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Harriden, K. "Water Diaries: generate intra-household water use data – generate water use behaviour change". Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 3, n.º 1 (1 de marzo de 2013): 70–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2013.015.
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With the current ‘water crisis’ essentially a crisis in water management, the need to clearly understand domestic water use is critical. In recent years there has been a growing awareness of the need to manage demand in all water sectors. However, demand mechanics at the intra-household scale are not well understood, with many utilities adopting a ‘command and control’ mentality rather than engaging with household water users, their water use knowledge and behaviours. This paper describes the Water Diary, a method to generate intra-household water use data, as a tool to promote water use behaviour change through sensitising users to their water behaviours and practices. Anecdotal evidence, of participants' increased water use sensitisation encouraging behaviour change, received following each of three Water Diary surveys (2007–2009), was quantified in 2010 with questionnaires and interviews of 40% of households that participated in the Water Diary surveys. The interviews revealed only three households did not become more aware of their water use and all but four recorded water use behaviour change, consequent to Water Diary participation. Requiring a high level of householder participation, water diary keeping can sensitise householders to their water use, to the point of enduring behaviour change.
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Suwal, Bhim Raj, Jane Zhao, Aditi Raina, Xun Wu, Namrata Chindarkar, K. C. Bal Kumar y Dale Whittington. "Households' preferences for water tariff structures in Kathmandu, Nepal". Water Policy 21, S1 (26 de agosto de 2019): 9–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2019.079.
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Abstract Despite being politically sensitive, water tariffs are frequently administered without information about households' preferences for tariff structures. In this paper we examine the tariff preferences of 1,500 households in Kathmandu, Nepal. We first use a bivariate probit model to examine stated preferences for (1) an increasing block tariff (IBT) and (2) a positive fixed charge. We find that household preferences for IBTs and fixed charges are not easily explained by household socioeconomic and water use characteristics. Second, we ask respondents what they think a fair water bill would be for a randomly assigned quantity of water. We model the responses as a function of both quantity and household socioeconomic and water use characteristics. While households support a water tariff that results in a household's water bill increasing as a household's water use increases, we do not find evidence that households support an increasing, nonlinear relationship between water use and a household's water bill. Our results suggest that respondents desire affordable piped water services and water bills that are calculated fairly for everyone. Because the notion of fairness in Kathmandu varies, utility managers may have considerable latitude in choosing a tariff structure that focuses on other objectives, such as cost recovery, revenue stability, and economic efficiency.
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Chen, Yvonne Jie, Namrata Chindarkar y Jane Zhao. "Water and time use: evidence from Kathmandu, Nepal". Water Policy 21, S1 (13 de julio de 2019): 76–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2019.082.
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Abstract In this paper, we examine the effect of private tap water reliability on time spent on water collection and total water consumption among urban households in Kathmandu, Nepal. Although the majority of households in Kathmandu are connected to a private tap, they experience intermittent water supply. We link a unique time diary dataset collected between 2014 and 2015 to household water consumption and tap water reliability data. Our empirical analyses demonstrate that improved reliability of private tap water connection (PWC), measured as self-reported reliability and an objective measure of ‘probability of getting tap water in the next hour’, leads to increased time spent on water collection. Households with more reliable PWC also consume more water overall and from their own taps. Further investigation demonstrates that when private taps became more reliable, households substituted water collected from outside the household, such as water from public taps and public wells, with water from their own private taps. Our results proved robust to additional specification checks.
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Gazzinelli, Andréa, Márcia Christina C. Souza, Iara Nascimento, Ilcéia Ribeiro Sá, Matilde Meire Miranda Cadete y Helmut Kloos. "Domestic water use in a rural village in Minas Gerais, Brazil, with an emphasis on spatial patterns, sharing of water, and factors in water use". Cadernos de Saúde Pública 14, n.º 2 (abril de 1998): 265–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x1998000200003.
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This paper examines the relationship between domestic water use and socioeconomic, environmental, and spatial parameters at the household level in a small rural village in northern Minas Gerais State. Five methods are used direct observation, household interviews, self-reporting by households, regression analysis, and statistical mapping. Results show that water use is characterized by 1) generally low but widely fluctuating values per person per day, 2) sharing of water sources between households, 3) the use of multiple sources by individual households, 4) avoidance of heavily contaminated stream sites, and 5) predominance of socioeconomic factors in water use. Households owning their own water supply used, on average, 25.3 liters per person/day and those without a supply 9.0 l, with higher use of the local streams among the latter. Water use varied spatially. The socioeconomic factors house quality, latrine ownership, type of water source, and a utility index were significantly correlated with water use. Implications of these simple household water sources and the more deficient sanitary facilities for potential water-borne disease transmission are briefly discussed and suggestions made for further improvements. This study confirms the appropriateness of the application of direct observation, interview, and microgeographical methods for quantitative water use studies.
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Jacob, Boniphace y Method Kazaura. "Access to Safe Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene: A Cross-Sectional Study among the Maasai in Tanzania". American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 104, n.º 4 (7 de abril de 2021): 1535–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.20-0134.
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ABSTRACTSafe water supply, sanitation, and hygiene (WaSH) are among key components to prevent and control waterborne diseases such as cholera, schistosomiasis, and other gastrointestinal morbidities in the community. In 2018, there was cholera outbreak in Ngorongoro district that was fueled by inadequate and unsafe water as well as poor sanitation and hygiene. We used an analytical cross-sectional study first to determine the proportion of households with access to WaSH and second to assess factors associated with coverage of household’s access to WaSH. Methods included interviewing heads of the household to assess the availability of safe drinking water, use of unshared toilet/latrine by household members only, and the availability of functional handwashing facility. Eight percent of households had access to WaSH. Access to household’s WaSH was positively associated with household’s monthly income, education of heads of the household, and water use per person per week. To control water-related morbidities, there is a need to improve access to reliable safe drinking water, expand alternatives of households to earn more incomes, and enhance proper sanitation and hygiene services to rural areas and marginalized groups like the Maasai of Ngorongoro in Tanzania.
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Israel, Debra K. "Impact of Increased Access and Price on Household Water Use in Urban Bolivia". Journal of Environment & Development 16, n.º 1 (marzo de 2007): 58–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1070496506298190.
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Using the 1994 Bolivian Integrated Household Survey, this study analyzes the equity implications of urban water sector reform including both increased water prices and increased access to piped water. Household water expenditures are examined by income decile, and low-income households are found to spend a higher percentage of income on water than high-income households. However, households purchasing from private water vendors could benefit from obtaining piped water, because regression analysis shows that on average, these households spend more on water than those with piped water inside their buildings or yards. This differential was the greatest in the city of Cochabamba, which also had the largest percentage of households purchasing from private water vendors. To understand the equity impact of water reform, the effects on both prereform users of piped water and those without access to piped water must be considered.
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Sempewo, Jotham Ivan, John Mushomi, Martin Dahlin Tumutungire, Ronald Ekyalimpa y Peter Kisaakye. "The impact of COVID-19 on households’ water use in Uganda". Water Supply 21, n.º 5 (12 de febrero de 2021): 2489–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2021.044.
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Abstract The unprecedented outbreak of COVID-19 necessitated the promotion of better hygiene practices to curb the spread of the virus. Better hygiene requires that households have a stable supply of water. However, little is known about the predictors of changes in water use in emergency situations such as COVID-19 in Uganda. This study uses data from a cross-sectional survey to examine the changes in the quantities of water used by 1,639 Ugandan households due to COVID-19. This article also explores the factors that are associated with changes in water use. The month March 2020 is used in this study as a cut-off because this is the month in which the government implemented a lockdown to curb the spread of the virus. Results indicate that most households had an increase in the quantity of water used after March 2020 when compared with the period before March 2020. Household characteristics that were associated with a change in the quantity of water used were age, sex, education, main occupation of household head, household size and region of residence. The results can be used to inform the prediction and demand modelling of household water use for improved water interventions for equitable water supply during emergencies.
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Barrett, Greg y Margaret Wallace. "Characteristics of Australian urban residential water users: implications for water demand management and whole of the system water accounting framework". Water Policy 11, n.º 4 (1 de agosto de 2009): 413–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2009.061b.
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Data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics, Household Expenditure Survey for 1998/99, are used to investigate the characteristics of households with a high per capita water use in Canberra, Australia's capital city. The results indicate that higher per capita water use is a function of household size (with large households achieving economies of size by sharing water consuming resources) and household income (with wealthy individuals using more water per capita). Linking these findings to Australian Bureau of Statistics projections of shrinking household size, the authors conclude that the resultant decline in household efficiency will drive up the demand for water, unless offset by demand management policies that focus not just on consumer behaviour (e.g. water restrictions) but also on the water efficiency of housing and domestic water-using appliances.
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GC, Raj K., Shyam Ranganathan y Ralph P. Hall. "Does Rural Water System Design Matter? A Study of Productive Use of Water in Rural Nepal". Water 11, n.º 10 (23 de septiembre de 2019): 1978. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11101978.
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In Nepal, rural water systems (RWS) are classified by practitioners as single-use domestic water systems (SUS) or multiple-use water systems (MUS). In the rural hills of Nepal, subsistence farming communities typically use RWS to support income-generating productive activities that can enhance rural livelihoods. However, there is limited research on the extent of existing productive activity and the factors enabling these activities. This paper examines the extent of water-related productive activities and the factors driving these activities based on a study, undertaken between October 2017 to June 2018, of 202 households served from five single-use domestic water systems and five multiple use water systems in the mid-hills of Nepal. The research found that a majority (94%) of these households engaged in two or more productive activities including growing vegetables and horticulture crops, raising livestock, and producing biogas and Rakshi (locally-produced alcohol), regardless of the system design, i.e., SUS vs. MUS. Around 90% of the households were engaged in productive activities that contributed to over 10% of their mean annual household income ($4,375). Since the SUS vs. MUS classification was not found to be a significant determinant of the extent of productive activity, the households were reclassified as having high or low levels of productive activity based on the quantity of water used for these activities and the associated earned income. A multinomial logistic regression model was developed to measure the relative significance of various predictors of high productive activity households. Five dominant predictors were identified: households that farm as a primary occupation, use productive technologies, are motivated to pursue productive activities, have received water-related productive activity training, and have received external support related to productive activities. Whereas MUS are designed for productive activity, nearly every household in SUS communities was involved in productive activities making them ‘de-facto’ MUS. These results challenge the current approach to rural water provision that views SUS and MUS as functionally different services.
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Banda, B. M., S. Farolfi y R. M. Hassan. "Estimating water demand for domestic use in rural South Africa in the absence of price information". Water Policy 9, n.º 5 (1 de octubre de 2007): 513–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2007.023.
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The paper applies the travel cost method (TCM) to estimate the value that rural households in the Steelpoort sub-basin of South Africa place on river and collective tap water. While the TCM calculations are based on the opportunity cost of the time household members spend on water collection, the resulting welfare values are close in magnitude to the estimates obtained using a contingent valuation method (CVM) on the same sample. The paper shows that in the absence of price data, the TCM provides satisfactory estimates of benefits where direct estimation of demand elasticity would otherwise be impossible. According to both methods, households consuming river water attribute higher value to the resource than collective tap users. The income elasticity of the trip generating function is much higher than that of the opportunity cost of time (price), implying that household's water use behaviour would be more responsive to factors affecting household income than to price incentives. Comparing the estimated values with actual operating and maintenance cost of water provision in the study area suggests that policies promoting cost-covering water tariffs have a potential to succeed.
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Sinclair, M., J. O'Toole, M. Malawaraarachchi y K. Leder. "Household greywater use practices in Melbourne, Australia". Water Supply 13, n.º 2 (1 de marzo de 2013): 294–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2013.022.
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Research on the potential of greywater reuse to reduce urban tap water demand has focused mainly on permanently installed greywater treatment or irrigation systems. These may be readily implemented in new housing developments, but experience in Australia shows their uptake by established households in urban areas is low. The majority of households employ simple and temporary methods for greywater collection and use, but their behaviour has not been well documented. We characterised the greywater use practices of over 1,000 Melbourne households during a 5-year period (2007 to 2011) which included 3 years of severe drought with stringent restrictions on outdoor tap water use. Greywater was most frequently collected from the laundry and bathroom, and generally used within 24 hours. Garden watering was the most common end use, and treatment of greywater to reduce microbial contamination was very rare. Volume estimates by householders suggest that on average around 10% of tap water used in the home was being collected for reuse. When drought conditions and water restrictions eased, over 40% of user households discontinued greywater use. Widespread adoption of permanent greywater collection, treatment and storage systems by households would be required to achieve a lasting effect on urban water consumption.
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Uwera, Claudine y Jesper Stage. "Water Demand by Unconnected Urban Households in Rwanda". Water Economics and Policy 01, n.º 01 (marzo de 2015): 1450002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2382624x14500027.
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In this paper, we analyze water demand by urban households in Rwanda who currently lack a piped connection into their home. The analysis uses data from a cross-sectional survey. The results show that public taps are the most widely used water source and that the demand for water from this source is more inelastic than that for water from other water sources. Although some households combine different sources of water, the majority in the sample uses only one source. We use the full household income, including the value of the household's time, and obtain results which indicate income elasticities higher than those obtained using monetary income only. The full cost associated with alternative water sources (including the opportunity cost of the time used) is shown to be important for determining the choice of source — something which has been overlooked in most previous studies.
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Sobsey, M. D., T. Handzel y L. Venczel. "Chlorination and safe storage of household drinking water in developing countries to reduce waterborne disease". Water Science and Technology 47, n.º 3 (1 de febrero de 2003): 221–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0199.
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Simple, effective and affordable methods are needed to treat and safely store non-piped, gathered household water. This study evaluated point-of-use chlorination and storage in special plastic containers of gathered household water for improving microbial quality and reducing diarrhoeal illness of consumers living under conditions of poor sanitation and hygiene. Community families were recruited and randomly divided into intervention (household water chlorination and storage in a special container) and control (no intervention) households. Microbes in stored household water were extensively inactivated by 1-5-mg/L doses of hypochlorite. Escherichia coli levels in stored household waters were <1/100 mL in most intervention households but readily detectable at high levels in control households. Stored water of intervention households was also lower in Clostridium perfringens and heterotrophic plate count bacteria than in control households. The intervention reduced household diarrhoeal illness. In Bolivia, monthly episodes of household diarrhoeal illness were 1.25 and 2.2 in intervention and control families, respectively (P = <0.002) indicating that 43% of community diarrhoea was preventable by using the intervention. In Bangladesh, mean episodes of child diarrhoea/1,000 d were 19.6 and 24.8 in intervention and control groups respectively (P = <0.03) indicating that about 24% of observed diarrhoea was preventable by using the intervention. Chlorine disinfection and storage in an appropriate container significantly improved the microbiological quality of non-piped household drinking water and reduced community diarrhoeal disease. Widespread use of this simple treatment and storage system for non-piped domestic water has the potential to dramatically reduce the global burden of waterborne diarrhoeal disease.
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Akram, Naeem. "Consumption of safe drinking water in Pakistan: its dimensions and determinants". Drinking Water Engineering and Science 13, n.º 2 (25 de septiembre de 2020): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/dwes-13-43-2020.
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Abstract. Safe drinking water is one of the basic human needs. Poor quality of drinking water is directly associated with various waterborne diseases. The present study has attempted to analyze the household preferences for drinking water sources and the adoption of household water treatment (HWT) in Pakistan by using the household data of Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey 2017–2018 (PDHS, 2018). This study found that people living in rural areas, those with older heads of household and those with large family sizes are significantly less likely to use water from bottled or filtered water. Households with media exposure, education, women's empowerment in household purchases and high incomes are more likely to use bottled or filtered water. Similarly, households are more likely to adopt HWT in urban areas, when there is a higher level of awareness (through education and media), higher incomes, women enjoy a higher level of empowerment, and piped water is already used. However, households that use water from wells and have higher family sizes are less likely to adopt water purifying methods at home.
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Markantonis, Vasileios, Celine Dondeynaz, Dionysis Latinopoulos, Kostas Bithas, Ioannis Trichakis, Yèkambèssoun M’Po y Cesar Moreno. "Values and Preferences for Domestic Water Use: A Study from the Transboundary River Basin of Mékrou (West Africa)". Water 10, n.º 9 (12 de septiembre de 2018): 1232. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10091232.
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Water is indispensable for human life and sufficient domestic use is considered as a regularity in the western world. The conditions are substantially different in African countries where poverty and lack of life-supporting services prevail. The provision of domestic water is an essential problem, which requires action. The lack of sufficient funding for the development of infrastructure supports claims for citizen participation in related costs. However, can citizens pay and to what extend for sufficient water provision? The present study investigates a household’s willingness to pay for domestic water in the transboundary Mékrou River Basin in West Africa (Burkina Faso, Benin and Niger) and explores the payment for domestic water provision to poverty. The paper uses the results of a household survey that was undertaken in the Mekrou basin including a representative sample from all three countries. Based on this survey the paper presents basic socio-economic characteristics of the local population as well as qualitative water provision and management attributes. In the core of the econometric analysis the paper presents the results of the survey’s Contingent Valuation (CV) scenario estimating the households’ willingness to pay (WTP) for a domestic water provision. The households of the Mekrou basin are willing to pay 2.81 euro per month in average for a domestic water provision network but this is strongly related with the wealth of households. This finding although it may support the “user pays principle”, it also raises serious questions over the provision of water to poor households.
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Pamla, Avela, Gladman Thondhlana y Sheunesu Ruwanza. "Persistent Droughts and Water Scarcity: Households’ Perceptions and Practices in Makhanda, South Africa". Land 10, n.º 6 (4 de junio de 2021): 593. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10060593.
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Households in many cities worldwide consume substantial amounts of water, but increasing aridity will result in serious water supply challenges in the future. In South Africa, droughts are now a common phenomenon, with severe implications on water supply for urban households. Developing interventions to minimise the impacts of drought requires understanding of users’ perceptions of water scarcity, water use practices, and participation in water conservation practices. Using household surveys across different income groups (low, medium, and high) in Makhanda, South Africa, this study investigates households’ perceptions of water scarcity, water use, and conservation practices as a basis for designing pathways for sustainable water use practices. Results indicate that a substantial proportion of households were aware of water scarcity and attributed it to poor municipal planning rather than drought and wasteful use practices. Households reported good water use behaviour, but wasteful practices (e.g., regular flushing of toilets) were evident. Gender, age, education, and environmental awareness influenced water use practices, but the relationships were generally weak. Households participated in water conservation measures but felt the local municipal authority lagged in addressing water supply challenges. The implications of the study are discussed.
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Gizachew, Matusala, Amha Admasie, Chala Wegi y Etagegnehu Assefa. "Bacteriological Contamination of Drinking Water Supply from Protected Water Sources to Point of Use and Water Handling Practices among Beneficiary Households of Boloso Sore Woreda, Wolaita Zone, Ethiopia". International Journal of Microbiology 2020 (13 de abril de 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/5340202.
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The quality of drinking water is a powerful environmental determinant of health. Water becomes contaminated with faecal material due to inadequate protection of the source, unhygienic practices of the community at the source, and poor household handling practices. The objective of this study was to assess the level of bacteriological contamination of drinking water supply from protected water sources to point of use and water handling practices among beneficiary households of Boloso Sore woreda, Wolaita zone, Ethiopia. A cross-sectional survey and bacteriological analysis of water were conducted in January 2019. The study included 545 households for water handling practices, and 75 samples from stored water from households and eighteen water sources were included for faecal coliform test. Data were analyzed using SPSS v21.0. Descriptive and logistic regression statistical models were used. Sixty percent of shallow wells, 60% of protected hand-dug wells, and 25% of protected on-spot springs were found positive for faecal coliform. In general, 44% of water source samples and 91% of household water samples were positive for faecal coliform. In general, 38% of households were practicing unsafe water handling practices. High school and above level of education (AOR = 3.37, 95% CI: 1.03, 11.57), getting higher monthly income (AOR = 2.37, 95%CI: 1.96, 5.85), households with small family size (AOR = 1.81, 95% CI: 1.15, 2.83), frequency of water collection twice a day (AOR = 2.88, 95% CI:1.56, 5.33), and presence of water payments (AOR = 0.42, 95% CI: 0.24, 0.72) were significantly associated with water handling practice. Unsafe water handling was a common practice in the study area, and water sources and household water storage were not free of faecal coliform, indicating noncompliance with the World Health Organization water quality guideline. Hence, capacity building is mandatory for the protection and management of water sources and safe water handling practices in the household and community.
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Casanova, Lisa M., Adam Walters, Ajith Naghawatte y Mark D. Sobsey. "A post-implementation evaluation of ceramic water filters distributed to tsunami-affected communities in Sri Lanka". Journal of Water and Health 10, n.º 2 (29 de marzo de 2012): 209–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2012.181.
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Sri Lanka was devastated by the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. During recovery, the Red Cross distributed approximately 12,000 free ceramic water filters. This cross-sectional study was an independent post-implementation assessment of 452 households that received filters, to determine the proportion still using filters, household characteristics associated with use, and quality of household drinking water. The proportion of continued users was high (76%). The most common household water sources were taps or shallow wells. The majority (82%) of users used filtered water for drinking only. Mean filter flow rate was 1.12 L/hr (0.80 L/hr for households with taps and 0.71 for those with wells). Water quality varied by source; households using tap water had source water of high microbial quality. Filters improved water quality, reducing Escherichia coli for households (largely well users) with high levels in their source water. Households were satisfied with filters and are potentially long-term users. To promote sustained use, recovery filter distribution efforts should try to identify households at greatest long-term risk, particularly those who have not moved to safer water sources during recovery. They should be joined with long-term commitment to building supply chains and local production capacity to ensure safe water access.
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Apoorva, R., Durba Biswas y Veena Srinivasan. "Do household surveys estimate tap water use accurately? Evidence from pressure-sensor based estimates in Coimbatore, India". Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 8, n.º 2 (19 de febrero de 2018): 278–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2018.127.
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Abstract Quantifying domestic water use at the household scale is crucial for any policy interventions towards ensuring adequate, equitable and safe water access. In developing country contexts, piped water supply is often one of several sources from which households access water and this is often unmetered. The most common approach to quantifying household water use from multiple sources is through household surveys. But there is no evidence that household surveys accurately estimate water use. This study utilized high-resolution pressure-sensor data as a reference to evaluate the effectiveness of conventional household survey methods through a sample of 82 households in Coimbatore city in South India. The pressure sensors produced detailed, continuous and accurate information on all sources of water accessed through the household storage infrastructure, but they were expensive and intrusive. Compared with pressure-sensor derived estimates of tap water use, household surveys alone fared very poorly. However, household surveys and well-designed water diaries of supply and pumping, coupled with simple one-time field measurements, emerged as a valid approach to quantifying household water use from taps under multiple source dependence.
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Mudau, Lutendo S., Murembiwa S. Mukhola y Paul R. Hunter. "Systematic risk management approach of household drinking water from the source to point of use". Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 7, n.º 2 (29 de marzo de 2017): 290–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2017.029.
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The water safety plan (WSP) approach is being widely adopted as a systematic approach to improving the safety of drinking water. However, to date, the approach has not been widely used for improving the safety of drinking water in those settings where people have to collect water away from their home. Most rural areas in South Africa still consume unsafe water despite WSP implementation and improved water sources provided by municipalities. This study used hazard analysis critical control point to assess drinking water used in households to determine systematic procedures, which could be used to control risks. The process includes assessment of risks associated with household water service level (availability, accessibility and potability) and risks of water contamination from the collection to point of consumption. Observations and questionnaires were used to collect data in households to systematically determine and identify risks of drinking water consumption. The results show intermittent water supply, access to unsafe water, while poor hygiene practices contribute to household water contamination. This approach could assist in identifying hazards as well as critical control points to reduce risks and improve management of drinking water safety in households.
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Gebremichael, Shewayiref Geremew, Emebet Yismaw, Belete Dejen Tsegaw y Adeladilew Dires Shibeshi. "Determinants of water source use, quality of water, sanitation and hygiene perceptions among urban households in North-West Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study". PLOS ONE 16, n.º 4 (22 de abril de 2021): e0239502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239502.
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Background Clean water is an essential part of human healthy life and wellbeing. More recently, rapid population growth, high illiteracy rate, lack of sustainable development, and climate change; faces a global challenge in developing countries. The discontinuity of drinking water supply forces households either to use unsafe water storage materials or to use water from unsafe sources. The present study aimed to identify the determinants of water source types, use, quality of water, and sanitation perception of physical parameters among urban households in North-West Ethiopia. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among households from February to March 2019. An interview-based a pre-tested and structured questionnaire was used to collect the data. Data collection samples were selected randomly and proportional to each of the kebeles’ households. MS Excel and R Version 3.6.2 were used to enter and analyze the data; respectively. Descriptive statistics using frequencies and percentages were used to explain the sample data concerning the predictor variable. Both bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions were used to assess the association between independent and response variables. Results Four hundred eighteen (418) households have participated. Based on the study undertaken,78.95% of households used improved and 21.05% of households used unimproved drinking water sources. Households drinking water sources were significantly associated with the age of the participant (x2 = 20.392, df = 3), educational status (x2 = 19.358, df = 4), source of income (x2 = 21.777, df = 3), monthly income (x2 = 13.322, df = 3), availability of additional facilities (x2 = 98.144, df = 7), cleanness status (x2 = 42.979, df = 4), scarcity of water (x2 = 5.1388, df = 1) and family size (x2 = 9.934, df = 2). The logistic regression analysis also indicated that those factors are significantly determining the water source types used by the households. Factors such as availability of toilet facility, household member type, and sex of the head of the household were not significantly associated with drinking water sources. Conclusion The uses of drinking water from improved sources were determined by different demographic, socio-economic, sanitation, and hygiene-related factors. Therefore; the local, regional, and national governments and other supporting organizations shall improve the accessibility and adequacy of drinking water from improved sources in the area.
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Geremew, Abraham y Yohannes Tefera Damtew. "Household water treatment using adequate methods in sub-Saharan countries: evidence from 2013–2016 Demographic and Health Surveys". Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 10, n.º 1 (11 de diciembre de 2019): 66–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2019.107.
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Abstract In sub-Saharan countries, where a large number of populations depend on unsafe water, household water treatment is the recommended means to reduce diarrhea. However, the practice in the region is very low. The current study is intended to assess the households' water treatment using adequate methods, boiling, adding bleach, filtration and solar disinfection, and associated factors in the region which will be an input to design and implement intervention strategies. The Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data conducted from 2013 to 2016 in 23 sub-Saharan countries were obtained from the DHS program and weighted using the ‘svy’ command for analysis. The households' reported use of treatment methods and associated factors were analyzed using log-binomial regression. In total, 357,979 households were included in the analysis of which 29% used unimproved water for drinking purposes. Households reportedly treating water in the region were 22% and those who used adequate treatment methods were 18%. The households' reported use of adequate treatment methods was statistically associated with household head education, owning a radio and wealth quintiles. The treatment methods' use is low in the region therefore intervention on wide-scale use should be designed and implemented.
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Asim507, Sidrat y Heman D. Lohano. "Households’ Willingness to Pay for Improved Tap Water Services in Karachi, Pakistan". Pakistan Development Review 54, n.º 4I-II (1 de diciembre de 2015): 507–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v54i4i-iipp.507-526.
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Access to safe water is a basic need for human survival and health. Water is one of the most important commodities for households, who use it for drinking and many other important household activities including cooking a meal, washing dishes, bathing, laundry, cleaning, and watering the home gardens. Households need safe water and its availability on regular basis. Irregular and uncertain access to safe water affects not only these activities directly but also households’ health and workforce productivity indirectly. Thus, households give great importance to water, its quality and regular supply.
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Shrestha, Sadhana, Yoko Aihara, Arun P. Bhattarai, Niranjan Bista, Naoki Kondo, Kazama Futaba, Kei Nishida y Junko Shindo. "Urban household water resilience and source selection in Nepal pre- and post-disaster". Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 10, n.º 3 (30 de julio de 2020): 435–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2020.042.
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Abstract Urban areas in low- and middle-income countries are under chronic water stress, and multiple water source use (MWSU) is common. A detailed study on MWSU is necessary for strengthening water security and enhancing household water resilience to natural disasters which is defined as the ability of a household water system that is exposed to a disaster to resist, accommodate, and recover efficiently in a short time. Surveys were conducted in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal, before and after the 2015 Gorkha earthquake. A classification of resilient and non-resilient households was based on respondents' perception scores of their water systems before the earthquake and one month after. Around 80% of households used two to three water sources, and 70% of households were classified as water resilient. Three characteristics of a water resilient household were: (i) use of greater number of water sources, (ii) use of multiple reliable water sources such as piped water, groundwater, and (iii) use of effective adaptive strategies such as water storage in a bigger container. Since the study showed the practice of MWSU enhanced the resilience, protection and management of local water sources (well, spring, stone spouts) by initiatives of local government or communities or both is recommended.
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Kim, Sunkyung, Kathryn Curran, Li Deng, Aloyce Odhiambo, Jared Oremo, Ronald Otieno, Richard Omore, Thomas Handzel y Robert Quick. "Backpack use as an alternative water transport method in Kisumu, Kenya". Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 10, n.º 4 (13 de octubre de 2020): 986–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2020.239.
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Abstract In developing countries, most households transport water from distant sources, placing physical burdens on women and children, who commonly carry water on their heads. A lightweight backpack was developed to alleviate physical stress from water carriage and provide a safe storage container. In 2015, we conducted a baseline survey among 251 Kenyan households with children <5 years old, distributed one backpack per household, and made 6 monthly home visits to ask about backpack use. At baseline, the median reported water collection time was 40 minutes/round trip; 80% of households reported collecting water daily (median 3 times/day). At follow-up visits, respondents reported backpack use to carry water ranged from 4% to 20% in the previous day; reported backpack use for water storage in the previous day ranged from 31% to 67%. Pain from water carriage was reported at 9% of all follow-up visits. The odds of backpack use in the past day to collect water were lower during rainy season (OR: 0.3, 95% CI: 0.2–0.3) and not associated with reported pain (OR: 1.7, 95% CI: 0.9–3.3). Our study suggests that participants preferred using the backpacks for storage rather than transport of water. Further dissemination of the backpacks is not recommended because of modest use for transport.
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Holman, Emily J. y Joe Brown. "Safety of packaged water distribution limited by household recontamination in rural Cambodia". Journal of Water and Health 12, n.º 2 (5 de diciembre de 2013): 343–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2013.118.
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Packaged water treatment schemes represent a growing model for providing safer water in low-income settings, yet post-distribution recontamination of treated water may limit this approach. This study evaluates drinking water quality and household water handling practices in a floating village in Tonlé Sap Lake, Cambodia, through a pilot cross-sectional study of 108 households, approximately half of which used packaged water as the main household drinking water source. We hypothesized that households purchasing drinking water from local packaged water treatment plants would have microbiologically improved drinking water at the point of consumption. We found no meaningful difference in microbiological drinking water quality between households using packaged, treated water and those collecting water from other sources, including untreated surface water, however. Households' water storage and handling practices and home hygiene may have contributed to recontamination of drinking water. Further measures to protect water quality at the point-of-use may be required even if water is treated and packaged in narrow-mouthed containers.
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Omedi, Moses J. y Emmanuel C. Kipkorir. "‘Hom’: a simple point of use water treatment device". Journal of Water and Health 8, n.º 4 (20 de abril de 2010): 741–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2010.110.
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This study sought to explore a locally assembled ‘Hom’ point of use water treatment device by assessing aspects of its performance and possible effects of using it on compliant households and communities. The conceptual framework highlights poverty and environmental degradation as causes and consequences of one another, with ill-health caused by water-borne diseases reinforcing both to form a cycle. Whether or not the device would play a role in interrupting this cycle depends on its capabilities and acceptance, among other factors. Survey results indicated that the device is acceptable to 84% of respondents. Analysed data collected using questionnaires from 60 randomly sampled pilot device users revealed that it is useful to its users. Yield trials results led to the conclusion that one device unit could provide enough drinking water to satisfy the needs of a large representative household. Laboratory tests of water samples filtered with cartridges used for up to 10 years in the device found the water to be safe for drinking. It is concluded that the device is effective, environmentally friendly and useful to compliant households.
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Vásquez, William F., Pallab Mozumder y Dina Franceschi. "Water Quality, Household Perceptions and Averting Behavior: Evidence from Nicaragua". Water Economics and Policy 01, n.º 04 (diciembre de 2015): 1550011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2382624x15500113.
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We investigate household perceptions of water quality and associated averting behaviors using household survey data from León, Nicaragua. Seemingly unrelated instrumental variable probit models are estimated to take the potential endogeneity of water quality perceptions and the relationship between different averting behaviors into account. Survey results indicate that a large majority of households use tap water for drinking purposes. Less than 26% of sampled households implement in-home water treatments and about 33% of households consume bottled water. Results indicate that observed averting behaviors (i.e., consumption of bottled water and in-home water treatments), or lack thereof, are primarily driven by the perceived quality of tap water. Findings also indicate that perceptions of water quality are associated with service performance and assessment of water quality relative to peers. Policy implications are discussed.
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Clasen, Thomas F. y Andrew Bastable. "Faecal contamination of drinking water during collection and household storage: the need to extend protection to the point of use". Journal of Water and Health 1, n.º 3 (1 de septiembre de 2003): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2003.0013.
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Paired water samples were collected and analysed for thermotolerant coliforms (TTC) from 20 sources (17 developed or rehabilitated by Oxfam and 3 others) and from the stored household water supplies of 100 households (5 from each source) in 13 towns and villages in the Kailahun District of Sierra Leone. In addition, the female head of the 85 households drawing water from Oxfam improved sources was interviewed and information recorded on demographics, hygiene instruction and practices, sanitation facilities and water collection and storage practices. At the non-improved sources, the arithmetic mean TTC load was 407/100 ml at the point of distribution, rising to a mean count of 882/100 ml at the household level. Water from the improved sources met WHO guidelines, with no faecal contamination. At the household level, however, even this safe water was subject to frequent and extensive faecal contamination; 92.9% of stored household samples contained some level of TTC, 76.5% contained more than the 10 TTC per 100 ml threshold set by the Sphere Project for emergency conditions. The arithmetic mean TTC count for all samples from the sampled households was 244 TTC per 100 ml (geometric mean was 77). These results are consistent with other studies that demonstrate substantial levels of faecal contamination of even safe water during collection, storage and access in the home. They point to the need to extend drinking water quality beyond the point of distribution to the point of consumption. The options for such extended protection, including improved collection and storage methods and household-based water treatment, are discussed.
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Barnes, Amber N., Anu Davaasuren, Uyanga Baasandavga, Paul M. Lantos, Battsetseg Gonchigoo y Gregory C. Gray. "Zoonotic enteric parasites in Mongolian people, animals, and the environment: Using One Health to address shared pathogens". PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, n.º 7 (8 de julio de 2021): e0009543. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009543.
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Background Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis are important zoonotic enteric pathogens of One Health concern for humans, animals, and the environment. For this study, we investigated parasite prevalence and risk factors among rural, peri-urban, and urban households and environments of Mongolia. Methods This cross-sectional study implemented a household risk factor survey at 250 home sites along with sample collection from humans, animals, flies, and drinking water. Multiplex real-time PCR analysis was conducted to look for Cryptosporidium spp. and/or Giardia duodenalis within household samples. Results Lab analysis found one or both zoonotic parasites at 20% of the participating households (51/250). Human samples had a parasite prevalence of 6.4% (27/419), domestic animals at 3.3% (19/570), pooled filth flies at 14.8% (17/115), and drinking water samples at 2% (5/250). Parasite presence at the household was significantly associated with a household’s use of an improved drinking water source (OR 0.27; CI 0.12–0.61; p = < 0.01), having an indoor handwashing site (OR 0.41; CI 0.19–0.92; p = 0.03), domestic animal ownership (OR 2.40; CI 1.02–5.65; p = 0.05), and rural location (OR 0.50; CI 0.25–0.98; p = 0.04). Household use of an improved drinking water source remained significant in the multivariate model (OR 0.16; CI 0.04–0.68; p = 0.01). Conclusion In Mongolia, public and veterinary health are intertwined, particularly for rural herding households. Increased access to safe water, sanitation and hygiene infrastructure could help prevent further transmission of zoonotic enteric parasites. Public health interventions, policy and messaging should utilize a One Health framework employing joint leadership from local human and animal health sectors.
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Rayner, Justine, Anna Murray, Myriam Joseph, Ariel Branz y Daniele Lantagne. "Evaluation of household drinking water filter distribution programs in Haiti". Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 6, n.º 1 (6 de febrero de 2016): 42–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2016.121.
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Household water treatment (HWT) can reduce the diarrheal disease burden in populations without access to safe water. We evaluated five programs that distributed biosand, ceramic, or Sawyer filters in Haiti after the 2010 earthquake and cholera outbreak. We conducted household surveys and tested Escherichia coli and turbidity in stored household untreated and treated water in ∼50 randomly selected households from each program. Across programs, self-reported filter use ranged from 27 to 78%; confirmed use (participants with reported use who also showed the filter with water currently in it) ranged from 20 to 76%; and effective use (participants who used the filter to improve water quality to international guideline values) ranged from 0 to 54%. Overall, programs that more successfully met evaluation metrics: (1) distributed an effective technology; (2) provided safe storage; (3) required cash investment; (4) provided initial training; (5) provided follow-up; (6) provided supply-chain access; (7) targeted households relying on contaminated water sources; and, (8) had experience working in the local context. These findings, similar to results of previous research on HWT, suggest that well-implemented programs have the potential to result in sustained household filter use in Haiti.
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Graf, Jürg, Serge Zebaze Togouet, Norbert Kemka, Domitille Niyitegeka, Regula Meierhofer y Joseph Gangoue Pieboji. "Health gains from solar water disinfection (SODIS): evaluation of a water quality intervention in Yaoundé, Cameroon". Journal of Water and Health 8, n.º 4 (27 de mayo de 2010): 779–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2010.003.
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In developing countries, the burden of diarrhoea is still enormous. One way to reduce transmission of pathogens is by water quality interventions. Solar water disinfection (SODIS) is a low-cost and simple method to improve drinking water quality on household level. This paper evaluates the implementation of SODIS in slum areas of Yaoundé, Cameroon. Promoters trained 2,911 households in the use of SODIS. Two surveys with randomly selected households were conducted before (N = 2,193) and after (N = 783) the intervention. Using a questionnaire, interviewers collected information on the health status of children under five, on liquid consumption, hygiene and other issues. Prior to the intervention, diarrhoea prevalence amounted to 34.3% among children. After the intervention, it remained stable in the control group (31.8%) but dropped to 22.8% in the intervention group. Households fully complying with the intervention exhibited even less diarrhoea prevalence (18.3%) and diarrhoea risk could be reduced by 42.5%. Multivariate analyses revealed that the intervention effects are also observed when other diarrhoea risk factors, such as hygiene and cleanliness of household surroundings, are considered. According to the data, adoption of the method was associated with marital status. Findings suggest health benefits from SODIS use. Further promotional activities in low-income settings are recommended.
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Thevos, Angelica K., Sonja J. Olsen, Josefa M. Rangel, Fred A. D. Kaona, Mathias Tembo y Robert E. Quick. "Social Marketing and Motivational Interviewing as Community Interventions for Safe Water Behaviors: Follow-up Surveys in Zambia". International Quarterly of Community Health Education 21, n.º 1 (abril de 2002): 51–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/kpcl-n5ck-2jdf-jfhh.
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To address the need for innovative approaches to diarrhea prevention in developing countries, we conducted two studies in Zambia to compare the effect of social marketing alone (SM) with social marketing plus motivational interviewing (SM+MI) on the adoption and continued use of a household-based water chlorination and storage intervention called the safe water system (SWS). In Study 1, we conducted a baseline survey, implemented SM+MI in intervention households, SM in comparison households, implemented the SWS, then compared chlorine residuals in stored water in SM and SM+MI households. In Study 2, we compared chlorine residuals in SM and SM+MI households 16 months after a similar implementation project in a different population. The proportion of SM+MI households with adequate chlorine residuals was 16-fold higher in Study 1 and 2-fold higher in Study 2 than SM households. MI is a promising method for motivating the adoption and sustained use of safe water behaviors.
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MCELWEE, PAMELA D. "Forest environmental income in Vietnam: household socioeconomic factors influencing forest use". Environmental Conservation 35, n.º 2 (junio de 2008): 147–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892908004736.
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SUMMARYMuch research has focused on understanding the importance of forest environmental income in different communities and highlighting key socioeconomic characteristics of forest-dependent households. This paper examines the economic importance of forests among rural agriculturalists in Vietnam. Data were collected through a questionnaire survey of 104 households in five study villages in Ha Tinh province in north central Vietnam surrounding the Ke Go Nature Reserve (KGNR). Variables such as migration status of the household, age, income class and landholdings were used to identify characteristics of households with high forest income in both absolute and relative terms. More than half of households reported receiving forest environmental income in cash. Socioeconomic variables were compared between forest cash income (FCI) households and non-FCI households. Non-FCI households had more alternative income sources from wage labour and livestock, while FCI households were significantly younger, tended to live closer to the forest and had larger landholdings. Contrary to other research on forest use, the households deriving the most forest income in both absolute and relative terms were not the poorer households, but those in the middle class. These findings highlight the need for conservation and development projects to pay attention to the specific household factors that influence forest use, rather than relying on assumptions that poverty and forests are always linked.
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Appiah-Effah, Eugene, Emmanuel Nketiah Ahenkorah, Godwin Armstrong Duku y Kwabena Biritwum Nyarko. "Domestic drinking water management: Quality assessment in Oforikrom municipality, Ghana". Science Progress 104, n.º 3 (julio de 2021): 003685042110359. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00368504211035997.
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Drinking water in Ghana is estimated at 79%, but this only represents the proportion of the population with access to improved drinking water sources without regard to the quality of water consumed. This study investigated the quality of household drinking water sources in the Oforikrom municipality where potable water requirements are on the rise due to an ever-increasing population. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were employed in this study. One Hundred households were randomly selected and interviewed on the available options for drinking water and household water treatment and safe storage. A total of 52 points of collection (POC) and 97 points of use (POU) water samples from households were collected for physicochemical and microbial water quality analysis. Amongst the available drinking water options, sachet water (46%) was mostly consumed by households. Water quality analysis revealed that the physicochemical parameters of all sampled drinking water sources were within the Ghana Standards Authority (GSA) recommended values expected for pH (ranging from 4.50 to 7.50). For the drinking water sources, bottled (100%, n = 2) and sachet water (91%, n = 41) showed relatively good microbial water quality. Generally, POC water samples showed an improved microbial water quality in comparison to POU water samples. About 38% ( n = 8) of the households practicing water quality management, were still exposed to unsafe drinking water sources. Households should practice good water quality management at the domestic level to ensure access to safe drinking water. This may include the use of chlorine-based disinfectants to frequently disinfect boreholes, wells and storage facilities at homes.
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Ngasala, T. M., S. J. Masten, C. Cohen, D. Ravitz y E. J. Mwita. "Implementation of point-of-use water treatment methods in a rural Tanzanian community: a case study". Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 10, n.º 4 (20 de octubre de 2020): 1012–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2020.141.
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Abstract This study was conducted in an agro-pastoral community in Northern Tanzania, where water sources are contaminated, and point-of-use water treatment is rarely used. The objectives of the study were to determine the quality of drinking water at the household level and to assess the perception and attitude towards the treatment methods that were introduced to community members. The three treatment methods evaluated were chlorine tablets, silver-infused ceramic tablets, and solar water disinfection (SODIS). These methods were selected due to their availability, ease of use, cost, and effectiveness in water with high levels of coliform bacteria. Each home within the study area was provided with one of three treatment methods. The use, performance, and acceptability of the new water treatment methods were assessed over a three-week period. Prior to the introduction of the methods, 40% of households reported that they treated water regularly. However, 80% of the household water samples tested positive for Escherichia coli. After introducing the new methods, 60% of households increased their water consumption, and all water samples tested negative for E. coli during the final week of testing. The work demonstrates the need to provide access to cost-effective household water treatment methods, especially in rural communities that lack access to potable water.
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Casanova, Lisa M., Adam Walters, Ajith Nagahawatte y Mark D. Sobsey. "Ceramic pot filter user satisfaction and water quantity production in tsunami-affected Sri Lankan communities". Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 3, n.º 4 (7 de marzo de 2013): 646–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2013.125.
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Sri Lanka was heavily damaged by the December 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. To reduce risks from unsafe water, the Red Cross distributed ceramic pot filters to households. This analysis was undertaken to determine if flow rate affects user satisfaction with water production by the filter, and if filters produce enough water for household use. Mean filter flow rate was ∼1.25 L/hr, with wide filter-to-filter variation. The relationship between flow rate and user perception of whether the filter produced enough water for household needs is complex. Results suggest that many households had flow insufficient to produce 2 L per household member per day. Although continued use in this population remains high and users express satisfaction with filters, the amount of water produced remains a limitation of the filter.
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FERNANDES, T. M. A., C. SCHOUT, A. M. De RODA HUSMAN, A. EILANDER, H. VENNEMA y Y. T. H. P. van DUYNHOVEN. "Gastroenteritis associated with accidental contamination of drinking water with partially treated water". Epidemiology and Infection 135, n.º 5 (17 de noviembre de 2006): 818–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268806007497.
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SUMMARYDue to human error, drinking water supplied to a new housing estate in The Netherlands was contaminated with grey water. The cohort of 921 accidentally exposed households (area A) had a higher attack rate for diarrhoea (54·1%) than a non-exposed cohort of 1529 households from an adjacent area (B) (24%) (RR 2·3, 95% CI 1·9–2·7). Household water score showed a dose-response with illness, in both areas A and B. For each 1000 inhabitants, 19·8 cases in area A, 7·0 cases in control area B (RRAB2·2, 95% CI 1·3–3·8) and 3·3 cases in a more distant control area C (RRAC4·6, 95% CI 2·7–8·0) were diagnosed with gastroenteritis by their general practitioner. A gastroenteritis outbreak associated with consumption of contaminated drinking water was observed in the exposed area. The use of grey water was banned in 2003, with the exception of rainwater use for flushing toilets. The risk of rainwater use is currently being investigated.
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MacDonald, Morgan Callender, Luke Juran, Sekar Srinivasan, Jincy Jose, Syed Imran Ali, Prema Rajagopalan y Kevin Hall. "Assessing Participant Compliance With Point-of-Use Water Treatment: An Exploratory Investigation". Public Works Management & Policy 23, n.º 2 (9 de diciembre de 2017): 150–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087724x17745083.
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Field studies on household water treatment and safe storage (HWTS) suggest that positive health outcomes are strongly linked to user compliance. We investigated factors that influenced compliance in a marginalized community of South India where residents worked with researchers to develop a water treatment intervention in absence of government water utilities. Survey and water quality data were collected during a 12-month randomized controlled trial of 124 households. Data were used to construct indices for social, technical, and institutional predictors of compliance including technological effectiveness, gender, community capacity, perceived benefit, and inherent demand. Perceived benefit was the only parameter to be significantly associated with compliance. Households in which participants had “very high” levels of perceived benefit were over 4 times more likely to comply with instructions on water treatment and maintenance with the HWTS. These findings suggest that compliance, and therefore disease prevention, can be improved by enhancing perceived benefit to the user.
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Daniel, D., Mita Sirait y Saket Pande. "A hierarchical Bayesian Belief Network model of household water treatment behaviour in a suburban area: A case study of Palu—Indonesia". PLOS ONE 15, n.º 11 (6 de noviembre de 2020): e0241904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241904.
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Understanding the determinants of household water treatment (HWT) behavior in developing countries is important to increase the rate of its regular use so that households can have safe water at home. This is especially so when the quality of the water source is not reliable. We present a hierarchical Bayesian Belief Network (BBN) model supported by statistical analysis to explore the influence of household’s socio-economic characteristics (SECs) on the HWT behavior via household’s psychological factors. The model uses eight SECs, such as mother’s and father’s education, wealth, and religion, and five RANAS psychological factors, i.e., risk, attitude, norms, ability, and self-regulation to analyse HWT behavior in a suburban area in Palu, Indonesia. Structured household interviews were conducted among 202 households. We found that mother’s education is the most important SEC that influences the regular use of HWT. An educated mother has more positive attitude towards HWT and is more confident in her ability to perform HWT. Moreover, self-regulation, especially the attempt to deal with any barrier that hinders HWT practice, is the most important psychological factor that can change irregular HWT users to regular HWT users. Hence, this paper recommends to HWT-program implementers to identify potential barriers and discuss potential solutions with the target group in order to increase the probability of the target group being a regular HWT user.
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Amin, Nuhu, Yoshika S. Crider, Leanne Unicomb, Kishor K. Das, Partha Sarathi Gope, Zahid Hayat Mahmud, M. Sirajul Islam, Jennifer Davis, Stephen P. Luby y Amy J. Pickering. "Field trial of an automated batch chlorinator system at shared water points in an urban community of Dhaka, Bangladesh". Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 6, n.º 1 (6 de febrero de 2016): 32–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2016.027.
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Point-of-use water treatment with chlorine is underutilized in low-income households. The Zimba, an automated batch chlorinator, requires no electricity or moving parts, and can be installed at shared water points with intermittent flow. We conducted a small-scale trial to assess the acceptability and quality of Zimba-treated municipal water. Fieldworkers collected stored drinking water over a 10-week period from control (n = 24 households) and treatment (n = 30 households) compounds to assess levels of free chlorine and E. coli contamination. Overall, 80% of stored drinking water samples had a safe chlorine residual among treatment households, compared to 29% among control households (P < 0.001). Concentrations of E. coli were lower (mean difference = 0.4 log colony-forming units/100 mL, P = 0.004) in treatment compared to control households. Fifty-three percent of mothers (n = 17), thought the Zimba was easy to use and 76% were satisfied with the taste. The majority of mothers mentioned that collecting water from the Zimba took more time and created a long queue at the handpump. The Zimba successfully chlorinated household stored drinking water; however, further technology development is required to address user preferences. The Zimba may be a good option for point-of-collection water treatment in areas where queuing for water is uncommon.
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HEITZINGER, K., C. A. ROCHA, R. E. QUICK, S. M. MONTANO, D. H. TILLEY, C. N. MOCK, A. J. CARRASCO, R. M. CABRERA y S. E. HAWES. "The challenge of improving boiling: lessons learned from a randomized controlled trial of water pasteurization and safe storage in Peru". Epidemiology and Infection 144, n.º 10 (22 de febrero de 2016): 2230–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268816000236.
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SUMMARYBoiling is the most common method of household water treatment in developing countries; however, it is not always effectively practised. We conducted a randomized controlled trial among 210 households to assess the effectiveness of water pasteurization and safe-storage interventions in reducingEscherichia colicontamination of household drinking water in a water-boiling population in rural Peru. Households were randomized to receive either a safe-storage container or a safe-storage container plus water pasteurization indicator or to a control group. During a 13-week follow-up period, households that received a safe-storage container and water pasteurization indicator did not have a significantly different prevalence of stored drinking-water contamination relative to the control group [prevalence ratio (PR) 1·18, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0·92–1·52]. Similarly, receipt of a safe-storage container alone had no effect on prevalence of contamination (PR 1·02, 95% CI 0·79–1·31). Although use of water pasteurization indicators and locally available storage containers did not increase the safety of household drinking water in this study, future research could illuminate factors that facilitate the effective use of these interventions to improve water quality and reduce the risk of waterborne disease in populations that boil drinking water.
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Fagerli, Kirsten, Jacqueline Hurd, Emma Wells, Jarred McAteer, Sunkyung Kim, Laura Seal, Patricia Akers, Jennifer L. Murphy y Robert Quick. "Evaluation of use, acceptability, and effectiveness of household water filter systems in Honduras, 2016–2017". Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 8, n.º 4 (10 de agosto de 2018): 809–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2018.034.
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Abstract We evaluated a household hollow fiber water filter program in 11 Honduran villages by assessing filter uptake and water quality. Filters were purchased by 90% of households; of these, 94% reported use within the past week. When comparing water treatment methods between baseline and follow-up, there were increases in the proportion of households reporting water treatment (74% vs. 93%, p < 0.001) and treatment by filtration (19% vs. 85%, p < 0.001), and decreased purchase of bottled water (44% vs 6%, p < 0.001), indicating acceptability of the water filtration systems. There was a significant decrease in the presence of Escherichia coli in water samples taken from 35 households at baseline and follow-up in water filter systems (p < 0.001). As a result, 68% of samples met WHO water quality guidelines (no detectable E. coli) 6–12 months after program implementation. Observations of filter stands revealed a 6-inch gap between the top (reservoir) bucket and bottom (filtrate recipient) bucket that could have permitted animals, insects, hands, or other objects to touch filtered water. We recommend a redesign of filter stands to eliminate the gap between buckets, and a longer-term follow-up to assess filter durability and performance.
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Rosa, Ghislaine y Thomas Clasen. "Consistency of Use and Effectiveness of Household Water Treatment among Indian Households Claiming to Treat Their Water". American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 97, n.º 1 (12 de julio de 2017): 259–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.16-0428.
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Brown, Joe, S. Proum y M. D. Sobsey. "Sustained use of a household-scale water filtration device in rural Cambodia". Journal of Water and Health 7, n.º 3 (1 de mayo de 2009): 404–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2009.085.
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The effectiveness of point-of-use water treatment may be limited by declining use over time, particularly when water treatment is introduced via targeted intervention programmes. In order to evaluate the long-term uptake and use of locally produced ceramic water filters in rural Cambodia, we visited households that had received filters as part of NGO-subsidized distribution programmes over a 4 year period from 2002 to 2006. Of the more than 2,000 filters distributed, we visited 506 randomly selected households in 13 villages spanning three provinces to assess filter time in use and to collect data on factors potentially correlated with long-term use. Results indicate that filter use declined at the rate of approximately 2% per month after implementation, largely owing to breakages, and that, controlling for time since implementation, continued filter use over time was most closely positively associated with: related water, sanitation and hygiene practices in the home; cash investment in the technology by the household; and use of surface water as a primary drinking water source.
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Bermejo-Martín, Gustavo, Carlos Rodríguez-Monroy y Yilsy M. Núñez-Guerrero. "Water Consumption Range Prediction in Huelva’s Households Using Classification and Regression Trees". Water 13, n.º 4 (15 de febrero de 2021): 506. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13040506.
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This paper uses the numerical results of surveys sent to Huelva’s (Andalusia, Spain) households to determine the degree of knowledge they have about the urban water cycle, needs, values, and attitudes regarding water in an intermediary city with low water stress. In previous research, we achieved three different households’ clusters. The first one grouped households with high knowledge of the integral water cycle and a positive attitude to smart devices at home. The second cluster described households with low knowledge of the integral water cycle and high sensitivity to price. The third one showed average knowledge and predisposition to have a closer relationship with the water company. This paper continues with this research line, applying Classification and Regression Trees (CART) to determine which hierarchy of variables/factors/independent components obtained from the surveys are the decisive ones to predict the range of household water consumption in Huelva. Positive attitudes towards improved cleaning habits for personal or household purposes are the highest hierarchy component to predict the water consumption range. Second in the hierarchy, the variable Knowledge Global Score about the integral urban water cycle, associated with water literacy, also contributes to predicting the water consumption range. Together with the three clusters obtained previously, these results will allow us to design water demand management strategies (WDM) fit for purpose that enable Huelva’s households to use water more efficiently.
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Garcia, Janine, Luis Ricardo Salfer, Andreza Kalbusch y Elisa Henning. "Identifying the Drivers of Water Consumption in Single-Family Households in Joinville, Southern Brazil". Water 11, n.º 10 (24 de septiembre de 2019): 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11101990.
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This study aims to identify the factors that may influence water consumption in single-family households in the city of Joinville, Southern Brazil. Through questionnaires, data were collected from 108 households in several neighborhoods of the city. The questionnaires contained open-ended and closed-ended questions involving the surrounding infrastructure, socio-economic and demographic characteristics, constructive characteristics, installed plumbing fixtures, and water-use habits, totaling 57 variables. The independent variables were correlated to monthly water consumption (m3/month/household) and per capita consumption (liters/person/day) of each household. The statistically significant variables that affected households water consumption were related to demographic characteristics such as number of residents and educational level, construction features (i.e., number of bathrooms, building age, and built area), the presence of water-efficient appliances and water conservation habits. The results obtained can contribute to the development of new studies on water consumption and sustainable policies and awareness on the importance of water conservation.
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Zapata, Oscar. "More Water Please, It's Getting Hot! The Effect of Climate on Residential Water Demand". Water Economics and Policy 01, n.º 03 (septiembre de 2015): 1550007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2382624x15500071.
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Climate change is expected to alter the supply and demand for water in the residential sector. Existing studies exploit the differences in climate across seasons mostly in North America and Europe, and identify changes in consumption levels attributed only to households' short-term responses. The results from models that simulate household consumption of water are sensitive to the parameters that govern the behavior of climate variables and household responses in the upcoming decades, and fail to consider short-term determinants of water consumption. The findings in the literature suggest an inexistent or small effect of climate on residential water demand. This paper studies the relationship between climate conditions and residential water consumption that corresponds to households' long-term adaptation to climate, while controlling for the effect of short-term determinants of water demand. I take advantage of the geographic variation in climate conditions across municipalities of Ecuador to identify the effect of temperature, precipitation and humidity on water demand. I adopt average prices and an IV technique to address the endogeneity problem between water prices and quantities that arise from the use of increasing-block water tariffs. I find a large and significant effect of temperature on residential water demand, whereas precipitation and humidity have a small effect. Temperature also has a stronger effect on water demand among low-income households.
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Amoah, Anthony. "Estimating averting expenditure in domestic water use: evidence from Ghana". Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 10, n.º 4 (1 de septiembre de 2020): 894–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2020.197.
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Abstract Safe water is described as an important resource for the survival of mankind. The outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic has made safe water ‘super’ important and critical for the survival of mankind. Most developing countries, especially in Africa, incur additional costs in order to enjoy improved, if not safe domestic water supply. Using the averting expenditure method, this study estimates how much urban households in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana spend to improve the quality of domestic water they use. The study provides evidence that households spend Ghs84.30 ($14.70) per month, which constitutes 13.25% of their income. These estimates are very informative to the supplier in determining the economic viability of making the required quality of water available to households.
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Allen, Summer, Matin Qaim y Andrew Temu. "Household water constraints and agricultural labour productivity in Tanzania". Water Policy 15, n.º 5 (8 de julio de 2013): 761–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2013.174.
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While previous research has analysed the links between drinking water access and health, and to some extent between health and agriculture, the direct impact of household water access on agricultural productivity has hardly been studied. We address this research gap, using survey data from Tanzania. Regression models show that water access constraints significantly decrease labour productivity for households that require more than the median time for water collection, doubling the time required for water collection reduces labour productivity by over 20%. For these water-constrained households we also identify a negative effect of water collection time on crop yield. Since we control for differences in irrigation, input use, crop type and other factors, we conclude that the productivity effects are mainly due to poorer health in water-constrained households. These results suggest that there are important linkages between drinking water access and agricultural growth which have often been overlooked in the past. Improving water access for rural households should receive higher policy priority not only from a health perspective but also from an agricultural growth perspective.