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1

Dick, G., J. Harper, L. Moore, and M. Ottman. "Effect of Russian Wheat Aphid on Durum Wheat Yield." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/200817.

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2

Zubaidi, Akhmad. "Growth and yield of durum and bread wheat." Title page, contents and summary only, 1996. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09A/09az93.pdf.

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Bibliography: leaves 148-160. A series of experiments was conducted to examine the growth and nutrient uptake of durum and bread wheat at a number of sites in South Australia. The experiments examined response to water stress, the pattern of root and shoot growth, soil water extraction and nutrient uptake among a range of adapted bread wheat and durum wheat cultivars.
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3

Husaker, Douglas, and Dale Bucks. "Crop Yield Variability in Irrigated Wheat." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/200484.

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Optimum design and management of irrigated wheat production is limited by the scarcity of information available on yield variability. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the spatial variability in soil-water parameters and the effects compared to grain yield response under level-basin irrigation. Three levels of seasonal irrigation water and two border lengths were used. Grain yields were found to increase significantly with the amount of water applied and soil water depletion (estimate of crop evapotranspiration), although yield variability was greater with reduced or deficit irrigation
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4

Torofder, Golam. "Manipulating wheat yield in semi-arid environments." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.394451.

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Findings from a number of recent glasshouse studies are reported and their relevance to wheat production practices in Bangladesh is discussed. It was found that application of large amounts of urea gave highest grain yield when the total amount of urea was added immediately after irrigation following germination. The same amount of urea applied before irrigation or in smaller doses throughout the growing season gave lower yield and resulted in higher post-harvest concentrations of soil nitrate. Reducing the total urea application to one quarter of the typical maximum reported value, did not ca
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5

Misailidis, Nikiforos. "Understanding and predicting alcohol yield from wheat." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2010. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/understanding-and-predicting-alcohol-yield-from-wheat(845cbadd-5825-488e-94e7-160c60b2ef0d).html.

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Bioethanol is a promising renewable biofuel and wheat is currently the main candidate asthe feedstock for its production in the UK context. The quality of the numerous varieties ofwheat developed in the past by plant breeders has been well examined in terms of bread, biscuitand pasta producing industries. In general, the end-use quality determination of wheat in termsof alcohol yield is less investigated. This work focused on understanding and predicting thealcohol yield from wheat according to its physical, physicochemical and chemicalcharacteristics. The research ran alongside the GREEN Grai
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6

Farr, Chuck. "Yield Requirements of Non-Premium Durum Wheat." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/200542.

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7

Grotenhuis, Timothy P. "Superoptimal CO2 Reduces Seed Yield in Wheat." DigitalCommons@USU, 1996. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/6747.

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Although projected terrestrial CO2 levels will not reach 1000 μmol moI-1 (0.1%) for many decades, CO2 levels in growth chambers and greenhouses routinely exceed that concentration. CO2 levels in life support systems in space can exceed 10,000 μmol moI-1 (1%) CO2. Numerous studies have examined CO2 effects up to 1000 μmol mol-1, but theoretical and some experimental evidence indicates that the beneficial effects of CO2 continue past 1000 μmol mol-1 and are near-optimal for wheat at about 1200 μmol mol-1. We studied the effects of near-optimal and superoptimal CO2 levels (>1200 μmol mol-1) on yi
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8

Ottman, Michael J. "Wheat and barley varieties for Arizona, 2017." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/625860.

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9

Ottman, Michael J. "Wheat and barley varieties for Arizona, 2016." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/625421.

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10

Sloane, David. "Early vigour : its role in enhancing the productivity of wheat grown in South Australia /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1999. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AFP/09afps634.pdf.

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11

Mog, David L. "An analysis of factors influencing wheat flour yield." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/12452.

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Master of Agribusiness<br>Department of Agricultural Economics<br>John A. Fox<br>The cost of wheat is the largest input cost for a flour mill, and as a result, profitability in wheat flour milling is determined in large part by milling efficiency – i.e., the amount of flour extracted per unit of wheat milled. In this project the objective was to quantify the influence of several measurable variables on flour mill efficiency. Data was collected from two commercial milling units of similar size. Linear regression was then used to estimate the relationship between flour yield and variables mea
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12

Craufurd, P. Q. "Plant development and yield in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)." Thesis, University of Reading, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.352335.

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13

Green, Andrew Justin. "Yield Improvement in Eastern Soft Red Winter Wheat from 1919 to 2009." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36086.

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Periodic evaluation of improvements in yield and disease resistance is necessary to assess breeding progress over time, and the elucidation of underlying traits responsible for yield gains can help direct future breeding. Objectives of this study were: 1) to determine the rate and magnitude of yield progress in eastern soft red winter (SRW) wheat (Triticum aestivum, L.) cultivars released from 1950 to 2009 relative to a historical cultivar Red May (1919) and; 2) to determine effects of leaf rust (Puccinia triticina f. sp. tritici) and powdery mildew [Blumeria graminis (DC.) E.O. Speer f. sp.
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14

Ottman, Michael J., Michael D. Sheedy, and Richard W. Ward. "Small Grains Variety Evaluation at Maricopa, 2016." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/625426.

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4 pp.<br>Small grain varieties are evaluated each year by University of Arizona personnel. The purpose of these tests is to characterize varieties in terms of yield and other attributes. Variety performance varies greatly from year to year and several site-years are necessary to adequately characterize the yield potential of a variety. A summary of small grain variety trials conducted by the University of Arizona can be found online at https://extension.arizona.edu/sites/extension.arizona.edu/files/pubs/az1265-2015.pdf.
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15

Alghamdi, Mohammed A. M. "Plant growth regulators effects on vegative growth, yield and yield components in winter wheat." Thesis, University of Reading, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.553077.

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Three glasshouse experiments and one field experiment were carried out to investigate the effect of the plant growth regulator on vegetative growth and yield components of reduced height isogenic lines of the wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar Mercia. The first experiment compared the growth regulator response of seven isogenic lines of Mercia. Subsequent experiments used four lines, (Mercia control, Rhtl Rht2, and Rht8). Two glasshouse experiments examined the responses under well watered and water stress conditions. The third glasshouse experiment examined rates and time of application un
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16

Metho, Lewis Amollo. "Yield and quality response of four wheat cultivars to soil fertility, photoperiod and temperature." Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 1999. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-10092002-124728.

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17

Landau, Sabine. "A parsimonious model of wheat yield response to environment." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.389366.

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18

Lintell-Smith, Gail. "The population dynamics of weeds in winter wheat." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.297011.

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19

Harper, John, and David K. Parsons. "Small Grain Variety Yield Comparisons, Maricopa Agricultural Center." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/200517.

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20

Zahedi, Morteza. "Physiological aspects of the responses of grain filling to high temperature in wheat." Title page, abstract and contents only, 2001. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phz19.pdf.

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"June 2001." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 217-248). The effects of a sustained period of moderately high temperature on physiological and biochemical aspects of grain development were investigated in wheat cultivars grown under controlled environment conditions. The effect of variation in plant nutrition on the responses of cultivars to high temperature was also studied.
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21

Shantz, Kim. "1985 Western Plant Breeders Advanced Wheat Yield Trials, Maricopa County." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/200516.

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22

Wade, James. "Break-even Analysis of Durum Wheat Varieties: Price vs. Yield." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/200483.

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23

Ottman, Michael J., and Stephen H. Husman. "Irrigation practices and Solum test weight and yield, 2002." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/203823.

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Solum is a barley adapted to one or two irrigations but the grain produced is often low in test weight. Studies were conducted on two commercial farms near Maricopa and Coolidge in an effort to verify data from previous studies suggesting that delaying the first post-emergence irrigation until boot increases test weight compared to earlier irrigation, but does not affect yield. The irrigation treatments consisted of 1) two irrigations – planting and boot, or 2) three irrigations – planting, 5- to 6-leaf stage, and heading (grower standard). The irrigation treatments had no effect on grain yiel
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24

Kirigwi, Francis M. "Identification of markers associated with grain yield and components of yield under water stress in wheat /." Search for this dissertation online, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ksu/main.

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25

Xie, Quan. "Physiological and genetic determination of yield and yield components in a bread wheat × spelt mapping population." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2015. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/28998/.

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A substantial increase in wheat yield is needed for global food security. This requires a comprehensive understanding of the physiological and genetic basis of yield determination. The present study aimed to dissect yield physiologically and genetically in a recombinant inbred line mapping population derived from bread wheat × spelt. A total of 201 traits were investigated in the field and glasshouse across three years, and these traits formed five themes: genetic variation in yield and yield components, and the usefulness of spelt as a genetic resource; tillering dynamics; biomass accumulatio
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26

Popoff, Evan. "An approximate spatio-temporal Bayesian model for Alberta wheat yield." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/47033.

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Crop forecasting models are very valuable to a number of agricultural and government agencies. We investigated the effect of spatial and temporal environmental climate covariates on the growth of crop yield (wheat) at the regional scale across the province of Alberta. Model fitting was accomplished using data collected during the growing season from climate stations across Alberta provided by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC). A best fitting model was selected which takes into account simplicity (number of covariates used) and accuracy (predictive capability based on two selection criter
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27

Al-Ghzawi, Abdul Latief Ali. "The physiological processes determining grain yield potential in winter wheat." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2007. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12885/.

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Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ) is the most important crop grown extensively in the UK. There is a gap between yield production and world demand for wheat. So, there is a need to fill this gap. The overall objective of the present study is to investigate the physiological determinants of grain yield potential in winter wheat grown in UK conditions using doubled-haploid lines derived from a cross between winter wheat varieties Rialto and Spark. These varieties are known from previous work to contrast for source and sink type traits and for the presence/absence of the 1 BL/ IRS translocatio
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28

Ottman, M. J. "Effect of Planting Date on Wheat Yield in Yuma, 2013." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/312151.

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Planting dates are known to affect wheat yields. Previous research has shown that the optimum planting date in Yuma is December 15 to January 15. Wheat is sometimes sown later than this in the Yuma area, and earlier planting dates have not been tested. To test a wide range of planting dates, six varieties(Duraking, Havasu, Joaquin, Kronos, WB-Mead, and Yecora Rojo) were planted at two seeding rates (160 and 240 lbs/A) and six planting dates at the beginning of each month from November through April at the Yuma Valley Agricultural Center. Grain yield averaged 6517 (Nov 4), 6339 (Dec 6), 6096(Ja
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29

Shantz, Kim. "1985 Western Plant Breeders Advanced Wheat Yield Trials, Casa Grande." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/200531.

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30

Cossani, Rial César Mariano. "Grain yield and resource use efficiency of bread wheat, barley and durum wheat under Mediterranean environments." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/8355.

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Under Mediterranean environments water and nitrogen (N) are considered the two factors most strongly limiting crop productivity. Wheat (bread and durum) and barley are the main crops grown in dryland Mediterranean environments. Within the Mediterranean basin, wheat is usually cultivated in rotations with other crops under relatively humid zones while barley is sown as a monoculture in the driest zones. Reasons behind barley monoculture are based on an hypothetical barley yield advantage over wheat under stressed environments. However, information about direct comparison between wheat (bread or
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31

Makgoba, Setlabane Samuel. "Evaluation of different South African wheat cultivators under irrigation for quality and yield parameters in Limpopo Province, South Africa." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1122.

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Thesis (M.Sc. (Agronomy)) --University of Limpopo, 2013<br>In South Africa, wheat ranks first among the winter cereal crops produced and plays an important role in the country’s economy. The study was conducted to evaluate different South African wheat cultivars under irrigation for quality and yield parameters in Limpopo province. A field experiment was conducted during 2011 winter growing season under irrigation at the University of Limpopo experimental farm (Syferkuil). Eight wheat cultivars namely: Olifants, CNR 826, SST 347, Baviaans, Duzi, Steenbrass, SST 356 and Krokodil were laid out i
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32

Ottman, Michael J., and M. T. Rogers. "Irrigation Pracitices and Solum Barley Test Weight and Yield, 2000." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/204061.

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Solum is a barley bred for reduced water use that tends to have low test weight. An experiment was conducted at the Maricopa Agricultural Center to determine the effect of the number of irrigations and their timing on test weight and grain yield of Solum barley. Applying an irrigation at planting and a second irrigation at jointing resulted in the lowest test weight (44.4 lbs/bu) and nearly the highest grain yield (4315 lbs/acre) recorded in the test. All other irrigation treatments resulted in acceptable test weights above 48 lbs/bu except for irrigating at planting plus tillering, which resu
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33

Ottman, M. J., and M. T. Rogers. "Irrigation Practices and Solum Barley Test Weight and Yield, 2001." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/205392.

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Solum is a barley bred for reduced water use that tends to have low test weight. This is the second year of an experiment conducted at the Maricopa Agricultural Center to determine the effect of the number of irrigations and their timing on test weight and grain yield of Solum barley. A single irrigation resulted in low yield (2043 lbs/acre) and unacceptable test weight (45.2 lbs/acre). Two or three irrigations increased yield and test weight in most cases. Applying a second irrigation at the 1 node, 2-3 node, or boot stages resulted in yield of 2694, 2877, and 2670 lbs/acre and test weight of
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34

Jaenisch, Brent Robert. "Plant population and fungicide economically reduce winter wheat yield gap in Kansas." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/38207.

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Master of Science<br>Department of Agronomy<br>Romulo P. Lollato<br>Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) water limited yield potential in Kansas averages 5.2 Mg ha⁻¹; however, state-level yields rarely surpassed 3.4 Mg ha⁻¹. Our objective was to quantify the contribution of individual management practices to reduce wheat yield gaps (YG) economically. An incomplete factorial treatment structure established in a randomized complete block design with six replications was used to evaluate 14 treatments during two years in Manhattan, Belleville, and Hutchinson Kansas. Sites were combined based on ti
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35

Zhou, Bangwei. "Physiological traits associated with recent advances in yield of Chinese wheat." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/291943.

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China represents around 20% of world population and this proportion will remain similar in the coming decades, whereas an improvement in diet will increase the consumption of wheat. Although wheat grain yields have been increasing in the last three decades, the challenges of feeding nearly 1.4 billion people will be significant in the next few decades. To satisfy this demand, it is paramount to study what agronomical and physiological traits may contribute to higher yield potential in wheat. Towards this goal, wheats from Henan Province, which is one of the wheat baskets of China, have been st
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36

Lau, Hoppa. "Impacts of climate variability and climate change on prairie wheat yield." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ58810.pdf.

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37

Rajper, Inayatullah. "The effects of sodicity on the growth and yield of wheat." Thesis, Bangor University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.297714.

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38

Avval, M. Bannayan. "Developing and applying crop simulation models for forecast winter wheat yield." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.285454.

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39

Gonzalez, Navarro Oscar. "Understanding the developmental basis of grain yield potential in bread wheat." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2017. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/63110/.

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Grain yield potential in wheat is a complex trait controlled by sub-traits like grain number, grain size, and assimilate partitioning. To achieve further understanding of grain yield potential, this thesis combines physiological and genetic dissection of wheat development. In particular, how the length of developmental phases can be optimized in favour of increased partitioning of assimilates to the spike, in order to reduce abortion rates of florets. The physiological section of the thesis (Chapter 2 and 3) comprises the in depth study of the CIMCOG panel (CIMMYT Core Germplasm). In this sect
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40

Mistry, Purbasha. "Impact of Climate Parameters on Spring Wheat Yield in North Dakota." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2016. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/27827.

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The impacts of climate change in agriculture is a growing concern. The agricultural sector plays a significant role in North Dakota's (ND) economy, and spring wheat contributes most to the economy. This study focuses on assessing possible impacts of three climate variables on spring wheat yield in ND by building regression model. The trend of average minimum temperature, average maximum temperature, average precipitation and spring wheat yield was analyzed using Mann-Kendall test for 86 years. The study was conducted by dividing ND into 9 divisions. Increasing trend was noticed for 6 divisions
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41

Derkx, Adinda Pieterdina. "Improving nitrogen use and yield with stay-green phenotypes in wheat." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2013. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/13025/.

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Wheat grain yield is strongly related to nitrogen (N) fertiliser input, a major cost factor and potential environmental pollutant. Much of the grain N requirement is met by N remobilisation from the canopy. Unfortunately, a consequence is canopy senescence and decreased photosynthetic capacity, reducing carbon available for grain-filling. One approach to achieve both higher N use efficiency and grain yield would be to extend the duration of photosynthesis using delayed leaf senescence “stay-green” phenotypes. Three stay-green and two fast-senescing EMS mutants of wheat (cv. Paragon) were chara
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42

Saieed, Md Atik Us. "Identification and characterization of novel genes contributing to wheat grain yield." Thesis, Saieed, Md Atik Us (2022) Identification and characterization of novel genes contributing to wheat grain yield. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2022. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/66631/.

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Grain yield is one of the most important aspects of wheat breeding. Being a polygenic trait, wheat grain yield is regulated by multiple genes and influenced by environmental factors. It is a complex trait which is linked to several traits such as seed number, thousand kernels’ weight etc. The interaction of these yield components with environmental stimulus are poorly understood. In the current study, to improve our understanding, phenotypic plasticity of contributing traits to the grain yield was explored. The phenotypic plasticity is the variations in the expressed phenotype by an individual
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43

Wang, Guangyao (Sam), Mario Gutierrez, Michael J. Ottman, and Kelly Thorp. "Durum wheat yield prediction at flowering stage for late N management." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/203775.

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Managing late N application effectively in durum wheat is important to reach desirable protein content. Yield prediction at anathesis is needed to estimate N requirement for the crop and N application rate. In this project, we use canopy reflectance and image processing, measured at anthesis, to estimate yield at harvest. Our results of the growing season 2009-2010 suggested that the canopy reflectance index ‘NWI-4’ and the spike pixel size obtained from image processing at anthesis are potential approaches to predict durum wheat yield at harvest. The final goal of this research is to find a s
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44

Knowles, Tim C., Michael J. Ottman, and Rock Cramer. "Influence of Nitrogen Fertilizer Applied at Flowering on Durum Wheat Grain Yield and Quality." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/202440.

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Application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer in conjunction with the irrigation event occurring closest to the flowering stage is effective in reducing the incidence of yellowberry and boosting grain protein levels of durum wheat. However, N applications at this time normally do not increase grain yield, except perhaps on very sandy soils. A field experiment was conducted to determine the profitability of applying 35 pounds of N per acre at flowering to durum wheat to avoid dockage for poor grain quality. Two treatments consisted of a check plot with no N applied at flowering and UAN 32 water run at
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45

Ottman, Michael J. "Wheat and barley varieties for Arizona, 2015." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/581481.

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46

Mashaba, Zinhle. "Modelling dryland winter wheat yield using remotely sensed imagery and agrometeorological parameters." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/60634.

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Wheat consumption has become more widespread and is increasing in South Africa especially in the urban areas. The wheat industry contributes four billion rands to the gross value of agriculture and is a source of employment to approximately 28 000 people. Wheat yield forecasting is crucial in planning for imports and exports depending on the expected yields and wheat health monitoring is important in minimizing crop losses. However, current crop surveying techniques used in South Africa rely on manual field surveys and aerial surveys, which are costly and not timely (after harvest). This resea
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47

Balasubramaniam, Rengasamy. "The effects of foliar diseases and irrigation on root development, yield and yield components of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)." Lincoln College, University of Canterbury, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1514.

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Studies were conducted on three field trials of wheat cv. Kopara to investigate the lack of compensation by later determined components of yield because of early disease constraints. The investigation was based on the hypothesis that early disease reduces root development and thus causes the plants to be water constrained at later growth stages when soil water deficits usually occur. The reduced root development and soil water deficits may reduce the ability of the plant to compensate for reductions in early determined components. The hypothesis was tested by the application of irrigation to a
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48

Kindred, Daniel R. "Investigating heterosis for yield, breadmaking quality and nitrogen use efficiency in wheat." Thesis, University of Reading, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.412168.

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49

Bullard, Amanda Simpson. "Protein Indicators, Quality, and Yield of Winter Durum Wheat Grown in Virginia." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35457.

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Durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) is produced primarily in the Northern Great Plains and the Pacific Southwest of the United States. Current germplasm is predominantly of the spring growth habit. The objective of this study was to determine the feasibility of winter durum production in Virginia based upon both yield and quality parameters. Adaptation and yield potential of available winter durum lines were assessed from 1993-1998, in three physiographic regions in Virginia. The highest average durum yields were produced in the northern piedmont plateau at the Orange County location. Winter d
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Wagner, Nicole Catherine. "Wheat yield prediction modeling for localized optimization of fertilizer and herbicide application." Diss., Montana State University, 2004. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2004/wagner/WagnerN0805.pdf.

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