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1
Sparling, G. P., J. C. Williamson, G. N. Magesan, L. A. Schipper y A. Rh Lloyd-Jones. "Hydraulic conductivity in soils irrigated with wastewaters of differing strengths: Field and laboratory studies". Soil Research 37, n.º 2 (1999): 391. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/s98030.
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Application of wastewater can decrease the hydraulic conductivity of soils, and so reduce future loading rates. A possible mechanism for this decrease is blockage of soil pores by microbial growth and extracellular carbohydrate production. Our objective was to determine whether wastewater characteristics that increased microbial biomass and carbohydrate also decreased soil hydraulic conductivity. In field trials, irrigation of secondary-treated wastewater for 7 years onto a sandy soil increased carbohydrate, but had no effect on microbial C or unsaturated hydraulic conductivity, relative to non-irrigated soil. Irrigation of tertiary-treated wastewater for 5 years onto an allophanic soil had no significant effect on these soil characteristics. Effects on soil properties of wastewater with differing carbon : nitrogen (C : N) ratio were examined in the laboratory on repacked cores of the allophanic soil over 14 weeks. Unsaturated hydraulic conductivity decreased significantly in cores irrigated with the high C: N wastewater. These cores also exhibited an increase in soil carbohydrate content, microbial biomass, and respiration relative to cores irrigated with water. This study has demonstrated that the land treatment of industrial wastewaters of high C: N ratio and high biochemical oxygen demand could be problematic, even on freely draining soils.
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Al-Muzaini, Saleh y Ahmad A. Ghosn. "Fate of Conventional/Priority Organic Pollutants Associated with Wastewater Reuse in Soil Irrigation in Kuwait". Water Science and Technology 40, n.º 7 (1 de octubre de 1999): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0314.
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Soil contamination from conventional/priority organic pollutants associated the reuse of wastewater for agricultural irrigation in selected sites in Kuwait is assessed in this paper using a laboratory pilot plant designed for this purpose. The permeated wastewaters included industrial and tertiary treated wastewaters from different industrial and wastewater treatment plants in Kuwait. Tab (potable) water will be also used as a reference base. The investigated soil sites covered representative agricultural areas in Kuwait including Al-Wafra, Al-Abdally and Sulaibiya agricultural sites. The soil characteristics in these sites are presented. The preliminary results of pilot plant tests for Abdally area soils are discussed herein and related conclusions and remarks are outlined.
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Aghajani Shahrivar, A., D. Hagare, B. Maheshwari y M. Muhitur Rahman. "The effect of irrigation using recycled waters obtained from MBR and IDAL wastewater treatment systems on soil pH and EC under kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum) production". Water Supply 20, n.º 4 (27 de marzo de 2020): 1313–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2020.049.
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Abstract The main objective of this study was to determine the effect of irrigation using three different types of waters, namely treated wastewater through membrane bioreactor (MBR) system, treated wastewater via intermittently decanted aerated lagoon (IDAL) process and tap water (TW) on soil pH and electrical conductivity (EC) under kikuyu grass production. No fertilizer was added during the study period (1 year). Irrigation waters and water and soil samples extracted from different soil depths were analysed in laboratory. Considerable changes occurred in soil characteristics over the study period under various treatments. Soil pH increased more than 1 unit under irrigation with treated wastewater produced by the IDAL system while soil irrigated with treated wastewater from the MBR treatment system showed little change and TW irrigated soil evidenced a slight decrease when compared to pH at the beginning of the study. There was also a remarkable increase recorded for EC1:5 of top soils irrigated with treated wastewaters compared to the initial EC of the soil. The results from this study highlighted the benefits of irrigation with treated wastewater from the MBR system due to its lower cost of treatment compared to the IDAL process while providing additional nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus from the wastewater for plant growth.
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Sparling, G. P., R. Littler, L. A. Schipper, B. Stevenson, L. Sherman y J. M. Russell. "Changes in characteristics of soils irrigated with processing wastewater from three New Zealand dairy factories". Soil Research 53, n.º 4 (2015): 448. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr14365.
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Application to land is the preferred method for the treatment of wastewaters in New Zealand. For land treatment to be effective, it is essential that the soils can accept the volumes of wastewater applied and degrade or store the constituents in the wastewater. We report on 14 soil chemical, biochemical and physical characteristics of soils (0–10 cm depth) used for wastewater treatment at the Fonterra dairy factories at Hautapu, Lichfield and Edgecumbe in the North Island of New Zealand. The soils are under grazed pasture for dairying and receive wastewater by spray irrigation. The soils were monitored approximately every 2 years between 1995 and 2005 and at the end of monitoring had been under irrigation for 10–26 years. Matched, non-irrigated pasture soils on adjacent dairy farms were sampled for comparison. The wastewater composition from the three factories differed, reflecting the products manufactured. Loadings were greatest at the Hautapu factory, which also had the longest history of irrigation (26 years). At all three sites, the physical characteristics of irrigated soils were very similar to their non-irrigated comparisons. A consistent trend was for microbial mass and activity, and particularly nitrogen (N) turnover, to be markedly greater on the irrigated soils. The C (carbon) : N ratios of irrigated and non-irrigated soils at Lichfield and Edgecumbe were similar, but at Hautapu the C : N ratio of irrigated soil was 8.3 and significantly (P < 0.05) lower than non-irrigated soil (11.1), suggesting little further capacity to store additional N as organic matter. Irrigation tended to increase the soil pH at all sites to above neutral even though the wastewater was acidic. We consider that the characteristics of irrigated soils at Edgecumbe and Lichfield factories are generally satisfactory. Fonterra is continuing to reduce loadings in both composition and volumes of wastewater irrigated.
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Orta de Velásquez, M. T., K. Velázquez Pedroza, I. Yáñez-Noguez, I. Monje-Ramírez y A. E. Campos-Reales-Pineda. "Effects on macronutrient contents in soil-plant irrigated with different quality waters and wastewaters". Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 4, n.º 1 (13 de agosto de 2013): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2013.016.
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The goals of this research were focused on investigating the effects of irrigation with untreated wastewater, ozone-enhanced primary treated wastewaters (O3EPTW), tap water and tap water + fertilizer on the macronutrient content in soil and plant tissues. The effect on plant development was evaluated by growing Lactuca sativa in soils irrigated with these different quality waters and wastewaters, and by determining the macronutrients content in water, soil and plants. In this study, the soils irrigated with O3EPTW showed increased organic matter concentrations, which is advantageous for crop cultivation. The electric conductivity for the O3EPTW irrigated soils remained below those of the tap water + fertilizer and untreated wastewater. The soil irrigated with tap water + fertilizer showed a marked decrease in pH, and its long-term use could lead to soil acidification. Macronutrient levels in plant tissues (N, K and Mg contents) were similar for all irrigation waters, except for tap water which always remained lower than the others. It was concluded that the use of O3EPTW may become a good irrigation alternative that can be employed without the health risks associated with the use of untreated wastewaters, also reducing the adverse effects on soil's salinity or acidification.
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Gulyas, H., R. von Bismarck y L. Hemmerling. "Treatment of industrial wastewaters with ozone/hydrogen peroxide". Water Science and Technology 32, n.º 7 (1 de octubre de 1995): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0217.
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Treatment with ozone and ozone/hydrogen peroxide was tested in a laboratory scale reactor for removal of organics from four different industrial wastewaters: wastewaters of a paper-mill and of a biotechnical pharmaceutical process as well as two process waters from soil remediation by supercritical water extraction. Moreover, an aqueous solution of triethyleneglycoldimethylether and humic acid which was a model for a biologically treated oil reclaiming wastewater was also oxidized. The aim of the oxidation of the pharmaceutical wastewater was the removal of the preservative 1.1.1-trichloro-2-methyl-2-propanol (TCMP). Although TCMP could easily be removed from pure aqueous solutions by treatment with ozone/hydrogen peroxide, the oxidation of the wastewater failed to be effective in TCMP degradation because of competitive ozonation of other organic solutes in the wastewater. The ozonation of the paper-mill wastewater and of the soil remediation process waters decreased COD and TOC to some extent. The presence of organic wastewater solutes which contain C-C double bonds (ligninsulfonic acid in the treated paper-mill effluent and humic acid in the oil reclaiming model wastewater) were shown to yield hydrogen peroxide by the reaction with ozone. Therefore, these wastewaters are efficiently ozonated even without addition of hydrogen peroxide. Chemical Oxidation of paper-mill wastewater and of wastewaters resulting from soil remediation did not improve biological degradability of organic wastewater constituents.
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ABAGALE, Felix K., Gbaal C. LETEY y Agyeman R. OSEI. "Effect of Source of Irrigation Water on Soil Chemical Properties in Tamale Metropolis, Ghana". Ghana Journal of Science, Technology and Development 7, n.º 1 (8 de agosto de 2020): 58–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.47881/221.967x.
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This study analyzed the effect of different water sources of irrigation on the chemical constituents of soils in the Tamale Metropolis of Ghana. Soil samples were taken from depths of 0 – 30 cm and 30 – 60 cm in wastewater, pipe water and non-irrigated (control) sites. Variations in levels of concentration of the various chemical properties, however, occurred among the three different soils. With the exception of % N and Mg, there was no significant difference among all the three soils for all the parameters. The results indicated that N level increased in wastewater irrigated soils as compared to pipe water and non-irrigated soils. P increased with wastewater irrigation but decreased with soil depth. K concentration in wastewater irrigated soils increased in the depth of 0 – 30 cm but decreased in the depth of 30 – 60 cm. Wastewater and pipe water irrigation decreased soil Na and Cl levels compared to the control (non-irrigated soils). Wastewater irrigation increased the level of EC and CEC whilst Cu, Zn and Cd levels increased with soil depth. Cu, Zn and Cd levels of the wastewater, pipe water and non-irrigated soils were higher than the FAO (1985) recommended levels for both depths. It can be concluded that irrigation with wastewater increased soil primary macro nutrients (NPK) whilst micro nutrients such as sodium and chloride decreased with wastewater and pipe water irrigation.
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Morugán-Coronado, A., V. Arcenegui, F. García-Orenes, J. Mataix-Solera y J. Mataix-Beneyto. "Application of soil quality indices to assess the status of agricultural soils irrigated with treated wastewaters". Solid Earth Discussions 4, n.º 2 (12 de diciembre de 2012): 1485–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/sed-4-1485-2012.
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Abstract. The supply of water is limited in some parts of the Mediterranean region, such as southeastern Spain. The use of treated wastewater for the irrigation of agricultural soils is an alternative to using better-quality water, especially in semi-arid regions. On the other hand, this practice can modify some soil properties, change their relationships, the equilibrium reached and influence soil quality. In this work two soil quality indices were used to evaluate the effects of irrigation with treated wastewater in soils. The indices were developed studying different soil properties in undisturbed soils in SE Spain, and the relationships between soil parameters were established using multiple linear regressions. This study was carried out in three areas of Alicante Province (SE Spain) irrigated with wastewater, including four study sites. The results showed slight changes in some soil properties as a consequence of irrigation with wastewater, the obtained levels not being dangerous for agricultural soils, and in some cases they could be considered as positive from an agronomical point of view. In one of the study sites, and as a consequence of the low quality wastewater used, a relevant increase in soil organic matter content was observed, as well as modifications in most of the soil properties. The application of soil quality indices indicated that all the soils of study sites are in a state of disequilibrium regarding the relationships between properties independent of the type of water used. However, there were no relevant differences in the soil quality indices between soils irrigated with wastewater with respect to their control sites for all except one of the sites, which corresponds to the site where low quality wastewater was used.
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Kurrey, Ramsingh, Anushree Saha y Manas Kanti Deb. "Distribution of Some Selected Surface Active Agents (SAAs) in the Aquatic and Global Environment with Their Toxic Impact: A Comprehensive Review". Journal of Ravishankar University (PART-B) 33, n.º 1 (4 de julio de 2020): 31–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.52228/jrub.2020-33-1-6.
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Surface active agents (SAAs) are a class of compounds, which find various applications in different fields of human activities. Surfactants are generally amphiphilic molecules, which are strongly adsorbed at interfaces between the phases. Surfactants windily used as detergency, emulsion, stabilizing and dispersing agents have led to the discharge of highly contaminated wastewaters in aquatic environment. Once reached in the various compartments of the environment such as rivers, lakes, soils, and sediments, surfactants can undergo aerobic or anaerobic degradation. Concentrations of surfactants in wastewaters, river waters, and sewage waters can range milligrams in maximum cases, while it reaches several grams in sludge, soil and sediments in environments. The environmental facts of SAAs and concentration in surface waters, soils or sediments are reviewed in details. This review provides information on levels of surface-active agents in various environmental samples including soil, sediments, sewage wastewater, river wastewater and aerosols.
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Menneer, J. C., C. D. A. McLay y R. Lee. "Effects of sodium-contaminated wastewater on soil permeability of two New Zealand soils". Soil Research 39, n.º 4 (2001): 877. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr99082.
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There is increasing anecdotal evidence from some land treatment sites in New Zealand that irrigating sodium-contaminated wastewaters onto soils may be causing soil structural problems and reduced permeability. In this study, the effect of irrigating such waste (derived from agricultural industries) on soil physical and chemical properties was investigated in an Allophanic Soil (Te Puninga silt loam) and a Gley Soil (Waitoa silt loam). Wastewater irrigation at the sites investigated had taken place for the previous 5 years, with sodium adsorption ratios (SAR) of the wastewater varying between 17 and 51 (mmol/L)0.5 . Increases in exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) were recorded to 300 mm depth in both soils. At the soil surface (0–20 mm), ESP had increased to 31%, compared with 0.4% at control sites. In laboratory studies using soil from the 0–20 mm layer in non-irrigated sites, leaching distilled water through repacked columns of the soil pretreated with various SAR solutions caused saturated hydraulic conductivity (K sat) to decrease below 100% at SAR greater than 3.5 and 8.5 for the Waitoa silt loam and Te Puninga silt loam, respectively. The decreases in K sat coincided with an increase in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in collected leachate samples, and no dispersed clay was observed in the leachate. The laboratory studies would predict that effects of past irrigation of industrial wastewater at the study site would be measurable in the field due to the large ESPs that were recorded. Saturated and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity measurements carried out at irrigated sites in the field showed no evidence of reduced conductivity in the surface soil until a pressure head of –120 mm was applied, the decrease being greater for the Te Puninga soil than the Waitoa. These results, along with the laboratory studies, suggest that whereas there may have been some structural deterioration in the soil matrix as a result of irrigation with the wastewater, macropore flow at higher moisture contents in the field was sufficient to overcome any adverse effects. It is suggested that laboratory studies using repacked soil may have limited use in predicting effects of Na-contaminated wastewater on soil hydraulic properties in structured soils. The results also further support suggestions that organic matter dissolution in Na-affected soils may affect soil physical properties.
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Morugán-Coronado, A., V. Arcenegui, F. García-Orenes, J. Mataix-Solera y J. Mataix-Beneyto. "Application of soil quality indices to assess the status of agricultural soils irrigated with treated wastewaters". Solid Earth 4, n.º 1 (7 de marzo de 2013): 119–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-4-119-2013.
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Abstract. The supply of water is limited in some parts of the Mediterranean region, such as southeastern Spain. The use of treated wastewater for the irrigation of agricultural soils is an alternative to using better-quality water, especially in semi-arid regions. On the other hand, this practice can modify some soil properties, change their relationships and influence soil quality. In this work two soil quality indices were used to evaluate the effects of irrigation with treated wastewater in soils. The indices were developed studying different soil properties in undisturbed soils in SE Spain, and the relationships between soil parameters were established using multiple linear regressions. These indices represent the balance reached among properties in "steady state" soils. This study was carried out in four study sites from SE Spain irrigated with wastewater, including four study sites. The results showed slight changes in some soil properties as a consequence of irrigation with wastewater, the obtained levels not being dangerous for agricultural soils, and in some cases they could be considered as positive from an agronomical point of view. In one of the study sites, and as a consequence of the low quality wastewater used, a relevant increase in soil organic matter content was observed, as well as modifications in most of the soil properties. The application of soil quality indices indicated that all the soils of study sites are in a state of disequilibrium regarding the relationships between properties independent of the type of water used. However, there were no relevant differences in the soil quality indices between soils irrigated with wastewater with respect to their control sites for all except one of the sites, which corresponds to the site where low quality wastewater was used.
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Hossain, MS, MH Kabir, MM Rahman, MS Alam y GKMM Rahman. "Spatial Variation of Soil Chemical Properties in Industrial Wastewater Contaminated Paddy Soil". Journal of Environmental Science and Natural Resources 9, n.º 2 (14 de abril de 2017): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v9i2.32162.
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Soil quality is essential for sustainable crop production. Excessive or deficient in necessary chemical elements in soil is a concern for soil quality. The study was undertaken to evaluate the impact of chemical industrial wastewater on chemical properties of soil and observe spatial distribution of nutrients in paddy soil adjacent to a chemical industry. A command area comprising a paddy field exposed to a chemical industrial wastewater was selected to study and 10 composite soil samples including a control (not exposed to wastewater) was collected and analyzed. Compared to background values soil pH, OC, N, P, Ca, and S were found higher in contaminated soils through the industrial wastewater. The order of the increment of the nutrients in the contaminated soil was as N>P>S>OC>Ca>Na. Sulphur and Nitrogen pose as potent elements for toxicity or pollution of the soil exposed to untreated wastewater. Differential spatial variations were observed for various nutrients in the area. Highest spatial variation was observed for S, N and B followed by P, K, Ca, Mg and Na might be due to anthropogenic activities through industrial untreated wastewater. These issues need to be taken into consideration while recommending fertilizers for crops grown in this type of command area.J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 9(2): 85-90 2016
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Neilsen, G. H., D. S. Stevenson, J. J. Fitzpatrick y C. H. Brownlee. "Soil and sweet cherry responses to irrigation with wastewater". Canadian Journal of Soil Science 71, n.º 1 (1 de febrero de 1991): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss91-003.
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Lambert sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) established on Osoyoos loamy sand in 1983 was subjected to treatments involving all combinations of two types of irrigation (wellwater or municipal wastewater) and three rates of N fertilization (0, 68 and 136 g of N as NH4NO3 tree−1 yr−1), 1984–1987. The zero-N treatment was increased to 34 g N tree−1 in 1986–1987. Wastewater irrigation increased leaf N, P, K, B and Mn concentration, decreased leaf Mg and Ca and had few consistent effects on leaf Fe and Cu. Tree growth was increased after 2 yr but not after 5 yr by wastewater irrigation. Inadequate N and Zn nutrition appeared to limit long-term tree growth. After 5 yr, wastewater-irrigated soils had higher extractable P, K, and B and lower Ca and Mg than well-water-irrigated soils which had higher Ca and Mg to 0.9-m depth. Wastewater irrigation also increased extractable Na throughout the soil but insufficiently to adversely affect tree growth. Soil pH and electrical conductivity also increased during the experiment for both well- and wastewater-irrigated soils, but these increases did not cause alkalinity or salinity problems. Key words: Prunus avium L., wastewater irrigation, leaf nutrition, soil quality
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Juwarkar, A. S. y P. V. R. Subrahmanyam. "Impact of Pulp and Paper Mill Wastewater on Crop and Soil". Water Science and Technology 19, n.º 5-6 (1 de mayo de 1987): 693–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1987.0248.
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Exhaustive field and laboratory studies were carried out for 3 years using pulp mill wastewater for crop irrigation. Anaerobically treated pulp mill wastewater used in the study falls under the class C3S1 to C4S2 and found suitable for use on coarse textured soils with salt tolerant crops. Crops like maize, barley, wheat, kenaf and sesbenia were grown successfully. Wastewater irrigation increases the soil exchangeable sodium per cent (ESP). The increase in ESP at the end of 3rd year was 30.0. However even at this level there was no appreciable decrease in yield of crops and hydraulic properties of soil. Soil equilibrium studies showed that if the pulp mill wastewater is diluted with chlorination and hypochlorite wastewater in either 4 : 1 or 3 : 1 proportions, the resulting wasteweter can be successfully used on coarse to medium textured soils without the problem of sodicity.
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Tzanakakis, V. E., N. V. Paranychianaki y A. N. Angelakis. "Soil as a wastewater treatment system: historical development". Water Supply 7, n.º 1 (1 de marzo de 2007): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2007.008.
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“Land treatment” refers to the application of wastewater to the soil to achieve treatment and to meet irrigation needs of the vegetation. Application of wastewater to the land was the first practice used to protect public health and control environmental pollution. This technology has gone through different stages of development with time but it was not until 1840s when the basic principles of this technology started to establish. The use of land treatment for wastewater treatment declined after the development of conventional treatment plants but a renewed interested occurred after the passage of Clean Water Act and especially, during the last two decades. Currently, its application has been expanded in the management of various types of wastewaters including dairy, meat, industrial effluents as well as and polluted water sources. It is recognized as the ideal technology for rural communities, clusters of homes and small industrial units due to low energy demands and low operation and maintenance costs. Furthermore, in conjunction with biomass production can contribute in the control of climate change. A brief historical overview along with an introduction to the fundamental processes the current trends and the future prospects are provided in this section.
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Scandura, J. E. y M. D. Sobsey. "Viral and bacterial contamination of groundwater from on-site sewage treatment systems". Water Science and Technology 35, n.º 11-12 (1 de junio de 1997): 141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0724.
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On-site septic tank-soil absorption systems treating domestic wastewater have contaminated groundwaters with enteric viruses and other pathogens and caused drinking waterborne outbreaks. The factors influencing pathogen transport, survival and fate at on-site wastewater treatment systems remain inadequately characterised. We studied the survival and transport of a model enterovirus (BE-1) and faecal coliform bacteria in four on-site wastewater treatment systems (three conventional and one low pressure, small pipe diameter, pumped system) located in sandy soils typical of the coastal plains. Septic system wastewaters were seeded seasonally with known amounts of BE-1 and the fate of BE-1, faecal coliforms and other wastewater constituents were followed for three months in seeded wastewaters and groundwaters of drainfield monitoring wells. BE-1 levels in seeded wastewaters declined exponentially by kinetics consistent with a 3d hydraulic residence time. BE-1 was detected in ground waters of monitoring wells as early as 1d after seeding and persisted up to two months. Virus detection in ground water was greater in winter than in summer and was positively associated with proximity to septic effluent distribution lines, drainfield soils with the lowest clay content, elevated ground water pH and shallower vadose zones. Viruses were not strongly associated with either distance from septic tank or faecal coliform levels in groundwater. Under optimum conditions, virus reductions were as high as 9 log10, but in systems with the most coarse (sand) soils and highest water tables (most shallow vadose zones), there was extensive ground water contamination by viruses and other wastewater constituents. Under some conditions, septic systems in sandy coastal plains soils can contaminate ground water with viruses and other wastewater constituents.
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Karpuzcu, Mehmet, Nurdan Baykuş y Adem Yurtsever. "AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON TREATMENT OF DOMESTIC WASTEWATER BY NATURAL SOIL". e-Journal of New World Sciences Academy 15, n.º 4 (31 de octubre de 2020): 196–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.12739/nwsa.2020.15.4.1a0462.
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In recent centuries, issues such as efficient use of water resources, water quality and water supply have become important for many countries. Countries have focused on developing strategies that can protect water and using water in the most efficient way including treatment of wastewater. In addition, it has become important to provide sustainability of the natural treatment systems instead of complex and expensive wastewater treatment facilities that are rapidly developing. On the other hand, the researches on natural treatment of wastewater are still inadequate. Therefore, the feasibility and performance of new stragtegies about natural treatment systems should be developed and evaluated. For this purpose, a pilot facility was developed which utilizes a natural soil-column with different gradations in order to provide the treatment of domestic wastewater. In this way, not only the wastewater treatment performances of different soils but also some engineering properties of soils affected by wastewater filtration were examined. As a result of this research, it was found that soil filtration can be effective in the treatment of wastewater subjected to pre-sedimentation and can be affected by the pollutant load of the filtration environment.
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Alnaimy, Manal A., Sahar A. Shahin, Zuzana Vranayova, Martina Zelenakova y Enas Mohamed Wagdi Abdel-Hamed. "Long-Term Impact of Wastewater Irrigation on Soil Pollution and Degradation: A Case Study from Egypt". Water 13, n.º 16 (17 de agosto de 2021): 2245. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13162245.
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There is consensus on the impact of wastewater irrigation on soil properties and heavy metal accumulation. The studies that show the impact of temporal changes as a result of different long-term additions of wastewater on the heavy metal accumulation and degradation of soil are extremely limited. This study was carried out to assess heavy metal contamination in soils irrigated with wastewater for more than 30 years in Egypt. A total number of 12 irrigation water samples and 12 soil profiles were collected during 2020 and were chemically characterized. The results showed that soils irrigated with wastewater over the long term contained significantly higher concentrations of heavy metals compared to fields irrigated with fresh water. Heavy metal levels in water and soil samples were within the permissible limits, with the exception of Cd concentration in water (0.03 mg L−1). Continuous cultivation for a long period of time (30 years) using raw urban wastewater application has led to the adverse effect of increasingly available Pb concentration (5.44 mg kg−1). Similar temporal behavior was seen for Cd and Fe, which increased by 0.98 and 11.2 mg kg−1, respectively, after 30 years. The heavy metals in wastewater-irrigated soils significantly increased in clayey soils, as compared to sandy soils irrigated from the same source. Our findings provide important information for decision makers in Egypt and similar countries for the development of a strategy for the use of wastewater in irrigation for sustainable agricultural management.
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Li, Renfei, Yuan Zhang, Hong Yu, Qiuling Dang, Hanxia Yu, Beidou Xi y Wenbing Tan. "Biouptake Responses of Trace Metals to Long-Term Irrigation with Diverse Wastewater in the Wheat Rhizosphere Microenvironment". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, n.º 17 (3 de septiembre de 2019): 3218. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16173218.
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Wastewater irrigation is widely practiced and may cause serious environmental problems. However, current knowledge on the effects of long-term irrigation with wastewater from different sources on the biouptake of trace metals (TMs) in the rhizosphere zone by plants in farmlands is limited. Here, we analyzed wheat rhizosphere soil and wheat roots collected from a typical wastewater irrigation area in North China to evaluate the influence of wastewater irrigation from different sources on the bioavailability of trace metals in soils. Results showed that irrigation with tanning and domestic wastewater helped enhance the bioavailability of trace metals in rhizosphere soil by increasing the active organic carbon content, soil redox potential, and catalase activity, thus enhancing the proportion of the potentially bioavailable part of trace metal speciation. Conversely, irrigation with pharmaceutical wastewater can reduce the bioavailability of trace metals in rhizosphere soil by increasing total soil antibiotics and thus decreasing the proportions of bioavailable and potentially bioavailable parts of trace metal speciation. These findings can provide insights into the migration and transformation of trace metal speciation in soil rhizosphere microenvironments under the context of wastewater irrigation.
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Reckson Mulidzi, Azwimbavhi y John Wooldridge. "Effect of Irrigation with Diluted Winery Wastewater on Enzyme Activity in Four Western Cape Soils". Sustainability in Environment 1, n.º 2 (11 de octubre de 2016): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/se.v1n2p141.
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<p><em>Irrigating vineyards with winery wastewater is an established practice. However, the effect of this water on soil enzyme activity is unknown. Soils from four vineyard areas were irrigated, in pots, over four simulated seasons with municipal water, and with winery wastewater diluted to a chemical oxygen demand of 3000 ml/L. Urease, β-glucosidase and phosphatase activities were determined after each season. The experimental soils were: an alluvial vineyard soil from Rawsonville (RS), an aeolian veld soil from Lutzville (LS), and shale (SS)—and granite (SG)—derived soils from Stellenbosch. Compared with municipal water, irrigating with winery wastewater significantly (p = 0.05) increased urease activity in all four soils, and promoted β-glucosidase activity in SS and SG. Conversely, winery wastewater suppressed phosphatase activity in the RS, SH and SG soils. Averaged over all soils, winery wastewater promoted the activity of β-glucosidase and urease, but suppressed that of phosphatase. All-treatment enzyme activities increased in the sequence: LS<RS<SG<SS for urease, LS<RS<SS<SG for phosphatase and LS<RS<SG<SS for β-glucosidase. Winery wastewater and municipal water therefore affect soil enzyme activity differently. The extent of this activity varies inconsistently between soils. Whether similar results would be obtained under vineyard conditions have yet to be determined.</em></p>
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Jahan, KM, R. Khatun y MZ Islam. "Effects of wastewater irrigation on soil physico-chemical properties, growth and yield of tomato". Progressive Agriculture 30, n.º 4 (29 de abril de 2020): 352–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v30i4.46891.
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The wastewater reuse for the purpose of irrigation may have a significant contribution to reduce water pollution, maximize water utilization and restore nutrient content of soils. An experiment was conducted at Environmental Science Field Laboratory, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh from January to May, 2015 to investigate the effects of wastewater irrigation on soil physico-chemical properties (Soil texture, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic matter (OM), nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), potassium (K), sulphur (S) and sodium (Na)) as well as yield and yield contributing characteristics of tomato crop. In this study, irrigation water, e.g., normal water, domestic wastewater, municipal wastewater and industrial wastewater was used as treatment with three replications. Soil and fruits were collected for analysis during last harvest. From the result, it is found that most of the chemical properties; OM, EC, N, K, S and Na contents were higher in wastewater treated soil compared to normal water irrigation. Among the treatments, plant height, LAI and yield were also higher in wastewater treated plot compared to normal water irrigated plot. Cost benefit analysis indicated that municipal wastewater irrigation gave more profit due to higher yield compared to domestic and industrial wastewater irrigation. From the study, it could be concluded that municipal wastewater irrigation was more profitable in respect of soil nutrient content and yield of tomato.
Progressive Agriculture 30 (4): 352-359, 2019
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Matsumoto, Genki I., Eiji Fujisawa, Syojiro Kimura, Ryoichi Saito, Tsutomu Takayama y Syuichi Nakamura. "Wastewater Treatment by Soil-Covered Contact Aeration Apparatus under Extremely Low Air Temperatures". Water Science and Technology 18, n.º 7-8 (1 de julio de 1986): 405–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1986.0315.
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Soil-covered wastewater treatment systems have progressively been used during this decade both in the rural and urban areas in Japan. In order to evaluate the influences of extremely low air temperatures on the covered soil and sewage temperatures, the pressure of contact aeration tank and the treatment of wastewater, we compared the efficiencies of three types of contact aeration apparatus (sewage surface level, 30, 50, 70 cm from the soil surface; top shape of gravel layer, convex, flat; soil-sewage boundary, contact, separate) being packed with gravels as a contact medium and set in the temperature controlled test laboratory. At extremely low air temperatures, the covered soils and ice columns on the surface soils are important as a heat insulator. Freezing depths of soils were inversely correlated with sewage surface levels. The influences of soil freezing on the pressure of aeration tanks were negligibly small and thus soil freezing does not affect aeration systems. No significant changes in the sewage treatment functions among the three apparatus were found. The soil-covered wastewater treatment systems must be useful in cold districts.
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Siegrist, Robert L. y William C. Boyle. "Wastewater‐Induced Soil Clogging Development". Journal of Environmental Engineering 113, n.º 3 (junio de 1987): 550–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(1987)113:3(550).
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Khaskhoussy, K., B. Kahlaoui, B. Messoudi Nefzi, O. Jozdan, A. Dakheel y M. Hachicha. "Effect of Treated Wastewater Irrigation on Heavy Metals Distribution in a Tunisian Soil". Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 5, n.º 3 (21 de junio de 2015): 805–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.563.
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Treated wastewater (TWW) may contain toxic chemical constituents that pose negative environmental and health impacts. In this study, soil samples under treated wastewater irrigation were studied. For this purpose, six plots were made in an irrigated area in north of Tunisia and treated with two water qualities: fresh water (FW) and treated wastewater (TWW). Five soil depths were used: 0-30, 30-60, 60-90, 90-120 and 120-150 cm. The TWW irrigation increased significantly (P≤0.05) the soils’ EC, Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl, SAR, Cu, Cd and Ni and had no significant (P ≤0.05) effect on the soils’ pH, Zn, Co and Pb contents. EC, Na, Cl, SAR, Zn and Co increased significantly with soil depth. The results for K, Ca, Mg, Cd, Pb and Ni exhibited similar repartition in different layers of soil. It was also shown that the amount of different elements in soil irrigated with fresh water (FW) were less compared with the control soil.
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Sobsey, M. D., P. A. Shields, F. H. Hauchman, R. L. Hazard y L. W. Caton. "Survival and Transport of Hepatitis a Virus in Soils, Groundwater and Wastewater". Water Science and Technology 18, n.º 10 (1 de octubre de 1986): 97–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1986.0116.
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Hepatitis A virus (HAV), poliovirus type 1 and echovirus type 1 were studied for their adsorption and survival in groundwater, wastewater and soils suspended in these media and for survival and transport through unsaturated miniature soil columns intermittently dosed with virus-laden groundwater or wastewater. There were differences among the viruses in adsorption to soils, with poliovirus adsorbed most extensively, echovirus the least and HAV intermediate between these two. All three viruses survived well (>90% inactivation) for at least 12 weeks in groundwater, wastewater and soil suspensions at 5°C. However, at 25 C, HAV survived generally longer than poliovirus and echovirus, with 90–99% inactivation of HAV and 99.9–99.99% inactivation of poliovirus and echovirus in 12 weeks. In miniature soil columns dosed with virus-laden groundwater or wastewater, virus reductions were generally least for echovirus and greatest for poliovirus. HAV reductions were intermediate between these two, but more like poliovirus. The ability of HAV to survive for long periods in soils, groundwater and wastewater and to migrate to some extent through unsaturated soils helps to explain why HAV can contaminate groundwater and cause outbreaks of groundwaterborne disease.
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Mikheev, Pavel, Igor Zamotaev y Natalia Telnova. "Microbial features of newly-formed soils of disposal fields from sugar refineries". E3S Web of Conferences 265 (2021): 03009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126503009.
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Newly-formed soils of wastewater disposal fields from two sugar refineries in forest-steppe zone (Kursk region, European Russia) were studied. Among factors of soil formation on sugar wastewater lagoons the geochemical influence of wastewater mixed with diluted filtration and transport-washing sludge stands out. We have revealed key physico-chemical and microbiological properties of such soils formed under different moisture regimes, substrates, vegetation, and duration of use. Compared to conditionally background soils (Luvic (Anthric) Chernozems), the newly formed soils show shift of pH values to alkaline ones, carbonation, increase of soil organic carbon, growth in mobile forms of phosphorus, potassium and nitrogen. Microflora in studied soils is identical in composition to background soils, but it differs significantly in structure. In soils formed in the decommissioned wastewater lagoons of an active sugar refinery, a higher number of bacteria with low participation of Micromycetes and Actinomycetes was noted, which indicates active destruction of organic matter. In soils of the recultivated and completely abandoned sugar wastewater lagoons indicated as Calcaric Someric Phaeozem, a higher number of Actinomycetes was noted than in the background soils.
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Milad, Ramadan A., Mostafa A. Benzaghta y Mahmoud A. Amaref. "The effect of reusing treated wastewater in irrigation on some chemical soil properties and wheat crop growth". Journal of Misurata University for Agricultural Sciences, n.º 01 (6 de octubre de 2019): 196–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.36602/jmuas.2019.v01.01.15.
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This study was aimed to investigate the suitability of reusing of treated wastewater to irrigate wheat crop and its impact on soil properties. The study was conducted during the Agricultural season 2014-2015, at Sirte, Libya. The climate of this area characterized by dry and hot in summer, cool and rained in winter, as well as the annual rainfall in the range of 175 mm to 200 mm, so the area is considered as semi-arid area. The experiment was designed to use treated wastewater under different managements ((W1) 100% fresh water (from artificial stream), (W2) Mixed by 50% fresh water and treated wastewater, (W3) mixed by 33% fresh water and 67% treated wastewater and (W4) 100% treated wastewater). Two soil profiles were selected and described, namely Sandy (S1) and Sandy loam (S2) soils. Wheat crop was used as indicator. The chemical, physical and microbiological analyses were done for water and soil samples using standard methods. The analyses include soil texture, bulk density, moisture content, electrical conductivity, pH, anions, cations, and E coli form. Also, the wheat crop growth components were studied. The quality of used water was found within the permissible levels of the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nation (FAO) for irrigation water, while lead was found exceeding the sever permissible level. From the other hand treated wastewater showed significant difference at P≤0.05 in increasing the average values of wheat crop growth components, in compare with fresh water, which recorded the lowest values. The chemical properties of soils extractions showed non -significant difference at P≤0.05 under the different irrigation managements, while the chloride and lead showed significant increase in sand loamy soil and carbonate in sandy soil. On the other hand, the both soils showed the same performance in increasing wheat growth components. The treated wastewater (W4) supplied significant numbers of E coli form 100/ml to the both soils followed by (W3), while fresh water recorded less values. The study concluded that using of treated wastewater in irrigation of agricultural crops under monitoring system has economic feasibility.
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Albalasmeh, Ammar A., Mamoun A. Gharaibeh, Ma’in Z. Alghzawi, Renato Morbidelli, Carla Saltalippi, Teamrat A. Ghezzehei y Alessia Flammini. "Using Wastewater in Irrigation: The Effects on Infiltration Process in a Clayey Soil". Water 12, n.º 4 (29 de marzo de 2020): 968. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12040968.
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Soil water infiltration is a critical process in the soil water cycle and agricultural practices, especially when wastewater is used for irrigation. Although research has been conducted to evaluate the changes in the physical and chemical characteristics of soils irrigated by treated wastewater, a quantitative analysis of the effects produced on the infiltration process is still lacking. The objective of this study is to address this issue. Field experiments previously conducted on three adjacent field plots characterized by the same clayey soil but subjected to three different irrigation treatments have been used. The three irrigation conditions were: non-irrigated (natural conditions) plot, irrigated plot with treated wastewater for two years, and irrigated plot with treated wastewater for five years. Infiltration measurements performed by the Hood infiltrometer have been used to estimate soil hydraulic properties useful to calibrate a simplified infiltration model widely used under ponding conditions, that were existing during the irrigation stage. Our simulations highlight the relevant effect of wastewater usage as an irrigation source in reducing cumulative infiltration and increasing overland flow as a result of modified hydraulic properties of soils characterized by a lower capacity of water drainage. These outcomes can provide important insights for the optimization of irrigation techniques in arid areas where the use of wastewater is often required due to the chronic shortage of freshwater.
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Zhang, Yan, Chun-Yan Fu, Xue-Lan Liu, Xin-Hua Li, Qing-Chuan Jing, Xiang-Fa Wei, Tian-Hong Shi, Yi-Lei Dong y Pei-Pei Yan. "Effect of poultry wastewater irrigation on nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon contents in farmland soil". Open Chemistry 16, n.º 1 (22 de octubre de 2018): 968–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/chem-2018-0111.
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AbstractThe goal of this study was to assess the suitability of poultry wastewater for the irrigation of farmland soil as a possible substitute for regular water and fertilizers. The vertical and spatial variability of soil total nitrogen (STN), soil total phosphorus (STP) and soil organic carbon (SOC) was analyzed during the growing season of summer maize in two types of soil: an experimental group (EG) soil, irrigated once only with poultry wastewater, and a control group (CG) soil, irrigated once only with regular water. Results revealed no difference in STP concentration, SOC concentration, nitrogen storage and phosphorus storage between EG and CG soils (all p>0.05); STN concentration in the 5–15 cm layer and carbon storage were higher in EG soil (p<0.05) while remaining within safety limits. Overall, single-time irrigation by poultry wastewater enhances nitrogen and carbon content of soil and does not pose a serious risk of pollution for ground water.
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Phillips, I. R. "Phosphorus sorption and nitrogen transformation in two soils treated with piggery wastewater". Soil Research 40, n.º 2 (2002): 335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr01040.
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Land application of piggery wastewater has the potential to contaminate receiving water bodies due to the presence of elevated concentrations of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). This paper investigates P sorption and N transformation using soil from 2 wastewater disposal sites in south-east Queensland. Soil from Site 1 was classified as a clay (Vertosol) and soil from Site 2 was classified as a sandy loam (Sodosol). Soil was collected from wastewater disposal (irrigated) and non-disposal (non-irrigated) areas of each site. Nutrient sorption kinetics and transformation were studied by reacting each soil with either wastewater or an inorganic salt solution over a period of 21 days. Solution P concentrations decreased with time for all soils. These changes were greatest during the early stage of the study (<10 days), after which time solution P concentrations remained relatively stable. Concentrations of solution P tended to remain higher in irrigated than non-irrigated soils. This was attributed to a loss of high-affinity sorption sites due to past wastewater additions. Cation exchange (for times <3 days) and nitrification (for times >3 days) were found to be the primary mechanisms responsible for decreases in solution ammonium (NH4-N) over the 21-day period. Phosphorus and NH4-N sorption isotherms were determined using a leaching procedure, and the data were adequately described (r2 >0.95) by the Freundlich equation. Irrigated samples generally sorbed less P than non-irrigated soils. This was attributed to the loss of high-affinity P sorption sites due to previous wastewater additions. Cation exchange and competition between added and resident cations for the exchange sites was found to govern NH4-N sorption by these soils. Results from this study suggest that long-term land application of piggery wastewater may encourage leaching of N and P from the plant root-zone in soils with limited capacity to retain these nutrients. Appropriate management strategies to minimise these losses need to be developed to avoid degradation of the receiving soil and/or water environments. sorption kinetics, nitrification, ammonium, nitrate.
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Al-Rashidi, Radhi, Munir Rusan y Karem Obaid. "Changes in Plant Nutrients, and Microbial Biomass in Different Soil Depths After Long-Term Surface Application of Secondary Treated Wastewater". Scientific Journal of Riga Technical University. Environmental and Climate Technologies 11 (1 de diciembre de 2013): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2013-0004.
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Abstract Long-term effects of surface application of secondary treated wastewater on plant nutrients dynamics, the cycling of C and N within the system through the determination of microbial biomass, and associated health hazards were studied in different soil locations. Sites that have been irrigated with wastewater for the last 1, 4, 10, and 17 years were identified and used as sampling locations for this study. Two other sites that have not been irrigated with wastewater were sampled as a control. Soil samples were taken from several sites within each location, and at the following depths: 0-20, 20-40, and 40-60 cm. Results obtained indicated that microbial biomass C and N were increased significantly with increasing application period of treated wastewater. Barley plant tissues analysis showed that plant nutrients content was significantly higher in sites which received wastewater for a long period than other sites. No significances in accumulation of lead (Pb) in barley plant tissues were observed with sites received wastewater for different periods. The bacteriological analysis showed that the total bacterial count of surface soil (0-20 cm) was higher in sites irrigated with wastewater for the last 10 and 17 years. The total coliforms ranged from 0.92x102 cfu/g soil to 3.3x102 cfu/g soil, while fecal coliform were less and detected only in top soils at sites irrigated with wastewater for the last 10 and 17 years.
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Laurenson, S., E. Smith, N. S. Bolan y M. McCarthy. "Effect of K+ on Na - Ca exchange and the SAR-ESP relationship". Soil Research 49, n.º 6 (2011): 538. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr11192.
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In Australia, application of winery wastewater to land is increasingly being viewed as the most environmentally sound and cost-effective means of disposal. This wastewater contains high concentrations of both sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+), which have the potential to accumulate in the profile of irrigated soils and adversely alter physical properties such as aggregate stability and hydraulic conductivity. Cation exchange equilibria in soil of mixed illite and kaolinite mineralogy have been investigated in binary Ca–Na and Ca–K systems and in a ternary Ca–Na–K system. In the respective binary systems, resulting exchangeable potassium percentage was nearly twice the corresponding exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), indicating a high binding affinity of K+ in this soil. In a ternary system, soils were equilibrated with solutions of differing sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and potassium adsorption ratio (PAR) within ranges typical of winery wastewater. The presence of K+ had a significant effect on the relationship between SAR and ESP, whereby ESP decreased with increasing PAR. Resulting ESP in the ternary system was consistently lower than in the binary system. Cation selectivity between solid and solution phases in the ternary system was calculated from the Vanselow and K-selectivity coefficients and showed a decreasing selectivity for Na+ with increasing K+ in solution. It is expected that, due to the high K+ content of winery wastewater (i.e. >400 mg/L), adsorption of Na+, and subsequent ESP, will be less than in wastewaters of comparable Na+ concentration yet absent K+.
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Nawal, Ababsa, Kribaa Mohammed, Tamrabet Lahbib, Addad Dalila, Zidi Anissa y Mansouri Djawhara. "Relation Entre L’activité Biologique Et Le Comportement Hydro Physique Des Sols Dans Le Contexte Du Systéme Prairial Naturel Irrigué A L’eau Usée". European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, n.º 5 (28 de febrero de 2016): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n5p76.
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The practice of irrigation using wastewaters is a promising solution to alleviate the problem of water stress in semi-arid regions. Our study focuses on the impact of the practice of irrigation with wastewaters on both physical and biological components of soil; as well as the interactive effects of these two components on water functioning in soil of eastern Algeria. The water analysis showed high organic and fine-particle pollutions, but with no significant influence on soil properties. Our findings revealed positive effects of wastewater irrigation that increased the abundance of earthworm communities, soil porosity, water retention and hydraulic conductivity.
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MOURA, ALEXANDRE C. DE, SILVIO C. SAMPAIO, MARCELO B. REMOR, ADRIANA P. DA SILVA y PAMELA A. M. PEREIRA. "LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF SWINE wastewater AND MINERAL FERTILIZER ASSOCIATION ON SOIL MICROBIOTA". Engenharia Agrícola 36, n.º 2 (abril de 2016): 318–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-4430-eng.agric.v36n2p318-328/2016.
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ABSTRACT Swine wastewater (SW) application in agricultural soils may affect its microbial community in a long term. The objective of this study was to evaluate prospective changes in soil bacterial community after eight years continuous application of swine wastewater. The wastewater doses tested were 0; 100; 200 and 300 m3 ha-1, being applied from the beginning of the experiment and with or without recommended fertilization. Three soil samples were taken from each plot for determinations of basal respiration, microbial biomass and metabolic quotient. We also performed DGGE analysis and made a correlation between soil chemical conditions and microbial activity. Microbial community underwent significant structural changes from swine wastewater applications. Higher SW doses (200 and 300 m3 ha-1) influenced significantly (p <0.05) and benefitted certain bacteria groups.
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Oron, G., R. Armon, R. Mandelbaum, Y. Manor, C. Campos, L. Gillerman, M. Saigot, C. Gerba, I. Klein y C. Enriquez. "Secondary wastewater disposal for crop irrigation with minimal risks". Water Science and Technology 43, n.º 10 (1 de mayo de 2001): 139–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0603.
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A critical objective for any wastewater reuse program is to close the gap between supply of and demand for water and to minimize health and environmental hazards. Thus, the effects of treated effluent on crops, soils and community health must be considered carefully. When applying wastewater to soil-plant systems, it is to be noted that the passage of water through the soil reduces considerably the number of microorganisms carried out by the reclaimed wastewater. Nevertheless, there is a need to study the real rate of organism decay subject to water quality, soil and vegetable characteristics, and irrigation method. The aim of this work is to determine the fate of the fecal coliforms, coliphages F+ and CN13, and helminth eggs survival during the application of reclaimed wastewater in a vineyard orchard near the City of Arad (Israel) via onsurface and subsurface drip irrigation systems. Wastewater obtained from a stabilization pond, and soil samples were tested and an important decrease of microorganisms was reached in both cases, with the better values obtained with the sub-surface drip irrigation system.
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Marchuk, Serhiy, Jock Churchman y Pichu Rengasamy. "Possible effects of irrigation with wastewater on the clay mineralogy of some Australian clayey soils: laboratory study". Soil Research 54, n.º 7 (2016): 857. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr14373.
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Potassium is common in a wide variety of wastewaters and in some wastewaters is present at several hundred to several thousand mg L–1. Potassium is taken up by expandable clays leading to its fixation and illitisation of smectitic and vermiculitic layers. Hence the addition of wastewaters to soils may lead to mineralogical changes in the soils that affect their physico-chemical properties. Winery wastewater was equilibrated with clay-rich soils from Southern Australia. X-ray diffraction patterns and chemical composition of clays extracted from untreated and treated soils were determined. In three of the four soils, shifts in peak positions occurred towards more illitic components along with increases in K and sometimes also Mg and Na contents of soil clays. Peak decomposition showed trends towards the formation of interstratifications of illite with smectite at the expense of smectite and an alteration of poorly crystallised illite into its more well-ordered forms. The results show that illitisation may occur as a result of the addition of K-rich wastewaters to clayey soils.
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Jamieson, T. S., G. W. Stratton, R. Gordon y A. Madani. "Phosphorus adsorption characteristics of a constructed wetland soil receiving dairy farm wastewater". Canadian Journal of Soil Science 82, n.º 1 (1 de febrero de 2002): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s01-042.
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Adsorption to soil has been identified as a key wastewater P removal mechanism in treatment wetlands. Batch incubation experiments were performed to measure the capacity of a constructed dairy farm wetland in Pictou County, Nova Scotia, to remove P from solution. The constructed wetland had been receiving wastewater since 1996. Non-linear regression analysis was performed using the Langmuir adsorption model to describe the P adsorption characteristics for the wetland soil under study. The Langmuir model was adequate in describing the P adsorption characteristics of the system studied. The P adsorption maxima found were approximately 925, 924, and 1600 mg P kg-1 soil, for the deep zone soil, shallow zone soil, and a background soil (not receiving wastewater), respectively. The P adsorption maxima for the deep zone and shallow zone soils were not significantly different (P > 0.05) from one another, but were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than the background soil. These data, together with information on wastewater inflow and P loading, were used to predict a lifespan of 8 yr for this wetland, relative to P removal. Key Words: Phosphorus, wetlands, constructed, adsorption, Langmuir, saturation
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Phillips, I. R. "Nutrient leaching losses from undisturbed soil cores following applications of piggery wastewater". Soil Research 40, n.º 3 (2002): 515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr01058.
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Land disposal of wastewater from intensive livestock industries can result in large amounts of nutrients and salts being applied to soils. When irrigated at rates to meet crop phosphorus (P) requirements, nitrogen (N), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), sodium (Na), chloride (Cl), and sulfate (SO4) applied in the wastewater often exceed crop demands, and are susceptible to leaching. Leaching of surface-applied piggery wastewater was investigated using large undisturbed soil cores (30 cm i.d. by 60 or 75 cm long) from 2 piggery wastewater disposal areas (Site 1, Vertosol; Site 2, Sodosol) in south-east Queensland. About 3% of the total wastewater P applied to the Vertosol, and about 10% of that applied to the sodosol, was leached. The magnitude of these losses was consistent with the chemical properties of each soil, and the availability of P sorption sites (i.e. hydrous Fe oxides). The major forms of P in the leachate included both molybdate reactive P (MRP) and unreactive P (UP, includes dissolved organic P, soluble organic P, particulate P, and non-reactive P). Phosphorus leached from the Vertosol was largely (≈80%) as UP because the MRP was sorbed by the soil colloids. Much of the P leached from the sodosol was present as MRP (≈70%) because the wastewater applied to this soil also contained about 70% MRP, and this soil had only a limited ability to sorb MRP. Losses of nitrogen (N) were found to be of a major environmental concern. Both wastewater samples contained very high levels of N, with ammonium (NH4-N) making up about 80% of the total Kjeldahl N (TKN) and organic N about 20%. Negligible amounts of applied NH4-N were detected either sorbed by the soil or in the leachate because it was converted to nitrate (NO3-N) within the soil core. This NO3-N was highly mobile, and was readily leached from the soil cores. Nitrogen represented the major limitation to the long-term use of land for disposal of piggery wastewater. For land disposal to be an effective management option, N applied in piggery wastewater may need to be limited to about 200 kg/ha.year. Significant amounts of Ca, Mg, K, and Na applied in the wastewater were leached from the soil cores. It is recommended that more attention be placed on the impact of N (TKN, NH4-N, and NO3-N), Ca, Mg, K, and Na on the receiving soil and water environments rather than focussing primarily on wastewater P. Management strategies should be developed for disposal sites to minimise leaching losses by maximising nutrient removal from the soil solution through crop uptake, reaction with the soil colloids, and efficient irrigation practices. nitrogen, phosphorus, cations, nitrification, piggery wastewater.
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Asirifi, Isaac, Steffen Werner, Stefanie Heinze, Courage K. S. Saba, Innocent Y. D. Lawson y Bernd Marschner. "Short-Term Effect of Biochar on Microbial Biomass, Respiration and Enzymatic Activities in Wastewater Irrigated Soils in Urban Agroecosystems of the West African Savannah". Agronomy 11, n.º 2 (31 de enero de 2021): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11020271.
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Irrigated urban agriculture (UA) supports the economy and health of urban inhabitants in low-income countries. This system is often characterized by high nutrient inputs and mostly utilizes wastewater for irrigation. Biochar has been proposed to increase crop yields and improve soil properties. In this study, we assessed the transient effect of rice husk biochar (20 t ha−1) and/or fertilizer (NPK: 15-15-15) on microbial respiration, microbial biomass carbon and enzyme activities of irrigated (wastewater and tap water) soil from an UA field experiment in the Guinea savannah zones of Ghana. Our results showed an increase by up to 123% in soil organic carbon (SOC) after a year of biochar application, while hot water extractable carbon (HWEC) was increased by only 11 to 26% and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) by 34%. Basal respiration was significantly increased in mineral fertilized soil by up to 46% but decreased by 12–45% under wastewater irrigation. Overall, the metabolic quotient (qCO2) indicated less stress for the microbial community and increased carbon use efficiency with biochar application and wastewater irrigation. Total enzymes activity was increased under wastewater irrigation and biochar treated soils exhibit a more diverse composition of C-cycling enzymes and a higher activity of aminopeptidases. Biochar and wastewater showed positive effects on biological soil properties and contributed to soil fertility. Our results suggest beneficial effects of biochar on non-biochar SOC stocks in the long term.
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Gerritse, RG. "Mobility of phosphate from waste water in calcareous sands of Rottnest Island (WA)". Soil Research 31, n.º 3 (1993): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9930235.
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Natural levels of inorganic phosphate in soils of Rottnest Island are quite high: about 300 mg/kg as P (or about 4 t of P per ha per meter depth of soil). In comparison, the production of phosphorus in wastewater from sewage, treated on Rottnest Island, amounts to approximately 2 t per year. The phosphate, occurring in the soil naturally, is mainly in mineral form and not very soluble. Solution concentrations in the soils are less than 0.001 mg/L P-PO4 (at pH values of 8.5-8.9). Conditions in the calcareous soils of Rottnest Island are favourable for precipitation of phosphate as calcium phosphates. Theoretically >>99% of phosphate in wastewater from treated sewage can be stored indefinitely as hydroxy-, fluoro- and chloro-apatites. In practice, however, application of wastewater to these soils will result in a (kinetically defined) finite concentration of phosphate to move through the soil slowly as a sharp front. The effective width of the frontal zone was taken to be equal to the longitudinal hydrodynamic dispersivity. Mobilities, relative to water, of fronts resulting from step increases of phosphate in soils were then calculated with an experimentally obtained, time-dependent, adsorption equation and the average residence time of phosphate in the frontal zone. Calculated mobilities were verified experimentally by leaching phosphate through small columns of soil at different concentrations of phosphate and rates of infiltration. For concentrations in wastewater between 10 and 15 mg/L P-PO4, mobilities of phosphate, relative to water, in soils of Rottnest Island are less than 2% for expected infiltration rates of wastewater between 0.5 and 1 cm/day.
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Sparling, G. P., L. Barton, L. Duncan, A. McGill, T. W. Speir, L. A. Schipper, G. Arnold y A. Van Schaik. "Nutrient leaching and changes in soil characteristics of four contrasting soils irrigated with secondary-treated municipal wastewater for four years". Soil Research 44, n.º 2 (2006): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr05084.
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Land treatment is the preferred option for the disposal of wastewater in New Zealand. We applied secondary-treated municipal wastewater to 4 contrasting soils (a Gley, Pumice, Recent, and Allophanic Soil) at the rate of 50 mm per week, for 4 years. Amounts of N and P in applied wastewater, leachates, and removed in herbage were measured every 1–4 weeks, and a range of soil chemical, biochemical and physical characteristics measured by destructive sampling after 2 and 4 years. After 4 years, leaching losses amounted to 290–307 kg N on the Gley and Recent Soils, representing approximately 22% of the N applied. Leaching losses from the Allophanic and Pumice Soils were 44 and 69 kg N/ha, respectively, representing <5% of that applied. More than half of the N leached was in organic forms. Leaching losses of P were <5 kg P/ha on the Pumice and Allophanic Soils (< 1% of that applied), 41 kg P/ha from the Recent Soil and 65 kg P/ha from the Gley Soil (8% and 13% of that applied, respectively). After 4 years, the total C and microbial C content in the A horizon of the irrigated Recent Soil were, respectively, 47% and 44% less than non-irrigated cores. All irrigated soils showed a rise in pH of up to 1 unit, and all had a marked increase in the exchangeable Na+ which reached 4–22% ESP. After 4 years, the saturated and near saturated hydraulic conductivity of the Gley Soil had declined from 567 and 40 mm/h to 56 and 3 mm/h, respectively. Allophanic and Pumice Soils are to be preferred over the Recent and Gley Soils for effective treatment of wastewater and to minimise the loss of nutrients to the wider environment.
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Chua, Lloyd H. C., Melvin C. M. Leong, Edmond Y. M. Lo, Martin Reinhard, Alexander P. Robertson, T. T. Lim, E. B. Shuy y S. K. Tan. "Controlled field studies on soil aquifer treatment in a constructed coastal sandfill". Water Science and Technology 60, n.º 5 (1 de mayo de 2009): 1283–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.408.
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A controlled artificial recharge experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of soil aquifer treatment during percolation of secondary and tertiary (ultrafiltered) treated wastewater through the shallow vadoze zone of a newly constructed coastal sandfill. The sandfill is a reclaimed land constructed from marine sand dredged from the seabed. To obtain 1-D flow, a stainless steel column was driven to a depth of 2.5 m, penetrating the phreatic surface. Wastewater was percolated through the column under fully-saturated and unsaturated conditions. Infiltration rates, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and ultra-violet absorption (UVA) were monitored. The wastewaters were recharged at similar infiltration rates of approximately 5.5 m/day and 3.5 m/day under fully-saturated and unsaturated conditions, respectively. In both cases, clogging occurred 40 days after the start of recharge, under saturated conditions. For secondary treated wastewater, DOC concentration (mg/l) reduced by 28% and 13% under unsaturated and saturated conditions, respectively. The corresponding UVA reduction was 19.4% and 14.1%. Similar reductions in DOC were observed for the tertiary treated wastewater; however, the reduction in UVA was higher; 28% and 22% under unsaturated and saturated conditions, respectively. On an mass removal (mg/m2 DOC) basis, DOC reduction appeared to be more significant under unsaturated conditions. This is attributed to the presence of interstitial oxygen.
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Tabriz, SS, MA Mojid y GCL Wyseure. "Irrigation suitability of North Bengal Sugar Mills effluent and its impact on soil properties". Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University 9, n.º 2 (29 de junio de 2012): 283–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v9i2.11042.
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The suitability of effluent water (hereafter called wastewater) from North Bengal Sugar Mill (NBSM) for irrigation and its impact on soil properties were evaluated. The quality parameters of wastewater from three different locations of the drainage canal and one freshwater sample from a hand tubewell of the NBSM complex were determined. The major physico-chemical and hydraulic properties of the wastewater affected and unaffected soils from West Baiddanathpur village (hereafter referred to as site 1) and East Baiddanathpur village (hereafter referred to as site 2) were determined. The electrical conductivity (EC) and pH of the wastewater were 0.78?1.05 dS m?1 and 6.6?6.95, respectively. The wastewater was richer than the freshwater in terms of nitrogen (15.8?24.7 mg l?1) and phosphorous (5.2?6.0 mg l?1) contents. The iron (0.37?0.49 mg l?1), manganese (0.3?0.9 mg l?1) and boron (0.43?0.51 mg l?1) concentrations were higher in the wastewater than in the freshwater. The biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the wastewater was 183?309 mg l?1 and 196?685 mg l?1, respectively. All these chemical constituents decreased with the flow path of the wastewater. Temperature of the wastewater at the head end of the disposal canal was 39.5oC that decreased to the ambient temperature at the downstream. The BOD, COD and temperature of the wastewater exceeded the threshold values for irrigation and, therefore, this water would not be suitable for irrigation without treatment. The wastewater elevated the EC and reduced the pH of soil. It however improved soil fertility by improving the phosphorous, potassium, sulphur and organic matter contents. It also elevated the porosity and reduced the bulk density of soil. The soil-water content at field capacity and the saturated hydraulic conductivity increased due to the effect of wastewater. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v9i2.11042 J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 9(2): 283290, 2011
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Ebers, T. y W. Bischofsberger. "Wastewater Treatment by Soil Absorption Systems". Water Science and Technology 22, n.º 7-8 (1 de julio de 1990): 311–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1990.0274.
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In the Federal Republic of Germany, the barely treated wastewater of about 7 million people is percolated into the soil. Groundwater quality has now become a major concern, and investigations into soil filtration as a means of eliminating pollution from household wastewater have been started. Experiments with six laboratory lysimeters (diameter = 0.4 m, height = 1.8 m) are described. Three lysimeters were filled with slightly silty sand, the other three with fine gravel sand. All lysimeters have been in operation for about two years. Initially they were loaded with mechanically treated wastewater from a municipal treatment plant and later with effluent from a septic tank. Hydraulic loading varied from 0.5 to 31 cm/d. Results showed good efficiency for fine gravel sand (aerobic conditions) in removal of BOD5 (98.0 to 99.2 %), COD (88.0 to 92.8 %) and Kjeldahl nitrogen (90.0 to 91.3 %). Elimination of phosphate ranged from 5.7 to 86.0 %. Slightly silty sand (anaerobic conditions) showed the best results in elimination of phosphate (86.0 to 99.3 %) and relatively good elimination rates were achieved for BOD5 (65.0 to 98.2 %) and COD (about 76 %). Elimination of Kjeldahl nitrogen ranged from 39.6 to 68.4 %. The results for the two soils can be summarized as follows: Fine gravel sand: high hydraulic loading capacity (aerobic conditions); high elimination rates of BOD5 and COD; high elimination rates of ammonium by nitrification; very low elimination of total phosphate. Slightly silty sand: low hydraulic loading capacity and, despite this, anaerobic conditions; high elimination rates of BOD5 and barely inferior elimination rates of COD in comparison to fine gravel sand; low elimination rates of ammonium; very high elimination rates of total phosphate.
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Crites, Ronald W. "SOIL AQUIFER TREATMENT OF MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER". Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2000, n.º 7 (1 de enero de 2000): 498–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864700784547331.
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Jiménez-Cisneros, B. "Wastewater reuse to increase soil productivity". Water Science and Technology 32, n.º 12 (1 de diciembre de 1995): 173–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0484.
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Often wastewater is considered a pollution problem. However, Mexican experience shows that it can constitute a way to increase soil productivity. This was demonstrated by the use of the wastewater from the Valley of Mexico, which is a mixture of domestic and industrial discharges and rainfall, for irrigation purposes on a surface of 85,000 ha, being an unique experience worldwide. However, this practice – also applicable to agroindustrial effluents – comprises sanitary risks for which a means of control is proposed herein. The process applied is an advanced primary treatment which, thanks to the newly synthesized polyelectrolytes, employs relatively lower doses of ferric chloride (50 mg/l), alum (110 mg/l) or calcium hydroxide (250 mg/l). With this process the required characteristics (pathogenic organisms and metals) for reusing water in agriculture without negative secondary effects are achieved and soil productivity is maintained.
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Silva, J. G. D., J. M. R. da Luz, Jacqueline Henrique, J. J. de Carvalho y J. E. C. da Silva. "Domestic Wastewater for Forage Cultivation in Cerrado Soil". Journal of Agricultural Science 10, n.º 10 (15 de septiembre de 2018): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v10n10p248.
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Fertigation of agricultural crops that are not directly used in human food, with domestic wastewater is a viable alternative for the sustainable use of water resources. The development of agricultural practices that provide high productivity with the sustainability of agroecosystems has been a great challenge. Thus, our aims were to use of domestic wastewater in the planting of Brachiaria brizantha cv Marandu, as an alternative for animal feed production in Cerrado soils, and to study the physical-chemical and microbiological impacts of the fertigation. These impacts were evaluated, respectively, by physical-chemical indicators content and diversity of nitrogen fixing bacteria (NFB) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in the DGGE profile. The NPK contents of the wastewater were used to determine the five fertigation managements (M1 to M5). M1 and M2 managements had no wastewater and M3 to M5 contained 20, 40 and 60% of NPK from the wastewater. The managements in a completely randomized design with 20 plots and 4 replicates were distributed. Soil samplings prior to fertigation and at the end of the experiment were performed. Leaf biomass productivity was determined in three different grass cuts. After fertigation, changes in physical-chemical indicators and in the viable microbial cells counts were observed. The NPK of wastewater increased the abundance of NFBs and AMFs. Leaf biomass productivity per hectare was directly proportional to NPK concentration. In addition, wastewater did not alter the nutritional composition of Marandu grass. Therefore, the fertigation with domestic wastewater showed to be a viable and promising alternative for reuse of this water in Cerrado soil for animal feed production.
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Irshad, Muhammad, Rahat Ullah Khan, Saima Jadoon, Amjad Hassan y A. Egrinya Eneji. "Effect of phosphate rock on the solubility of heavy metals in soils saturated with industrial wastewater". Canadian Journal of Soil Science 94, n.º 4 (agosto de 2014): 543–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss2013-063.
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Irshad, M., Khan, R. U., Jadoon, S., Hassan, A. and Egrinya Eneji, A. 2014. Effect of phosphate rock on the solubility of heavy metals in soils saturated with industrial wastewater. Can. J. Soil Sci. 94: 543–549. An in situ technology for immobilizing metals in polluted soils could be a more effective approach to managing their toxicity to the environment, especially plants. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of milled phosphate rock (PR) on the sorption of Ni, Cd and Cu ions in differently textured soils polluted with industrial wastewater. For this purpose, soils were mixed with two particle size fractions (0.2 mm and 1 mm) of PR material. Each material was applied at the rate of 0, 2.5 and 5%. Results showed that PR amendment reduced the solubilization of heavy metals in the order sandy clay loam>sandy loam>loamy sand. Metal concentrations in soils saturated with industrial wastewater were in the order Ni>Cd>Cu. Solubilization of metal ions in soils also reduced with the increase in the amount of rock phosphate added. This occurred more with the finer PR fraction. The concentrations of heavy metals in soils varied directly with their respective concentrations in the wastewater. Saturating soil with wastewater for a longer time increased the solubility of heavy metals. The adsorptive capacity of heavy metals from the respective aqueous solution also increased with increasing shaking time. The finer PR particles better enhanced the sorption capacity of heavy metals. This study indicated that the retention of heavy metals by PR mineral in contaminated soils may reduce the contamination risk in surface and subsurface waters.
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Chen, Weiping, Laosheng Wu, William T. Frankenberger y Andrew C. Chang. "Soil Enzyme Activities of Long-Term Reclaimed Wastewater-Irrigated Soils". Journal of Environmental Quality 37, S5 (septiembre de 2008): S—36—S—42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2007.0315.
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Bruzzoniti, Maria Concetta, Luca Rivoira, Michele Castiglioni, Ayoub El Ghadraoui, Abdelaali Ahmali, Tawfiq El Hakim El Mansour, Laila Mandi, Naaila Ouazzani y Massimo Del Bubba. "Extraction of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Polychlorinated Biphenyls from Urban and Olive Mill Wastewaters Intended for Reuse in Agricultural Irrigation". Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 103, n.º 2 (marzo de 2020): 382–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.19-0257.
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Abstract Background: Domestic and industrial wastewater can be introduced in a reuse chain for irrigation purposes. Objective: In this paper, we developed analytical procedures for the extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) along a wastewater reuse chain for irrigation purposes. Besides urban wastewaters, olive mill wastewater (OMWW) was considered as a potential water source. Wastewaters were purified by different treatments (urban wastewater plants, pilot-activated sludge, and constructed wetland) and used for the irrigation of olive trees. Suitable extraction procedures were used to analyze treated and untreated wastewaters, soils, and postirrigation leachates. Results: For wastewater and leachate samples, the optimized reverse-phase solid-phase extraction (SPE) provided recoveries up to 79%. For OMWW, the SPE procedure was preceded by a normal-phase purification stage with silica gel for the removal of polyphenols, which were as high as 8.7 g/L. After optimization, extraction recoveries in blank solutions were in the range 20–67% and moderately reduced (10–38%) in OMWW as a result of the matrix effect (ME; –10/–60%) ascribed to the very high value of chemical oxygen demand (264 g/L). LODs of the method were below 1.1 µg/L (PAHs) and 3.2 µg/L (PCBs) using GC-MS analysis. For soil samples of different compositions, microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) provided better extraction recoveries and reproducibility than the more common quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe approach, which was affected by a high ME. The LODs of the MAE/GC-MS method were below 4.9 µg/kg (PAHs) and 12.3 µg/kg (PCBs). Conclusions: The analytical procedures developed are a valuable tool to quantify the possible propagation of residual contamination from PAHs/PCBs with irrigation along the wastewater reuse chain.