Artículos de revistas: "Wood adhesives"

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Brožek, M. "Bonding of wood". Research in Agricultural Engineering 61, No. 3 (2 de junio de 2016): 134–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/8/2014-rae.

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The paper presents the results of strength tests of joints made using six different adhesives destined by their producers for bonding wood. Bonded samples were made from seven sorts of wood commonly growing in the Czech Republic, namely ash, beach, cherry, maple, pine, spruce and walnut. From semi-products (boards, planks, squared timber logs) the test samples of dimensions 25 × 100 mm and 4 mm thickness were cut out in the direction of year rings. Always two samples were bonded together so that their overlap was of 12.5 mm. All these assemblies were loaded using the universal testing machine up to their rupture. The rupture force and the rupture type (rupture in the joint, in the bonded material) were registered. The aim of the tests was to assess the influence of the used adhesive on the bonded joint strength at different woods, to assess the variability of the adhesive consumption at the manual adhesive application by different workers and to determine costs for bonding of different woods using different adhesives. From the results it follows that between six tested adhesives used for bonding of seven sorts of wood, considerable differences exist not only as regards their price, but also their quality. From the results it also follows that the manual adhesive application is very unequal, because it depends on the dexterity and care of the worker. Next, the costs for bonding of different woods using different adhesives were determined.

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Srivatsan, T. S. "Wood Adhesives". Materials and Manufacturing Processes 27, n.º 12 (diciembre de 2012): 1466. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10426914.2012.689463.

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Moya, Róger, Ana Rodríguez-Zúñiga y José Vega-Baudrit. "Effects of Adding Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes on Performance of Polyvinyl Acetate and Urea-Formaldehyde Adhesives in Tropical Timber Species". Journal of Nanomaterials 2015 (2015): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/895650.

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Multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) functionalized with hydroxyl groups (MWCNTs-OH) have been incorporated into polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) and urea-formaldehyde (UF) adhesives utilized in tropical wood gluing. The Raman spectroscopy, the atomic force microscopy (AFM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to describe the MWCNTs-OH. The adhesives were evaluated in three concentrations of MWCNTs-OH: 0% (control), 0.05%, and 0.1%. The evaluation included color, the distribution of MWCNTs-OH by TEM and AFM, thermal stability and viscosity of the adhesives, and shear strength (SS) of the glue line for nine tropical woods. AFM and TEM confirmed interaction of MWCNTs-OH with adhesives. The viscosity of the PVAc adhesive increases with added MWCNTs-OH. The incorporation of MWCNTs-OH in PVAc and UF resin produces wood adhesives with less brightness, less yellowness, and increased redness. The nanotubes in the adhesive improved the thermal stability of the composites and increased the entropy factor and energy of activation in the kinetic decomposition of the resin. In relation to SS, MWCNTs-OH in any of the two concentrations had no significant effect on SS in dry condition in half of the species studied glued with PVAc adhesive, whereas, for UF-adhesive, the SS and percentage of wood failure improved in most of the 9 species studied.

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Clerc, Gaspard, Thomas Lüthi, Peter Niemz y Jan Willem G. Van de Kuilen. "Reaction kinetics investigation in relation to the influence of humidity on fatigue behavior of wood lap joints". Holzforschung 74, n.º 9 (25 de septiembre de 2020): 865–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2019-0136.

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AbstractIt is generally assumed that the properties of wood against fatigue are good, but little is known about the properties of adhesively bonded wood, which represents today most of the wood-based products. Lap-shear samples glued with three common wood adhesives [two ductile one-component polyurethane (1C-PUR) systems and one brittle phenol resorcinol formaldehyde (PRF) adhesive] were tested under cyclical loads at three different climates [20°C, 35% − 50% − 85% relative humidity (RH)]. For the analysis of data, an empirical model based on reaction kinetics was developed. In addition, a probabilistic model was used to estimate the endurance limit and the expected run-out lifetime. Both models were combined to accurately model fatigue at high and low relative stress intensity. It was shown that ductile 1C-PUR adhesives perform better than the brittle adhesive system under dry climates (35%–50% RH). However, for higher RH, the brittle PRF adhesive showed better performance, most probably due to a better wood-adhesive adhesion in wet climate. An average endurance limit for tensile shear stresses between 20% and 48% of the mean tensile shear strength (TSS) was estimated for the tested adhesives. It was shown that the model parameters could be linked to fundamental physical constants through the reaction kinetics approach; however, further research is needed to correlate these parameters to specimen-specific quantities.

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5

Podlena, Milan, Martin Böhm, Daniel Saloni, Guillermo Velarde y Carlos Salas. "Tuning the Adhesive Properties of Soy Protein Wood Adhesives with Different Coadjutant Polymers, Nanocellulose and Lignin". Polymers 13, n.º 12 (15 de junio de 2021): 1972. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13121972.

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Commercial wood adhesives are based on products that contain formaldehyde; however, environmental and health concerns about formaldehyde emissions from wood products have influenced research and development efforts in order to find alternative, formaldehyde-free products for wood adhesives. In this work, different soy protein-based wood adhesives are proposed, and their performance is compared to commercial urea formaldehyde (UF) adhesive. Soy protein-based wood adhesives were prepared using either soy protein isolate (SPI) or soy protein flour (SF) with different coadjutant polymers: polyethylene oxide (PEO), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) or polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) with and without addition of kraft lignin. The effects of the type of soy protein, solids content, coadjutant polymer and lignin addition were investigated. The wood adhesive formulations were tested on the bonding of hardwood (white maple) and softwood (southern yellow pine) and the dry shear strength of test specimens was measured according to method ASTM D905-08. The adhesive formulations with SPI achieved significantly higher values than those with SF. The dry shear strength of the adhesives varies depending on the coadjutant polymer, the wood species and the addition of lignin.

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Cheng, Rui Xiang, Ying Li, Qing Wen Wang y Zhong Qiu Li. "The Bonding Properties of PVC Wood-Plastic Composite Materials Glued with Two Kinds of Adhesive". Advanced Materials Research 113-116 (junio de 2010): 1935–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.113-116.1935.

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This paper aimed to confirm which adhesive is more suitable to glue the PVC wood-plastic composite materials between epoxy adhesive and J-39 acrylic ester adhesive. This paper tested compression shear strength and aging properties of PVC wood-plastic composite materials glued with these two adhesives. The results show that compression shear strength of PVC wood-plastic composite materials glued with epoxy adhesive is higher than with J-39 acrylic adhesives. Meanwhile, the setting time of two adhesives has effect on compression shearing strength. The results of aging properties after boiled and UV light treatment show that bonding properties of PVC wood-plastic composite materials glued with two adhesive were both degraded after aging，but bonding properties glued with epoxy adhesive was better than acrylic ester adhesive.

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7

Dunky, Manfred. "Wood Adhesives Based on Natural Resources: A Critical Review Part I. Protein-Based Adhesives". Reviews of Adhesion and Adhesives 8, n.º 3 (29 de septiembre de 2020): 199–332. http://dx.doi.org/10.7569/raa.2020.097309.

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This series of critical reviews on Wood Adhesives Based on Natural Resources (in total four parts) describes the experience and actual status of wood adhesives based on natural resources and gives an outlook into the future of these materials. Desite boundless results and papers in the development, purely naturally based wood adhesives are in industrial use only in negligible amounts; therefore this review series also reports on combinations of naturally based adhesives with synthetic components, such as modifiers or crosslinkers. Part I of this series concentrates on general topics and questions related to wood adhesives based on natural resources, such as systematic overview on the various types of naturally based wood adhesives, including cases where the adhesive is not applied separately but is used in situ, originating from the various components of the wood material. As a first product group, proteins from plants and animal sources and their use as wood adhesives will be described in this Part I.

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8

Bianche, Juliana Jerásio, Angélica de Cássia Oliveira Carneiro, João Paulo Silva Ladeira, Ana Paula Mendes Teixeira, Flávia Alves Pereira y Bráulio da Silva de Oliveira. "SHEAR STRENGTH IN THE GLUE LINE OF Eucalyptus sp. AND Pinus sp.WOOD". Revista Árvore 40, n.º 6 (diciembre de 2016): 1109–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0100-67622016000600017.

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ABSTRACT To evaluate the adhesive efficiency on the union of glued joints in a particular temperature and humidity conditions for a specified time the adhesive must be submitted to specific load tests, such as shear in the glue line. The objective of this study was to evaluate the shear strength in the glue line of Eucalyptus sp and Pinus sp.woods. Five adhesives (castor oil, sodium silicate, modified silicate, , PVA and resorcinol-formaldehyde), three weights (150 g/m2, 200 g/m2, and 250 g/m2) and two species (Eucalyptus sp. and Pinus sp.) of wood were used. Twelve specimens were obtained from each repetition per treatment, corresponding to 108 specimens that were conditioned at a temperature of 23 ± 1°C and relative humidity of 50 ± 2%. The interaction between the weight and type of adhesive was significant for the shear strength in the glue line of eucalyptus wood. However, no interaction between the weight and the adhesive was found for pinus, only the isolated from the adhesive effect. Chemical bonds originated in the polymerization of resorcinol-formaldehyde adhesives and castor bi-component conferred upon these adhesives the greatest resistance in the glue line. Castor and resorcinol-formaldehyde adhesives showed the highest shear strength values in the line of glue and wood failure. Castor adhesive presented satisfactory performance for bonding of eucalyptus and pine woods.

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Cheng, Fang Chao y Ying Cheng Hu. "Bonding Quality of Fiber-Wood Interface with Wood Adhesives". Advanced Materials Research 113-116 (junio de 2010): 552–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.113-116.552.

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Effects of fiber fabric type, glue spread, adhesive kind and angle between carbon fiber and wood grain on bonding quality of fiber-wood interface were investigated to make it clear whether wood adhesive can be used in fiber reinforced wood products. Four different kinds of fiber fabric were bonded into poplar sample with three different adhesives and three different glue spread. Shear strength of samples were measured by compression shear test. The results indicated that bonding quality of GFMa (Glass Fiber Mat)-wood interface was the best of all and 400g/mm2 was the optimal glue spread for various adhesive and adhesion. Results of control experiment of angle between carbon fiber and wood grain indicated that bonding quality of samples with carbon fiber parallel to wood grain was better than that with carbon fiber perpendicular to wood grain.

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Cheng, Fang Chao y Ying Cheng Hu. "Stiffness of Fiber-Wood Bonding Interface with Wood Adhesives". Applied Mechanics and Materials 26-28 (junio de 2010): 948–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.26-28.948.

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Effects of fiber fabric type, glue spread and adhesive kind on stiffness of fiber-wood bonding interface were investigated. Four different kinds of fiber fabric were bonded into poplar sample with three different adhesives and three different glue spread. Shear modulus of samples were measured by compression shear test to represent the stiffness of bonding interface. The results indicated that stiffness of GFF (Glass Fiber Fabric)-wood and GFMa (Glass Fiber Mat)-wood interfaces was better than that of two other interfaces and shear modulus of CFF (Carbon Fiber Fabric)-wood samples were the least of all. And the effects of glue spread and adhesive kind on stiffness of fiber-wood interface were significant.

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Rindler, Axel, Oliver Vay, Christian Hansmann y Johannes Konnerth. "Adhesive-related warping of thin wooden bi-layers". Wood Science and Technology 53, n.º 5 (septiembre de 2019): 1015–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00226-019-01124-w.

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Abstract Warping of layered wood-based panels is still a challenging problem in the development of thin engineered wood products. Wood as an anisotropic and hydrophilic material tends to change its volume and mechanical properties with changing moisture content. Besides the wood components, also the mechanical properties of certain adhesives are sensitive to moisture changes. A moisture load onto the adhered wood is resulting in different stress and strain states between the adherends. It is expected that adhesives with different moisture-related properties participate differently to this interaction. To observe an adhesive-related warping, thin spruce/HDF (Picea abies and high-density fibreboard) bi-layers with identical material geometries were manufactured under laboratory conditions, using different wood adhesive systems, which are currently used in furniture and flooring industry [polyurethane (PUR), emulsion polymer isocyanate (EPI), polyvinyl acetate (PVAc), urea formaldehyde (UF) and ultra-low emitting formaldehyde amino adhesive (ULEF)]. The bi-layers were exposed to certain relative humidity conditions, and the resulting deformation was measured with a high-precision laser distance detector. Moisture-dependent warping of the bi-layers was obtained in relation to the used adhesive systems. As a result of the study, it can be shown that initial warping after panel manufacturing strongly depends on the adhesive curing characteristics and, especially, on the amount of water that is released into the wood adherend. For the post-setting panel warping, a differentiation into two adhesive groups became visible: rigid and flexible adhesives. Rigid adhesives (UF and ULEF) showed a higher degree of warping compared to the group of flexible adhesives (PUR, EPI and PVAc).

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Guzii, Sergii, Ihar Bazhelka y Vasyl Lashchivskyi. "STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF COMPOUNDS OF THE ANO3 and ANO3 nH2O TYPES ON RHEOKINETIC AND COLLOID-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ALUMINOSILICATE ADHESIVES FOR WOOD". ScienceRise, n.º 5 (11 de noviembre de 2020): 14–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2313-8416.2020.001493.

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In the technology of gluing solid wood, various adhesives are used, which, in addition to ensuring the strength of the gluing, must also be characterized by a number of rheological and colloidal-chemical properties, namely: have acceptable viscosity, low contact angles, have good spreading and enveloping ability, penetrate deep into the wood , providing reliable cohesive-adhesive contact and much more. Today, adhesives based on PVA dispersions and urea formaldehydes are used, the properties of which have been sufficiently studied and tested in practice. An alternative to organic-based adhesives is mineral adhesives, in particular aluminosilicate adhesives, which are non-flammable and have high mechanical strength. Object of research: rheokinetic patterns and processes of formation of colloidal-chemical structures of aluminosilicate adhesives modified with compounds of the ANO3 and ANO3×nH2O type. Investigated problem: Considering that aluminosilicate adhesives are multiphase reactive suspensions, the viscosity of which changes over time and affects their viability, the issue of viscosity stabilization due to the introduction of electrolyte salts into their composition is relevant, and will also contribute to improving the wettability and spreading of the adhesive during applying them to substrates and gluing samples from various types of wood. Main scientific results: The effect of the concentrations of compounds of the ANO3 and ANO3×nH2O type on the rheokinetic and chemical-colloidal properties of the aluminosilicate adhesive has been established, which will make it possible to use aluminosilicate adhesives in practice for gluing wood of various species, as well as to work out possible technological methods of their application, taking into account the obtained data on the viscosity, wetting and spreadability of the modified adhesive on the surface of the wood substrate. Area of practical use of the research results: woodworking enterprises for the production of glued solid wood products. Innovative technological product: aluminosilicate adhesives modified with ANO3 and ANO3×nH2O nitrate additives for gluing wood of various species. Scope of application of an innovative technological product: the application of these approaches will make it possible to obtain glued materials from wood from different species with improved technological and physical and mechanical properties of the glue seam and, accordingly, to increase the quality and reliability of products.

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13

Amran, M. A. F. y Ernie Suzana Ali. "Green Polyurethane Adhesives for Wood Bonding". Advanced Materials Research 1115 (julio de 2015): 331–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1115.331.

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The Green polyurethane adhesive system was prepared using two types palm oil polyol having different molecular weight ~1100 (GA) and ~ 2200 (GB) respectively, 4-4-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) and nanoclay fillers via in-situ process. Adhesives were applied on both sides of two untreated wood substrate using brushing technique for lap shear test. The attached substrate then undergoes the curing process for 24 hours at room temperature with relative humidity of 50±5%. The disappearance of NCO peak in the Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) spectrum showed that MDI has completely reacted to form PU. Contact angle measurement proved that high wetting condition obtains from green polyurethane (PU) adhesive. PU adhesive wood joint improved in shear strength with addition of 1wt% nanoclay for both green polyol.

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Gavrilovic-Grmusa, Ivana, Jovan Miljkovic, Milanka Djiporovic-Momcilovic y Gordana Radosevic. "Penetration of urea-formaldehyde adhesives in wood tissue, part I: Radial penetration of UF adhesives into beech". Bulletin of the Faculty of Forestry, n.º 98 (2008): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsf0898039g.

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Adhesive penetration plays an important role in wood adhesion, since wood is a porous material. The degree of penetration mostly depends on the wood factors, resin type and formulation and processing parameters. Tangentially cut 5 mm thick beech wood (Fagus moesiaca) plies, 100 mm long (parallel to grain) and 30 mm wide, were prepared for this study. The urea-formaldehyde (UF) adhesive was applied to the surface of one ply. Two plies were assembled into sample so that the grains of two plies were parallel. Samples were pressed in a hydraulic press at 120?C and 0,7 MPa for 15 min. Microtome test-specimens were cut of each sample. 20 ?m thick microtomes were cut by sliding microtome apparatus, exposing a bondline with a cross-sectional surface. The lack of more exhausting research on the penetration of urea-formaldehyde adhesives in wood is evident. Since ureaformaldehyde (UF) glue resins were the most important type of adhesives in the wood industry in the last 60 years (Dunky, 2000), the objective of this research was microscopic detection of UF adhesive penetration in wood tissue. Four types of UF resins with different levels of polycondensation were used in this research. Safranin was added in resins, since epi-fluorescence microscope was used in this research for measuring the adhesive penetration.

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Zhao, Zhongyuan, Shijing Sun, Di Wu, Min Zhang, Caoxing Huang, Kenji Umemura y Qiang Yong. "Synthesis and Characterization of Sucrose and Ammonium Dihydrogen Phosphate (SADP) Adhesive for Plywood". Polymers 11, n.º 12 (20 de noviembre de 2019): 1909. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11121909.

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The development of eco-friendly adhesives for wood composite products has been a major topic in the field of wood science and product engineering. Although the research on tannin-based and soybean protein-based adhesives has already reached, or at least nears, industrial implementation, we also face a variety of remaining challenges with regards to the push for sustainable adhesives. First, petroleum-derived substances remain a pre-requisite for utilization of said adhesive systems, and also the viscosity of these novel adhesives continues to limit its ability to serve as a drop-in substitute. Within this study, we focus upon the development of an eco-friendly plywood adhesive that does not require any addition of petroleum derived reagents, and the resultant liquid adhesive has both high solid contents as well as a manageably low viscosity at processing temperatures. Specifically, a system based on sucrose and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) was synthesized into an adhesive with ~80% solid content and with viscosities ranging from 480–1270 mPa·s. The bonding performance of all adhesive-bound veneer specimens satisfied GB/T 9846-2015 standard at 170 °C hot pressing temperature. To better explain the system’s efficiency, in-depth chemical analysis was performed in an effort to understand the chemical makeup of the cured adhesives as well as the components over the time course of curing. Several new structures involving the fixation of nitrogen speak to a novel adhesive molecular network. This research provides a possibility of synthesizing an eco-friendly wood adhesive with a high solid content and a low viscosity by renewable materials, and this novel adhesive system has the potential to be widely utilized in the wood industry.

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Popov, Viktor, Olga Dornyak, Andrei Latinin y Elena Lushnikova. "CREATING DURABLE WOOD GLUE STRUCTURES BASED ON PHYSICOMODIFIED ADHESIVES". Voronezh Scientific-Technical Bulletin 4, n.º 4 (25 de enero de 2021): 70–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/2311-8873-2021-4-4-70-75.

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In the past few decades, gluing technologies have been widely used in woodworking, which significantly expand the range of new products. Bonding of products with adhesives is used in the manufacture of furniture, parquet, load-bearing and enclosing structures, door and window blocks, prefabricated houses and many other products. The main criteria for the quality of glued wood joints is the cohesive and adhesive strength of the glued joint. To date, a number of technologies have been developed to improve the strength of glued wood joints. In order to increase the strength of the adhesive bond of wood, technologists propose methods of variation by such factors as temperature, pressure during curing of the adhesive joint, the purity of the surface treatment of substrates, and the thickness of the adhesive layer. A large amount of work and substantial financial costs are spent on creating new brands of adhesives. However, the requirements for glued timber products are not solved by the proposed gluing technologies and new brands of glues. First of all, this concerns the widely used glue wood structures (CDC), as a rule, operating in difficult conditions with high mechanical loads. To solve the problem of increasing the reliability of glue wood structures, instead of domestic imported, but more expensive adhesives are often used. To a certain extent, the creation of more high-strength adhesive joints has recently also been solved by the use of methods for modifying domestic adhesives exposed to irradiation with magnetic and electric fields, as well as ultrasound.

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Ghahri, Saman, Xinyi Chen, Antonio Pizzi, Reza Hajihassani y Antonios N. Papadopoulos. "Natural Tannins as New Cross-Linking Materials for Soy-Based Adhesives". Polymers 13, n.º 4 (16 de febrero de 2021): 595. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13040595.

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Human health problems and formaldehyde emission from wood-based composites are some of the major drawbacks of the traditional synthetic adhesives such as urea formaldehyde resins. There have been many attempts to decrease formaldehyde emission and replace urea formaldehyde resins with bio-based adhesives for wood-based composites. Because of some weakness in soy-based adhesive, chemicals have been used as modifiers. Modified soy-based adhesives without any formaldehyde have been successfully used to prepare wood panels. To achieve this, different synthetic cross-linking chemicals such as phenol formaldehyde resins and polyamidoamine-epichlorohydrin were used. However, in reality, what we need are totally green adhesives that use natural materials. In our previous research work, the use of tannins in combination with soy-based adhesives to make wood composites was investigated. Thus, in this research work, the feasibility of using three types of natural tannins (quebracho, mimosa and chestnut tannins) as cross-linking materials for soy adhesive was studied. The chemical bond formation and adhesion behaviors of tannin-modified soy adhesives were also investigated by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-ToF-MS) and thermo-mechanical analysis (TMA). The results showed that at ambient temperature, both ionic and covalent bonds formed between tannin constituents and amino acids; however, at higher temperature, covalent bonds are largely predominate. Based on the results obtained from the thermo-mechanical analysis, the modulus of elasticity (MOE) of soy adhesive is increased by adding tannins to its formulation. In addition, the chemical bond formation was proved by MALDI-ToF-MS.

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Banks, W. B. "Advanced wood adhesives technology". International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives 15, n.º 3 (julio de 1995): 198–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0143-7496(95)90002-0.

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Krivenko, Pavlо, Оleg Petropavlovsky y Grigorii Vozniuk. "Alkaline Aluminosilicate Binder for Gluing Wood Board Materials". Key Engineering Materials 761 (enero de 2018): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.761.11.

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Organic adhesive – bonded wood board materials like particleboards, plywood and others are widely used in construction, furniture, car- making, etc. However, all materials made with organic adhesives release non-reacted toxic substances, in particular formaldehyde and phenol, which produce negative effects on human health during production and use. Current trend in wood processing industry is to replace organic binders used as adhesives by inorganic ones. One of such solutions to improve indoor air quality is to replace organic adhesives by inorganic ones and the use of the alkaline aluminosilicate binders of the system R2O-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O is a highly advantageous solution and no need of preliminary treatment of wood. Among disadvantages are the low elasticity. Among disadvantages of these binders restricting their use as adhesives are low elastic properties (high modulus of elasticity, stiffness) of the resulted wood-based products. The paper covers the results of modification of the alkaline aluminosilicate binders to improve properties using specially chosen organic additives – modifiers

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Dunky, Manfred. "Wood Adhesives Based on Natural Resources: A Critical Review Part II. Carbohydrate-Based Adhesives". Reviews of Adhesion and Adhesives 8, n.º 3 (29 de septiembre de 2020): 333–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.7569/raa.2020.097310.

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This Part II of the series of critical reviews on Wood Adhesives Based on Natural Resources concentrates on the various carbohydrates and their decomposition products, which might be used as wood adhesives. This includes the use of native carbohydrates as such as adhesives, and also with chemical modification of carbohydrates by natural and synthetic components. Crosslinking in order to improve moisture and water resistance is achievable by natural and synthetic chemicals. Most promising options are realized by decomposition of various carbohydrates to small, well-defined monomers, which then can undergo various reactions, yielding again polymers in order to create a bondline. Suitable monomers are various furan moieties, such as 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. Activation of cellulose and hemicellulose at the wood or fibre surface by chemicals, such as citric acid, enables bonding effects without addition of an external adhesive. So far, however, carbohydrates are used only in very small amounts as industrially applied wood adhesives, despite tremendous R&D effort made and a huge number of scientific papers and reports published.

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Suchat, Sunisa y Wisanee Yingprasert. "ECO-Adhesive from Modified Natural Rubber for Wood Applications". Advanced Materials Research 844 (noviembre de 2013): 182–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.844.182.

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Both commercial entities and the government have expressed interest in safe and environ-mentally friendly adhesives, ECO-adhesives, containing no volatile harmful or toxic chemicals. In the wood industries, currently common adhesives such as urea formaldehyde (UF), phenol formaldehyde (PF) release formaldehyde vapors that are a human health concern, with unpleasant odor. We examined the potential of modified natural rubber latexes (MNRL) for use as ECO-adhesives. Three latex types were used, namely epoxidized natural rubber (ENR), liquid natural rubber (LNR), and NR/PMMA blend. The MNRL was characterized by FT-IR, NMR, and GPC. The proportion of tackifying agent to the dry weight of latex was varied in the range 0 to 60 phr. It was found that the MNRL uniformly mixed in the latex form. All MNRL adhesives would have passed the Thai standard for rubber-based adhesives, based on their: total solids content (TSC), pH, viscosity, shear strength, and emissions of formaldehyde. Up to 30% fraction of tackifying agent, tack and shear strength increased with its content. Compared to a commercial UF adhesive, the MNRL had lower emissions of formaldehyde vapors, lower shear strength, but higher TSC, and higher viscosity. In summary, for select wood applications with moderate bond shear demands, these new rubber based adhesives could provide a health conscious and non-toxic alternative, with the further advantage of low odor.

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Li, Kaichang y Xinglian Geng. "Formaldehyde-Free Wood Adhesives from Decayed Wood". Macromolecular Rapid Communications 26, n.º 7 (6 de abril de 2005): 529–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/marc.200400594.

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Tam, Lik-ho y Denvid Lau. "Molecular simulation of adhesion property recovery in the cellulose/phenolic adhesive interface: the role of water molecules". MRS Proceedings 1793 (2015): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2015.826.

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ABSTRACTCellulose is one of the most abundant substances in the world, and the major constituent in the wood structure. Phenolic adhesive is largely used in the wood manufacture for gluing the wood panels together. The cellulose/phenolic adhesive interface is a representative of the interface between the wood panels and adhesives in the wood products. As the wood panels and adhesive are sensitive to environmental humidity, the interfacial adhesion of such interface when subjected to a humid environment can be a major factor in the durability of final products. Here, the role of water molecules on the adhesion property of cellulose/phenolic adhesive interface is investigated by molecular dynamics simulations. The simulation results reveal that the adhesion energy between cellulose and phenolic adhesive can be reduced by 86.5% with saturated moisture ingress. Meanwhile, it is demonstrated that the adhesion energy can be recovered after the interface experiences further dry conditioning. The hydrogen bonds between the cellulose and phenolic adhesive are found to account for the strong interfacial adhesion, which can be interrupted in the presence of water molecules and recovered after further dry conditioning. The adhesion property between the wood panels and adhesives is mainly determined by water molecules absorbed at the bilayer interface, which should be considered in a wet condition.

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Gindl, Wolfgang, Aleksandra Sretenovic, Angela Vincenti y Ulrich Müller. "Direct measurement of strain distribution along a wood bond line. Part 2: Effects of adhesive penetration on strain distribution". Holzforschung 59, n.º 3 (1 de mayo de 2005): 307–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2005.051.

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Abstract The effect of adhesive penetration into wood on the distribution of strain along a mechanically strained bond line was evaluated. With this goal, spruce wood specimens were bonded with phenol-resorcinol-formaldehyde (PRF) and one-component polyurethane resin (PUR). Penetration of the adhesives into cell cavities was observed in a zone extending over several 100 μm from the bond line. Electronic speckle pattern interferometry was used to record the elastic deformations caused by mechanical tests in transverse compression. By differentiating 2D displacement maps, the strain distribution was calculated. Both adhesives provided an increase in the stiffness of the adhesive-wood interface due to penetration into cell cavities. Compression strain was much lower in the bond line area than in the wood. Shear strain was also low in the bond line and increased gradually with increasing distance. No change was observed in wood unaffected by the adhesive. The effects were more pro-nounced for PRF resin than for PUR.

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25

Попов y Viktor Popov. "Influence of technological factors on the strength of the adhesive compounds of wood, formed on the basis of magneto-treated adhesives". Forestry Engineering Journal 5, n.º 3 (15 de noviembre de 2015): 175–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/14166.

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In this paper the technological method, based kotorog laid the effect of increasing the bonding strength of wood formed based adhesives used in the wood subjected to modification by exposing the adhesive static magnetic field. The influence of the main technological factors influencing the formation of adhesive joints based adhesives modified by the influence of the magnetic field. It was established experimentally the effect of field strength, the time of his ex-posure, pressure and temperature. It is shown that the dominant influence on the strength of ad-hesives on a magnetic field.

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26

Zhang, Shi Feng, Xiao Ying Liu, Ji Zhi Zhang y Jian Zhang Li. "A Novel Formaldehyde-Free Adhesive from Jatropha Curcas Press-cake". Advanced Materials Research 236-238 (mayo de 2011): 1549–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.236-238.1549.

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Jatropha curcas (Jc) was the most favored biomass plant for bio-diesel production. Jc cakes obtained after oil pressed, rich in protein content, were excellent materials for preparing formaldehyde-free wood adhesives, which could provide alternative to formaldehyde-based resins. Sodium hydroxide, used as denaturing agent, modified protein contained in Jc cakes to prepare wood adhesives. Jc adhesives prepared in different pH value and plywood bonded by them were prepared. The curing behavior of these adhesives was conducted by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurement. The gel content and water absorption of the cured Jc adhesives were measured to evaluate their curing content and the water resistant of plywood bonded with these adhesives was also studied. The results showed that pH value influenced the bonding strength of adhesive significantly. The bonding strength of plywood made by modified Jc adhesive significantly increased comparing with that of unmodified one. The curing peak temperature decreased obviously after modified, which was beneficial to achieve complete curing reaction. Modified Jc adhesives provided a potential way to utilize by-product of energy plant, avoided formaldehyde pollution, and reduced dependence on fossil resources.

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27

Chen, Chen, Fusheng Chen, Boye Liu, Yan Du, Chen Liu, Ying Xin y Kunlun Liu. "Peanut meal-based wood adhesives enhanced by urea and epichlorohydrin". Royal Society Open Science 6, n.º 11 (noviembre de 2019): 191154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.191154.

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Peanut meal (PM) has recently emerged as a potential protein source for wood adhesives, owing to superior features such as high availability, renewability and eco-friendliness. However, the poor properties of unmodified PM-based wood adhesives, compared with their petroleum-derived counterparts, limit their use in high-performance applications. In order to promote the application of PM-based wood adhesives in plywood industry, urea (U) and epichlorohydrin (ECH) were used to enhance the properties of the adhesives and the modification mechanism was investigated. PM-based wood adhesives made with U and ECH were shown to possess sufficient water resistance and exhibited higher apparent viscosity and solid content than without. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy results suggested that U denatured PM protein and expose more reactive groups, allowing ECH to react better with U-treated PM protein to form a dense, cross-linked network which was the main reason for the improvement of the properties. The crystallinity increased from 2.7% to 11% compared with the control, indicating that the molecular structure of the resultant adhesive modified by U and ECH became more regular and compact owing to the cross-linked network structure. Thermogravimetry tests showed that decomposition temperature of the protein skeleton structure increased from 307°C to 314°C after U and ECH modification. Scanning electron microscopy images revealed that using U and ECH for adhesives resulted in a smooth protein surface which prevented moisture penetration and improved water resistance. PM-based adhesives thus represent potential candidates to replace petroleum-derived adhesives in the plywood industry, which will effectively promote the rapid development of eco-friendly adhesives and increase the added value of PM.

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28

Ren, Dakai y Charles E. Frazier. "Wood/adhesive interactions and the phase morphology of moisture-cure polyurethane wood adhesives". International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives 34 (abril de 2012): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2011.12.009.

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29

Marcinko, Joseph J., Christian Lenges, Kyle Kim y Monica Harvey. "Nuvolve Engineered Polysaccharides as Performance-Enhancing Additives for Latex Wood Adhesives". Forest Products Journal 70, n.º 3 (1 de enero de 2020): 293–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-19-00058.

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Abstract The work presented here focuses on the, incorporation of an engineered polysaccharide polymer, α-1,3-glucan, derived from the enzymatic polymerization of sucrose, as a performance-enhancing additive for commercial, latex-based wood adhesives used in wood bonding applications. Adhesive performance was measured on hard maple (Acer saccharum) using ASTM Standard Method D-905. Dynamic mechanical analysis and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy were the characterization techniques used to assess the properties of room-temperature–cured adhesive films. Significant increases in shear stress were observed for these formulated latex adhesives containing the polysaccharide polymer.

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30

López-Suevos, Francisco y Charles E. Frazier. "Rheology of latex films bonded to wood: influence of cross-linking". Holzforschung 60, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2006): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2006.009.

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Abstract Parallel-plate rheological analysis was conducted on two types of cross-linking poly(vinyl acetate) latex films: dry freestanding films, and dry films bonded directly to wood (composites). For each sample type, three levels of cross-linking were used: (1) little or no cross-linking of unaltered latex; (2) substantial cross-linking through AlCl3 catalysis of N-methylolacrylamide co-monomer; and (3) greater cross-linking from a phenol-formaldehyde resol additive, in addition to AlCl3 catalysis. Simple thermal scans revealed a strong wood/adhesive interaction; wood increased the base polymer T g by ∼5°C in all adhesives. Relative to the simple thermal scans, time-temperature master curves provided more insight and information about the wood/adhesive interaction. Storage modulus and tan δ master curves both indicated that wood retarded adhesive cross-linking. Using time-temperature superposition, a segmental coupling analysis demonstrated that wood actually narrowed the breadth of the glass transition, or reduced segmental coupling. Cross-linking influenced segmental coupling, but in a fashion that was dependent on the presence or absence of wood. Wood-induced reductions in cross-linking and in segmental coupling were attributed to the diffusion of water-soluble reactive compounds away from the adhesive layer and into the bulk wood. Time/temperature equivalence provides a sensitive means to detect interactions between wood and viscoelastic adhesives.

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31

Danielli, Dianessa, Marina Rates Pires, Elesandra da Silva Araujo, Mário Sérgio Lorenço y Fábio Akira Mori. "Application of Myrcia splendens tannins in the composition of urea-formaldehyde adhesive for sustainable wood bonding". Research, Society and Development 10, n.º 12 (24 de septiembre de 2021): e370101220543. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i12.20543.

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Tannins from Myrcia splendens from the Amazon rainforest were used for the first time in the formulation of a urea-tannin-formaldehyde (UTF) resin. The objective was to evaluate the effect of different tannin proportions on the glue line performance in Pinus sp. woods, glued with UTF adhesive. The tannins were extracted in a water bath, using 1500 mL of water and 100g of dry bark (liquor/bark 15:1), with addition of 3% Na2SO3, at a temperature of 70 °C for three hours. The adhesives formulations were based on the gradual replacement of mass of the urea-formaldehyde (UF) adhesive by tannin powder, totalizing four compositions and one control treatment. UTF adhesives were evaluated for their physicochemical properties, shear bond strength (wet and dry) and wood failure. The addition of M. splendens tannins to the urea formaldehyde adhesive promoted an increase in glue line strength. The proportion of 5.0% of tannins proved to be ideal in the formulation of the UTF adhesive, considering all the parameters evaluated. Thus, this study proves the potential use of Amazonian tannins from Myrcia splendens in the partial composition of more sustainable UTF adhesives.

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32

Okuni, Ivan Moses y Tracy Ellen Bradford. "Modelling of Elevated Temperature Performance of Adhesives Used in Cross Laminated Timber: An Application of ANSYS Mechanical 2020 R1 Structural Analysis Software". Environmental Sciences Proceedings 3, n.º 1 (11 de noviembre de 2020): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iecf2020-07902.

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There is difficulty in accurately modelling adhesive influence in structural performance of cross laminated timber (CLT), due to a lack of available knowledge on the heat performance of adhesives. Therefore, the main aim of this research was to evaluate the thermal and mechanical properties of adhesives used in production of engineered wood products like CLT. The properties of the timber species and the adhesive types used in the simulation were derived from published literature and handbooks. ANSYS mechanical 2020 R1 was employed because it has a provision for inserting the thermal condition and the temperature of the system set to the required one for analysis. The simulations were conducted for temperatures 20, 100, 140, 180, 220, and 260 °C, within which Zelinka et al. conducted their experiments, which have been the basis for the current study. The main findings were, the adhesive layer had little influence on the thermal properties of CLT composite (solid wood had the same thermal properties as CLT), but had a significant effect on the structural properties of CLT composite, the stresses and strains of the simulated wood species reduced with increase in temperature, the adhesives strengths at room temperature were greater than for solid wood at the same temperature and finally, the stresses and strains of the simulated wood adhesives reduced with increase in temperature. It is also important to note that computations for temperature distribution from the char layer were lower than computed using heat transfer equation, and the simulated values from steady state model. All in all, the objectives of this research were met and more research in thermal structural modelling using ANSYS should be conducted in the future.

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33

Serrano, Erik y Bertil Enquist. "Contact-free measurement and non-linear finite element analyses of strain distribution along wood adhesive bonds". Holzforschung 59, n.º 6 (1 de noviembre de 2005): 641–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2005.103.

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Abstract The strain distribution along wood adhesive bonds was studied using a contact-free measurement system based on a white-light digital image correlation (DIC) technique. Two different specimen geometries and three different adhesives were investigated. The specimen geometries were according to the standards EN302-1 and ASTM D905. The adhesives tested were a phenolic resorcinol (PRF), a one-component polyurethane (PUR) and an epoxy (EPX). In addition to the experimental investigation, a finite element study using a non-linear fracture mechanics model for the adhesive bond line was carried out, aimed at investigating whether deformation measurements could predict differences in the mechanical behaviour of the adhesives. The measurement technique was found to be capable of distinguishing, in terms of their strain distributions at a given load, adhesives that differed markedly from one another. For example, the brittle PRF adhesive showed more localised strains than the more ductile EPX and PUR adhesives did at the same load level. Another conclusion from this study is that the measurement technique used is applicable to situations in which large strains occur. Thus, the technique used here is of great interest for use in the calibration of finite element models and constitutive theories and for the design of test set-ups.

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34

Frihart, Charles R. "Wood Adhesives: Vital for Producing Most Wood Products". Forest Products Journal 61, n.º 1 (enero de 2011): 4–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.13073/0015-7473-61.1.4.

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35

Shiraishi, Nobuo y Hajime Kishi. "Wood–phenol adhesives prepared from carboxymethylated wood. I". Journal of Applied Polymer Science 32, n.º 1 (julio de 1986): 3189–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1986.070320124.

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36

John, Neetha y Rani Joseph. "Rubber solution adhesives for wood-to-wood bonding". Journal of Applied Polymer Science 68, n.º 7 (16 de mayo de 1998): 1185–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4628(19980516)68:7<1185::aid-app15>3.0.co;2-x.

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37

Pizzi, A. "Synthetic Adhesives for Wood Panels". Reviews of Adhesion and Adhesives 2, n.º 1 (1 de febrero de 2014): 85–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.7569/raa.2013.097317.

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38

Comyn, J. "Wood adhesives: Chemistry and Technology". International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives 5, n.º 3 (julio de 1985): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0143-7496(85)90061-2.

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39

Yazaki, Y. y P. J. Collins. "Wood adhesives fromPinus radiata bark". Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff 52, n.º 3 (junio de 1994): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02615220.

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40

Luo, Jing, Ying Zhou, Yi Zhang, Qiang Gao y Jianzhang Li. "An Eco-Effective Soybean Meal-Based Adhesive Enhanced with Diglycidyl Resorcinol Ether". Polymers 12, n.º 4 (20 de abril de 2020): 954. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12040954.

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Soybean meal-based adhesive is a good wood adhesive mainly due to its renewable, degradable, and environmentally friendly features. To improve the enhancement efficiency for adhesives, diglycidyl resorcinol ether (DRE) containing a benzene ring and flexible chain structure was used as an efficient cross-linker to enhance the adhesive in the study. The physicochemical properties of adhesives, the dry shear strength, and wet shear strength of plywood were measured. Results suggested that DRE reacted with the functional groups of soybean meal adhesive and formed a cross-linking network during hot press process in a ring-opening reaction through a covalent bond. As expected, compared to adhesive control, the soybean meal adhesive with 4 wt% DRE incorporation showed a significant increment in wet shear strength by 227.8% and in dry shear strength by 82.7%. In short, soybean meal adhesive enhanced with DRE showed considerable potential as a wood adhesive for industrial applications.

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41

Dunky, Manfred. "Wood Adhesives Based on Natural Resources: A Critical Review: Part IV. Special Topics". Reviews of Adhesion and Adhesives 9, n.º 2 (2 de junio de 2021): 189–268. http://dx.doi.org/10.7569/raa.2021.097307.

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Various naturally-based chemicals can be used directly as wood adhesives or are precursors for the synthesis of adhesive resins. Liquefaction and pyrolysis of wood yield various smaller chemicals derived from the different wood components, which then are used in the preparation of adhesives by replacing mainly phenol as raw material. The possible replacement of formaldehyde in aminoplastic and phenolic resins would solve the question of the subsequent formaldehyde emission. The multiple unsaturations of the triglycerides in vegetable oils enable polymerization for the direct synthesis of thermosets, as well as bases for polyfunctionalization and crosslinking. Natural polymers, such as poly(lactic acid)s (PLAs), natural rubber, or poly(hyhydroxyalkanoate)s (PHAs) are thermoplastics and can be used for various special applications in wood bonding, in case they can also be crosslinked. For other thermoplastic wood adhesives, such as PUR or PA, chemicals based on natural resources can at least replace a part or even all synthetic raw materials (monomers); these monomers derive from targeted decomposition of the wood material in biorefineries. Cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) can be used as as sole adhesives or as components of adhesives. Hydrogen bonding has a key function in binder applications related to adhesion between cellulose nanoparticles and other materials. CNFs are able to establish strong bonding between wood particles/fibres through flexible and strong films by a simple drying process. Cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) is a by-product of the cashew nut processing with cardanol (CD) as main component. CD-formaldehyde resins show improved flexibility compared to phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resins; CD can replace up to 40% of the phenol.

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42

Ponomarenko, Larisa, Ekaterina Kantieva, Maksim Posluhaev y Aleksandr Chernyshev. "A FULL-SCALE STUDY OF THE STRENGTH OF MASSIVE WOOD GLUING WITH MODERN ADHESIVES WHEN OPERATING IN VARIOUS CONDITIONS". Forestry Engineering Journal 10, n.º 1 (6 de abril de 2020): 105–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/issn.2222-7962/2020.1/11.

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Abstract Glues are widely used to connect various materials, especially since in some cases other options for combining materials are not suitable. The paper deals with the bonding of solid hardwood with modern adhesive materials. Currently, a large group of adhesives of various brands from Russian and foreign manufacturers is presented on the market. In the woodworking industry, adhesives are used in the carpentry and furniture, manufacturing, in wooden house-building, in the production of finishing materials, etc., which are operated outside and inside the premises in constant and variable humidity conditions. Therefore, the correct choice of adhesives plays an important role both for the manufacturer and subsequently for the consumer of the resulting product. In this work, we have studied the dependence of the tensile strength when chipping along the adhesive layer on the type of glue, wood species, and operating conditions. We have selected the following adhesives based on polychloroprene, polyvinyl acetate and rubber. The greatest strength of the adhesive bonding when gluing solid hardwood is given by polyvinyl acetate adhesives. When using the product in conditions of changing temperature and humidity, the bonding strength decreases, in some cases significantly. In fairness, it should be noted that not only the type of glue, but also the type of wood affects the bonding strength

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43

Zhou, Lu Lu, Chun Rui Han, Shi Feng Zhang, Qiang Gao, Hong Yan Li y Jian Zhang Li. "Preparation and Properties of Environmental Friendly Wood Adhesives Based on Wild Acorn Starch". Applied Mechanics and Materials 121-126 (octubre de 2011): 2834–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.121-126.2834.

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A friendly environmental wood adhesive was prepared using wild acorn starch as a raw material. The physical properties of wild acorn starch were investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and brookfield viscometer. The polyvinyl acetate emulsion and isocyanate were employed to prepared modified wild acorn starch adhesives. The plywoods were prepared using the adhesives and their bonding strength was measured. The experimental results showed that 1) the wild corn starch was adaptive for preparing adhesive; 2)the optimum preparing conditions of the modified wild acorn starch adhesive were as follows: the mass ratio of acorn starch/water/modifing agent was 8/9/3, the addition amount of viscosity reducer was 0.6%, the mass proportion of polyvinyl acetate emulsion/starch adhesive was 1/1, the addition amount of isocyanate was 15% weight of starch adhesive. The plywood using the adhesive prepared at the optimum condition was 0.9 MPa, could meet the type ⅡChinese Strandard plywood requirement.

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44

Clauß, Sebastian, Joseph Gabriel, Alexander Karbach, Mathias Matner y Peter Niemz. "Influence of the adhesive formulation on the mechanical properties and bonding performance of polyurethane prepolymers". Holzforschung 65, n.º 6 (1 de octubre de 2011): 835–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2011.095.

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Abstract Only small amounts of additives are needed to formulate one-component polyurethane (1C PUR) adhesives for various applications. The current study illuminates the effects of the formulation on the mechanical properties of pure adhesives, on the one hand, and their performance in bonded wood joints on the other. Tensile shear tests on bonded wood joints, tensile tests on adhesive films, and nanoindentation measurements in the interphase region of the bond were performed. Analyses by means of infrared, atomic force, and electron microscopy provided the explanatory basis for the results obtained. Additionally to laboratory made 1C PUR, unmodified commercial 1C PUR, melamine-urea-formaldehyde (MUF), and phenol-resorcinol-formaldehyde (PRF) were tested for comparison. The results obtained confirm that the mechanical properties of 1C PUR adhesives are significantly affected by their prepolymer composition. The adhesive formulation by means of additives, on the other hand, does not affect the mechanical properties but is to a large extent responsible for the bonding performance.

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45

Nadir, Yashida y Nagarajan Praveen. "Experimental Investigation of the Mechanical Properties of Jointed Rubber Wood Using Two Types of Adhesives". Applied Mechanics and Materials 357-360 (agosto de 2013): 844–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.357-360.844.

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Wood, a potentially good construction material in terms of sustainability, has less structural use now in India. Due to easy availability, low cost and good working quality there is a scope for the value addition of rubber wood in the Country. Finger jointing technology benefits high economic advantage by upgrading rubber wood. There is a dearth of information for the influence of adhesive on the mechanical properties of jointed rubber wood in India. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of adhesive type on the end jointing and face gluing of rubber wood. The end jointing adopted for the study was the most common finger joint configuration of the wood industry in Kerala, the largest producer of rubber wood in the Country. The adhesives were polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) and phenol resorcinol formaldehyde (PRF). The face gluing evaluation was done based on the adhesive bond strength and percentage wood failure. The integrity of glue types to delamination was also tested .The results of the study have indicated glue type has no statistically significant effect on modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity of finger joints and the shear strength of adhesive bond in the dry stage with the same wood failure percentage. The joint efficiency of PRF adhesive was superior to PVAc in tension and compression of finger joints. The PRF adhesive exhibited excellent performance in the exterior exposure condition durability test.

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46

He, Zhongqi y Fabio Chiozza. "Adhesive Strength of Pilot-Scale-Produced Water-Washed Cottonseed Meal in Comparison with a Synthetic Glue for Non-Structural Interior Application". Journal of Materials Science Research 6, n.º 3 (21 de junio de 2017): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jmsr.v6n3p20.

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Water-washed cottonseed meal (WCSM) has been shown the potential to be used as renewable and environment- friendly adhesives in wood products industry. Recently, WCSM was produced from defatted meal in a pilot scale. In this study, we initially compare the adhesive strength of the pilot-produced WCSM with that of a synthetic glue Vinavil 2259 L. WCSM may be used as the conventional D1 wood adhesives for nonstructural interior application per European standard EN204/205. Non-structural D3 type adhesives is more widely used in protected outside. Under the testing conditions, WCSM possessed very high heat resistance according to European standard EN14257 (WATT 91)-adhesive strength after 1 hour at 80°C. However, the dry strength (EN204/205) and water resistance (specimen were put in water for 4 days and then pulled in the dynamometer) of WCSM were lower than those of the synthetic glue Vinavil 2259 L. Blending WCSM with Vinavil 2259 L improved the water resistance of WCSM, allowing the classification of the WCSM adhesive as D3. Further work will be focused on the increase of solid content of the final adhesive slurries and the improvement of their water resistance.

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47

Xu, Yanru, Lifang Guo, Haonan Zhang, Huamin Zhai y Hao Ren. "Research status, industrial application demand and prospects of phenolic resin". RSC Advances 9, n.º 50 (2019): 28924–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra06487g.

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48

V. Gadhave, Ravindra, Prakash A. Mahanwar y Pradeep T. Gadekar. "Starch-Based Adhesives for Wood/Wood Composite Bonding: Review". Open Journal of Polymer Chemistry 07, n.º 02 (2017): 19–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojpchem.2017.72002.

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49

Marchesan, Raquel, Edison Toledo Corrêa dos Santos, Rosilani Trianoski, Morgana Cristina França, Pedro Licio Loiola y Antônio José Vinha Zanuncio. "EFFECT OF THE HEAT TREATMENT OF Hovenia dulcis Thunb. WOOD ON THE PRODUCTION OF EGP PANELS WITH DIFFERENT ADHESIVES". FLORESTA 50, n.º 4 (29 de septiembre de 2020): 1761. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/rf.v50i4.65268.

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The objective of this work was to analyze the shear strength of edge-glued panels (EGP) made from the H. dulcis Thunb. wood thermally modified by the VAP HolzSysteme® process. Initially, the Hovenia dulcis samples were heat-annealed by the VAP HolzSysteme® process, and then bonded with Resorcinol-formaldehyde (RF), Melamine-urea-formaldehyde (MUF), Isocyanate Polymer Emulsion (EPI) and Polyvinylacetate (PVAc) and submited to pre-treatments for dry, humid and external environment and without pre-treatment to evaluate the shear strength, 5th percentile and failure in the wood. It was observed a decrease in the shear strength of the thermorrectified H. dulcis wood for all adhesives. All adhesives obtained results superior to the minimum required by the standard EN13354 (2009) for the wood without pre-treatment as for the wood without thermoregulation as well as for the heat treated wood, and may be used for non-structural purposes. However, for the external environment (three cycles) only the MUF adhesive obtained value that meets the minimum standards of the standard, in this way, it is suggested to glue the EGP of H. dulcis without thermortification and with thermorrectification using the MUF adhesive, which has achieved better performance offering greater resistance in dry, wet and external environments.

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50

Kantieva, Ekaterina, Larisa Ponomarenko y Maksim Posluhaev. "INVESTIGATION OF THE STRENGTH OF SOLID WOOD BONDING WITH DIFFERENT ADHESIVES". Actual directions of scientific researches of the XXI century: theory and practice 8, n.º 1 (26 de octubre de 2020): 203–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/2308-8877-2020-8-1-203-206.

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In modern conditions of development of a national economy wood is among the most widespread constructive materials. Also, wood traditionally occupies its niche in the production of furniture and joinery. In these industries, the bonding of wood and wood materials is the main connection. Gluing of wood is made not only to give to preparations of the demanded sizes, but also improvement of operational characteristics, and also for the purpose of economy of a material. There are different types of gluing: gluing blanks in thickness and length, gluing tenon joints, gluing boards and gluing layouts on the edges of the boards, gluing with simultaneous bending, facing with wood and synthetic materials, gluing parts of soft furniture elements. The paper investigated the influence of the type of glue on the bonding strength of wood and wood materials in modern industrial use. Adhesives based on polychloroprene, polyvinyl acetate, rubber and wood materials of different species – ash and beech-were selected for the study. The tensile strength of the adhesive joint was controlled when chipping along the fibers. most suitable for gluing pieces of wood of firm deciduous breeds in the thickness and width are adhesives based on polyvinyl acetate. Noticeable differences in the strength of freshly glued seams on beech and ash are not recorded, which is explained by their almost identical density.

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