Artículos de revistas: "Wheat middling"

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VIDAL, Luiz Vítor Oliveira, Tadeu Orlandi XAVIER, Lorena Batista de MOURA, Mariana MICHELATO, Elias Nunes MARTINS y Wilson Massamitu FURUYA. "Apparent digestibility of wheat and coproducts in extruded diets for the Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus". Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal 18, n.º 3 (julio de 2017): 479–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-99402017000300008.

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SUMMARY In the present study, we investigated the digestibility of wheat and its coproducts in extruded diets for juvenile Nile tilapia. Specifically, we evaluated the apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of dry matter (ADCDM), gross energy (ADCGE), crude protein (ADCCP), essential amino acids (EAAs), and non-essential amino acids (NEAAs) in winter wheat, spring wheat, wheat middling, wheat bran, and wheat germ in a diet fed Nile tilapia. A reference diet and test diets were used, with 5.0g/kg chromic oxide (Cr2O3) as the external indicator. The ADCDM, ADCCP, and ADCGE were higher (P< 0.05) in winter wheat, spring wheat, and wheat germ than for wheat middling and wheat bran. The ADCs of all amino acids (AAs) were >80%, except for threonine in wheat middling and wheat bran, exceeding 90% for winter wheat and wheat germ. The values of all investigated ingredients were high for ADCCP, and the ADCs of EAAs and NEAAs. A strong negative correlation was detected for crude fiber and ash with the ADCs of dry matter, gross energy, and crude protein. In general, wheat ingredients have good digestibility of protein and amino acids, but high fiber content reduces CDAMS and CDAEB in extruded diets for Nile tilapia.

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Brito, Vinicius Campachi, Leandro das Dores Ferreira da Silva, Maria Carolina Gonçalves de Arruda, Dagiale Kelly de Souza Tagliatella, Fernando Augusto Grandis, Valter Harry Bumbieris Junior, Lucas Camargo Ramos, Higor Souza de Camargo, Vitor Hugo Pereira y Ivone Yurika Mizubuti. "Ruminal parameters and in-situ degradability of rations with wheat middling substitution for corn". Semina: Ciências Agrárias 42, n.º 3Supl1 (22 de abril de 2021): 1707–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2021v42n3supl1p1707.

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This study aimed to evaluate the effect of substituting corn with wheat middling on the in-situ degradability of foods and ruminal parameters of cattle. The experiment was conducted at the Ruminant Studies Unit and the Laboratory of Food Analysis and Animal Nutrition of Londrina State University. Five rumen-fistulated cattle with an average weight of 521 ± 38.22 kg were housed in individual stalls. The experimental design used was a Latin square with five treatments (100% C, 75% C 25% WM, 50% C 50% WM, 25% C 75% WM, and 100% WM) and five periods of 25 days each. The pH and ammoniacal nitrogen (N-NH3) concentration in ruminal fluid was measured before feeding and 2, 4, 6, and 8 h after feeding in subdivided parcels. The in-situ degradability of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were determined by incubating silage samples and measuring concentrates in the rumen of cattle. The levels of substitution of corn by wheat middling did not alter the pH and N-NH3 values but was influenced by the collection time. The N-NH3 presented quadratic behavior with a point of maximum rumen concentration (5.31 mgdL-1) reached 1.12 h after feeding. The pH presented quadratic behavior with a point of minimum (6.04) reached 4.32 h after feeding. The effective degradability (ED) of DM with 2, 5 and 8%h-1 of passage rate was influenced by the substitution of corn by wheat middling, with increasing linear behavior. The ED 2%h-1 varied from 46.19% to 50.24%, the ED 5%h-1 varied from 33.76% to 38.68%, and the ED 8%h-1 values ranged from 28.16% to 32.92% for the 100% C and 100% WM treatments. Higher values, for treatments with higher levels of substitution of corn by wheat middling, occurred owing to the lower fiber content and to the largest soluble fractions and degradation rate of DM in rations with wheat middling. The ED of CP and NDF with passage rates of 2, 5 and 8%h-1 presented quadratic behavior. The ED 2, 5 and 8%h-1 of CP presented maximums of 75.9%, 77.9%, and 86.2%, with averages of 52.02%, 45.93%, and 42.23%, respectively. The ED 2, 5 and 8%h-1 of NDF presented minimum points of 29.6%, 34.7%, and 35.2%, with averages of 41.60%, 33.43%, and 27.76%, respectively. Wheat middling can be used for total substitution of corn without damaging ruminal pH and N-NH3, in addition to improving the degradability of rations.

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Yang, Fu Min, Min Yang y Ke Ping Zhang. "Study on Transforming from Vegetable-Residue to Roughage". Advanced Materials Research 726-731 (agosto de 2013): 2970–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.726-731.2970.

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The use rate of the vegetable-residue is low which pollution-free processing does not reach the designated position. In order to resolve the problem of vegetable residues treatment, the research focus on transforming from vegetable-residue to feed for livestock and poultry combining with its characteristics of big water content and strong seasonality. Firstly, the vegetable cakes with about 45% moisture content were made of vegetable-residue by cleaning, beating, pressure filtration, batching, mixing, granulating, cooling and packaging. The orthogonal experiment method was used to optimize the addition amount of bentonite, wheat middling, powdered rice hulls, binder and corn protein powder into vegetables particle roughage of poultry and vegetables honeycomb roughage of livestock from vegetable cakes which selected the forming ratio as the indicator. The results showed that when the addition amount of bentonite was 20%, wheat middling was 20%, powdered rice hulls was 20%, corn protein powder was 5%, the vegetables particle roughage had the best forming ratio, while the addition amount of bentonite 12.5%, wheat middling 10%, powdered rice hulls 15%, corn protein powder 3%, binder 2%, the livestock vegetables honeycomb roughage had the best forming ratio. The results would provide the references for vegetable-residue industrial treatment.

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Pessini, Jhonis Ernzen, Milena Souza Santos Sanchez, Mariana Lins Rodrigues, Wilson Rogério Boscolo, Fábio Bittencourt y Altevir Signor. "Wheat middling in diets supplemented with phytase for silver catfish juveniles". Medicina Veterinária (UFRPE) 13, n.º 3 (23 de abril de 2019): 464. http://dx.doi.org/10.26605/medvet-v13n3-3313.

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Devaux, Marie-Françoise, François Le Deschault de Monredon, Dominique Guibert, Bruno Novales y Joël Abecassis. "Particle size distribution of break, sizing and middling wheat flours by laser diffraction". Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 78, n.º 2 (octubre de 1998): 237–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0010(199810)78:2<237::aid-jsfa110>3.0.co;2-m.

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Scheidel, Walter y Steven J. Friesen. "The Size of the Economy and the Distribution of Income in the Roman Empire". Journal of Roman Studies 99 (noviembre de 2009): 61–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3815/007543509789745223.

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Different methods of estimating the Gross Domestic Product of the Roman Empire in the second century C.E. produce convergent results that point to total output and consumption equivalent to 50 million tons of wheat or close to 20 billion sesterces per year. It is estimated that élites (around 1.5 per cent of the imperial population) controlled approximately one-fifth of total income, while middling households (perhaps 10 per cent of the population) consumed another fifth. These findings shed new light on the scale of economic inequality and the distribution of demand in the Roman world.

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Salazar, I., I. López, P. Glorio-Paulet y C. Gomez. "Aflatoxin B1 contamination of feedstuff on a dairy farm in Northern Peru and aflatoxin M1 concentrations in raw milk". World Mycotoxin Journal 14, n.º 3 (14 de septiembre de 2021): 287–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2020.2672.

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Research regarding aflatoxin contamination levels in Peru is limited, although aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) require surveillance because of their toxicity. European regulations state that the harmonised maximum level (ML) is 5 μg/kg for AFB1 in feedstuffs and 0.05 μg/kg for AFM1 in milk. Our study aimed to determine the annual variation levels of AFB1 in ingredients used in feedstuffs for dairy cows and those of AFM1 in milk at a typical intensive dairy farm in Northern Peru. For 1 year, milk (n=529) and feedstuff samples (n=235) were collected and aflatoxin levels were determined using a lateral flow immunoassay. We found that 16% of milk samples had AFM1 contamination above the ML. AFM1 level was significantly higher (P<0.05) in December (end of spring) than that in all other months. Throughout the year, the most used feedstuffs were maize, soybean meal and whole soybean. Among the maize samples (n=77), 2.59% had an AFB1 level above the ML, whereas 45% had an AFB1 level below the ML. On the other hand, neither the soybean meal (n=69) nor whole soybean samples (n=64) had an AFB1 level above the ML, 46.4 and 20%, respectively. In 50% (n=10) of cottonseed meal samples, AFB1 level was above the ML; in 20% of wheat middling samples, it was above the ML. Cottonseed and wheat middling samples were used for 2 and 5 months, respectively. AFB1 level in feedstuff showed a significant difference in December (P<0.05) compared with other months, specifically for maize and soybean meal. As the AFM1 level in milk results from AFB1 contaminated feedstuff, our results emphasise the need to implement specific quality measures to reduce contamination.

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SEO, KUN-HO, PETER S. HOLT y R. K. GAST. "Comparison of Salmonella Enteritidis Infection in Hens Molted via Long-Term Feed Withdrawal versus Full-Fed Wheat Middling". Journal of Food Protection 64, n.º 12 (1 de diciembre de 2001): 1917–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-64.12.1917.

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Molting is an important economic management tool for the layer industry as a means of maximizing the effective laying life of a flock. Previous work has shown that molting birds through feed removal (FM) increased the severity of a Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) infection. The current study was conducted to follow the progression of an SE infection in unmolted hens versus hens molted via 14-day FM or ad libitum feeding of wheat middlings (WM), in the presence or absence of 2.5% lactose administered in the drinking water. In two trials of the experiment, all hens were infected with approximately 1 × 107 SE at day 4 of molt and sampled for SE shedding on days 4, 10, 17, and 24 postinfection (PI). Organ levels of SE were determined on day 7 PI. All molt procedures caused cessation of egg lay within 3 to 7 days. In trials 1 and 2, birds subjected to total FM shed 3 to 5 logs more SE than either the control birds (unmolted) or the birds fed WM on days 4 and 10 PI. Liver and spleen, ovary, and cecum counts were also significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the fasted birds in one trial and liver and spleen and cecum counts in the second. No differences in any of the SE counts were observed in unmolted versus WM-fed birds. Lactose supplementation in drinking water did not provide any advantage in reducing SE infection in either trial. These results indicate that there are alternative methods to long-term FM that can be used to molt birds and not increase the risk for SE problems. How these alternative methods compare with FM with regard to second-cycle egg production and the mechanisms involved in the reduced SE shedding remain to be investigated.

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HAKKI, Erdogan E., Nurdan DOGRAR, Anamika PANDEY, Mohd Kamran KHAN, Mehmet HAMURCU, Seyit A. KAYIS, Sait GEZGIN, Fatih ÖLMEZ y Mahinur S. AKKAYA. "Molecular and Elemental Characterization of Selected Turkish Durum Wheat Varieties". Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 42, n.º 2 (2 de diciembre de 2014): 431–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha4229621.

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Combination of elemental and protein studies along with molecular data using microsatellite markers may lead to the better and realistic determination of relatedness between the varieties and their populations. In this study, the extent of diversity among five Turkish durum wheat cultivars and their populations has been assessed using seven microsatellite markers and the elemental analysis together with the differences in their protein content.In molecular analysis, total 23 alleles have been obtained among all the genotypes with middling of 4.6 per primer. On employing UPGMA Dendrogram, Principle Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) and Winboot analyses, both inter and intra varietal polymorphic studies had shown similar clustering with minor differences. As a result of AMOVA performed, the extent of diversity was found to be higher among the genotypes (76%) in comparison to the variability within the genotypes (24%). In elemental analyses, â€˜Selcuklu-97â€™ was found to be the most efficient variety with high content of several elements. Also, strong and positive correlation has been observed between magnesium- phosphorus, magnesium-sulphur and sulphur-sodium, while noteworthy negative correlation has been observed between sodium and zinc. The protein content of the genotypes was found in the range of 15.17-16.90%.The diversity revealed in durum genotypes can be employed in genetic expansion of the crop. These involved varieties may aid to avoid genetic attrition coming up from the landraces. The information provided can be utilized by breeders for appropriate selection of both, genetically and nutritionally efficient durum wheat varieties.

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Kelln, L., R. W. Newkirk, J. Smillie, H. A. Lardner y G. B. Penner. "Does pellet size affect the ability of beef heifers to consume a pelleted supplement in a simulated grazing model?" Canadian Journal of Animal Science 99, n.º 4 (1 de diciembre de 2019): 943–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjas-2018-0238.

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The objective was to evaluate pellet consumption and refusals as affected by pellet size. Six ruminally cannulated heifers were used in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square. Heifers were individually housed and fed a diet of grass hay (57.5%), mineral and vitamin supplement (8.0%), and canola meal (11.9%) in a feed bunk, and their respective wheat- and wheat-middling-based treatment pellet (22.7%) on artificial turf. The artificial turf had a mean staple length of 5 cm and a blade density of 45 blades cm−2. The pellets were small (SM; 4 mm diameter), medium (MED; 11 mm diameter), or large (LG; 50 mm diameter) in size. Heifers fed LG had greater pellet intake than SM (2.24 vs. 2.06 kg; P = 0.035), with MED being intermediate (2.12 kg). Heifers fed LG tended to have less pellet waste than SM (P = 0.074). Heifers fed MED pellets had greater concentration of ruminal short-chain fatty acids than SM and LG (91.3 vs. 84.7 and 89.0 mmol L−1; P = 0.009). The results indicate that feeding a LG pellet may increase intake and reduce waste compared with SM, and that pellet size may also affect ruminal fermentation.

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Trufanov, O., А. Kotyk, V. Trufanova, О. Tereshchenko y О. Zhukorskiy. "Detection of antibiotics, active against Bacillus subtilis, in grain and feed". Agricultural Science and Practice 2, n.º 1 (15 de abril de 2015): 60–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/agrisp2.01.060.

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Aim. Detection of antibiotic substances in samples of grain, extraction cake, and oilcake. Methods. The bioautography method using strains of Bacillus subtilis as test-microorganisms was used to study 102 samples of feed substrates (corn, maize gluten, barley, wheat, sorghum, chaff, dust middling, sunfl ower oilcake and extraction cake, soybean meal, feed yeast and grains). Results. From one to four antibiotic substances, inhibiting the growth of B. subtilis and characterized by a wide range of values of chromatographic mobility index, were detected in 95 % of samples of feed substrates. Average areas of the zones of absent growth of a test- microorganism, corresponding to 2.5 g of the sample, were in the range of 52–217 mm 2 . Conclusions. It was established that feeder grain and other feed substrates are highly contaminated with antibiotics which indicates the necessity of their identifi cation, search for contamination sources, study of prevalence and estimation of the possible impact on the indices of health, performance and reproduction of farm animals and poultry.

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Yin, Y. L., J. D. McEvoy, H. Schulze y K. J. McCracken. "Effects of xylanase and antibiotic addition on ileal and faecal apparent digestibilities of dietary nutrients and evaluating HCl-insoluble ash as a dietary marker in growing pigs". Animal Science 72, n.º 1 (febrero de 2001): 95–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800055594.

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AbstractThe effects of xylanase and antibiotic addition to the diet, and the use of HCl-insoluble ash as a marker, on ileal and faecal apparent digestibilities of nutrients were studied with 12 growing pigs fitted with post-valvular T-caecum cannulae (PVTC). The results showed that the apparent ileal digestibility of non-starch polysaccharide (NSP) was high, (over 0·30). Xylanase, or antibiotics (Avoparcin) or xylanase plus antibiotics supplementation of the wheat middling-based diets did not significantly (P > 0·05) increase the ileal and faecal apparent digestibilities of NSP, neutral-detergent fibre (NDF), dry matter, crude protein, energy or amino acids. There were no significant (P > 0·05) differences between the HCl-insoluble ash and Cr2O3 recoveries at the ileal or at the faecal levels: proportionately, 0·864 and 0·911 for the ileal and faecal recoveries of HCl-insoluble ash, and 0·857 and 0. 915 for the ileal and faecal recoveries of Cr2O3, respectively.

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Coetzer, C. M., E. Coetzer, R. H. Wessels y James S. Drouillard. "Effects of supplementing limit-fed, wheat middling-based diets with either soybean meal or non-enzymatically browned soybean meal on growing steer performance". Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 1999): 84–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4148/2378-5977.1857.

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Shaw, D. T., D. W. Rozeboom, G. M. Hill, M. W. Orth, D. S. Rosenstein y J. E. Link. "Impact of supplement withdrawal and wheat middling inclusion on bone metabolism, bone strength, and the incidence of bone fractures occurring at slaughter in pigs1". Journal of Animal Science 84, n.º 5 (1 de mayo de 2006): 1138–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/2006.8451138x.

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Varvikko, Tuomo, Hannele Khalili y Seamus Crosse. "Supplementation of native grass hay with cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) hay, wilted leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala) forage, wilted tagasaste (Chamaecytisus palmensis) forage or a wheat middling for young Friesian x Zebu (Boran) crossbred steers". Agricultural and Food Science 1, n.º 2 (1 de marzo de 1992): 247–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.72435.

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A 100-day experiment of a randomized block design was conducted with forty Friesian x Zebu (Boran) crossbred growing steers to compare the value of wheat middling, an agro-industrial by-product (diet W), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) hay (diet C), and wilted forages of leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala, diet L) and tagasaste (Chamaecytisus palmensis, diet T) as cattle feed. These feeds were fed daily at a level of 1.5 kg (on an air dry basis) to supplement the basal diet (diet H) of native hay. A mineral supplement containing 50 g bone meal and 10 g common salt was also given daily. The steers were group-fed, but during the last two weeks at the end of the experiment the animals were housed individually in feeding pens to estimate the feed intake and apparent digestibilities of the diets. The animals were weighed at the beginning of the experiment, thereafter every two weeks, and finally at the end of the experiment. The animals consumed all the offered supplements, except for tagasaste forage, of which one third remained unconsumed. The mean daily total dry matter intake during the individual feeding period ranged from 4.0 to 5.0 kg between the diets (P

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Addeo, Nicola Francesco, Basilio Randazzo, Ike Olivotto, Maria Messina, Francesca Tulli, Nadia Musco, Giovanni Piccolo, Antonino Nizza, Carmelo Di Meo y Fulvia Bovera. "Replacing Maize Grain with Ancient Wheat Lines By-Products in Organic Laying Hens’ Diet Affects Intestinal Morphology and Enzymatic Activity". Sustainability 13, n.º 12 (8 de junio de 2021): 6554. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13126554.

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The effects of replacement of maize grain with ancient wheat by-products on intestinal morphometry and enzymatic activity in laying hens was studied. Eighty hens were divided into two groups (40 each, 8 replicates, 5 hens/replicate) fed two isoproteic and isoenergetic diets. In the treated group, part of the maize was replaced by a mix of ancient grains (AGs) middling, in a 50:50 ratio of Triticum aestivum L. var. spelta (spelt) and Triticum durum dicoccum L. (emmer wheat). The AG diet affected the weight of all the large intestine tracts, decreasing the weight of caeca (p < 0.01) and increasing those of colon (p < 0.01), rectum and cloaca (p < 0.05). Villus height in the AG group was higher (p < 0.01) than the control for the duodenum and jejunum, while for the ileum, the control group showed the highest values (p < 0.01). The submucosa thickness was higher (p < 0.01) in the control group for the duodenum and ileum, while the jejunum for the AG group showed the highest (p < 0.05) submucosa thickness. The crypts depth was higher (p < 0.01) in the control group for the duodenum and ileum. Enzyme activity was enhanced by AGs (p < 0.01) in the duodenum. Regarding the jejunum, sucrase-isomaltase and alkaline phosphatase had higher activity (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively) in the AG group. In the ileum, sucrase-isomaltase showed higher activity (p < 0.01) in the control group, while alkaline phosphatase showed the highest values (p < 0.05) in the AG group. Overall, results suggested that the dietary inclusion of AGs exerted positive effects in hens, showing an improved intestinal function.

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Shaw, D. T., D. W. Rozeboom, G. M. Hill, A. M. Booren y J. E. Link. "Impact of vitamin and mineral supplement withdrawal and wheat middling inclusion on finishing pig growth performance, fecal mineral concentration, carcass characteristics, and the nutrient content and oxidative stability of pork1". Journal of Animal Science 80, n.º 11 (1 de noviembre de 2002): 2920–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/2002.80112920x.

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Faria de Oliveira, Maryane S., John K. Htoo y Hans H. Stein. "116 Direct vs. difference method to determine amino acid digestibility in ingredients fed to pigs". Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_2 (julio de 2019): 67–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz122.124.

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Abstract An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that values for standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) in cereal grains and fiber rich ingredients obtained using the direct method are not different from values obtained using the difference method. Sixteen ileal-cannulated barrows (69.45 ± 5.01 kg) were allotted to an 8 diets × 4 period Youden square design. Each period consisted of 5 d of adaptation and 2 d of ileal digesta collection. Four diets were based on soybean meal (SBM), corn, wheat, or wheat middlings as the only AA-containing ingredients. Three additional diets were based on a mixture of SBM and corn, wheat, or wheat middlings and a N-free diet was also used. The SID of AA in the 4 diets containing SBM, corn, wheat, or wheat middlings as the sole source of AA were calculated using the direct method. The SID of AA in corn, wheat, and wheat middlings were also calculated by difference from the 3 diets containing SBM and corn, wheat, or wheat middlings by subtracting the contribution from SBM of each AA from the SID values for the mixed diet. Data were analyzed using a model that included the method of determination of AA digestibility as the fixed effect, and pig and period as random effects. There was no difference between the direct and the difference method for the SID of most AA in corn, wheat, and wheat middlings, although the SID of Trp was lower (P < 0.05) for the difference method than values derived by the direct method for both corn and wheat middlings (Table 1). Therefore, values for SID of AA in cereal grains or fiber-rich ingredients could be obtained using either the direct method or the difference method.

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Khalili, H., T. Varvikko y S. Crosse. "The effects of forage type and level of concentrate supplementation on food intake, diet digestibility and milk production of crossbred cows (Bos taurus × Bos indicus)". Animal Science 54, n.º 2 (abril de 1992): 183–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100036783.

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AbstractAn experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of forage type and level of concentrate supplementation on forage intake, diet digestibility and milk production. Twenty-four crossbred cows (Bos taurus × Bos indicus), in early lactation, were allocated to the following six dietary treatments: native grass hay (H) or oat-vetch hay (OV), offered ad libitum, and supplemented with either 0, 2·5 or 5·0 kg per cow per day of a wheat-middling-based concentrate. A four-period, partially balanced, change-over design was used and the treatments were arranged as a 2 × 3 factorial.The daily dry-matter (DM) intake was 640 g (P < 0·001) higher with cows on (H) diets compared with those on OV diets. However, OV diets were more digestible (0·675 v. 0·566, P < 0·001) resulting in 800 g higher (P < 0·05) daily intake of digestible DM. The daily milk yield was 1·24 kg higher (P < 0·001) for cows on OV diets compared with H diets. Milk fat concentration was higher (P < 0·05), but milk protein concentration was lower (P < 0·001) with H diets. The rates of rumen degradation of DM and nitrogen of OV were higher than of H for all incubation periods; similarly the values of the rate constant of DM and nitrogen were greater for OV than for H.The daily DM intake increased by 3·72 kg/day (P < 0·001), when the amount of concentrate increased from 0 to 5·0 kg/day, indicating a minor substitution of basal forage by concentrate. The apparent DM digestibilities of the diets were higher when the diets were supplemented with concentrates. The milk yield increased linearly (P < 0·001), when the level of concentrate supplement increased from 0 to 5 kg, resulting in 0·52 kg more milk per day per kg additional concentrate given.

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Gott, Paige N., Erika G. Hendel, Shelby M. Curry, Ursula Hofstetter y G. Raj Murugesan. "10 Occurrence of mycotoxins in wheat middlings". Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_3 (diciembre de 2019): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz258.030.

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Abstract Mycotoxins are harmful secondary fungal metabolites which can contaminate a variety of feedstuffs worldwide. Various negative effects in vivo are associated with these toxins and severity is dependent on the level, type, and duration of exposure and age, species, and health status of animals. Wheat middlings or “midds” are a by-product of flour milling and are used in a wide range of livestock rations including frequent inclusion in pelleted feeds. The objectives of the current study were to determine the occurrence of mycotoxins in wheat midds samples and to evaluate the potential risk posed to livestock. Since November 2015, 97 samples submitted from 21 states and provinces have been screened via LC-MS/MS technique for the presence of six major mycotoxin groups: aflatoxins, type A trichothecenes, type B trichothecenes (B-Trich), fumonisins, zearalenone, and ochratoxin A (OTA) at Romer Labs (Union, MO, USA) or Activation Laboratories (Ancaster, Ontario, Canada). A subset of samples were also screened for the presence of six ergot alkaloids. Parameters of the main mycotoxins detected are presented in Table 1. On average, 1.7 mycotoxin groups were detected per sample with 91.8% of samples testing positive for at least one mycotoxin. The B-Trich deoxynivalenol was detected in 89.7% of samples (mean 1871.5 ± 157.5 ppb). OTA was also frequently detected (30.9% positive), but at low risk levels (4.2 ± 0.5 ppb). Out of 33 samples screened for ergot alkaloids, 72.7% were positive (493.3 ppb ± 68.3 ppb). Wheat midds are a commonly used feed ingredient for various livestock species. The types and concentrations of mycotoxins detected may pose challenges to livestock health, performance, and reproduction. Special consideration for young animals which are especially susceptible to mycotoxin challenges, such as calves consuming starter feeds, is warranted.

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Abudabos, Alaeldein M. "Enzyme Supplementation of Layer Diets Containing Wheat Middlings". Avian Biology Research 4, n.º 3 (octubre de 2011): 110–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3184/175815511x13142802499814.

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Reed, C., D. Trigo-Stockli, D. A. Blasi y F. J. Fairchild. "Storage of pelleted wheat middlings in farm bins". Animal Feed Science and Technology 88, n.º 1-2 (noviembre de 2000): 47–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0377-8401(00)00201-7.

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PATTERSON, P. H., M. L. SUNDE, E. M. SCHIEBER y W. B. WHITE. "Wheat Middlings as an Alternate Feedstuff for Laying Hens". Poultry Science 67, n.º 9 (septiembre de 1988): 1329–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps.0671329.

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BAI, YISHENG, M. L. SUNDE y M. E. COOK. "Wheat Middlings as an Alternate Feedstuff for Laying Hens". Poultry Science 71, n.º 6 (junio de 1992): 1007–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps.0711007.

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25

Reed, Carl R., Dionisia M. Trigo-Stockli, Dale A. Blasi y Fred J. Fairchild. "Characteristics of pelleted wheat middlings that affect summer storage". Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 1998): 129–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4148/2378-5977.1888.

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Dalke, B. S., R. N. Jr Sonon, D. L. Holthaus, K. K. Bolsen y Matthew A. Young. "Wheat middlings in high concentrate finishing rations: cattle performance". Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 1995): 19–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4148/2378-5977.2010.

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Reque, Priscilla Magro, Júlia Antônia Orlandini Werner, Cristian Mauricio Barreto Pinilla, Ana Paula Folmer Corrêa, Eliseu Rodrigues y Adriano Brandelli. "Biological activities of wheat middlings bioprocessed with Bacillus spp." LWT 77 (abril de 2017): 525–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2016.12.010.

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28

Reque, Priscilla Magro, Cristian Mauricio Barreto Pinilla, Gabrielle Victoria Gautério, Susana Juliano Kalil y Adriano Brandelli. "Xylooligosaccharides production from wheat middlings bioprocessed with Bacillus subtilis". Food Research International 126 (diciembre de 2019): 108673. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108673.

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29

ZoBell, D. R., L. A. Goonewardene, K. C. Olson, C. A. Stonecipher y R. D. Wiedmeier. "Effects of feeding wheat middlings on production, digestibility, ruminal fermentation and carcass characteristics in beef cattle". Canadian Journal of Animal Science 83, n.º 3 (1 de septiembre de 2003): 551–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a02-086.

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Studies were conducted to compare the feed value of wheat middlings (WM) to cereal grains in rations with varying concentrate to roughage levels. In two separate studies, weaned heifers and steers were fed corn silage/alfalf a hay-based growing diets where the concentrate source was either a control diet consisting of rolled barley (heifers) or rolled corn (steers) versus WM, over an 84-d period. In a 107-d study, finishing steers were fed treatments that consisted of rolled corn (C) plus either 35% wheat middlings (WM35) or 50% wheat middlings (WM50). A single cross-over designed digestibility study was also conducted utilizing four cannulated yearling heifers fed either a corn or WM50 diet from the finishing steer study. Results from the heifer and growing and finishing steer studies showed that average daily gain (ADG), dry matter intake (DMI) and feed efficience (FE) were not affected (P > 0.05) by feeding treatment. Carcass characteristics, including hot carcass weight, ribeye area, backfat, yield, quality grade and cutability were also unaffected (P > 0.05) by feed treatment. Results from the digestibility studies indicated total volatile fatty acids (VFA) were increased (P = 0.023) in the WM diet, with acetate lower (P = 0.0003) than the C group, and pH levels of 5.81 and 5.55 for the C and WM treatments respectively (P = 0.011). Dry matter and ADF digestibilities were not affected (P > 0.05) by feed treatment. It is concluded from these studies that WM can be fed to growing beef heifers and steers as an alternative to more traditional concentrate sources such as corn or barley. Wheat middlings could replace up to 50% of the concentrate in a finishing ration. However, certain ruminal fermentation characteristics such as pH, acetate: propionate ratio and total volatile fatty acids may be altered, which could affect performance over an extended feeding period. Key words: Wheat middlings, average daily gain, feed efficiency, digestibility, ruminal degradation, beef cattle

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30

Valaja, Jarmo, Hilkka Siljander-Rasi y Markku Mäkinen. "Effects of feed processing on the apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids in pig diets containing wheat bran or wheat middlings". Agricultural and Food Science 5, n.º 6 (1 de diciembre de 1996): 557–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.72769.

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The effects of feed processing on the apparent ileal digestibility of amino acid and the utilisation of nitrogen (N) in diets containing wheat by-products were studied in five castrated male pigs (live weight 40-109 kg). A T-cannula was surgically fitted into the caecum of the pigs at a live weight of 27 kg using the steered ileo-caecal valve technique. The experiment was conducted with a 6 x 5 cyclic change-over design in which six diets were arranged 2x3 factorially. The corresponding factors were type of wheat by-product in the diets: wheat bran (152 g/kg) or wheat middlings (328 g/kg), and method of feed processing: steam pelleting, expanding or extrusion. The other dietary feed ingredients were barley and soya bean meal. The feed-processing method or dietary wheat by-product had no effect on the apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids and crude protein. The pigs on diets containing wheat middlings tended to retain more N per intake (p

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31

Lusby, K. S., R. P. Wettemann, K. H. Ovenell y D. A. Cox. "Effects of Lactation on Performance of Grazing Beef Cows Wintered with Supplements Containing Soybean Meal, Wheat Middlings, or Soybean Meal-Wheat Middlings Mixtures1". Professional Animal Scientist 7, n.º 1 (abril de 1991): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.15232/s1080-7446(15)32173-2.

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Ruschioni, Sara, Nino Loreto, Roberta Foligni, Cinzia Mannozzi, Nadia Raffaelli, Federica Zamporlini, Marina Pasquini et al. "Addition of Olive Pomace to Feeding Substrate Affects Growth Performance and Nutritional Value of Mealworm (Tenebrio Molitor L.) Larvae". Foods 9, n.º 3 (10 de marzo de 2020): 317. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9030317.

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The well-recognized efficiency of Tenebrio molitor larvae to convert low quality organic matter into a nutritionally valuable biomass was exploited to manage solid wastes coming from the olive oil industry, which represent a severe environmental challenge in the Mediterranean area. Three organic pomace-enriched substrates (mixtures middlings/pomace 3:1, 1:1, and 1:3) were assessed, together with 100% organic wheat flour and 100% organic middlings as control feeds. A feeding substrate made up of 25% olive pomace and 75% wheat middlings appeared to be the best compromise between growth performance (larval and pupal weights, survival rate, development time) and nutritional properties of mealworm larvae. In fact, larvae fed the 3:1 feed showed the highest dry matter (DM) yield (38.05%), protein content (47.58% DM), and essential/non-essential amino acids ratio (1.16). Fat content (32.14% DM) and fatty acid composition were not significantly different than those of larvae fed more pomace-enriched feeds.

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33

Dalke, B. S., K. K. Bolsen, R. N. Jr Sonon y Matthew A. Young. "Wheat middlings in high concentrate rations: digestibility and ruminal metabolism". Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 1995): 22–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4148/2378-5977.2012.

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Ebarb, Sara, Sabrina May y Mark D. Newcomb. "249 Increasing Structural Fiber Improves Growth Performance of Nursery Pigs". Journal of Animal Science 99, Supplement_1 (1 de mayo de 2021): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab054.149.

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Abstract Fiber ingredients in swine diets have various components that affect the intestinal tract distinctively. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of structural fiber sources on growth performance of nursery pigs. A total of 1,760 weanling pigs (initial BW = 6.12 ± 0.3 kg, 16 reps/trt, 22 pigs/pen) were used in a study with 5 dietary treatments: 1) Complex nursery diet with no additional fiber (CON); 2) CON + 2% rice hulls; 3) CON + 4% rice hulls; 4) CON + 6% wheat middlings; 5) CON + 12% wheat middlings. Fiber ingredients were added at the expense of corn and some processed soybean meal to maintain similar dietary protein levels. Using an in vitro fermentation estimation of fermentation for rice hulls and wheat middlings, diets were constructed to add similar levels of structural (non-fermentable NDF) fiber between low and high additions of rice hulls and wheat middlings. Pens across two barns were randomly allotted independent of one another and within a location block to one of the five treatments on d 0 of a two-phase study (d 0–11 and d 11–20.5 post-weaning). Data were analyzed by general linear model in R. Mortality and removal data were analyzed as a generalized linear mixed model with a binomial distribution. Contrasts tested the effect of additional fiber (CON vs treatments 2–5), effect of medium vs high fiber (treatment 2/4 vs 3/5), effect of source of fiber (treatment 2/3 vs 4/5), and the interaction of level and source of fiber. Overall (Table 1), additional fiber resulted in increased ADFI (P < 0.05) and tended to increase ADG (P < 0.10). Probability of mortality and removal was reduced (P < 0.05) when additional fiber was included. In summary, increasing the level of structural fiber improved performance and livability of nursery pigs.

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35

Malone, Bruce R., Craig W. Humphrey, Tom R. Romer y John L. Richard. "One-Step Solid-Phase Extraction Cleanup and Fluorometric Analysis of Deoxynivalenol in Grains". Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 81, n.º 2 (1 de marzo de 1998): 448–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/81.2.448.

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abstract A rapid, quantitative, inexpensive, efficient method was developed to determine deoxynivalenol (DON) in wheat, barley, corn, wheat middlings, wheat flour, bran, malted barley, and oats. Samples are ground and extracted with acetonitrile-water (86 + 14). A portion of the extract is cleaned up by passage through a MycoSep No. 225 column, evaporated to dryness, and derivatized with zirconyl nitrate and ethylenediamine in methanol. The resulting fluorescent derivative of DON is identified and quantitated with a calibrated fluorometer containing a broad wavelength pulsed xenon light source. This method quantitated DON concentrations from 0.5 to 50 ppm without dilution and was linear when applied to samples of noncontaminated wheat spiked at 0.5, 5, 10, 25, and 50 μg DON/g. Correlation coefficients of the method with LC for multiple analyses (n ≥ 14 for each commodity) applied to wheat, corn, barley, wheat flour, and wheat middlings were 0.99, 0.99, 0.99, 0.93, and 0.98, respectively. Individual analyses were conducted in < 30 min, and 24 samples were analyzed in 2 h.

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36

Holtshausen, L., K. A. Beauchemin, K. S. Schwartzkopf-Genswein, L. A. González, T. A. McAllister y D. J. Gibb. "Performance, feeding behaviour and rumen pH profile of beef cattle fed corn silage in combination with barley grain, corn or wheat distillers’ grain or wheat middlings". Canadian Journal of Animal Science 91, n.º 4 (diciembre de 2011): 703–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas2011-037.

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Holtshausen, L., Beauchemin, K. A., Schwartzkopf-Genswein, K. S., González, L. A., McAllister, T. A. and Gibb, D. J. 2011. Performance, feeding behaviour and rumen pH profile of beef cattle fed corn silage in combination with barley grain, corn or wheat distillers’ grain or wheat middlings. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 91: 703–710. This study compared growth performance, feeding behaviour and ruminal pH profile of growing beef heifers fed a total mixed ration (TMR) containing corn silage and either [400 g kg−1 dry matter (DM)] barley grain (CTL), corn dried distillers’ grain with solubles (CDDGS), wheat dried distillers’ grain with solubles (WDDGS) or wheat middlings (WM). Eighty beef heifers (16 ruminally cannulated; 301±34 kg) were blocked by weight and randomly assigned to eight feedlot pens for a 70-d backgrounding study. Pens were randomly assigned to one of four dietary treatments and equipped with the GrowSafe feed intake system for determining individual feed intake and monitoring feeding behaviour. Dry matter intake (DMI) was lower (P<0.01) and average daily gain (ADG) tended to be lower for CTL (P=0.06) heifers as compared with heifers on other treatments. Feed conversion efficiency (i.e., gain to feed ratio; P=0.41) and feeding behaviour and ruminal pH profile measurements (P>0.05) did not differ among treatments. This study illustrates that barley grain can be replaced by corn dried distillers’ grain, wheat dried distillers’ grain or wheat middlings in diets fed to growing beef cattle without compromising feed conversion efficiency, adversely affecting feeding behaviour (e.g., decreased meal frequency and duration) or increasing the incidence of ruminal acidosis.

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37

Feoli, C., C. R. Monge, C. L. Jones, C. W. Starkey y Joe D. Hancock. "Effects of xylanase and wheat middlings in diets for finishing pigs". Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports, n.º 10 (1 de enero de 2006): 124–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4148/2378-5977.6951.

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38

De Jong, J. A., Joel M. DeRouchey, Michael D. Tokach, Robert D. Goodband, Jim L. Nelssen y Steven S. Dritz. "Effects of increasing dietary wheat middlings on nursery pig growth performance". Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports, n.º 10 (1 de enero de 2011): 114–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4148/2378-5977.7148.

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39

Lusby, K. S., R. P. Wettemann, K. H. Ovenell y D. A. Cox. "The Value of Wheat Middlings in Winter Supplements for Beef Cows1". Professional Animal Scientist 7, n.º 1 (abril de 1991): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.15232/s1080-7446(15)32172-0.

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40

Dunaway, Andrew y Sunday A. Adedokun. "Metabolizable energy values of corn and wheat middlings in broiler chickens". Canadian Journal of Animal Science 99, n.º 4 (1 de diciembre de 2019): 905–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjas-2019-0023.

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Two experiments were conducted to evaluate adaptation length (AL) and composition of reference diets on nitrogen (N)-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) in 22-d-old broilers. Birds were allocated to nine treatments (n = 6) consisting of wheat – soybean meal (SBM) (reference diet), corn–wheat–SBM, and wheat middlings (WM)–wheat–SBM (exp. 1), or oats–SBM (reference diet), corn–oats–SBM, and WM–oats–SBM (exp. 2) in conjunction with three AL (12, 8, and 4 d) in a factorial arrangement of treatments (3 × 3). Dry matter (DM), N, energy (En) utilization, and AMEn of corn and WM were determined using the difference method. In exp. 1, birds on the WM–wheat–SBM-based diet had the lowest (P < 0.05) DM, N, and En utilization, as well as AMEn compared with the other two diets. Additionally, AMEn for corn was higher (P < 0.05) compared with that of WM. In exp. 2, N utilization in birds on the corn–oats–SBM-based diet was lower (P < 0.05) compared with birds on the oats–SBM-based diet; however, AMEn of corn and WM was not different. In both experiments, AL was not significantly different. Based on these results, the composition of the reference diet could influence AMEn values of corn and WM in 22-d-old broilers.

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41

Hu, Qiong, Chris van de Ligt y Neil Paton. "PSVI-12 Evaluation of amino acid digestibility in several feed ingredients fed to growing pigs". Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_2 (julio de 2019): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz122.362.

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Abstract This experiment aimed to determine the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of CP and AA in common feed ingredients fed to pigs: two sources of soybean meal, two sources of high-fat rice bran, one wheat middlings and one wheat. Six diets were formulated containing one of the above ingredients as the only source of protein and AA. An N-free diet was formulated to assess basal endogenous losses of CP and AA. Titanium dioxide (0.4%) was used in diets as an indigestible marker. Eight barrows (BW: 35.2 ± 1.9 kg) fitted with T-cannulas at the distal ileum were randomly allotted to an 8 x 8 Latin square design with 8 diets and 8 periods. A standard grower diet was used as the eighth diet. Pigs were fed for eight 7-d periods and ileal digesta was collected on d 6 and 7 of each period. Results showed that SID of CP between the two soybean meals (87.2 ± 8.1% vs 88.4 ± 5.7%) and two high-fat rice brans (77.1 ± 4.9% vs 75.8 ± 7.6%) were not different. Averages of SID for CP in wheat middlings and wheat were 63.1 ± 8.3% and 91.2 ± 3.3%, respectively. Differences were detected (P < 0.01) for AID and SID of indispensable AA between the two high-fat rice brans, but not the two soybean meals. The AID and SID of dispensable AA except Glu and Pro were different (P < 0.05) between the two high-fat rice brans. The SID of indispensable AA ranged from 50.1% for Lys to 72.8 % for Met in wheat middlings, and from 81.0% for Lys to 89.4% for Met in wheat. In conclusion, the AID and SID of CP and AA in soybean meals were similar, but differed between the two high-fat rice brans.

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42

Warmann, G. W., Keith C. Behnke y Dale A. Blasi. "A survey of purchasers of wheat middlings: storage, feeding practices, and problems". Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 1997): 37–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4148/2378-5977.1931.

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43

Fistes, Aleksandar y Djuro Vukmirovic. "Reduction of wheat middlings using a conventional and eight-roller milling systems". Acta Periodica Technologica, n.º 40 (2009): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/apt0940025f.

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Possibilities for the rationalization of the wheat flour milling process using the eightroller mill on the 1M and 2M passages of the reduction system have been investigated. At the same roll gaps and under the same sieving conditions, the lower flour yield has been obtained using an eight-roller mill compared to the conventional milling system (5-8 %) followed by a higher energy requirements for grinding. By decreasing the roll gap setting and increasing the upper size limit of flour in the process with the eight-roller mill it is possible to increase flour yield and therefore decrease milling energy consumption per unit mass of flour produced without deterioration of flour quality as determined by ash content. With appropriate adjustments of the processing parameters in the eight-roller milling system it is possible to achieve similar milling results to those in the conventional system, while the overall investment, energy and maintenance costs are significantly lower.

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44

Thieme, Nils, Johanna C. Panitz, Claudia Held, Birgit Lewandowski, Wolfgang H. Schwarz, Wolfgang Liebl y Vladimir Zverlov. "Milling byproducts are an economically viable substrate for butanol production using clostridial ABE fermentation". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 104, n.º 20 (11 de septiembre de 2020): 8679–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00253-020-10882-8.

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Abstract Butanol is a platform chemical that is utilized in a wide range of industrial products and is considered a suitable replacement or additive to liquid fuels. So far, it is mainly produced through petrochemical routes. Alternative production routes, for example through biorefinery, are under investigation but are currently not at a market competitive level. Possible alternatives, such as acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation by solventogenic clostridia are not market-ready to this day either, because of their low butanol titer and the high costs of feedstocks. Here, we analyzed wheat middlings and wheat red dog, two wheat milling byproducts available in large quantities, as substrates for clostridial ABE fermentation. We could identify ten strains that exhibited good butanol yields on wheat red dog. Two of the best ABE producing strains, Clostridium beijerinckii NCIMB 8052 and Clostridium diolis DSM 15410, were used to optimize a laboratory-scale fermentation process. In addition, enzymatic pretreatment of both milling byproducts significantly enhanced ABE production rates of the strains C. beijerinckii NCIMB 8052 and C. diolis DSM 15410. Finally, a profitability analysis was performed for small- to mid-scale ABE fermentation plants that utilize enzymatically pretreated wheat red dog as substrate. The estimations show that such a plant could be commercially successful. Key points • Wheat milling byproducts are suitable substrates for clostridial ABE fermentation. • Enzymatic pretreatment of wheat red dog and middlings increases ABE yield. • ABE fermentation plants using wheat red dog as substrate are economically viable.

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45

ZoBell, D. R., E. K. Okine, K. C. Olson, R. D. Wiedmeier, L. A. Goonewardene y C. Stonecipher. "Effects of feeding wheat straw and middlings ensiled with whey on digestibility and growth of cattle". Canadian Journal of Animal Science 85, n.º 1 (1 de marzo de 2005): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a04-038.

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Two studies were conducted with the objective of evaluating the effects of feeding different levels of whey ensiled with wheat straw and wheat middlings (whey silage) compared to control diets on production parameters in growing cattle. Whey silage was included in diets at 55 and 65.5% on a dry matter basis with net energy for maintenance and crude protein calculated to be similar to control diets containing a combination of alfalfa hay, corn silage and wheat middlings at 1.74 Mcal kg-1 and 13.4%, respectively. Dry matter intake averaged 8.41 versus 8.91 kg d-1 (P < 0.05) and 8.68 versus 7.09 kg d-1 (P < 0.05) when whey silage was included at either 55 or 65.5% of the diets compared to the control diets. Average daily gains of cattle fed whey silage incorporated at 55% was 1.00 versus 1.14 kg d-1 (P < 0.05), and reflected the difference in dry matter intake; no differences (P > 0.05) in feed efficiency (8.73:1 versus 8.71:1) were observed. However, the higher dry matter intake (DMI) of cattle fed diets with whey silage incorporated at 65.5% did not (P > 0.05) translate into higher average daily gain (1.23 versus 1.18 kg d-1), resulting in a higher (P < 0.05) feed to gain (7.00:1 versus 6.01:1) for the whey-based silage diets. Incorporation of whey silage in diets at 55% increased (P > 0.05) the dry matter digestibility by 12%, whereas incorporation at 65.5% decreased (P < 0.05) dry matter digestibility by 12% compared to control diets, with no differences (P > 0.05) in percent neutral detergent fiber digestibility (NDFD) at either level. We conclude that whey silage can be included at between 55 and 65.5% of the total dry matter in diets with no adverse effects on production compared to cattle fed diets containing a combination of alfalfa hay, corn silage and wheat middlings. Key words: Agricultural by products, crop residues, digestibility, growing cattle, production, whey silage

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46

Sunvold, G. D., R. C. Cochran, E. S. Vanzant, S. D. Brandyberry, R. B. Hightshoe y T. DelCurto. "Evaluation of wheat middlings as a supplement for cattle consuming winter range forage". Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 1989): 35–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4148/2378-5977.2285.

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47

Fahrenholz, C. H., G. L. Allee, D. Eustace y Keith C. Behnke. "Effect of processing on physical characteristics, handling properties and utilization of wheat middlings". Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports, n.º 10 (1 de enero de 1988): 66–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4148/2378-5977.6238.

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48

Oliveira, Maryane, Charmaine Espinosa, Ferdinando Almeida y Hans H. Stein. "165 Digestibility of energy and dietary fiber by growing pigs and concentrations of digestible and metabolizable energy in corn- or sorghum-based diets without or with microbial enzymes". Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_3 (2 de noviembre de 2020): 66–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa054.120.

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Abstract An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that inclusion of an enzyme premix (xylanase and cellulase) in diets based on corn or sorghum and fed to growing pigs improves the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of energy and total dietary fiber (TDF) and concentration of digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME). Two basal diets based on corn and soybean meal or sorghum and soybean meal were formulated. Four additional diets were formulated by adding 40% distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) or 40% wheat middlings to each of the 2 basal diets. Each of these 6 diets were formulated either without or with an enzyme premix that contained xylanase and cellulase. A total of 144 pigs (61.7 ± 5.3 kg) were allotted to a randomized complete block design with 12 diets and 12 replicate pigs per diet. Pigs were housed individually and adapted to the diets for 12-d, then moved to metabolism crates and after 4 d, urine and feces were collected for 5 d. Data were analyzed as 2 × 2 × 3 factorial with 2 types of diets, two enzymes treatments, and three by-product inclusions. The pig was the experimental unit. The ATTD of gross energy (GE), and DE and ME improved (P < 0.01) if enzymes were added to the diets regardless of the grain source or by-product inclusion (Table 1). No effect of enzymes on ATTD of TDF was observed, ATTD of TDF was greater if DDGS rather than wheat middlings was added to the corn diet (grain source × by-product interaction, P < 0.05). In conclusion, addition of enzymes may have the potential to improve the ATTD of GE, and DE and ME in mixed diets based on corn or sorghum and both without and with inclusion of DDGS or wheat middlings. 3Enz = enzyme premix supplied by ADM Animal Nutrition, Quincy, IL, USA.

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49

Kuhl, Gerry L., R. H. Wessels, Dale A. Blasi y James S. Drouillard. "Wheat middlings in roughage-based or limit-fed, high-concentrate diets for growing calves". Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 1998): 56–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4148/2378-5977.1902.

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Acedo, C., L. J. Bush y G. D. Adams. "Responses of Dairy Cows to Different Amounts of Wheat Middlings in the Concentrate Mixture". Journal of Dairy Science 70, n.º 3 (marzo de 1987): 635–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(87)80052-8.

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