sheds light on the psychological and cultural implications of the coronavirus crisis, which represents one of the most serious health emergencies in recent times.
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Nilsson, Johanna E. y Katherine C. Jorgenson. "Refugees in Resettlement: Processes, Policies, and Mental Health in the United States". Counseling Psychologist 49, n.º 2 (7 de enero de 2021): 178–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011000020966240.
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According to 2019 data, there are 26 million refugees and 3.5 million asylum seekers around the globe, representing a major humanitarian crisis. This Major Contribution provides information on the experiences of refugees resettled in the United States via the presentation of five manuscripts. In this introductory article, we address the current refugee crisis, refugee policies, and resettlement processes in the United States, as well as the American Psychological Association’s response to the crisis and the role of counseling psychology in serving refugees. Next follows three empirical articles, addressing aspects of the resettlement experiences of three groups of refugees: Somali, Burmese, and Syrian. The final article provides an overview of a culturally responsive intervention model to use when working with refugees.
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Bali, Valentina A., Lindon J. Robison y Richard Winder. "What Motivates People to Vote? The Role of Selfishness, Duty, and Social Motives When Voting". SAGE Open 10, n.º 4 (octubre de 2020): 215824402095037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244020950376.
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This study assesses the relative importance and explanatory power of five fundamental psychological motives for voting. Using United States survey data, we analyze self-reports on the motives of selfishness, duty, altruism, belonging, and social approval in relation to turnout. These motives have precedents in the literature, but they have not yet been evaluated simultaneously. We find that altruism and duty are the most important reported motives for turnout accounting for more than 60% of the allocations; selfish motives account for only about 15%. Turnout behavior responds positively to the motives of duty, altruism, and belonging, but it is dampened by the motive of selfishness. Turning out to vote emerges as an activity largely shaped by an individual’s social concerns and values.
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Jackson, Vicki C. "The Democratic Deficit of United States Federalism? Red State, Blue State, Purple?" Federal Law Review 46, n.º 4 (diciembre de 2018): 645–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0067205x1804600410.
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Aspects of an entrenched constitution that were essential parts of founding compromises, and justified as necessary when a constitution was first adopted, may become less justifiable over time. Is this the case with respect to the structure of the United States Senate? The US Senate is hardwired in the Constitution to consist of an equal number of Senators from each state—the smallest of which currently has about 585,000 residents, and the largest of which has about 39.29 million. As this essay explains, over time, as population inequalities among states have grown larger, so too has the disproportionate voting power of smaller-population states in the national Senate. As a result of the ‘one-person, one-vote’ decisions of the 1960s that applied to both houses of state legislatures, each state legislature now is arguably more representative of its state population than the US Congress is of the US population. The ‘democratic deficit’ of the Senate, compared to state legislative bodies, also affects presidential (as compared to gubernatorial) elections. When founding compromises deeply entrenched in a constitution develop harder-to-justify consequences, should constitutional interpretation change responsively? Possible implications of the ‘democratic’ difference between the national and the state legislatures for US federalism doctrine are explored, especially with respect to the ‘pre-emption’ doctrine. Finally, the essay briefly considers the possibilities of federalism for addressing longer term issues of representation, polarisation and sustaining a single nation.
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Grattan, Bruce J. y Josephine Connolly-Schoonen. "Addressing Weight Loss Recidivism: A Clinical Focus on Metabolic Rate and the Psychological Aspects of Obesity". ISRN Obesity 2012 (4 de noviembre de 2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/567530.
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Obesity in the United States has reached epidemic proportions and has become an unprecedented public health burden. This paper returns to the evidence for metabolic rate set points and emphasizes the clinical importance of addressing changes in metabolic rate throughout the weight loss process. In addition to the importance of clinically attending to the modulation of metabolic rate, the psychological aspects of obesity are addressed as part of the need to holistically treat obesity.
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Diaz, Joseph O. Prewitt. "The Migratory Journey of Unaccompanied Children". Journal of Psychology & Behavior Research 3, n.º 2 (6 de mayo de 2021): p21. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/jpbr.v3n2p21.
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This article provides a brief discussion on the psychosocial needs of unaccompanied minors crossing the southern border of the United States. It highlights various aspects of migration, and the resulting emotional and psychological impact on unaccompanied minors; it subsequently proposes a resilience approach, in terms of protective behaviors towards increased adjustment and success in a new environment.
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Dozortseva, E. G., D. S. Oshevsky y K. V. Syrokvashina. "Psychological, Social and Informational Aspects of Attacks by Minors on Educational Institutions". Psychology and Law 10, n.º 2 (2020): 97–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/psylaw.2020100208.
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The article examines the factors influencing the attacks by minors on educational institutions. The analysis of publications offering explanations and theoretical models of such crimes is performed. The authors present the results of their own qualitative analysis of data from an empirical study of 9 teenagers who attacked schools, and materials of criminal cases. The analysis is performed as part of a comprehensive forensic psychological and psychiatric examination. The data indicate the specific personality structure of adolescents and their existing mental disorders, as well as their special socio-psychological status in the classroom as outcasts and isolated. A compensatory mechanism of identity development is described with a focus on the role model of teenagers who attacked the Columbine school in the United States, and who imitated their actions. The role of the Internet in this process is evaluated. It is concluded that there is a need for a multidimensional analysis of such actions and appropriate preventive work.
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Popoli, Gary y Katelyn Curry. "Suicides Before, During, and After Daylight Savings Time in the United States". International Journal of Psychological Studies 12, n.º 4 (26 de noviembre de 2020): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijps.v12n4p47.
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This study was designed to investigate differences in the number of suicides committed in the United States before, during, and after daylight savings time (DST). Conflicting results in the literature suggest both a positive and negative effect of DST in the physical, mental, behavioral aspects society. As a result, some states are proposing legislation to abolish DST while others are trying to make DST permanent. This study is designed to investigate whether DST has a positive negative, or no effect on the frequency of suicide. Archival data from a governmental public database containing the total number of suicides by year and month from 2000-2017 was used. Daylight savings time was defined as the months of March through October while non-DST consisted of the remaining 4 months. The data were organized into 3 groups of 4 months beginning in November, 2007 and ending in October, 2017. The results demonstrated a statistically significant increase in suicides during DST. Most suicides were committed during July-October (M = 74.69, SD = 68.86), compared to March-June (M = 73.56, SD = 67.89), and November-February (M = 67.00, SD = 61.41). Despite disagreement in the literature, this study would suggest eliminating DST altogether. These results support other evidence which suggest a detrimental effect of DST, especially with respect to the psychological and behavioral aspects of public health. Nevertheless, there is still a need for more research to determine the impact of these one hour time shifts in the Spring and Fall.
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Vescio, Theresa K. y Nathaniel E. C. Schermerhorn. "Hegemonic masculinity predicts 2016 and 2020 voting and candidate evaluations". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, n.º 2 (4 de enero de 2021): e2020589118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2020589118.
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This work examined whether the endorsement of the culturally idealized form of masculinity—hegemonic masculinity (HM)—accounted for unique variance in men’s and women’s support for Donald Trump across seven studies (n = 2,007). Consistent with our theoretical backdrop, in the days (Studies 1 and 2) and months (Studies 3 through 6) following the 2016 American presidential election, women’s and men’s endorsement of HM predicted voting for and evaluations of Trump, over and above political party affiliation, gender, race, and education. These effects held when controlling for respondents’ trust in the government, in contrast to a populist explanation of support for Trump. In addition, as conceptualized, HM was associated with less trust in the government (Study 3), more sexism (Study 4), more racism (Study 5), and more xenophobia (Study 6) but continued to predict unique variance in evaluations of Trump when controlling for each of these factors. Whereas HM predicted evaluations of Trump, across studies, social and prejudiced attitudes predicted evaluations of his democratic challengers: Clinton in 2016 and Biden in 2020. We replicate the findings of Studies 1 through 6 using a nationally representative sample of the United States (Study 7) 50 days prior to the 2020 presidential election. The findings highlight the importance of psychological examinations of masculinity as a cultural ideology to understand how men’s and women’s endorsement of HM legitimizes patriarchal dominance and reinforces gender, race, and class-based hierarchies via candidate support.
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Suwardi, Suwardi y Azis Budiyanto. "Abstentions Phenomenon (Golput) Direct Local Election". Jurnal Bina Praja 12, n.º 2 (16 de diciembre de 2020): 203–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21787/jbp.12.2020.203-212.
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The phenomenon of the "Golput" occurs in each election fluctuation, sometimes up and down, sometimes influenced by various factors. This research uses the literature study method by summarizing some documentation related to Indonesia's phenomenon of abstentions. Factors that cause voters not to give their voting rights are political, ideological, and identity factors. But abstentions can also be influenced by an improperly organized election system. From the results of this study, someone behaves abstentions from the technical aspects due to voters' technical constraints. It prevents them from exercising their right to vote, for example, having other activities at the same time on election day so they cannot come to the voting place. Golput is a person's attachment to voting in the general election process based on psychological factors, sociological factors, and rational voter factors. On the political aspect, abstentions have reasons such as distrust of the party, and candidates do not believe in a better chance. Meanwhile, if viewed from one aspect, identity can see based on religion, education level, age, gender, etc. In terms of faith, a person decides to abstain because party is expected not to be elected as a candidate. For example, Christian tends not to choose a party that carries Islam, such as the Prosperous Justice Party (PKS), the United Development Party (PPP), and others. In contrast, most nationalist candidates or political parties are considered less representative to accommodate their aspirations. Then abstentions will be the final choice taken.
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Figueira, Filipa. "Why the current Peak in Populism in the US and Europe? Populism as a Deviation in the Median Voter Theorem". European Journal of Government and Economics 7, n.º 2 (17 de diciembre de 2018): 154–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17979/ejge.2018.7.2.4423.
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The current surge of populism in Europe and the United States calls for further analysis using public choice tools. In this article, populism is modelled as a deviation from the normal state of the median voter theorem. This study adds to the public choice literature by proposing a model of populism which is suited, not only to left-wing populism, but also to other forms of populism prevalent in Europe and the United States today. It is argued that, due to changes in the assumptions underpinning the median voter theorem, the operation of the model can be modified, and as a result surges of populism occur. Those assumptions concern: the political spectrum; the distribution of ideological preferences; sociological, psychological and historical factors; political party competition; and extreme political preferences. It is shown that the current peak of populism in Europe and the United States can be explained through a simultaneous change in all of these aspects, leading to a “perfect storm” of populism.
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Gover, Angela R., Wesley G. Jennings, Elizabeth A. Tomsich, MiRang Park y Callie Marie Rennison. "The Influence of Childhood Maltreatment and Self-Control on Dating Violence: A Comparison of College Students in the United States and South Korea". Violence and Victims 26, n.º 3 (2011): 296–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.26.3.296.
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Various aspects of social learning and self-control theories have been applied to partner violence among multiple samples in the United States, but these theoretical approaches have been less commonly studied cross-culturally. Consequently, childhood maltreatment and low self-control have been identified as risk factors for various outcomes in primarily American samples. This study examined the relationships between childhood maltreatment, low self-control, and dating violence among college students in South Korea and the United States. Findings indicated that experiencing childhood maltreatment and having low self-control were key predictors of perpetration and victimization for both psychological and physical relationship violence. Witnessing interparental violence during childhood was less consistently predictive of one’s involvement in a violent dating relationship. Implications for theory and policy are discussed.
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Adler, Richard. "Voice and Communication for the Transgender/Transsexual Client: Presenting the WPATH Standing Committee on Voice and Communication". Perspectives on Voice and Voice Disorders 25, n.º 1 (marzo de 2015): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/vvd25.1.32.
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The World Professional Association for Transgender Health is an international organization that has a purpose of providing guidelines for safe, effective, and evidence-based practice for the Transgender/Transsexual client throughout the world in all aspects of care, including medical, psychological, voice, speech, and other services. Newly formed and accepted as an integral part of the organization, the Voice and Communication Committee is comprised of four speech-language pathologists (SLPs) from the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and Australia. This article introduces SLPs to this committee and its important work in providing guidelines for offering voice and communication therapy to all Transgender (TG) clients.
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Anderson, Susan D. "“Latter-Day Slavery”". California History 97, n.º 4 (2020): 137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ch.2020.97.4.137.
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My research highlights little-known aspects of African American participation in the mobilization on behalf of women’s suffrage in California, an issue of vital importance to African Americans. The history of suffrage in the United States is marked by varying degrees of denial of voting rights to African Americans. In California, African Americans were pivotal participants in three major suffrage campaigns. Based on black women’s support for the Fifteenth Amendment, which granted black men the right to vote, black men and women formed a critical political alliance, one in which black men almost universally supported black women’s suffrage. Black women began and continued their activism on behalf of male and female voting rights, not as an extension of white-led suffrage campaigns, but as an expression of African American political culture. African Americans—including black women suffragists—developed their own political culture, in part, to associate with those of similar culture and life experiences, but also because white-led suffrage organizations excluded black members. Black politics in California reflected African Americans’ confidence in black women as political actors and their faith in their own independent efforts to secure the franchise for both black men and women.
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Anderson, Susan D. "“Latter-Day Slavery”". California History 97, n.º 4 (2020): 137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ch.2020.97.4.137.
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My research highlights little-known aspects of African American participation in the mobilization on behalf of women’s suffrage in California, an issue of vital importance to African Americans. The history of suffrage in the United States is marked by varying degrees of denial of voting rights to African Americans. In California, African Americans were pivotal participants in three major suffrage campaigns. Based on black women’s support for the Fifteenth Amendment, which granted black men the right to vote, black men and women formed a critical political alliance, one in which black men almost universally supported black women’s suffrage. Black women began and continued their activism on behalf of male and female voting rights, not as an extension of white-led suffrage campaigns, but as an expression of African American political culture. African Americans—including black women suffragists—developed their own political culture, in part, to associate with those of similar culture and life experiences, but also because white-led suffrage organizations excluded black members. Black politics in California reflected African Americans’ confidence in black women as political actors and their faith in their own independent efforts to secure the franchise for both black men and women.
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Kim, Taewon y Blake A. Allan. "Underemployment and Meaningful Work: The Role of Psychological Needs". Journal of Career Assessment 28, n.º 1 (30 de enero de 2019): 76–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1069072718824004.
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Underemployment is a global problem that is increasing in the context of recovering economic recessions and insecure job markets. In this context, vocational psychologists can play a unique role by determining the processes by which underemployment relates to aspects of work well-being, such as meaningful work. Therefore, the goal of this study was to examine the relation between underemployment and meaningful work as well as to investigate potential mediators of this relation. Specifically, with a sample of 351 working adults in the United States, we investigated how underemployment related to the meaningful work via the self-determination needs of autonomy, competence, and relatedness. Partially supporting hypotheses, underemployment was negatively related to autonomy and relatedness but positively related to competence. In turn, autonomy and competence were positively related to meaningful work, whereas relatedness was unrelated to meaningful work. These results offer insights into how underemployment might affect the meaningfulness of work and how employers and practitioners can help underemployed workers.
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Penrod, Steven D., Solomon M. Fulero y Brian L. Cutler. "Expert Psychological Testimony in the United States: A New Playing Field? 1This paper is based in part on material presented at greater length in , and ." European Journal of Psychological Assessment 11, n.º 1 (enero de 1995): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.11.1.65.
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This paper examines the legal and scientific aspects of expert psychological testimony in the United States and discusses the possible implications for such testimony of a recent decision by the United States Supreme Court. We consider expert testimony on eyewitness identification issues as an illustration of the reaction of the courts to, particularly, novel scientific evidence offered in adversarial settings. First, an historical perspective on the use of expert testimony is traced with particular attention to the criteria that state and federal courts have used in determining whether to admit expert testimony. We then examine the new Supreme Court decision and discuss its implications for the use of expert eyewitness testimony. We conclude by illustrating how eyewitness research and research on jury decisionmaking is likely to assume new importance in light of new expert evidence criteria.
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Henderson, Elizabeth y Barbara J. Guthrie. "Conceptualizing Suicidal Ideation Among Firefighters Through the Lens of an Integrated Theoretical Model". Nursing Science Quarterly 34, n.º 3 (julio de 2021): 294–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/08943184211010453.
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Suicide is the 10th leading cause of death in the United States and is a major concern among professional American firefighters, with rates for suicidal ideation in firefighters two times higher than rates in the general population. The Neuman systems model integrated with the interpersonal-psychological theory of suicide provides a better understanding of the specific occupational and cultural aspects of firefighting that lead to a greater risk for suicidal ideation. This model provides an innovative lens that can inform the development and the implementation of interventions aimed at preventing suicidal ideation among firefighters.
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Johnson, Wendy y Robert F. Krueger. "The Psychological Benefits of Vigorous Exercise: A Study of Discordant MZ Twin Pairs". Twin Research and Human Genetics 10, n.º 2 (1 de abril de 2007): 275–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/twin.10.2.275.
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AbstractThe physiological benefits of vigorous exercise are well established. The existence of psychological benefits is less clear, however, due to methodological limitations common to investigatory studies. Two of these limitations are the difficulty of establishing appropriate control groups and the large variety of highly specific measures of psychological function available for consideration of effects. To address these limitations, we identified 63 pairs of monozygotic twins from the National Survey of Midlife Development in the United States who were discordant for the amount of vigorous exercise in which they engaged regularly. The twins who regularly engaged in vigorous exercise experienced greater positive psychological functioning than their nonexercising co-twins as measured by the latent factor representing the variance common to 8 measures of mood, optimism, control over life, and interpersonal aspects of personality. The magnitude of the difference was in excess of .4 standard deviations.
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Broomell, Stephen B., Gabrielle Wong-Parodi, Rebecca E. Morss y Julie L. Demuth. "Do We Know Our Own Tornado Season? A Psychological Investigation of Perceived Tornado Likelihood in the Southeast United States". Weather, Climate, and Society 12, n.º 4 (octubre de 2020): 771–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/wcas-d-20-0030.1.
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AbstractReducing fatalities from tornadoes in the southeastern United States requires considering multiple societal factors, including the risk perceptions that influence how people interpret tornado forecasts and warnings and make protective decisions. This study investigates perceptions of tornado risk in the southeastern United States, operationalized as judgments of tornado likelihood. While it is possible that residents of the Southeast could learn about tornado likelihood in their region from observing the local environment, cognitive-ecological theory from psychology suggests that such judgments of likelihood can be inaccurate, even if other aspects of local knowledge are accurate. This study analyzes data from a survey that elicited different groups’ judgments of tornado likelihood associated with different seasons, times of day, and storm system types. Results are presented from a representative sample of Southeastern residents and are compared with a sample of tornado experts (who have extensive knowledge about the likelihood of Southeastern tornadoes) and a representative sample of Great Plains residents. Overall, the analysis finds that many members of the Southeastern public deviate from the expert sample on tornado likelihood, especially for winter and overnight tornadoes. These deviations from expert opinion mimic the judgments of the Great Plains public. This study demonstrates how psychological theory and a decision science approach can be used to identify potential gaps in public knowledge about hazardous weather risks, and it reveals several such potential gaps. Further research is needed to understand the reasons for deviations between public and expert judgments, evaluate their effects on protective decision-making, and develop strategies to address them.
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Leidy, Heather J. y Jess A. Gwin. "Growing up strong: The importance of physical, mental, and emotional strength during childhood and adolescence with focus on dietary factors". Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 45, n.º 10 (octubre de 2020): 1071–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2020-0058.
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Childhood and adolescence are critical time periods for growth and development. Given the current physical and psychological health concerns affecting United States youth, an emerging area of interest exists supporting the importance of physical and psychological aspects of strength for health, resilience, and well-being through these life stages. This synopsis highlights the key concepts that were presented within the 2018 Strength Summit conference, entitled The Role of Strength in Optimal Health and Well-being. During the conference, strength was broadly defined as the ability to successfully respond to a challenge. Although much of the current research focuses on strength from a muscle function and performance perspective, mental and emotional strength are also important components of overall health and well-being, especially in children and adolescents. This paper provides a brief overview of the clinical and/or research-based strength outcomes, summarizes the relationship between strength and health, and discusses evidence-based dietary factors that promote strength in children and adolescents. Novelty Building physical, mental, and emotional strength during childhood and adolescence lays the foundation for health and well-being. Emerging evidence indicate positive associations between diet quality and strength in children and adolescents. Promising areas include the promotion of family-based meals, with focus on breakfast, for improved strength in United States youth.
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Simashkova, N. V., A. A. Koval-Zaytsev, M. V. Ivanov y S. G. Nikitina. "Diagnostic, Clinical, Psychopathological, Psychological Aspects of the Examination of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders". Psikhiatriya 19, n.º 1 (28 de marzo de 2021): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.30629/2618-6667-2021-19-1-45-53.
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Objective: recently, much attention has been paid to the problem of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in childhood. Despite the abundance of psychometric approaches to the diagnosis of autism in childhood, questions remain about the validity of their use in everyday practice. In recent years, works began to appear in the United States calling into question the practice of mandatory use of the “gold standard” methods for diagnosing ASD. Russia has many years of experience in multidisciplinary cooperation of medical psychologists and clinicians in child psychiatric practice, which makes it possible to more accurately determine the depth and severity of autistic manifestations, as well as to determine the dynamics of a child’s development, which will make it possible to provide targeted effective assistance. Aim: to develop diagnostic, clinical-psychopathological, psychological approaches to the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders in childhood.Patients and methods: the sample consists of 254 patients aged 4–17 years (average age 7.3 years) with different forms of ASD according to ICD-10 (heading F84). The patients were examined by clinical-psychopathological, clinical-dynamic, clinical-follow-up, psychological methods.Results: the study made it possible to define the profiles of six main forms of ASD from a clinical and psychological standpoint: Asperger’s syndrome (F84.5); childhood autism dysontogenetic (F84.0); childhood psychosis (F84.02); Kanner’s syndrome (F84.01), syndromic atypical autism (F84.11),and atypical childhood psychosis (F84.12).Conclusion: the results obtained are presented in a multidisciplinary aspect, which allows the most accurately diagnose one form or another of autism spectrum disorders and to develop personalized routes of patient management.
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Dahlke, Allison R., Julie K. Johnson, Caprice C. Greenberg, Remi Love, Lindsey Kreutzer, Daniel B. Hewitt, Christopher M. Quinn, Kathryn E. Engelhardt y Karl Y. Bilimoria. "Gender Differences in Utilization of Duty-hour Regulations, Aspects of Burnout, and Psychological Well-being Among General Surgery Residents in the United States". Annals of Surgery 268, n.º 2 (agosto de 2018): 204–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/sla.0000000000002700.
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NOMURA, TATSUYA, TOMOHIRO SUZUKI, TAKAYUKI KANDA, JEONGHYE HAN, NAMIN SHIN, JENNIFER BURKE y KENSUKE KATO. "WHAT PEOPLE ASSUME ABOUT HUMANOID AND ANIMAL-TYPE ROBOTS: CROSS-CULTURAL ANALYSIS BETWEEN JAPAN, KOREA, AND THE UNITED STATES". International Journal of Humanoid Robotics 05, n.º 01 (marzo de 2008): 25–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219843608001297.
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To broadly explore the rationale behind more socially acceptable robot design and to investigate the psychological aspects of social acceptance of robotics, a cross-cultural research instrument, the Robot Assumptions Questionnaire (RAQ) was administered to the university students in Japan, Korea, and the United States, focusing on five factors relating to humanoid and animal-type robots: relative autonomy, social relationship with humans, emotional aspects, roles assumed, and images held. As a result, it was found that (1) Students in Japan, Korea, and the United States tend to assume that humanoid robots perform concrete tasks in society, and that animal-type robots play a pet- or toy-like role; (2) Japanese students tend to more strongly assume that humanoid robots have somewhat human characteristics and that their roles are related to social activities including communication, than do the Korean and the US students; (3) Korean students tend to have more negative attitudes toward the social influences of robots, in particular, humanoid robots, than do the Japanese students, while more strongly assuming that robots' roles are related to medical fields than do the Japanese students, and (4) Students in the USA tend to have both more positive and more negative images of robots than do Japanese students, while more weakly assuming robots as blasphemous of nature than do Japanese and Korean students. In addition, the paper discusses some engineering implications of these research results.
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Maul, June, Ronald Berman y Cathrine (Cathy) Ames. "Exploring the Psychological Benefits of Using an Emerging Video Technology to Coach and Retain Doctoral Learners". International Journal of Doctoral Studies 13 (2018): 049–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/3954.
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Aim/Purpose: Retention of doctoral students, particularly during the dissertation stage, has been a decades-old concern. The study examined the value of dissertation chairs’ use of a cloud-based video technology for coaching doctoral students, and its influence on psychological factors previously linked to retention. The psychological aspects included social presence, research self-efficacy, social isolation, and motivation Background: Prior research identified the importance of addressing psychological factors that lead to student retention and the development of future researchers capable of producing quality research. Methodology: An exploratory case study included a survey of dissertation chairs, interviews of dissertation chairs and doctoral students, and review of documents and artifacts in a university in the southwestern United States. Contribution: The findings revealed several aspects of the video technology that dissertation chairs and their doctoral students identified as valuable from a psychological perspective, and there were several unexpected findings. Findings: Coaching using an emerging video technology positively influenced psychological factors leading to improved research self-efficacy, scholarly writing, efficiency and effectiveness of the academic coaching process, which resulted in student retention. Students identified the relationship established with their dissertation chair while using video technology led to their decision to remain in the doctoral program. Recommendations for Practitioners: Use coaching opportunities to develop research self-efficacy as well as to increase social presence, which will help reduce social isolation and increase student retention. Recommendation for Researchers: Integrate emerging cloud-based video technologies for conducting research to engage multiple researchers at different locations. Impact on Society: This virtual coaching approach can improve the research capabilities and reten-tion of doctoral students in today’s online world during the dissertation phase. Future Research: To validate the relationships found in this study, future research should focus on the quantitative aspects of the psychological factors identified in this study.
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COELHO, Luiz Gonzaga Vaz, James Ramalho MARINHO, Robert GENTA, Laercio Tenório RIBEIRO, Maria do Carmo Friche PASSOS, Schlioma ZATERKA, Paulo Pimentel ASSUMPÇÃO et al. "IVTH BRAZILIAN CONSENSUS CONFERENCE ON HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION". Arquivos de Gastroenterologia 55, n.º 2 (16 de abril de 2018): 97–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-2803.201800000-20.
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ABSTRACT Significant progress has been obtained since the III Brazilian Consensus Conference on H. pylori infection held in 2012, in Bento Gonçalves, Brazil, and justify a fourth meeting to establish updated guidelines on the current management of H. pylori infection. Therefore, the Núcleo Brasileiro para Estudo do Helicobacter pylori e Microbiota (NBEHPM), association linked to Brazilian Federation of Gastroenterology (FBG) held its fourth meeting again in Bento Gonçalves, RS, Brazil, on August 25-27, 2017. Twenty-six delegates, including gastroenterologists, endoscopists, and pathologists from the five regions of Brazil as well as one international guest from the United States, participated in the meeting. The participants were invited based on their knowledge and contribution to the study of H. pylori infection. The meeting sought to review different aspects of treatment for infection; establish a correlation between infection, dyspepsia, intestinal microbiota changes, and other disorders with a special emphasis on gastric cancer; and reassess the epidemiological and diagnostic aspects of H. pylori infection. Participants were allocated into four groups as follows: 1) Epidemiology and Diagnosis, 2) Dyspepsia, intestinal microbiota and other afections, 3) Gastric Cancer, and, 4) Treatment. Before the consensus meeting, participants received a topic to be discussed and prepared a document containing a recent literature review and statements that should be discussed and eventually modified during the face-to-face meeting. All statements were evaluated in two rounds of voting. Initially, each participant discussed the document and statements with his group for possible modifications and voting. Subsequently, during a second voting in a plenary session in the presence of all participants, the statements were voted upon and eventually modified. The participants could vote using five alternatives: 1) strongly agree; 2) partially agree; 3) undecided; 4) disagree; and 5) strongly disagree. The adopted consensus index was that 80% of the participants responded that they strongly or partially agreed with each statement. The recommendations reported are intended to provide the most current and relevant evidences to management of H. pylori infection in adult population in Brazil.
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Cole, Brian P., Michael Baglieri, Scott Ploharz, Margaret Brennan, Michael Ternes, Tristan Patterson y Ashley Kuznia. "What’s Right With Men? Gender Role Socialization and Men’s Positive Functioning". American Journal of Men's Health 13, n.º 1 (12 de octubre de 2018): 155798831880607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988318806074.
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This study explored relations between conformity to masculine norms, gender role conflict, hope, and psychological well-being among a sample of 389 men from a university, with a predominantly White student body, located in the Midwestern United States. Bivariate correlations revealed that men’s conformity to masculine norms and gender role conflict were positively correlated. Bivariate correlations revealed no significant relations between conformity to masculine norms, trait hope, and psychological well-being. Gender role conflict was associated with decreased hope and psychological well-being. Results of path analysis explained relations between conformity to masculine norms, gender role conflict, trait hope, and psychological well-being. This indicates that gender role conflict may contribute to lower trait hope and psychological well-being for college men. Although several aspects of conformity to masculine norms had positive associations with hope, these relations were significant and negative when men experienced gender role conflict. This work fills an important gap in the literature by examining the unique relations of conformity to masculine norms and gender role conflict to men’s positive functioning. Results are discussed within the context of positive psychological theories including Frederickson’s broaden and build theory of positive emotions, hope theory, Ryff’s model of psychological well-being, and self-determination theory. Implications and future directions are discussed.
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Czapska, Karolina. "Elektronizacja postępowania mediacyjnego jako wyzwanie dla polskiego systemu rozwiązywania sporów". Studia Iuridica 77 (20 de marzo de 2019): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.1863.
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Online mediation is a convenient and fast way to resolve disputes. The experience of the United States and European countries shows that the electronic method can be successfully carried out. Therefore, using the achievements of other countries, it is worth to develop amicable dispute resolution methods by electronic means. This carries many opportunities as well as challenges for the Polish legal order. This publication discusses the development of online mediation in the world and the opportunities it brings, both for the parties to the proceedings and for the mediator. Online mediation can be a new challenge for the mediator, which will contribute to the development of his skills. I will also discuss the legal, psychological and technological aspects of the phenomenon in question. The psychological skills of the mediator and their development on a different area – the online level, is a key issue.
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Nydahl, Peter, Ingrid Egerod, Megan M. Hosey, Dale M. Needham, Christina Jones y O. Joseph (Joe) Bienvenu. "Report on the Third International Intensive Care Unit Diary Conference". Critical Care Nurse 40, n.º 5 (1 de octubre de 2020): e18-e25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4037/ccn2020958.
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Topic Many patients in intensive care units have frightening experiences and memories and subsequent post–intensive care syndrome, with psychiatric morbidity including depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Intensive care unit diaries, written by staff members and families, support patients’ understanding of what occurred and may alleviate their psychological suffering. Clinical Relevance An increasing number of critical care nurses in the United States and elsewhere are implementing intensive care unit diaries, but implementation remains challenging. Purpose To address emerging questions and support implementation in the United States, we held the Third International Intensive Care Unit Diary Conference as a 1-day preconference during the Seventh Annual Johns Hopkins Critical Care Rehabilitation Conference on November 1, 2018, in Baltimore, Maryland. This article summarizes the conference. Content Covered Conference presentations included intensive care unit–related experiences of patients and families, psychosocial aspects of post–intensive care syndrome, the evolution of diaries, implementation strategies for intensive care unit diaries, special topics (eg, legal issues, electronic vs handwritten diaries, pediatric diaries, and time of handover), and psychosocial recovery.
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Vergani, Matteo y Ana-Maria Bliuc. "The Language of New Terrorism: Differences in Psychological Dimensions of Communication in Dabiq and Inspire". Journal of Language and Social Psychology 37, n.º 5 (10 de enero de 2018): 523–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0261927x17751011.
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We investigate differences in the psychological aspects underpinning Western mobilisation of two terrorist groups by analysing their English-language propaganda. Based on a computerised analysis of the language used in two English-language online magazines circulated by Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) and al-Qaeda (i.e., Dabiq and Inspire), we found significant differences in their language—the ISIS’ language being higher in authoritarianism and its level of religiousness. In a follow-up experimental study, we found that being high in religiousness and authoritarianism predicts more positive attitudes towards the language used by ISIS, but not towards the language used by al-Qaeda. The results suggest that ISIS’ propaganda may be more effective in mobilising individuals who are more authoritarian and more focused on religion than that of al-Qaeda. These findings are consistent with the behaviour observed in recent homegrown terrorist attacks in the United States and Europe.
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Wong, Jen D. y Yetty Shobo. "The Moderating Influences of Retirement Transition, Age, and Gender on Daily Stressors and Psychological Distress". International Journal of Aging and Human Development 85, n.º 1 (22 de noviembre de 2016): 90–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0091415016677974.
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This study investigated the influences of retirement transition, age, and gender on aspects of daily experiences in adults (aged 50–75 years) who stayed working ( n = 138) and who transitioned into retirement ( n = 72). Data derived from the first and second waves of the Daily Diary Study of the National Survey of Midlife in the United States. Participants completed telephone interviews about their experiences across eight consecutive days. Findings showed a significant interaction effect of retirement transition and age on daily stressors. Gender did not significantly moderate the associations between retirement transition and daily experiences. These findings suggest that retirement transition must be considered in the context of life course influences, especially age, to better determine the quality of daily experiences of midlife and older adults, and these life course influences should be considered in programs and services aimed to help adults navigate the retirement experiences.
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Boardman, Jason D., Casey L. Blalock y Tanya M. M. Button. "Sex Differences in the Heritability of Resilience". Twin Research and Human Genetics 11, n.º 1 (1 de febrero de 2008): 12–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/twin.11.1.12.
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AbstractWe examine the heritability of psychological resilience among US adults aged 25 to 74 years. Using monozygotic and same sex dizygotic twin pairs from the National Survey of Mid-Life Development in the United States (MIDUS) we show that positive affect is equally heritable among men (h2= .60) and women (h2= .59). We then estimate the heritability of positive affect after controlling for an exhaustive list of social and inter-personal stressors, and we operationalize the residual for positive affect as resilience. According to this specification, the heritability of resilience is higher among men (h2= .52) compared to women (h2= .38). We show that self-acceptance is one of the most important aspects of psychological functioning that accounts for the heritability of resilience among both men and women. However, compared to women, men appear to derive additional benefits from environmental mastery that may enable otherwise sex-neutral resilient tendencies to manifest.
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Scyphers, Steven B., J. Steven Picou y Jonathan H. Grabowski. "Chronic social disruption following a systemic fishery failure". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, n.º 46 (28 de octubre de 2019): 22912–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1913914116.
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In the United States, the iconic groundfish fishery for Gulf of Maine cod has endured several dramatic reductions in annual catch limits and been federally declared an economic disaster. Using a repeated cross-sectional survey of fishing captains to assess potential social impacts of the fishery failure, we found that psychological distress and social disruption were pervasive throughout New England fishing communities. For instance, our results indicate that 62% of captains self-reported severe or moderate psychological distress 1 y after the crisis began, and these patterns have persisted for 5 y. Using classification tree analyses, we found that low levels of trust in fisheries management was the most powerful predictor of both initial and chronic psychological distress. Distress was most severe among individuals without income diversity and those with dependents in the household. Compared to other aspects of fisheries, measuring and managing for noneconomic social outcomes and human well-being has lagged behind, even though it is a necessary component of mitigating the adverse impacts of fisheries disruptions.
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Ohnishi, S. Tsuyoshi y Tomoko Ohnishi. "Philosophy, Psychology, Physics and Practice ofKi". Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 6, n.º 2 (2009): 175–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ecam/nen005.
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Ki(in Japanese) orQi(in Chinese) is the key concept in Eastern medicine, Eastern philosophy, as well as in martial arts. We explain the philosophical and psychological background ofKi. We emphasize that the unique aspects of Eastern philosophy are ‘non-linearity’ and ‘holistic’ approach. We then present physics aspect ofKi. Our experiments demonstrated that a ‘Ki-beam’ carries ‘entropy’ (or information), which is different from ‘energy’. We introduce our experience of having taughtKito 37 beginners in the United States through the Nishino Breathing Method. If beginners had martial arts training or a strong background in music or dance, about half of them could senseKiwithin 10 weeks (1 h class per week) of practice.
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Bornstein, Marc H., Hiroshi Azuma, Catherine Tamis-LeMonda y Misako Ogino. "Mother and Infant Activity and Interaction in Japan and in the United States: I. A Comparative Macroanalysis of Naturalistic Exchanges". International Journal of Behavioral Development 13, n.º 3 (septiembre de 1990): 267–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016502549001300302.
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It is widely held that Japanese and U.S. Americans differ in prominent aspects of their psychological make-ups, and that experiences of early life may be responsible for certain social and intellectual distinctions between members of these two cultures. To compare and contrast activities and interactions of Japanese and American mothers and their 5-month-old infants, 48 mother-infant dyads, half in Tokyo and half in New York City, were observed in the natural setting of their homes. This report examines mothers visual and verbal stimulation of infants and infants visual and tactual exploration and vocalisation from a macroanalytic viewpoint. First, similarities and differences among Japanese and American infants and mothers on these activities are assessed. Next, covariation among infants activities and among mothers activities within each culture is evaluated, and resultant patterns of covariation between the two cultures are compared. Finally, correspondence between mothers and infants activities in each culture is analysed, and patterns of interactions between the two cultures are compared. Two issues are discussed. First considered are the identification and description of activities, interactions, and developmental processes that are similar and different in these two cultures, and second considered are cross-cultural tests of developmental issues related to covariation and correspondence of activity in mother-infant dyads.
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Diener, Ed y Martin E. P. Seligman. "Beyond Money: Progress on an Economy of Well-Being". Perspectives on Psychological Science 13, n.º 2 (marzo de 2018): 171–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1745691616689467.
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In our 2004 “Beyond Money” article, we argued that national accounts of psychological and subjective well-being should complement the economic indicators that frequently guide policy decisions. We claimed that economic indicators fail to reflect important aspects of quality of life that well-being indicators capture. Since the time of our article, progress has been made, and scores of nations have used some forms of well-being measures. The National Academy of Sciences of the United States and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development both issued reports on accounts of well-being. Researchers have pointed to policies that are supported by the findings, such as environmental and economic policies. The emergence of “big data” has opened major new pathways for measuring well-being in inexpensive, unobtrusive, and nonreactive fashion. Psychological researchers now need to create superordinate combinations of subjective and objective measures of well-being to study the impact of the policies they advocate. The accounts can serve as a lever for convincing policymakers to enact policies that increase human flourishing.
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Jahoda, Gustav. "Seventy years of social psychology: A cultural and personal critique". Journal of Social and Political Psychology 4, n.º 1 (24 de mayo de 2016): 364–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/jspp.v4i1.621.
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This paper traces some salient aspects of my research career, focusing largely on work in West Africa. From this lessons are drawn about the shortcomings of social psychology, especially in its laboratory version. It tends to tacitly ignore the effects of cultural influences, assuming that its findings are universally valid. Studies are mainly conducted with adults, generally college students, who are unrepresentative even of the general population of the United States where the bulk of social psychological studies are concentrated. This is justified in terms an alleged ‘psychic unity’. Social psychology pays little attention to the processes whereby children become socialized into particular cultures, which then governs their social behaviour. Methods are usually formal, and observational ones are eschewed, so that research takes place in artificial setting. This brings me to the almost complete absence of links with cognate disciplines, notably anthropology, which could greatly enrich social psychology. Suggestions are made for more wide-ranging approaches which would overcome the aridity of a great deal of current experimental social psychological research.
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Leskova, Irina, Dmitriy Ermakov, Elena Matushevskaya y Ol'ga Nishnianidze. "Socio-medical aspects of the normalization of body mass". Obesity and metabolism 13, n.º 4 (29 de diciembre de 2016): 49–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/omet2016449-52.
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Increased body mass index (BMI) in today's world has become one of the most common and extremely dangerous to humanity diseases. The expansion of fast food chains, high-calorie food, sedentary lifestyle, stress, accumulation of population in cities – the main causes of overweight. In the twenty-first century, in scientific literature introduced a new term "globesity", reflecting the global nature of global problems. However, studies in recent years, several break this logic: "overweight – obesity – the risk of chronic diseases – the risk of premature death." Often, those with elevated BMI have a greater life expectancy than patients with normal or decreased BMI. The latter causes the appearance of a new term "obesity paradox". Indeed, increased BMI significantly reduces the quality of life, increases the risk of social problems. Persons suffering from increased BMI, harder to find a job and to arrange his personal life. In the United States of America the presence of increased body mass index (BMI) results in a significant rise in the cost of health insurance. Reducing excess weight is completely dependent on patients who need along with medication to live a healthy lifestyle. An important direction of minimize obesity and its consequences seem to be a diet, refusal of personal transport, leisure, vacation travel. American society of specialists in the field of metabolic and bariatric surgery define obesity as a chronic, relapsing, multifactorial neurobehavioral disorder in which the increase of fat in the body contributes to the dysfunction of adipose tissue with the development of threat for physical and psychological health of the metabolic and psychosocial consequences.
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O'Neill, Kathleen M., Blake N. Shultz, Carolyn T. Lye, Megan L. Ranney, Gail D'Onofrio y Edouard Coupet. "Physicians on the Frontlines: Understanding the Lived Experience of Physicians Working in Communities That Experienced a Mass Casualty Shooting". Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 48, S4 (2020): 55–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073110520979402.
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This qualitative study describes the lived experience of physicians who work in communities that have experienced a public mass shooting. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with seventeen physicians involved in eight separate mass casualty shooting incidents in the United States. Four major themes emerged from constant comparative analysis: (1) The psychological toll on physicians: “I wonder if I'm broken”; (2) the importance of and need for mass casualty shooting preparedness: “[We need to] recognize this as a public health concern and train physicians to manage it”; (3) massive media attention: “The media onslaught was unbelievable”; and (4) commitment to advocacy for a public health approach to firearm violence: “I want to do whatever I can to prevent some of these terrible events.”