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Xu, Chengli, Jing Tian, Cong Liu y Yan Wang. "Spring is coming: WTA and tennis in China". International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship 18, n.º 1 (6 de febrero de 2017): 106–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijsms-05-2016-0021.
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Purpose With the rapid economic development, China has been increasingly paying special attention to its sports and health industries. In October 2014, the State Council raised the goal to upscale the sports industry to the net worth of 5 trillion yuan by 2025. To gain further insights into the current development of tennis in China, especially the development of Women’s Tennis Association (WTA) tennis competitions, an interview with the director of Wuhan Opening Fabrice Chouquet and Mr Guoqing Yi of Wuahan Sport Investment Inc. was conducted. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach To gain further insights into the current development of tennis in China, especially the development of WTA tennis competitions, an interview with the director of Wuhan Opening Fabrice Chouquet and Mr Guoqing Yi of Wuahan Sport Investment Inc. was conducted. Findings The interview comprised a series of topics including motivators of tennis industries in China, the strategic position of China for WTA development, WTA choice of hosting city, effects of WTA competition events toward the hosting city, and the operation of WTA tennis competitions. Integrating the aforementioned topics with Wuhan Tennis Open, the interviewees also provided suggestions toward the future development of tennis industry in China. Research limitations/implications This study has several limitations that are of concern to researchers in the future. First, the interviewees of this research came from Wuhan Tennis Open. Though Mr Fabrice used to be the managing director of WTA in Asia, he only knows about women tennis in China, and his viewpoints have their own limitation. Therefore, the interviewee in the future has to be the person who could hold the opinion on tennis development in China at the macro scale. Second, the questions in the interview have a wide scale, but lack depth and penetration. For instance, the interview only relates to the motive of tennis development but does not go deeply into the relation between the above two aspects. Moreover, it mentions the problems related to the tennis development. It only concentrates on the tennis tournaments but does not discuss the tennis culture and the industry. These questions need to be considered when the authors research on the development of tennis in China in the future. Originality/value Through the analysis on WTA and tennis in China, the authors can understand the development of sports in China and the Chinese sports industry in recent years.
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FINCH, ANDREW J. "A Persecuted Church: Roman Catholicism in Early Nineteenth-Century Korea". Journal of Ecclesiastical History 51, n.º 3 (julio de 2000): 556–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022046900004309.
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The Catholic Church in Korea dates its foundation from 1784 when Yi Sŭng-hun returned from Beijing where he had been baptised by a member of the resident Catholic mission. He had sought out the Catholic priests at the instigation of Yi Pyok who, in the winter of 1777, had been a member of a meeting of young, reform-minded Shirhak (‘New Learning’) scholars. This meeting had been called to examine scientific, mathematical and religious treatises written by the Jesuits in China. On his return, Yi Sung-hun brought with him books and religious articles which he shared with Yi Pyok, and together they began to evangelise among their friends and neighbours. It was not very long, however, before their activities began to meet with opposition from other Confucian scholars and to arouse the suspicions of the authorities. In 1785 Yi Pyok and other Christians were arrested at a meeting in the house of Kim Pom-u, a member of the chungin class of technical specialists. Those present were given a lecture on proper Confucian conduct and released, apart from Kim Pom-u who was severely beaten and sent into exile where he died from his injuries. Worse was to follow in 1791 with the execution of Yun Chi-ch'ung and his cousin, Kwon Sang-yon, for their refusal to perform the chesa ancestral rites for Yun's dead mother. Nevertheless the Church continued to grow during the 1790s, and its members pressed the bishop of Beijing to send a resident priest. This was achieved in 1795 when a Chinese priest, Fr Chou Wên-mu, arrived in Seoul. Under his ministry, and with the assistance of members of the laity, the Church grew from around 4,000 believers to nearly 10,000 at the outbreak of the Shinyu persecution in 1801. This persecution cost the lives of Fr Chou and at least 300 of the laity, but the Church survived.
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Atwell, Williams S. "A Seventeenth-Century ‘General Crisis’ in East Asia?" Modern Asian Studies 24, n.º 4 (octubre de 1990): 661–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00010532.
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Approximately ten years ago now, several colleagues and I were discussing Geoffrey Parker and Lesley Smith's then recently-published volume on the ‘Seventeenth-Century Crisis’ when a specialist in Byzantine history told us that in his opinion at least, Parker, Smith, and the others who had contributed to their jointly-edited work had gotten it all wrong. The reallyimportant‘general crisis’ in pre-modern times, he believed, had occurred not in the seventeenth century but rather in the fourteenth. As he went on to discuss the impact of climatic change, food shortages, epidemic disease, monetary fluctuations, and military operations on fourteenth-century Europe and the Middle East, I began to think about some of the great and terrible events that had occurred in East Asian history during that same century: the fall of the Kamakura Shogunate (1185–1330S) and the political turmoil of the Northern and Southern Dynasties (Nambokuchō) period (1336–92) in Japan; the economic and military disasters surrounding the fall of the Mongol Yuan dynasty (1279–1368) in China; and the food shortages, ‘Japanese pirate’ (wakō) raids, and civil wars that paved the way for the founding of the Yi dynasty (1392–1910) in Korea. In subsequent readings I added economic and political strife in fourteenth-century Southeast Asia, the decline of the Delhi Sultanate in India, the collapse of the Ilkhanate (1256–1335) in Persia, and the destructive rise of Timur (1336–1405) in Transoxania. Surely a case could be made, I came to think, for a 'General Crisis of the Fourteenth Century,' one much broader in scope than even our Byzantine specialist had been considering.
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HONG, XIAO-YUE, ZHI-QIANG ZHANG y GUO-QING LI. "Tetranychidae of China: a review of progress, with a checklist". Zoosymposia 4, n.º 1 (30 de junio de 2010): 133–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zoosymposia.4.1.9.
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This paper reviews the research on the family Tetranychidae in China, with an updated checklist of 212 species belonging to 28 genera. Major contributions to the Chinese fauna of the Tetranychidae were made by Wang Hui-Fu and her colleagues who discovered and described about 40 species, Ma En-Pei and Yuan Yi-Lan who discovered over 30 species, and Tseng Yi-Hsiung and his co-authors who added over 20 new species. There have been a lot of studies on the biology and control of the spider mites in China and recent studies are briefly reviewed.
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Chen, Li-Hua. "Hierarchically porous materials and green chemistry—an interview with Ming-Yuan He". National Science Review 7, n.º 11 (15 de junio de 2020): 1759–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwaa131.
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Abstract Many examples of hierarchies are present in nature, such as water transport in leaf vein systems, the respiratory system, the blood circulatory system, etc. Hierarchically structuring a material over different length scales by mimicking natural systems can provide an opportunity to render the material suitable for a variety of functions. Tremendous research over the past decade has focused on the synthesis and applications of hierarchically structured porous materials. This rapidly evolving field has attracted great interest from both academia and industry. China is at the forefront of this field, and a scientific leader of this research is Professor Ming-Yuan He of East China Normal University. Professor He was elected to the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1995, and he received the Prize for Scientific and Technological Progress from the Ho Leung Ho Li Foundation in 2001. He also won the National Catalysis Achievement Award of China in 2012 and the National Zeolite Lifetime Achievement Award of China in 2019. Professor He's research interests focus on new catalytic materials and oil-refining catalysts and processes. He is a pioneer in the area of green chemistry in China and actively promotes the development of green chemistry and chemical engineering. NSR recently interviewed Professor He about the current achievements and future prospects of hierarchically structured porous materials. This interview is dedicated to Professor He on the occasion of his 80th birthday, in recognition of his distinguished contributions to many aspects in the field of catalytic science and technology.
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An, Wang. "He Yang Sues the China Youth Daily; Demands Compensation of 1 Million Yuan". Chinese Education & Society 35, n.º 1 (enero de 2002): 70–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/ced1061-1932350170.
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Bello, David A. "CULTIVATING TORGHUT MONGOLS IN A SEMI-ARID STEPPE". Journal of Chinese History 2, n.º 2 (29 de mayo de 2018): 355–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jch.2018.3.
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In 1782 acting Shaanxi Governor Bi Yuan 畢沅 (1730–97) submitted an exemplary memorial to the throne that concisely outlined the provincial administrative view of the proper order of relations between people, cultivars, livestock, climate, and water in northwestern China. He began with ostensibly human relations. His premise was that imperial official identity was ultimately formed through its connection to the food security of the general populace: “The root purpose of appointing officials is to prioritize the devotion of effort to civil affairs, and its main end is to put food sufficiency first.” Bi Yuan, like most of his contemporaries, unquestionably valued agriculture as the general and “main source” of food. By virtue of his posting to a China-proper province whose northern reaches lay along an ecotone with the Mongolian steppe, however, Bi Yuan was also distinctively aware of pastoralism as what he called the “second” source. While he made it clear that agriculture was certainly preferable, he was equally plain that human agency's range of choice was quite constrained in large parts of his jurisdiction, primarily by scarce water and cold climate. “Places in the northern provincial prefectures of Yan'an 延安 and Yulin 榆林, like Suide 綏德 and Fuzhou 鄜州, have land full of sand and gravel. Each is a high, cold frontier area where rainfall and ponds are scarce and inhibited, so that at harvest there is concern about shortfall.”
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Chang, Na. "Kublai Khan in the Eyes of Marco Polo". European Review 25, n.º 3 (23 de mayo de 2017): 502–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798717000096.
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This article will shed new light on the already crowded area of Marco Polo research, by examining the perspective of Polo, his direct observation of Kublai Khan and Yuan China, as revealed inThe Travels of Marco Polo.The paper analyses the sources of Polo’s perspective on the people he encountered on his travels in foreign lands. It argues that Polo’s ideas were shaped by his cultural background, personal experience and his own interests. Then it examines how the work presents Kublai Khan himself, as well as the Yuan empire’s monetary system, its waterway trade and its ethnic policy. The result of this investigation shows that Polo was an acute observer; he pointed out occasions of misrule despite his adoration of Kublai Khan.
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Edmondson, Jerold A., John H. Esling y LAMA Ziwo (拉玛兹偓). "Nuosu Yi". Journal of the International Phonetic Association 47, n.º 1 (18 de marzo de 2016): 87–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100315000444.
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The Nuosu (Nosu) Yi language, or Northern Yi (北部彝语), is spoken by approximately two million people in southern Sichuan Province and northern Yunnan Province, China, the majority of whom are monolingual. Yi is a member of the Yi Branch of the Lolo-Burmese subgroup of the Tibeto-Burman family (Benedict 1972/2009, Bradley 1979), which includes some 50 languages, also called the Nisoic languages (Lama 2012) or Ngwi Group. The large (5 million) ethnic Yi nationality groups of Yunnan Province are distantly related. The third author, Lama Ziwo, who was 31 at the time of recording, produced, translated and transcribed the recorded audio data phonemically and participated in the laryngoscopic filming of the video data. He is a native speaker of the Suondip/Suondi dialect, and a fluent speaker of the Shypnra/Shengza dialect. It is the Shypnra/Shengza standard dialect that is being represented in this paper. The most distinguishing phonetic feature of Northern Yi is its systematic vocal register contrast (Matisoff 1972, Dai 1990) between two settings of the laryngeal constrictor mechanism, which are referred to as a lax (unconstricted) series and a tense (constricted) series (Edmondson et al. 2000, 2001). The contrast is realized as a distinction in resonance (spectral quality) rather than as contrasting phonation types as in some other forms of Yi or in other Tibeto-Burman languages (e.g. Bai). The consonantal inventory is large, with complex vocalic interactions, including interactions with two pairs of fricativized vowels. Northern Yi has 43 initial consonants, five pairs of vowels (or syllable rhymes), and three tones: 55, 33, and 21. Relevant reports on voice quality in related languages can be found in Maddieson & Ladefoged (1985) and Sun & Liu (1986).
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Jia, Yan Hua, Shi Lin Zeng, Wei Jian Nong, Fang Chen, Qi Zhi Chen, Fu Xian Ruan, Ke Lin Huang y Qing Ruo Xie. "Research on Condensing Lining Structure of Large Scale Submerged-Arc Furnace for Ferronickel Production". Advanced Materials Research 815 (octubre de 2013): 529–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.815.529.
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In China, the application of condensing lining in submerged arc furnace for producing high-carbon ferromanganese started with the introduction of Ucar technology from USA through Shanxi Yi Wang Ferroalloy Co. Ltd. At present, the technology and service can be also provided by Henan Fang Yuan Group. However, it is still applied in submerged arc furnace for producing high-carbon ferromanganese. The application of condensing lining in large-scale submerged arc furnace for producing ferronickel is still in the exploration stage. In this article, based on communicating with technician worked in ferronickel corporation, enterprises devoted effort to the research & development of condensing lining and summarizing nickel iron production experiences, referenced advices for structure and design of condensing lining were put forward.
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Jia, Hepeng. "Yi Zeng: promoting good governance of artificial intelligence". National Science Review 7, n.º 12 (24 de octubre de 2020): 1954–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwaa255.
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Abstract Artificial intelligence (AI) has developed quickly in recent years, with applications expanding from automatic driving and smart manufacturing to personal healthcare and algorithm-based social media utilization. During the COVID-19 pandemic, AI has played an essential role in identifying suspected infections, ensuring epidemic surveillance and quickening drug screening. However, many questions accompanied AI’s development. How to protect citizens’ privacy and national information security? What measures can help AI learn and practice good human behaviors and avoid unethical use of AI technologies? To answer these questions, Nation Science Review (NSR) interviewed Yi Zeng, Professor and Deputy Director at the Research Center for Brain-inspired Artificial Intelligence at the Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). He is a board member for the National Governance Committee of Next-Generation Artificial Intelligence affiliated to the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (MOST). Zeng is also in AI ethics expert groups at the World Health Organization and the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). He jointly led the drafting of Beijing AI Principles (2019) and the National Governance Principles of New Generation AI of China (GPNGAI, 2019).
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Haw, Stephen G. "Marco Polo: From Hangzhou to Quanzhou". Asiatische Studien - Études Asiatiques 74, n.º 3 (1 de septiembre de 2020): 485–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/asia-2020-0010.
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Abstract When Marco Polo left China, he passed through Hangzhou (Quinsai) and then travelled approximately southwestwards into what is today Fujian province, to the cities of Fuzhou and Quanzhou (Zaiton). There are still a number of disagreements regarding his route, however, which are discussed here. Consideration is also given to Marco’s use of “Facfur” to designate the last Emperor of the Song dynasty, and more generally to the issue of the use of Persian language in Yuan China. It is suggested that there is no clear evidence that Marco Polo learned Persian. An error regarding consumption of pepper in China during the thirteenth century is corrected. More evidence of the importation of very substantial quantities of pepper into China during the Song and Yuan periods is adduced. Identifications of all the places which Marco mentions in this section of his book are suggested, with the support of evidence.
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Zhong, Yong. "Translate live to generate new knowledge". Cognitive space: Exploring the situational interface 5, n.º 1 (14 de octubre de 2016): 38–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ts.5.1.03zho.
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This paper discusses findings of an investigation into the real-life practice of Yuan Tianpeng, a new-generation translator whose work, based on Robert’s Rules of Order, involved translating live as well as publishing a translation. This investigation adopted a qualitative method and analyzed both first-hand and second-hand data, focusing on how Yuan delivered live translation, what strategies he used, and especially how he and his target audiences engaged in the co-production of new knowledge required to drive urgently needed social changes in China. The investigation found that Yuan’s practice constituted a distinct new mode of translation, which is called ‘live translation’ in this paper. In the light of recent development of translation theories, this new mode of translation constitutes an interesting case study for exploring the interface between cognitive and situational levels of translation.
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Schimmelpfennig, Michael. "The Quest for a Classic: Wang Yi and the Exegetical Prehistory of his Commentary to the Songs of Chu". Early China 29 (2004): 111–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0362502800007100.
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With the publication of Madman of Chu: A Myth of Loyalty and Dissent in 1980, Laurence Schneider established the view that the controversy over Qu Yuan between various erudites during the Han dynasty was a dispute between adherents and opponents about the question of what the Chu minister and poet stood for. The present study challenges this view by demonstrating that, aside from the so-called biographies by Sima Qian and Liu Xiang, all other contributions to the debate represent readings of the Li sao. Once this is understood, each contribution to the debate can not only be seen in its own light but it can also be examined in its relation to the section and sentence commentary by Wang Yi written in the second century C.E. The understanding of the controversy as a discourse of rather varied interpretations of the Li sao enables us to regard the Chuci zhangju by Wang Yi as a commentary that stood at the end of this controversy that lasted more than three centuries. It also enables us to see that the controversy rested on a particular set of premises, especially the question of the literary status of the Li sao and its author. The final thesis resulting from the present study is that the main reason for the lasting influence of Wang Yi's commentary together with the fact that it remained unchallenged until the twelfth century is that it was built on a sound and varied exegetical foundation, namely the controversy on the Li sao during the Han.The first part of this article examines the contributions to the controversy by Jia Yi (201–165), Liu An (?178–122), Sima Qian (145–?86), Liu Xiang (79–8), Yang Xiong (53 B.C.E-18 C.E.), Liang Song (?–83 C.E.) and Ban Gu (32–92) in chronological order. The second part juxtaposes their works with the commentary of Wang Yi in order to understand how the Eastern Han commentator employed the contributions of his predecessors and how he reacted to them.
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Kobzev, Artem I. "The First Interpretations of the Yi-jing in the West and in Russia". Voprosy Filosofii, n.º 5 (2021): 182–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.21146/0042-8744-2021-5-182-198.
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The Yi-jing易經(Canon of Changes), or Zhou yi周易(All-Encompassing Cyclical Changes of the Zhou [era]), is “the book of books” of Chinese culture, which is also claimed to be the primary source of binary numeration, first described in the West by Leibniz. He was always interested in China, familiar with the binary code of tri and hexagrams (gua) of the Yi-jing and acknowledged its mythical creator, the ancestor emperor Fuxi, as the discoverer of binary arithmetic, and himself – as the one who found it again after four thousand years. At present, historical data do not allow us making an accurate conclusion about the dependence or independence of this outstanding discovery in Europe from the Chinese prototype. The time of the penetration of the initial information about the Yi-jing into Europe is still hidden by a veil of secrecy. The lack of a message about it in the book of Marco Polo is one of its mysteries. At the same time in the Mediterranean area traces of acquaintance with the Yi-jing studies are visible in such cultural phenomena as astrology and alchemy, Kabbalah and the teachings of Ramon Llull, sextine and hexachord. The beginning of the European study of the Yi-jing was laid by Jesuit missionaries who arrived in China at theend of the 16th century. Among them, by the end of the 17 th century, a whole trend of “Yi-jingists” or “figuralists” was formed. They saw Yi-jing as the Chinese Bible, embodying the original Divine Revelation in the form of the kabbalistic “figures” of the gua and being an expression of the common, sacred and antediluvian “hieroglyphic science” of the ancient world, that is, “Metaphysics of numbers, or general scientific method”, “containing all other knowledge”. Apparentlythe first information in Russia about the Yi-jing was published by the first Russiansinologist, German historian and philologist-polyglot G. (Th.) S. Bayer in the two-volume Museum Sinicum (Petersburg, 1730) in Latin. In Russian the primary in -formation about Yi-jing became available to the reader half a century later owing to the coryphaeus of Russian sinology of the 18th century Aleksei L. Leontiev. In 1782 he published an illustrated and commented translation of a fragment from Yi-jing (named Convenient Base) as an appendix to his translation of the Manchu text of the Statutes of the Great Qing (大清會典Dai-Qing hui-dian). Leontiev mentioned the French abbot who visited St. Petersburg in 1769 as the initiator of his appeal to the Yi-jing, but did not indicate his name. Petr E. Skachkov (1892–1964) agreed with Vsevolod S. Kolokolov (1896–1979) that this abbot was the famous French Jesuit missionary and versatile scientist Antoine Gaubil (1689–1759). However, he died ten years earlier. Most likely the interlocutor of Leontiev was a well-known theologian and economist-physiocrat, French abbot Nicolas Baudeau (1730–1792), who held confidential negotiations with Catherine IIin 1769 in St. Petersburg in connection with the situation in Poland. The secrecy of this mission on the eve of the first partition of Poland fully explains the concealment of his name in 1782 when he was still alive and preparing the second partition of Poland. Apparently, a look at the Yi-jing of the French enlighteners184 and physiocrats, expressed by F. Quesnay (1694–1774) and reported by Baudeauto Leontiev prompted him to link the ancient canon with Statutes of the Great Qing. Vasilii P. Vasiliev (1818–1900) expressed a number of original thoughts about the Yi-jing, which may have influenced the creation of his graphic system of Chinese characters and Mendeleev periodic table. Yulian K. Shchutsky (1897–1938), the first Russian researcher who specially studied the Yi-jing and wrote an extensive monograph about it, strangely ignored the statements of his domestic predecessors, but his innovative approach anticipated the neo-mystic Jungian tendency in Western interpretations of the Canon in the 20 th century. Due to the psychologization and aestheticization of the Yi-jing sanctified by world authorities in this field, after the Second World War this neo-mysticism penetrated the mass Western culture which repeated the initial success prepared by figuralists three centuries earlier on a new level and larger scale.
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Ge, Liangyan. "Sending Flowers into the Mirror: Jinghua yuan as Metafiction". Journal of Chinese Literature and Culture 6, n.º 2 (1 de noviembre de 2019): 412–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/23290048-8041990.
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Abstract This study offers a reading of the early nineteenth-century Chinese novel Jinghua yuan 鏡花緣 (Flowers in the Mirror) by Li Ruzhen 李汝珍 (1763–1830?) as a fiction about fiction making. Contextualizing the novel in a society where the civil service examinations are among the most important cultural institutions, this article considers the protagonist Tang Ao's 唐敖 voyage to bizarre, fantastical islands, narrated in the early chapters of the novel, as an account of his conversion from examination scholarship to fiction creation. From these islands, his symbolic realm of fictionality, he sends flower spirits-turned-girls to China for the female examinations, here interpreted as an enterprise to fictionalize the examination system. Thus the narrative of the girls' participation in the exams and ensuing celebrations in later chapters becomes a fiction within the fiction. Discussing the dynamic between the examinations and fiction writing elevated in the metafictional structure of the novel, this study considers Tang Ao a fictional representative of many scholars in late imperial China, whose experience with the examinations was not merely a cause of intense frustration but also an inexhaustible source of literary inspiration.
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Chiang, Bo-Wei. "Tan Kah Kee’s Heritage: Rethinking the Cultural Meaning of Jimei School Village and Ao Yuan in Xiamen". Translocal Chinese: East Asian Perspectives 12, n.º 1 (6 de diciembre de 2018): 28–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24522015-01201003.
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Tan Kah Kee, an overseas Chinese, was not only a political leader but also an educator in Modern China and Southeast Asia. He devoted his life to Chinese education and social enlightenment, and founded Jimei School and Amoy (Xiamen) University during the 1920s-30s. As an overseas Chinese with strong national and local identity, he advocated a new type of education as a strategy for social improvement. He also created a hybrid architectural style known as yangzhuang wanmao (western dress with a Chinese round hat) which can be described as a British colonial building with Minan (southern Fujian) influence. This paper discusses the tangible and intangible cultural heritage left by Tan Kah Kee, using the examples of Jimei School Village founded by Tan and the space of the Ao Yuan burial site in his hometown. First, I will introduce the background of his growth and the process of his immigration overseas. Then, I will analyze the establishment of Jimei School Village and the construction of the campus. In addition, the “view of museology” exhibited by Tan Kah Kee’s cemetery, Ao Yuan, was used to analyze the educational enlightenment that he pursued throughout his life. Finally, through the discussion of Tan’s cultural heritage, I analyze the contribution of his modernity project and its deficiency.
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He, Si, Yan-Jun Yi y Wen-zhang Ma. "Hyophila flavolimbata, a new species of Pottiaceae from northwestern Yunnan, China". Phytotaxa 231, n.º 2 (20 de octubre de 2015): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.231.2.7.
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A new species of Pottiaceae, Hyophila flavolimbata S. He & Y.-J. Yi, is described and illustrated from northwestern Yunnan Province, China. The new species is most similar to H. involuta in having spathulate leaves with non-papillose leaf cells and two stereid bands in costa. Its distinguishing characteristics include a differentiated leaf margin bordered by 3–4 rows of lightly yellowish thick-walled cells, leaf cells completely plane on both abaxial and adaxial leaf surfaces, papillose stem epidermal cells, a layer of pseudoleptoids developed next to hydroids in central strand, and the presence of subguide cells in costa.
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Shurany, Vered. "Prince Manggala – The Forgotten Prince of Anxi". Asiatische Studien - Études Asiatiques 71, n.º 4 (23 de febrero de 2018): 1169–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/asia-2017-0012.
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Abstract Manggala (忙哥剌 d. 1278）was the third son of Qubilai Qa’an (r. 1260–1294) and his chief wife, Chabi Qatun (察必 d. 1281). Although he was not the crown prince he ruled over a large and strategic territory between the frontiers of the Southern Song before it was fully conquered, and the northwestern frontier, where some of the Mongol princes still challenged Qubilai’s legitimacy as the Great Khan. In spite of this, Prince Manggala does not have a biography in the Yuanshi, and is mainly remembered as the father of Prince Ananda, Qubilai’s grandson, famous for embracing Islam. However, juxtaposing sources from different parts of the Mongol empire to compile Prince Manggala’s biography shows that he appears to have been a governor and capable military commander, who established his own princely administrative system, Wangxiangfu (王相府), showed interest in both Islam and Buddhism and addressed the various peoples and religions in his heterogeneous domain differently, thereby enhancing his legitimation. Manggala’s annotated biography can expand our knowledge of the role and status of princes in the Yuan dynasty (元代 1271–1368), as well as shed light on both administration and cross-cultural contacts in northwest China during the early Yuan era.
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Lee, Y. Jim. "As Others See Us: Impressions of a Five-Member Technical Mission from the People's Republic of China on the Canadian Forest Inventory and Management Systems". Forestry Chronicle 61, n.º 6 (1 de diciembre de 1985): 513–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc61513-6.
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A five-member Forest Inventory and Management Technical Mission from the Ministry of Forestry, People's Republic of China (PRC) visited Canada, from July 29 to August 19, 1984. This visit was sponsored by the Canadian Forestry Service (CFS) under the Memorandum of Understanding between Environment Canada and the Ministry of Forestry, PRC.The Chinese technical mission consisted of Mr. Zhou Chang-xiang, mission leader and Director of Forest Inventory and Planning Branch, Ministry of Forestry, PRC; Mr. Yuan Yun-chang, Forest Resource Management Branch, Ministry of Forestry, PRC; Mr. Zhao Qing-he, Director of Forest Inventory and Planning Institute, Jilin Province; Mr. Liu Hai-ru, Forest Survey and Design Institute, Sichuan Province; and Mr. Yuan Hai-ying, interpreter, Department of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Forestry (Fig. 1).The following is a translation of their report to the Ministry of Forestry, PRC, by Dr. Lee who developed the itinerary and accompanied the visitors as tour coordinator and advisor.
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Yang, Qiao. "From the West to the East, from the Sky to the Earth: A Biography of Jamāl al-Dīn". Asiatische Studien - Études Asiatiques 71, n.º 4 (23 de febrero de 2018): 1231–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/asia-2017-0010.
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Abstract Jamāl al-Dīn (Zhamaluding 札馬魯丁 d. ca.1289) is probably the most successful and best-documented Muslim astronomer who was active in the Mongol Yuan court. He migrated from Central or West Asia to China and introduced Islamic astronomical, geographical and cartographic knowledge into China. In spite of his high official position and the honorable titles that were granted to him, his biographic information in Chinese sources is scattered, and there is uncertainty in identifying him in non-Chinese sources. This paper attempts to reconstruct Jamāl al-Dīn’s life and activities by an in-depth reading and interpretation of the biographic information, supplementing and enriching it with biographies of Jamāl al-Dīn’s contemporary astronomers in the Mongol Empire. This article argues that Jamāl al-Dīn achieved success and honor due to his knowledge in various fields that interested the Mongols, his correct reading of the imperial ideology and the political map, and the extensive social networks he built for himself during the decades he lived in China.
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BEVAN, PAUL. "Zhou Xicheng's “Guizhou Auto Dollar”: Commemorating the Building of Roads for Famine Relief". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 29, n.º 2 (13 de febrero de 2019): 345–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1356186318000561.
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AbstractIn 1926 Zhou Xicheng, Governor of Guizhou, China, obtained a new car from an American Motor Company, the first car ever to find its way to this remote Chinese province. Road construction in Guizhou was well underway when the American engineer O. J. Todd, a member of the China International Famine Relief Committee, was invited that year to assist in its continued development. Governor Zhou had his own methods for the speedy and effective building of roads and recruited local people, the army, and even large teams of school children to assist in construction. It is likely that his work methods had taken their inspiration from Sun Yat-sen's plans as outlined in his book The International Development of China of 1920; plans that Sun Yat-sen further promoted in the writing of a letter to Henry Ford in which he requested the industrialist's assistance in the improvement of the motor industry in China. In 1928, in an effort to commemorate his own role in China's road construction projects, Zhou Xicheng had a coin struck. Instead of showing an image of his own head or that of another luminary such as Sun Yat-sen or Yuan Shikai - as had been common with coins of the first decades of the twentieth-century - this one yuan silver coin shows an image of his beloved motor car.
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Walravens, Hartmut. "Copper-engraving in China: The First Chinese-European Co-Operative Project in the Field of Art". Art Libraries Journal 22, n.º 1 (1997): 16–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0307472200010269.
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While copper-printing can be traced back to the Yuan Dynasty in China, the art of copper-engraving was introduced by the Italian missionary, Matteo Ripa, in 1711. The first work to be printed with this new technique was Illustrations of 36 Vista ofthejehol Palace (1712). The Qianlong emperor wanted pictures of his military campaigns in Eastern Turkestan engraved on copper, and so he arranged for a series of sixteen engravings to be executed in Europe. Following the success of this initiative, pictures of his subsequent military exploits were engraved on copper by Chinese artists. Thus, while the West learned a great deal from China about paper and printing, copper-engraving is a technique which China acquired from the West in spite of a supposed lack of interest in the West.
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Ganiev, R. T. "THE CONFRONTATION BETWEEN THE TURKS AND THE SUI DYNASTY IN 609 – 617". Bulletin of Kemerovo State University, n.º 2 (29 de junio de 2017): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2078-8975-2017-2-24-29.
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The article studies the events of the military confrontation between the Shibi Qaghan and Sui Dynasty in 609 – 615 AD. It shows the political situation in China whose deterioration led to the political upheaval in 617 AD and the young Tang Dynasty came to power. By the end of the Sui Dynasty period there were more than 200 organized armed gangs that were tearing the empire apart and often found support from the Turks. In 615 AD the Turks also surrounded Emperor Sui Yangdi in the fortress of Yanmen and thereby put an end to his political career. At the beginning of VII century the Eastern Turk Empire had a great military and political influence in Central Asia and posed a threat to its neighbors. Along with the separatists who opposed the Sui Dynasty, the military governor Taiyuan Li Yuan sought the assistance of the Turks. He formed an alliance with them, and the Turks supported his nomination as the new ruler of China. Thus, in the events of 609 – 617 AD the Eastern Turks played a key role, and contributed to the deterioration of the situation at the end of the Sui Dynasty as well as to the ascent to power of the future first emperor of the new Tang Dynasty, Li Yuan.
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GOLDSCHMIDT, TOM, KANTO NISHIKAWA, SHIMPEI F. HIRUTA y SATOSHI SHIMANO. "Description of three new water mite species of Hygrobates Koch, 1837 (Lurchibates Goldschmidt & Fu, 2011) (Acari, Hydrachnidia, Hygrobatidae), parasitic in newts of the genera Paramesotriton and Pachytriton (Amphibia, Caudata, Salamandridae) from China". Zootaxa 4768, n.º 1 (30 de abril de 2020): 25–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4768.1.3.
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Males and females of three new water mite species of the genus Hygrobates Koch, 1837, subgenus Lurchibates Goldschmidt & Fu, 2011 (Acari, Hydrachnidia, Hygrobatidae) are described. The diagnosis of the subgenus is extended based upon the new material. The new species were all just found on one newt species each: Hygrobates (Lurchibates) intermedius sp. nov. Goldschmidt, Nishikawa & Shimano was collected from newts of the species Paramesotriton qixilingensis Yuan, Zhao, Jiang, Hou, He, Murphy & Che, 2014 from Jiangxi Province, China; H. (L.) robustipalpis sp. nov. Goldschmidt, Nishikawa & Shimano on Pachytriton inexpectatus Nishikawa, Jiang, Matsui & Mo, 2011 from Guizhou Province, China and H. (L.) pilosus sp. nov. Goldschmidt, Nishikawa & Shimano on Paramesotriton yunwuensis Wu, Jiang & Hanken, 2010 found in a pet shop.
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Hodous, Florence. "A Judge at the Crossroads of Cultures: Shi Tianlin". Asiatische Studien - Études Asiatiques 71, n.º 4 (23 de febrero de 2018): 1137–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/asia-2017-0013.
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Abstract Shi Tianlin is one of only two known officials who was appointed to act as judge both in the West and the East of the Mongol Empire, during the period of the united empire when officials were often appointed cross-regionally. Coming from near today’s Beijing, he came to prominence for his knowledge of languages, and was granted a Mongol name. He was a judge in a Western campaign, probably that of Batu against the Qipchaqs and Russians. Later, he was sent by Möngke Khan to Qaidu in Central Asia, and detained there for 28 years, before returning to Yuan China. Despite his long absence from China and though his activity as judge was very short (he declined to be re-appointed as judge when he arrived back in China), the prestige of the appointment stuck, and his son and grandson were both judges in China. The shendaobei, or Spirit-Way Inscription, of Shi Tianlin is particularly interesting for the way in which it explains Mongol concepts in Chinese terms. One of these is the jasagh (held to be the law code of Chinggis Khan), which is equated with Chinese falü (statute or law code). Rather than explaining its contents however, the inscription talks about the importance of following “the jasagh of Confucius”, namely the Lunyu or Analects of Confucius. The inscription – and presumably Shi Tianlin during his lifetime – thus uses a widely-known Mongol concept to promote Chinese values, showing the complexities of intercultural communication and exchange during the Mongol era.
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Sen, Tansen. "The Formation of Chinese Maritime Networks to Southern Asia, 1200-1450". Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 49, n.º 4 (2006): 421–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156852006779048372.
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AbstractThe period between the thirteenth and mid-fifteenth centuries marked a distinct and important phase in the history of India-China relations. This new phase was triggered by the formation of Chinese maritime networks to southern Asia. While the Song period witnessed the formation of private trade and shipping networks, the aggressive foreign policy of the Yuan court led to the establishment of a government maritime network. The maritime networking to southern Asia culminated in the increased numbers of Ming emissaries, including the fleets of the admiral Zheng He, who visited Indian ports in the fifteenth century and intervened in the diplomatic affairs of several strategic Indian commercial zones. La période qui s'étend du treizième jusqu'au milieu du quinzième siècles présente une phase distincte et importante des relations indo-chinoises. Cette nouvelle phase résulta de la création des réseaux maritimes chinois vers l' Asie du Sud. La période Song est marquée par la formation d'un commerce privatiséet des réseaux maritimes; or, l'agressive politique extérieure de la dynastie Yuan eut comme conséquence la création d'un réseau maritime officiel. Les voies maritimes qui s'ouvraient vers le sud d'Asie ont fait augmenter le nombre d'émissaires, dont la flotte de Zheng He;celui-ci visita les côtes indiennes au XVe siècle et intervint dans les affaires diplomatiques de plusieurs stratégiques zones commerciales des Indes.
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Xigui, Qiu. "The Early China Forum An Examination of Whether the Charges in Shang Oracle-Bone Inscriptions are Questions*". Early China 14 (1989): 77–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0362502800002601.
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Oracle-bone scholars have long uniformly read the charges (i.e., the portion that mentions the event being divined) of Shang oracle-bone inscriptions as questions. Since the 1970's, many foreign oracle-bone scholars have proposed a new view that the charges are never questions, or at least are generally not questions. Whether or not the charges are actually questions is a very important question bearing not only on oracle bone studies, but also on research on ancient divination and on ancient Chinese grammar. Based on an examination of a great number of Shang oracle-bone inscriptions, the author of this essay believes that charges that can now be determined to be questions are mainly those choice-type charges in early inscriptions that contain the final particles yi and zhi, and true-or-false type charges that contain yi. Charges of the type “V bu V” (such as “rain not rain” [yu bu yu]) and “V bu,” regarded by many as choice-type questions, are actually comprised of the charge and a verification or use notation, the “bu V” being a verification and the “bu” being either a verification or a use notation (similar to the notation bu yong, “do not use”). Charges that can now be determined not to be questions are mainly in those inscriptions with complex charges, such as “this *spring the king ought not ally with Wang Cheng to attack Xia Wei, (for if he does) he will not receive divine assistance” (jin ?chun wang wu bi Wang Cheng fa Xia? Wei, fu qi shou you you, and “On ren we ought not hunt, (for if we do) it will rain” (ren wu tian, qi yu), the syntax of which shows that they cannot be questions.
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Lee, Seokwoo y Jiayi Wang. "The Criminal Jurisdiction and Applicable Law concerning the Fu Yuan Yu Leng 999 Case". Asia-Pacific Journal of Ocean Law and Policy 6, n.º 1 (24 de junio de 2021): 139–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24519391-06010011.
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Abstract On 13 August 2017, a Chinese-flagged carrier vessel, Fu Yuan Yu Leng 999, entered the Galapagos Marine Reserve (gmr) without giving appropriate notice, on the captain’s explanation that he entered the area to shelter the vessel from strong winds. Ecuadorian naval aircraft and a coastguard ship began to pursue the vessel from the internal waters and it was intercepted within the territorial sea. This area belongs to the new marine sanctuary of the gmr, where high levels of protection are implemented, and all fishing activities are prohibited. This incident reflects that, as the world’s largest distant-water fisheries (dwf) nation, much more needs to be done by China to crack down on illegal, unreported and unregulated (iuu) fishing and to promote the orderly development of dwf.
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Lazell, J. D. "Xu, L., Z. Liu, and X. Yi. BIRDS AND MAMMALS OF HAINAN ISLAND. Scientific Publishing Agency, Beijing, China (for Academia Sinica), xviii + 426 pp., 288 figs., 32 pls. (10 color), 1 map, 1983. Price, Yuan 6.35 (hardbound), Yuan 5.35". Journal of Mammalogy 66, n.º 1 (26 de febrero de 1985): 204–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1380991.
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Brown, Miranda. "Who Was He? Reflections on China’s First Medical ‘Naturalist’". Medical History 56, n.º 3 (julio de 2012): 366–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2012.20.
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AbstractThis paper examines the reasons why Physician He (Yi–He, sixth century BCE) was regarded as a founder in the classical medical tradition of China. By most accounts, Physician He’s importance owes much to his theoretical innovations. In contrast to earlier healers, Physician He purportedly framed the aetiology of illnesses solely in terms of natural causes, as opposed to attributing sickness to gods or demons. In this paper, I reread a famous episode in the Commentary by Zuo, which is often cited as evidence of the physician’s naturalism. By paying close attention to the formal elements of the narrative as well as its larger discursive context, I argue that the standard reading of Physician He falls short. The episode provides little evidence of any secular challenge to religious conceptions of illness, and Physician He was, in fact, patterned after occult experts. A careful look moreover at the reception of Physician He in premodern histories of medicine reveals that the physician was extolled for his attunement to the will of the spirits as well as his powers of examination. Physician He’s reputation as a naturalist furthermore represents a modern interpretation, one that reflects efforts to defend the indigenous medical tradition against its biomedical detractors.
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Szonyi, Michael. "Ethnography in China Today: A Critical Assessment of Methods and Results. Edited by Daniel L. Overmyer with Chao Shin-yi. Taipei: Yuan-Liou, 2002. 382 pp. $25.00 (cloth)." Journal of Asian Studies 63, n.º 1 (febrero de 2004): 160–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021911804000294.
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Lutz, Jessie G. "China’s View of the West, A Comparison of the Historical Geographies of Wei Yuan and Xu Jiyu". Social Sciences and Missions 25, n.º 1-2 (2012): 35–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187489412x628109.
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Wei Yuan and Xu Jiyu, civil servants in mid 19th century China, were deeply disturbed by British expansion into Asia. On the theory that one should know one's enemies, both wrote pioneer historical geographies designed to introduce Chinese officials to the sources of Western power. They both made extensive use of missionary sources; however, there were significant differences between the works of Wei and Xu. Wei never abandoned the Middle Kingdom concept whereas Xu came to realize that the West had developed its own civilization, and he encouraged China's development of trade and commerce, especially in Southeast Asia. Wei and Xu's works circulated among a small number of Chinese officials on China's east coast, but it was not until after China's defeat in the Opium War, 1839-42, and the near over throw of the Qing dynasty by the Taipings that the works were reprinted and served as introductions to the West.
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Shin, Leo. "The Last Campaigns of Wang Yangming". T'oung Pao 92, n.º 1 (2006): 101–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853206778553225.
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AbstractGiven his grand humanistic vision, how should one explain Wang Yangming's (Wang Shouren; 1472-1529) deep engagements in borderland warfare? What did he think he was doing, and how should one place his approaches in the broader contexts of the intellectual and political discourses of mid-Ming China? Focusing on Wang's activities in the southern province of Guangxi in 1528 (particularly his "pacification" of the native domain of Tianzhou as well as his military campaign against the "Yao bandits" in the Rattan Gorge area), this essay explains not only how Wang dealt with the perceived problems of the "non-Chinese" (man, yi, etc.) but also how his approaches should be understood in terms of the inner logic of his thoughts as well as the intellectual and political debates of his time. Étant donné sa noble vision humaniste, comment expliquer que Wang Yangming (Wang Shouren, 1479-1529) ait pu s'engager à fond dans des guerres frontalières? Comment envisageait-il ses propres actions, et comment comprendre son approche dans le contexte plus large du discours intellectuel et politique au milieu des Ming? En se concentrant sur les activités de Wang Yangming dans la province méridionale du Guangxi en 1528 (plus particulièrement la façon dont il "pacifia" la principauté aborigène de Tianzhou, et sa campagne armée contre les "bandits Yao" de la Gorge du Rotin), l'article explique non seulement comment Wang abordait les problèmes des "non Chinois" (les man, yi, etc.) tels qu'ils étaient perçus, mais aussi comment son approche doit être comprise en fonction de la logique propre de sa pensée, ainsi que des débats intellectuals et politiques de son temps.
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Zeng, Zhao Xi, Bing Xue Song y Qin Tao Wang. "A Literature Review on the Research of Circular Economy-Based Green MICE". Advanced Materials Research 616-618 (diciembre de 2012): 1615–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.616-618.1615.
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The circular economy is a mode of economic development centered on high efficient and cyclic utilization of resources, characterized by low input, high efficiency and low emission. “3R” is the most basic practical operating principle of circular economy. The circular economy integrates the cleaner production and the cyclic utilization of wastes. The green MICE has become one of the important industries of developing circular economy. Ping Hu (2006), Ming-Gui Sun (2006), Wei-Dong He (2009), etc. defined the green MICE respectively. As for the literature review on the researches of green MICE, the foreign scholars and countries focus on the construction of guides to the MICE (Meeting) and of ecological venues, such as Cathy Crisci (2009), the US “Meeting Industry Committee”(2003), Canada National Environment Research Council and Green Meeting Committee, Germany, the UK, France, etc. While in China, we focus on the research of green MICE’s development and approach of practice, such as Ming-Gui Sun & Hong-Yuan Zhang (2006), Cheng Yan (2007), Mei-Liang Cai (2008) and Wei-Dong He (2009), etc. Concluded from the literature review, the research of evaluation system of green MICE will be the future task.
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Kitinov, Baatr Uchaevich. "The Features of Political and Religious Development of Oirats in the middle of the XIV - the middle of the XV centuries". RUDN Journal of World History 12, n.º 3 (15 de diciembre de 2020): 236–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8127-2020-12-3-236-249.
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The period starting from the second half of the XIV century. and up to the middle of the 15th century, had held under the sign of the fall of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty in China, and it was the most important one in the history of the Eastern Mongols and Oirats. Until then, the rule that only representatives of the Golden Family (that is, the descendants of Genghis Khan) were able to receive power to govern over Mongols, was, in fact, not questioned, but later the various interpretations began to appear. For example, Oirats, as non-Genghisids, had to assert their power, possessing only second roles (Taishi - the first minister). Despite the internal turmoil and the struggle with the descendants of the Yuan rulers, the Oirats did to try to create the united Mongol state headed by Taishis from the Choros Oirat clan. After a long struggle with the Eastern Mongols (who sometimes had also been led by Oirats, for example Ugechi Khashig and his son Esehu) of such Oirat leaders as Batula, Batubolo, Taiping and Toghon, the son of the latter, Esen, managed to not only to unite the Oirats in a short time, but also to create the united Mongolian state. In addition, he revived the religious and political role of the sangha, most likely the teachings of black-caped hat Karma Kagyu. This act was especially important because, besides the ideological counterweight to the right of Genghisids, one should have responded to the growth of Islamic activity in the region.
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Zhu, Chen y Xin-Yuan Liu. "Cluster Preface: Radicals – by Young Chinese Organic Chemists". Synlett 32, n.º 04 (16 de febrero de 2021): 354–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1706715.
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(left) received his B.S. degree from Xiamen University in 2003 under the supervision of Prof. Pei-Qiang Huang, and his Ph.D. degree from the Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry in 2008 under the supervision of Prof. Guo-Qiang Lin. After postdoctoral research at Gakushuin University, Japan with Prof. Takahiko Akiyama, he moved to the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, working as a postdoctoral fellow with Prof. John R. Falck and Prof. Chuo Chen. He was appointed as a professor at Soochow University, China in December 2013. He is currently the Head of the Organic Chemistry Department at Soochow University. His current research interests include radical-mediated transformations, in particular radical rearrangements, and their applications in the construction of natural products and biologically active compounds. Xin-Yuan Liu (right) obtained his B.S. degree from Anhui Normal University (AHNU) in 2001. He continued his research studies at both the Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry (SIOC), CAS and AHNU under the joint supervision of Prof. Dr. Shizheng Zhu and Prof. Dr. Shaowu Wang, obtaining his master’s degree in 2004. After a one-year stint in Prof. Gang Zhao’s laboratory at SIOC, he joined Prof. Dr. Chi-Ming Che’s group at The University of Hong Kong (HKU) and earned his Ph.D. degree in 2010. He subsequently undertook postdoctoral studies in Prof. Che’s group at HKU and in Prof. Carlos F. Barbas III’s group at The Scripps Research Institute. At the end of 2012, he began his independent academic career at the Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) and was promoted to a tenured Full Professor of SUSTech in 2018. His research interests are directed towards the design of novel chiral anionic ligands to solve radical-involved asymmetric reactions.
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Brenchley, P. J. "Astrological events in China by Xu Dao-Yi, Yan Zheng, Sun Yi-Yin, He Jin-Wen, Zheng Quin-Wen, Chai Zhi-Jang. Scottish Academic Press and the Geological Publishing House, China, 1989. No. of pages: 264. Price £35.00. ISBN 0–7073–0567–5". Geological Journal 26, n.º 3 (julio de 1991): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gj.3350260306.
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Yingsheng, Liu. "An Open Knowledge System for Navigational Science: Zheng He’s Maritime Expeditions and Sino-Foreign Overseas Exchange". China and Asia 1, n.º 1 (11 de febrero de 2019): 50–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2589465x-00101003.
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The first section of this article begins by investigating the term “going down to the Western Oceans” (xia xiyang 下西洋), which was used as early as the time of Zheng He. It also discusses the origin of the concepts of the Eastern and Western Oceans. The second section discusses the influx of overseas geographical knowledge into China before the time of Zheng He, especially over two important periods: first, the coming of Indian geographical knowledge along with Buddhism to China from the Wei-Jin period (220–420 ce), and second, the advent of Islamic geographical knowledge during the Mongol-Yuan period (ca. 1206–1368). The third section discusses the contributions of foreign members in Zheng He’s fleet, especially fanhuozhang 番火長 (foreign pilot). Through an analysis of the records of three military encounters—the suppression of the pirate Chen Zuyi 陳祖義, the attack on Ceylon, and the battle with pirates on a return journey—we find that the term fanhuozhang appears in all three cases, showing that foreign experts were commonly present in all branches or segments of Zheng He’s fleet, and that it must have been their job to navigate in the Indian ocean portion of the journey. Based on these findings, the author suggests that even before the beginning of Ming, Chinese people had developed an understanding of navigation technology and absorbed expertise from other peoples, and that this knowledge formed the technological foundation of Zheng He’s long-distance voyages, evident of the fact that China’s ancient navigational technology was an open knowledge system.
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Jia, Hepeng. "Research ethics: a safeguard for advanced technologies". National Science Review 7, n.º 11 (16 de octubre de 2020): 1787–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwz133.
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Abstract With the fast development of cutting-edge technologies and their greater integration into human life, more ethical challenges emerge. The problem became more salient when the world's first genetically edited babies were born in China in violation of existing ethical rules. Although the responsible researcher He Jiankui was sentenced for imprisonment for three years last December, it is still necessary to examine the current status of research ethics and the challenges in China. Has China set up a sophisticated research ethics system? For research ethics and their implementation in China, are there unique national characteristics? Can the dominant ethics principles primarily developed from life science research be equally adopted in the emerging artificial intelligence research and development? At an online forum organized by National Science Review (NSR) and through subsequent correspondences among forum participants, NSR Executive Editor-in-Chief Mu-ming Poo and guest moderator Hepeng Jia asked three scientists and three bioethicists or philosophers of science and technology in the field to examine the dynamic development of research ethics in China. Weiwen Duan Philosopher of Science and Technology at Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing, China Junjiu Huang Life scientist focused on genetics at Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China Renzong Qiu Bioethicist at Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing, China Qiang Sun Life scientist and the principal investigator (PI) of clone monkey program at Shanghai Institute of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China Yi Zeng Artificial intelligence scientist at Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China Xiaomei Zhai Bioethicist at Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China Mu-ming Poo (Chair) Neurobiologist at Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China Hepeng Jia (Co-chair) Professor of Science Communication at Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Luo, Zhitian. "National Humiliation and National Assertion: The Chines Response to the Twenty-one Demands". Modern Asian Studies 27, n.º 2 (mayo de 1993): 297–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00011501.
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The Japanese Twenty-one Demands toward the Chinese government headed by Yuan Shih-k'ai in 1915 marked a milestone in Sino-Japanese relations as well as in the Chinese response to imperialism. Yet studies on the event, particularly on its consequence and influence in China, are still insufficient. Studies by Chinese scholars have not gone far beyond Wang Yun-sheng's publication of collected materials more than fifty years ago. The only book-length study on the event is the first volume of Li Yu-shu's study, published in Taiwan. This last does not even cover the whole period of Sino-Japanese negotiations. His second volume has not yet appeared. Li's contribution is that he has made use of more Japanese documents than Wang. In mainland China, the most current study on the event is a chapter on the Demands in the first volume of the work by Li Hsin and Li Tsung-i. This chapter is based primarily on the works of Wang and Li Yu-shu. Compared with Japanese studies on other landmarks of Sino-Japanese relations, the coverage of this episode is rather thin. There is only one book-length study, published in 1958. As for works in English, Madeleine Chi's book has a chapter dealing with the Sino-Japanese negotiations. Two general works examine the event from a broader perspective.
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Usman, Usman. "Confucianism Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism". DINIKA : Academic Journal of Islamic Studies 1, n.º 2 (31 de agosto de 2016): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.22515/dinika.v1i2.110.
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This article tries to explore the fundamental values of Confucianism ethics and its influence to the emergence of Capitalism. By using Weber's thesis on the relationship between Protestant ethics and the spirit of capitalism, this paper concludes that the three important values of Confucianism Ethics (ren: benevolence, humaneness, li: rightness, righteousness, and fittingness, and yi: rules of proper conduct, ritual, and rites) are proposing people on how to become good human beings. If the Confucian follows these ethics properly, he/she will get the successful life. Although it is not guaranteed but the Confucianism ethics are still relevant to be practiced in contemporary situation. Some research findings recently showed that Confucianism ethics have really influence people to fulfill the "calling" (Weber's term) and it has also power to increase the spirit of capitalism. The rise of Japan, China, and the four little dragons (including South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore) is related to the development of Confucianism, and it directly brings down Weber's view point, which taught that Confucianism did not have the spirit of capitalism.KeywordsConfucianism Ethics, Confucian, Capitalism
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Cheung, Donald W. "El bastón Niulang: una vara de pastor como arma". Revista de Artes Marciales Asiáticas 2, n.º 4 (18 de julio de 2012): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.18002/rama.v2i4.334.
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Yu Qi created the Niulang staff system about 300 years ago. He taught Xiao Side and the art was passed down within the Xiao family to the current grandmaster, Xiao Mingkui. The staff is about 1-meter long and incorporates techniques from both long and short weapons. The concept of yin and yang is central to Niulang staff practice, requiring a proper balance between defense and attack as well as softness and power. The staff always moves in a spiral motion and short explosive power is generated from the waist/kua of the body. Yi (intent) and shen (spirit) are central elements guiding the external movements. The Niulang staff art is designated in China as a major traditional wushu discipline for preservation and research.</span></span></span></p>
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Huggett, Richard. "Astrogeological events in china by Xu Dao-yi, Zhang Qin-wen, Sun Yi-yin, Yan Zheng, Chai Zhi-fang, He Jin-wen, Scottish academic press, Edinburgh; van nostrand rheinhold, New York; Geological publishing house, Beijing, 1989. No. of pages: 264". Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 15, n.º 6 (septiembre de 1990): 579. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/esp.3290150609.
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Liu, Wenxian, Linwei Lu, Cheng Ma, Chen Yan, Zhengxiao Zhao, Nabijan Mohammadtursun, Lingli Hu et al. "The evolution of Traditional Chinese Medicine as a disciplinary concept and its essence throughout history". Traditional Medicine and Modern Medicine 01, n.º 03 (septiembre de 2018): 171–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s257590001810002x.
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“Traditional Chinese Medicine” (TCM; Zhong Yi) is a concept that keeps evolving with the change of times and clinical practice. From the aspect of the category of modern science, there were not appropriate boundaries set for the literature, history and philosophy in the realm of Chinese traditional academics. Thanks to the eastward spread of Western culture and science, the category of disciplines in modern times then came into being. In order to be listed in the system of modern disciplines, traditional disciplines have always been trying to redefine themselves, and “TCM,” of course, is involved. Considering the fact that “TCM” is now an academic discipline in the field of medicine, here we reviewed not only the transition of the concept of “TCM” from a primitive and then a hierarchical medical term to a relatively full-fledged one that is, to some extent, opposite to the concept of Western Medicine or modern medicine, from a narrow medical term that is peculiar to Han Medicine to a broad one that pertains to Han Medicine along with ethnic traditional medicines in China, but also the transition of the development from merely highlighting TCM and then equally emphasizing TCM together with modern medicine to comprehensively converging TCM, modern medicine and Integrative Medicine, which contributes to the evolution from the dominance of TCM, the coexistence of TCM and modern medicine, the confluence of TCM and modern medicine, and finally to the integration of TCM and modern medicine. In addition, we introduced pioneering medical concepts, epistemology and methodology such as Chinese Traditional Medicine (CTM; Da Zhong Yi), Trichotomy (San Fen Fa), Five Key Elements (Wu Yao Su) and Three-dimensional Integration (San Rong He), proposed the potential future direction of medicine, stressed the importance of taking the essence and discarding the dregs in TCM, and appreciated those who are able to perceive similarities in differences. We looked forward to reconstructing the system of TCM by the integration of the part that is unconsciously ahead of modern medicine and that has already reached consensus with modern medicine from all the traditional medicines in China, which would promise a brand new system of medicine harmoniously integrating traditional medicine and modern medicine.
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Kwong, Luke S. K. "Whatever Happened to Tan Sitong's Wife?—A Footnote in Modern Chinese History". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 5, n.º 3 (noviembre de 1995): 375–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1356186300006635.
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Tan Sitong's summary execution at the close of the Hundred Days Reform (1898) inadvertently threw his wife, Li Run, into the public limelight. Following the September coup, the Guowen bao (National News) in Tianjin carried a story, entitled “Tan liefu zhuan” (Biography of the virtuous woman Tan), in which Li allegedly committed suicide by slashing her throat on learning of her husband's fate. She died broken-hearted, it was said, in protest against the wicked court ministers responsible for Tan's death. The story was quickly reprinted in Qingyi bao (The China Discussion), a periodical which Liang Qichao, a reformer in exile, started in Yokohama, Japan, as one prong of his anti-Qing campaign. The report on Li's demise continued to circulate. Twenty years later, when the Chinese scholar, Yi Zhongkui, compiled his Xin shishuo (Sequel to New Account of Tales of the World), he included a short biography of Li Run, based on the Guowen bao account. More recently, in her Chinese Women in a Century of Revolution 1850–1950, Ono Kazuko refers to the suicide story and wisely cautions about its veracity. But she adduces no evidence to confirm what actually did happen to Li Run in 1898.
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McNally, Christopher A. "Sino-Capitalism: China's Reemergence and the International Political Economy". World Politics 64, n.º 4 (octubre de 2012): 741–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043887112000202.
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There is little doubt that China's international reemergence represents one of the most significant events in modern history. As China's political economy gains in importance, its interactions with other major political economies will shape global values, institutions, and policies, thereby restructuring the international political economy. Drawing on theories and concepts in comparative capitalism, the author envisages China's reemergence as generating Sino-capitalism—a capitalist system that is already global in reach but one that differs from Anglo-American capitalism in important respects. Sino-capitalism relies more on informal business networks than legal codes and transparent rules. It also assigns the Chinese state a leading role in fostering and guiding capitalist accumulation. Sino-capitalism, ultimately, espouses less trust in free markets and more trust in unitary state rule and social norms of reciprocity, stability, and hierarchy.After conceptualizing Sino-capitalism's domestic political economy, the author uses the case of China's efforts to internationalize its currency, the yuan or renminbi, to systematically illustrate the multifarious manner in which the domestic logic of Sino-capitalism is expressed at the global level. Rather than presenting a deterministic argument concerning the future international role of China, he argues that China's stance and strategy in the international political economy hew quite closely to Sino-capitalism's hybrid compensatory institutional arrangements on the domestic level: state guidance; flexible and entrepreneurial networks; and global integration. Sino-capitalism therefore represents an emerging system of global capitalism centered on China that is producing a dynamic mix of mutual dependence, symbiosis, competition, and friction with the still dominant Anglo-American model of capitalism.
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Qiu, Jane. "Safeguarding China's water resources". National Science Review 5, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2018): 102–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwy007.
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Abstract Water is scarce in China. The country ekes by with only one-quarter of the global average for water per person. The scarcity is exacerbated by rampant pollution—with devastating consequences on ecosystems, food supply and public health. In the face of growing population, water pollution threatens the very survival of the Chinese nation. In his speech at the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China last October, President Xi Jinping repeatedly emphasized the importance to redress the balance between economic development and environmental protection. One of his most frequently cited phrases is ‘clean waters and lush mountains are gold and silver’. And he has matched his rhetoric with action. In April 2015, the State Council, China's cabinet, issued the Water Pollution and Control Action Plan (known as Shuishitiao or Water Ten Plan)—widely hailed as the toughest and most comprehensive water policy to date. Last October, it announced a five-year plan to tackle water pollution, with a budget of 700 billion yuan (US$106 billion). The country's top legislature has also revised the Water Prevention and Control Law, which will go into effect in early 2018. In a forum chaired by National Science Review’s Executive Editor-in-Chief Mu-ming Poo, a panel of experts of diverse backgrounds and perspectives discussed the current status of China's water resources, their views on the comprehensive policy package, how national initiatives have been going, what the challenges are and why information transparency and public participation are absolutely essential in environmental protection. Weijiang Liu Hydrologist at the Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Beijing, China Ji Shen Environment scientist at Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China Chunmiao Zheng Hydrologist at Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China Jun Ma Founder and director of the non-governmental organization Institute of Public and Environmental Affairs, Beijing, China Tao Tao Environment scientist at the College of Environmental Science and Engineering and the Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment at Tongji University, Shanghai, China Mu-ming Poo (Chair) Director, Institute of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Wenjing, Jin, Jinming Bai y Yongqiang Yao. "The Selection and Protection of Optical Astronomical Observing Sites in China". Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 10, H16 (agosto de 2012): 748. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921314013301.
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Before 1950 there are two observatories, Shanghai and Purple Mountain Astronomical Observatories (SHAO and PMO), and two observing stations, Qingdao and Kunming stations in China. With the requirements of astronomical research, two observatories, Beijing and Shaanxi Astronomical Observatories (BAO and SXAO) and two artificial satellite stations, Urumqi and Changchun, were established about 1960. Based on the current management, now there are 4 observatories, SHAO, PMO, NAOC(National Astronomical Observatories), which was grouped from BAO, YNAO and 2 others, as well as XAO (Xinjiang Astronomical Observatory). The optical 1-2 m class telescopes are being operated at former four observatories. SXAO is changed as National Time Service Center. Because of city expansion as well as the traveling and economic developments, these observatories are suffered severe light pollution. For example, Zo Ce is located at the suburb of Shanghai city. A 40 cm double astrograph was installed in 1900 and a 1.56 m optical reflector have been operated since November 1987. In 1994 the seeing is better than 1 and the night sky brightness in V is about 19 mag/arcsec2, stars fainter than 20 mag with CCD are visibles. In 2007 a large playground was built in Zô Cè area. The light pollution is severe gradually. The night sky brightness has been increased to 15.8 mag/arcsec2. The other observatories have similar situation. New site surveys and found new stations to solve the problem. Except the solar and radio stations of each Astronomical Observatory, now there are 3 optical observing sites at PMO (Hong-He, Xu-Yi and Yaoan), 2 at SHAO (Zô Cè and Tian Huang Ping) and 2 at YNAO (Kunming and Gao-Mei-Gu) as well as 1 optical observing site at BAO (Xing-Long). The best observing site is Gao-Mei-Gu, which is selected as the optical observing site of YNAO and where atmospheric turbulence distribution is 0.11 near ground with heights from 6.5m to 2.7m during night. Sky brightness in B and V band are 22.34 and 21.54. The extinction coefficient K,bv and K,v are 0.298 and 0.135. The seeing measurement is 0.72’,. In the recent years a new 2.4m telescope the second largest telescope in China, was installed there.
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Kuzmenko, Tеtiana y Andrii Dmytrenko. "CHINA’S TRADITIONAL HOUSING TYPES: EVOLUTION AND DIVERSITY". Urban development and spatial planning, n.º 77 (24 de mayo de 2021): 276–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2076-815x.2021.77.276-286.
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The article examines the evolution and diversity of traditional Chinese dwellings, Which are due to the multinational composition of the population and the natural conditions of different parts of the country.
The syncretism characteristic of China also had a great influence on the formation of the dwelling. Confucianism formed the forms of family structure and norms of behavior, and Taoist principles and Buddhist rules – interaction with the world.
The most common type of dwelling is the siheyuan, which is based on Chinese tradition and philosophy. This term is the key to creating an ensemble, regardless of the hierarchy and location of the settlement. The country has a very large variety of landscape and climatic territories, a rich historical heritage, a huge number of nationalities, which in interrelation have formed an equally rich historical typology of residential buildings. However, China has its own special differences that played a crucial role shaping the typology of housing. These are, first of all, inviolable forms of family structure and norms of behavior based on centuries-old dogmas of Confucianism, developed by the Taoist principles of interaction with the Buddhist worldview.
In general, in different regions of China there were various modifications of the traditional type of house Siheyuan, which is certainly due to the peculiarities of climatic, economic and social conditions. The peculiarities of Chinese architecture have made the concept of siheyuan key in creating any ensemble in settlement. All buildings are subject to the rules of siheyuan (si – the four corners of the world, he – the environment, yuan – the garden, in this case, the garden with the yard). Its essence is that any complex is created around the yard, if there are several, then the main yard.
All buildings are strictly symmetrical along the longitudinal axis.