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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "White clover"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 4 de junio de 2021

Última modificación: 25 de julio de 2025

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1

Eden, T. M., P. J. Gerard, D. J. Wilson, and N. L. Bell. "Effects of invertebrate pests on white and annual clovers in dryland soil." New Zealand Plant Protection 63 (August 1, 2010): 235–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2010.63.6574.

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Two experiments were carried out at Ruakura in soil taken from Whatawhata hill country pasture The relative susceptibility of several annual clovers (Trifolium spp) and perennial white clover (T repens) to slugs (Deroceras reticulatum) clover root weevil (Sitona lepidus) adults native crickets (Nemobius sp) or wheat bugs (Nysius huttoni) was tested by sowing seed of the clovers into separate rows in turf Susceptibility of clovers to clover cyst nematode (Heterodera trifolii) was tested by sowing each clover variety into Whatawhata soil inoculated with the nematode Plant growth was assessed in

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2

Rhodes, Ian, and K. Judith Webb. "Improvement of White Clover." Outlook on Agriculture 22, no. 3 (1993): 189–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003072709302200310.

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The need to reduce economic and environmental costs of livestock agriculture has led to a resurgence of interest in forage legumes, particularly white clover, However, despite a recognition of the benefits accruing from its high herbage quality and the nitrogen fixation from its symbiosis with the Rhizobium bacterium, the widespread use of white clover by farmers has been inhibited by several perceived Problems. Foremost amongst these have been a reputation for unreliable yield, lack of persistency under intensive grazing and propensity to cause bloat in cattle. Conventional breeding technique

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3

Gerard, P. J., C. M. Ferguson, and S. Van Amsterdam. "Comparison of New Zealand perennial clovers for resilience against common pasture pests." New Zealand Plant Protection 70 (July 25, 2017): 241–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2017.70.57.

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Clovers (Trifolium spp.) are vulnerable to a large number of invertebrate pests so pest resilience amongst 19 leading commercial or near release New Zealand-bred clover cultivars was compared. Laboratory feeding choice tests comparing foliage from the test clovers against Grasslands Kopu II as the standard confirmed that red clovers (T. pratense) were less preferred than white clovers (T. repens) by adult clover root weevil and clover flea. Grey field slug showed no preference between red and white clovers, with the white clover Grassland Prestige performing the best. Porina larvae had lowest

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4

Belgrave, B. "Factors influencing farmer acceptance and uptake of new white clover cultivars." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 6 (January 1, 1996): 51–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.6.1995.3377.

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White clover is important to New Zealand pastoral farming yet uptake of new agronomically superior cultivars by farmers is slower than expected. Three main areas which explain why this is occurring are: 1. The need to demonstrate economic benefits due to superior agronomic performance of new cultivars to overcome barriers such as price and farmers satisfaction with existing products. 2. Farmers are influenced by advice of seed retailers/extension personnel, their knowledge of white clover cultivars, local research, and their economic situation. 3. White clover seed quantity and quality has bee

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5

Norton, M. R., and G. R. Johnstone. "Occurrence of alfalfa mosaic, clover yellow vein, subterranean clover red leaf, and white clover mosaic viruses in white clover throughout Australia." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 49, no. 4 (1998): 723. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/a97114.

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The levels of infection with 4 viruses in young white clover (Trifolium repens L.) plots sown in 1991 or 1992 were monitored at a total of 17 sites across the 6 States of Australia. Tests were undertaken for alfalfa mosaic (AMV), clover yellow vein (ClYVV), subterranean clover red leaf (SCRLV) (syn. soybean dwarf), and white clover mosaic (WClMV) viruses on field samples of 17 different cultivars, plus a local naturalised ecotype at each location, twice yearly over 3 years. The tests were undertaken using double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DASELISA). AMV and WClMV were

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6

Gerard, Crush, and S. Rasmussen. "Formononetin in clovers as a feeding deterrent against clover root weevil." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 12 (January 1, 2006): 135–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.12.2006.3027.

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The effect of leaf feeding by adult clover root weevils on the isoflavonoid content of red and white clovers was investigated in a glasshouse experiment. Lines of both clovers previously selected for variation in formononetin content were used. A higher percentage of white clover leaves than red clover leaves were damaged by the weevils, and the high formononetin red clover was least readily eaten. The formononetin content of the white clovers did not differ between the selections, was much lower than in the red clovers, and did not change in response to weevil feeding. In both red clover line

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7

Black, A. D., D. J. Moot, and R. J. Lucas. "Seasonal growth and development of Caucasian and white clovers under irrigated and dryland conditions." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 11 (January 1, 2003): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.11.2003.2992.

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Dry matter (DM) production of sown monocultures of Caucasian and white clovers was compared under irrigated and dryland (non-irrigated) conditions in their third year. Caucasian clover produced 11.9 t DM/ ha when irrigated and 9.4 t DM/ha under dryland conditions, and both treatments exceeded white clover by ~2.5 t DM/ha. This increase in yield reflected ~23 kg DM/ha/day higher production rates in spring and summer. During this period, production rates of irrigated treatments increased by 11 kg DM/ ha/day/oC for Caucasian compared with 8 kg DM/ha/ day/oC for white clover as mean daily air temp

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8

POTTER, L. R. "The effects of white clover mosaic virus on vegetative growth and yield of clones of S.100 white clover." Plant Pathology 42, no. 5 (1993): 797–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1993.tb01567.x.

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9

ANNICCHIARICO, P., and E. PIANO. "Response of white clover genotypes to intergenotypic and interspecific interference." Journal of Agricultural Science 128, no. 4 (1997): 431–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859697004334.

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Six white clover genotypes that were easily distinguishable from each other on the basis of leaf lamina marks and morphology were grown at Lodi, Italy, during 1990 and 1991 in dense swards, under field conditions and a mowing regime, as (i) pure stands, (ii) a complex mixture of all genotypes, (iii) binary mixtures of each genotype with each of two ryegrass varieties, and (iv) complex mixtures of all clover genotypes in binary association with each grass variety. The grass components were of known, different vigour. The study assessed both intergenotypic and interspecific interference and rela

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10

Francini, A., C. Nali, V. Picchi, and G. Lorenzini. "Metabolic changes in white clover clones exposed to ozone." Environmental and Experimental Botany 60, no. 1 (2007): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2006.06.004.

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11

Zhao, Xueying, Zhi Tian, Lintao Cheng, et al. "Comparative Study on the Morpho-Physiological Responses of White Clover Cultivars with Different Leaf Types to Water Deficiency." Agronomy 13, no. 7 (2023): 1859. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13071859.

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White clover (Trifolium repens L.) is one of the legume herbages with high feed quality, but it is sensitive to water deficiency. The objectives of this study were to compare morpho-physiological responses to drought stress and post-drought recovery in four-leafed white clover cultivars. Under well-watered conditions, drought stress (3 d, 6 d, 9 d and 12 d), and rehydration, the relative water content (RWC), membrane lipid permeability, osmoregulatory substances, photosynthetic characteristics and stomatal features of Chinese native Longping No.1 (LP, small-leafed) and three introduced cultiva

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12

Brock, J. L., M. G. Hyslop, and K. H. Widdup. "A review of red and white clovers in the dryland environment." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 11 (January 1, 2003): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.11.2003.3001.

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Red and white clovers are best adapted to areas with good soil fertility and adequate soil moisture (750 mm annual rainfall), particularly over summer (150 mm), and are therefore restricted to small areas such as the more fertile valley floors and lower shady slopes in dryland environments. To extend their range and aid survival in dry environments, grazing management and cultivar selection are critical. Continual grazing (set stocking) during spring leads to a dense grass pasture, providing protection from desiccation for white clover stolons in the following summer. White clover cultivars ha

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13

Fraser, J., and H. T. Kunelius. "Influence of seeding time on the yield of white clover/orchardgrass mixtures in Atlantic Canada." Journal of Agricultural Science 120, no. 2 (1993): 197–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600074232.

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SUMMARYThe influence of four seeding times on herbage dry matter (DM) yields and clover content of white clover (Trifolium repens L.)/orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) mixtures was evaluated at Truro, Nova Scotia and Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island from 1985 to 1988. Sacramento, Sonja and Milkanova white clover/orchardgrass mixtures were assessed under simulated grazing (four or five harvests per year) over two production years at each location.Delaying seeding from May to August reduced total herbage DM yields significantly in the first production year, from 8·1 to 3·3 t/ha in Truro an

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14

Bouton, Joseph H., Brian Motes, Donald T. Wood, Ali Missaoui, and Michael A. Trammell. "Registration of ‘Renovation’ White Clover." Journal of Plant Registrations 11, no. 3 (2017): 218–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3198/jpr2016.11.0063crc.

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15

Jahufer, M. Z. Z., J. L. Ford, K. H. Widdup, et al. "Improving white clover for Australasia." Crop and Pasture Science 63, no. 9 (2012): 739. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp12142.

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Improving the genetic merit of temperate forage legumes helps ensure profitability and sustainability of our Australasian pastoral industries. Today’s plant breeders are supported by a range of underpinning research activities including genetic resources exploration and enhancement, plant physiology, plant health, feed quality, agronomy, quantitative genetics and plant biotechnology; and have collaborative interfaces with animal and farm systems science. Lifting the rate of gain by integration of molecular tools, innovative breeding strategies, and new genetic resources is the major objective

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16

Bouton, J. H., D. R. Woodfield, J. R. Caradus, and D. T. Wood. "Registration of ‘Durana’ White Clover." Crop Science 45, no. 2 (2005): 797. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2005.0797.

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17

Bouton, J. H., D. R. Woodfield, J. R. Caradus, and D. T. Wood. "Registration of ‘Patriot’ White Clover." Crop Science 45, no. 2 (2005): 797–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2005.0797a.

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18

Park, C. Y., S. H. Lee, S. Lim, J. S. Moon, and B. S. Kim. "First Report of White clover mosaic virus on White Clover (Trifolium repens) in Korea." Plant Disease 101, no. 8 (2017): 1559. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-02-17-0256-pdn.

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19

McLeish, L. J., G. N. Berg, J. M. Hinch, L. V. Nambiar, and M. R. Norton. "Plant parasitic nematodes in white clover and soil from white clover pastures in Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 37, no. 1 (1997): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea96046.

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Summary. Seventeen sites, including locations in all the major white clover growing regions of Australia, were surveyed for the presence of plant parasitic nematodes in autumn and spring 1993. Trifolium repens L. cvv. Haifa and Irrigation, plus 1 other cultivar, were sampled at each site and nematodes extracted from roots, stems and soil. Thirteen genera of plant parasitic nematodes were detected. The clover cyst nematode, Heterodera trifolii, and root knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp., were each recorded at over 75% of the sites. The most common genera of plant parasitic nematodes detected wer

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20

McCurdy, James D., J. Scott McElroy, Michael L. Flessner, Jared A. Hoyle, and Ethan T. Parker. "Tolerance of Three Clovers (Trifoliumspp.) to Common Herbicides." Weed Technology 30, no. 2 (2016): 478–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-d-15-00062.1.

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Clover inclusion may increase the sustainability of certain low-maintenance turfgrasses. However, selective weed control within mixed turfgrass–clover swards proves problematic because of clover susceptibility to herbicides. Research was conducted to identify common turf herbicides that are tolerated by threeTrifoliumspecies, including white clover, ball clover, and small hop clover, within low-maintenance turfgrass. Leaf and flower density, as well as plant height, were measured 4 wk after treatment as indicators of clover response to 14 herbicides. The threeTrifoliumspp. were moderately tole

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21

Caradus, J. R., D. R. Woodfield, and A. V. Stewart. "Overview and vision for white clover." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 6 (January 1, 1996): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.6.1995.3368.

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White clover (Trifolium repens L.) is the key to the international competitive advantage of New Zealand's pastoral industries, which are reliant on a cheap, high quality feed source. White clover benefits pastoral agriculture through its ability to fix nitrogen, its high nutritive value, its seasonal complementarity with grasses, and its ability to improve animal feed intake and utilisation rates. The annual financial contribution of white clover through fixed nitrogen, forage yield, seed production and honey production is estimated as $3.095 billion. The impact of white clover has resulted fr

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22

Mccartin, John. "ALTERNATIVE ESTABLISHMENT STRATEGIES FOR WHITE CLOVER SEED PRODUCTION." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 2 (January 1, 1985): 33–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.2.1985.3305.

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Autumn sown white clover after wheat results in good white clover establishment and large areas can be sown. Direct drilling white clover into barley stubble in the autumn also gives very good white clover establishment. Other methods which include ryegrass and white clover sown together in autumn, sowing with autumn wheat, undersowing barley and processed peas in the spring and oversowing autumn wheat in the spring are less successful. Keywords: White clover, Trifolium repens,

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23

Williams, W. M. "Trifolium interspecific hybridisation: widening the white clover gene pool." Crop and Pasture Science 65, no. 11 (2014): 1091. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp13294.

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White clover (Trifolium repens) is adapted to moist, fertile soils in temperate zones. Despite its heterozygous allotetraploid nature, it lacks useful genetic variation for survival and growth in semi-arid, infertile soils. Although white clover is apparently genetically isolated in nature, 11 other taxa have so far been found that can be artificially hybridised into the wider gene pool. These species range from annuals to long-lived, hardy perennials with adaptations to stress environments, and they potentially provide new traits for the breeding of more resilient varieties of white clover. T

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24

Peprah, Samuel, Enkhjargal Darambazar, Bill Biligetu, et al. "White Prairie Clover (Dalea candida Michx. ex Willd.) and Purple Prairie Clover (Dalea purpurea Vent.) in Binary Mixtures with Grass Species." Sustainable Agriculture Research 11, no. 2 (2022): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/sar.v11n2p30.

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Native forage legumes may have potential for summer/fall grazing in semiarid prairie regions in mixture with grasses. The objective of this study was to evaluate two native clovers in binary mixtures with the introduced grasses when harvested in July and September to simulate late summer or fall stockpile forage. Eight binary clover&ndash;grass mixtures were seeded in a split-plot design with 4 replications at Swift Current, Saskatchewan, Canada. Mixtures included (i) AC Antelope white prairie clover (WPC)-Admiral meadow bromegrass (MBG), (ii) WPC-AC Success hybrid bromegrass (HBG), (iii)

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25

Van Den Bosch, J., C. F. Mercer, and J. L. Grant. "Variation in white clover for resistance to clover cyst nematode." New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 40, no. 2 (1997): 223–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288233.1997.9513241.

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26

MARSHALL, A. H., P. A. HOLLINGTON, and D. H. HIDES. "Spring defoliation of white clover seed crops. 1. Inflorescence production of contrasting white clover cultivars." Grass and Forage Science 48, no. 3 (1993): 301–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1993.tb01863.x.

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27

Cosgrove, G. P., C. B. Anderson, and R. H. Fletcher. "Do cattle exhibit a preference for white clover?" NZGA: Research and Practice Series 6 (January 1, 1996): 83–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.6.1995.3367.

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Attaining a predictable and stable composition of white clover in pasture is affected by selective grazing and inter-species plant competition. This paper reports an experiment which demonstrates that when given a free choice between monocultures of ryegrass and white clover, cattle did not selectively graze only clover but chose a mixed diet. Ten young heifers were stocked for 3 weeks on 2 ha, comprised of adjacent 1-ha monocultures of each of ryegrass and white clover. Animals were given 1 week to adjust to the spatial separation and then on 2 consecutive days in each of 2 consecutive weeks,

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28

Potter, Daniel A., Carl T. Redmond, Timothy D. McNamara, and Gregg C. Munshaw. "Dwarf White Clover Supports Pollinators, Augments Nitrogen in Clover–Turfgrass Lawns, and Suppresses Root-Feeding Grubs in Monoculture but Not in Mixed Swards." Sustainability 13, no. 21 (2021): 11801. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132111801.

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The runoff or leaching of nitrogen fertilizers from monoculture turfgrass lawns contri-butes to water pollution, and such lawns are susceptible to insect pests and provide few resources for pollinators. One approach to creating more sustainable lawns is to incorporate white clover (Trifolium repens L.), a nitrogen-fixing legume, into grass seed mixtures or existing turfgrass swards. “Dutch” white clover (DWC), a ubiquitous landrace, forms non-uniform clumps when intermixed with turfgrasses, thus it is often considered to be a lawn weed. Recently, several dwarf varieties of white clover have be

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29

Hill, MJ. "Sward growth of monocultures and binary mixtures of phalaris, lucerne, white clover and subterranean clover under two defoliation regimes." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 31, no. 1 (1991): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9910051.

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Sirosa phalaris, WL5 15 lucerne, Haifa white clover and Seaton Park subterranean clover were grown in monocultures and binary mixtures on a cracking clay soil and cut at 4- and 8-week intervals over 3 growing seasons at Scone, New South Wales (32�S.). The plots were given supplementary irrigation between mid April and November to prevent water deficits. The deep-rooted perennials dominated mixtures under infrequent cutting, with cumulative dry matter yields for the growing season reaching 11 t/ha for lucerne-based mixtures. Frequent defoliation increased the contribution of the clovers in mixt

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30

E.V., Gorbkova. "The use of white clover in agriculture." Ekologiya i stroitelstvo 1 (2015): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.35688/2413-8452-2015-01-005.

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The article considers problems of increase of efficiency of use of agricultural land. Summarized experimental data on cultivation of white clover in different countries. Recommendations on the improvement of soil fertility. Summarizes experimental data obtained during the research works on the study of white clover under irrigation for non-Chernozem zone, Moscow region on the production site «Dubna» in 2012–2014 Considered the agrotechnics of cultivation of white clover to obtain high-protein feed for livestock. It is noted that the white clover is a promising crop, contributes to the restorat

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31

Greveniotis, Vasileios, Elisavet Bouloumpasi, Adriana Skendi, Athanasios Korkovelos, Dimitrios Kantas, and Constantinos G. Ipsilandis. "Evaluation and Stability of Red and White Trifolium Species for Nutritional Quality in a Mediterranean Environment." Agriculture 15, no. 4 (2025): 391. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15040391.

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It is generally recognized that clovers represent a major nutrient used in ruminants’ diets due to their composition, which is high in protein content and low in fiber content. Investigating the nutritional quality of red and white clover genotypes, and classifying the genetic materials according to their primary quality attributes were the main goals of the current study. During a two-year experiment, we assessed their performance stability. Twelve red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and twelve white clover (Trifolium repens L.) genetic materials were cultivated in a randomized complete block

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32

Woodfield, D. R., J. L. Ford, and Mzz Jahufer Johnston. "New generation white clovers for United Kingdom farming systems." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 12 (January 1, 2006): 115–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.12.2006.3033.

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White clover is used worldwide to improve the nutritive value of pastures and is an increasingly important component of environmentally-sustainable grassland ecosystems. In 1991, a white clover breeding program involving two New Zealand companies (AgResearch and Midlands Seed) and a European company (Barenbrug), was initiated to develop new varieties for agricultural systems in the United Kingdom. This collaborative international program has been very successful with three improved varieties, Crusader, Barblanca and Makuri, being released and listed in the United Kingdom. The improved persiste

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Collins, R. P., and I. Rhodes. "Stolon characteristics related to winter survival in white clover." Journal of Agricultural Science 124, no. 1 (1995): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600071197.

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SUMMARYChanges in the stolon carbohydrate contents (water-soluble and total non-structural) of four white clover populations were measured at the beginning and end of winter. Three of the populations were of Swiss origin - two of these were from high-altitude pastures, and the other from a valley location. Grasslands Huia was measured as a control variety. Levels of both types of carbohydrate declined during the winter in all populations. The Swiss populations from high altitudes contained the highest levels of both carbohydrate types.An artificial freezing test was carried out on stolon segme

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Ford, J. L., G. R. Cousins, Z. Jahufer, I. J. Baird, D. R. Woodfield, and B. A. Barrett. "Grasslands Legacy - a new, large-leaved white clover cultivar with broad adaption." Journal of New Zealand Grasslands 77 (January 1, 2015): 211–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/jnzg.2015.77.458.

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White clover (Trifolium repens L.) continues to play a pivotal role in the Australasian pastoral industry, despite increased use of nitrogen fertiliser on farms. Improved white clovers for dairy farming must be well adapted to the farm systems they are intended for, including increased rates of fertiliser nitrogen, higher stocking rates and access to irrigation. The breeding objective was to develop a white clover cultivar in evaluation systems that simulate modern farming practices, and test that cultivar in both New Zealand and Australia for adaptation and agronomic merit. This included bree

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Clark, D. A., and S. L. Harris. "White clover or nitrogen fertiliser for dairying?" NZGA: Research and Practice Series 6 (January 1, 1996): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.6.1995.3348.

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Annual production in New Zealand dairy pastures is limited by nitrogen supply and therefore requires nitrogen fertiliser to increase annual pasture production. This paper summarises the advantages and disadvantages of clover nitrogen and fertiliser nitrogen including the effects of both nitrogen sources on feed quantity and quality, factors limiting nitrogen fixation and nitrogen fertiliser response, defoliation effects on white clover (Trifolium repens L.), animal health problems associated with clover and nitrogen fertiliser, and environmental effects. UDDER, a dairy farm simulation model, i

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36

Knowles, I. M., T. J. Fraser, and M. J. Daly. "White clover: loss in drought and subsequent recovery." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 11 (January 1, 2003): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.11.2003.2997.

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There are limitations to the production and persistence of white clover in drought prone regions. We report on the population dynamics of white clover during the summer/autumn drought of 2000. Seventeen paddocks were selected from Marlborough, Mid Canterbury, South Canterbury and North Otago on the east coast of the South Island, and Wairarapa in the North Island. The pastures were sown in 1998/99 and are comprised of ryegrass, tall fescue, cocksfoot or combinations of these as the grass base, with white clover included in the mix. White clover populations were monitored pre- and post-drought

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37

Kemp, D. R., D. L. Michalk, and M. Goodacre. "Productivity of pasture legumes and chicory in central New South Wales." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 42, no. 1 (2002): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea98171.

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Seven experiments were established across a range of environments (latitude 33°S) in central New South Wales to evaluate 52 legume cultivars and lines against currently recommended cultivars. Plots were grazed by either sheep or cattle after each harvest. Criteria for inclusion were that lines were either commercially available or in the process of being registered. Three experiments also included chicory. Sites had from 600 to 900 mm annual rainfall and were at altitudes of 440–1000 m. The 4-year program included the dry summer of 1990–91. White clover and subterranean clover were the most pr

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38

Gemell, L. G., E. J. Hartley, and D. F. Herridge. "Point-of-sale evaluation of preinoculated and custom-inoculated pasture legume seed." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 45, no. 3 (2005): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea03151.

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During 1999–2003, 293 samples of preinoculated and custom-inoculated lucerne, subterranean clover, white clover, red clover and miscellaneous species (mainly other clovers) were sourced from commercial outlets and assessed for numbers of rhizobia, seed pellet pH and toxicity, and nodulation in a ‘grow-out’ test. Average rhizobial counts were 8400/seed for preinoculated lucerne, 1380/seed for subterranean clover and <100/seed for white and red clovers and for the miscellaneous species. These counts compared poorly with the average counts of 35 100/seed, 13 800/seed and 10 000/seed for freshl

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39

Cresswell, Ann. "White clover roots cause stolon burial." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 6 (January 1, 1996): 136–346. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.6.1995.3353.

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A large proportion of clover stolon in the field (20- 95%) is found below the soil surface (Hay 1983, Sackville Hamilton & Harper 1989). The proportion increases dramatically through the autumn and is reduced in spring. This pattern of burial has been attributed to earthworm casting and livestock trampling (Hay et al. 1987). In greenhouse experiments we observed that stolons were often held tightly to the soil surface and some nodes on mature stolons were beneath the surface. Three experiments designed to measure downward movement of stolons relative to the soil surface in controlled condi

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40

Crush, J. R., and J. R. Caradus. "Increasing symbiotic potentials in white clover." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 6 (January 1, 1996): 91–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.6.1995.3363.

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Lines of white clover with higher and lower numbers of nodules were selected from a mutagenised Huia population, and seed was produced from a polycross of both lines. The progeny showed that the lines tended to have either more but smaller nodules, or fewer and larger nodules. In a further experiment, the line with fewer (larger average size) nodules, fixed more nitrogen (N) and grew bigger. Plants with fewer but larger nodules are a good model for efforts to increase the Nfixing capacity of white clover. An empirical screening method was used to obtain 15 genotypes that showed evidence of hig

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41

Mclaughlin, M. R., and G. A. Pederson. "Registration of PSVR1 White Clover Germplasm." Crop Science 40, no. 1 (2000): 298–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2000.0002rgp.

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42

Caradus, J. R. "World checklist of white clover varieties." New Zealand Journal of Experimental Agriculture 14, no. 2 (1986): 119–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03015521.1986.10426137.

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THOMPSON, L. "Sites of photoperception in white clover." Grass and Forage Science 50, no. 3 (1995): 259–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1995.tb02321.x.

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44

Kang, J. H., G. E. Brink, and D. E. Rowe. "Seedling White Clover Response to Defoliation." Crop Science 35, no. 5 (1995): 1406–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1995.0011183x003500050024x.

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45

Brink, G. E., and G. A. Pederson. "White Clover Response to Grazing Method." Agronomy Journal 85, no. 4 (1993): 791–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronj1993.00021962008500040003x.

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46

Barrett, B., A. Griffiths, M. Schreiber, et al. "A microsatellite map of white clover." Theoretical and Applied Genetics 109, no. 3 (2004): 596–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00122-004-1658-0.

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47

Gerard, P. J. "Nodule damage by clover root weevil larvae in white clover swards." New Zealand Plant Protection 55 (August 1, 2002): 246–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2002.55.3947.

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The impact of clover root weevil larval populations was assessed in pure swards of Grasslands Prestige and Grasslands Kopu white clover in a small plot trial Nodule damage was very evident and both cultivars showed significant increases in nodule damage and decreases in percent foliar nitrogen in November in response to increasing winter larval numbers Dry matter production of Kopu in November was related to foliar nitrogen levels

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48

Martin, Pierre H., Bruce E. Coulman, and Jean F. Peterson. "Genetics of Tolerance to White Clover Mosaic Virus in Red Clover." Crop Science 30, no. 6 (1990): 1191–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1990.0011183x003000060005x.

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49

Høgh-Jensen, H., and J. K. Schjoerring. "Rhizodeposition of nitrogen by red clover, white clover and ryegrass leys." Soil Biology and Biochemistry 33, no. 4-5 (2001): 439–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0038-0717(00)00183-8.

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50

Mather, R. D. J., D. T. Melhuish, and M. Herlihy. "Trends in the global marketing of white clover cultivars." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 6 (January 1, 1996): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.6.1995.3374.

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White clover (Trifolium repens L.) is the dominant legume of temperate pastures, having been improved by breeding since the 1930s. The 1994 OECD Register lists 93 cultivars, with a further 25-30 cultivars also known to commerce. Therefore, in excess of 100 cultivars are available to fulfil a world annual market of 8500-10,500 MT. Globally, New Zealand is the major white clover production region, providing 50- 55% of the seed. Other key production regions are Denmark, USA and South America. Consumption of white clover has been relatively static for some time, ranging from 8000-10,000 MT per ann

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